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Kazajstán República De Kazajstán OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Kazajstán República de Kazajstán La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comuni- cación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios no oficiales. La presente ficha país no defiende posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. FEBRERO 2015 División Administrativa: Kazajstán está dividido en catorce provincias (Oblast) que Kazajstán son: Akmolinskaya, Aktyubinskaya, Almatinskaya, Atyrauskaya, Kazajstán del Este, Zhambylskaya, Kazajstán del Oeste, Karagandinskaya, Kostanaiskaya, Kyzylordins- kaya, Mangistauskaya, Pavlodarskaya, Kazajstán del Norte y Kazajstán del Sur. Las ciudades de Astaná y Almaty disfrutan de un estatuto administrativo diferenciado del resto del país que les clasifica como ciudades de importancia nacional. También el RUSIA Cosmódromo de Baikonur ostenta un estatuto diferenciado por el cual tanto el Cos- módromo como sus instalaciones anejas están alquiladas a Rusia en un contrato temporal cuya expiración se prevé en el año 2050. Astaná Nº Residentes españoles: 62 1.2. Geografía Atyrau Lago Balkhash Con una superficie de 2.724.900 km2, Kazajstán es el noveno país más grande Baikonur Mar Aral del mundo. El país se encuentra en dos continentes a la vez, en Asia y en Euro- pa, ubicándose mayoritariamente en el primero. Kazajstán tiene fronteras en el Mar Caspio Norte y Oeste con Rusia (6 846 km), en el Este con la República Popular China UZBEKISTÁN KIRGUISTÁN CHINA (1533 km), y al sur con la República Kirguisa (1.224 km), Uzbekistán (2 203 km) TURKMENISTÁN y Turkmenistán (379 km). Kazajstán no tiene acceso al mar. © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Las coordenadas geográficas de Kazajstán son 40º00’ N latitud y 68º00’ E Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. longitud. La capital del país, Astaná, se encuentra en el norte y alberga una población de casi 800 000 habitantes (febrero 2014). Hasta 1998, la capital se encontraba en Almaty, la ciudad más grande de Kazajstán con una población de 1. DATOS BÁSICOS 1 477 000 habitantes. 1.1. Características generales La mayor parte del país está formado por estepa con una altitud media de 600m sobre el nivel del mar. En el este del país están situadas las cordilleras Nombre oficial: República de Kazajstán de Altay, Alatau y Tien-Shan. En las últimas se encuentra el pico más alto del Superficie: 2.724.900 km². país, denominado Khan Tengri, con una altura de 7 010 m. En estas regiones, Límites: Kazajstán se encuentra situado en el centro del continente euroasiáti- cercanas a la ciudad de Almaty, se registra, a diferencia del resto del país, una co. Tiene fronteras, en el Norte y Oeste, con Rusia (6.846 Km), en el Este con alta actividad sísmica debido a que la cordillera de Tien-Shan se encuentra en la República Popular de China (1.533 Km) y en el Sur con Kirguistán (1.224 Km), crecimiento. El centro del país es relativamente estable. Uzbekistán (2.203 Km) y Turkmenistán (379 Km). Es el noveno país del mundo por extensión territorial (2.724.900 Km2). Con toda su extensión, solamente 1,7 % de la superficie está formado por agua. Capital: Astaná desde el 10 de diciembre de 1997 (población estimada de Al Oeste del país está ubicado el lago más grande del mundo, Mar Caspio, cuya 835.000 habitantes) ribera comparte Kazajstán con Rusia, Azerbaiyán, Irán y Turkmenistán. Estas Idioma: el kazajo y el ruso son lenguas oficiales. zonas occidentales cercanas al Caspio están dominadas por paisaje desértico. Otras ciudades: Almaty (población estimada desde 1.383.000 habitantes), Otros lagos importantes del país son el Mar de Aral, compartido con Uzbekistán Shymkent (población estimada de 642.602 habitantes), Karaganda (población y el lago Balqash en la región central del país. estimada de 475.370 habitantes). Moneda: la moneda nacional es el tengué (KZT) 1 euro = 221.97 KZT (31 de El clima del país es continental extremo con temperaturas de hasta -40º C en diciembre de 2014) invierno y hasta 40º C en verano. Las precipitaciones son escasas y una gran Religión: los principales grupos religiosos son el musulmán (70,19% de la po- parte del territorio está sufriendo efectos de desertificación. Una de las catás- blación) y el cristiano ortodoxo 23,9% de la población). trofes ambientales más grandes a nivel mundial es la progresiva desaparición Forma de Estado: La Constitución, en vigor desde el 30 de agosto de 1995, del Mar de Aral debido a mala gestión y excesivo uso de recursos hídricos en establece que Kazajstán es una República unitaria con un régimen presidencial. los afluentes del lago. 2 FICHA PAÍS KAZAJSTÁN 1.3. Indicadores Sociales IMPORTACIONES Máquinas y equipos, vehículos de transporte 38,7% Población total (2014 est.): 17.948.816 Productos químicos (incluido caucho y plástico) 13,1% Densidad de población (hab. Por km2) (2013): 6,59 Metales y sus productos fabricados 12,7% Índice de GINI (2011): 0,34 Productos farmaceuticos 13,1% Esperanza de vida al nacer (2013): 70,24 Otros 23,1% Crecimiento de población % (2014 est.): 1,17 IDH (valor numérico/nº orden mundial) (2014): 0,754 / 69 Tasa de natalidad (2014 est.): 19,61/1000 2. SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA Tasa de fertilidad (2014 est.): 2,34 Tasa mortalidad infantil (2013 est.): 21,61/1000 2.1 Política interior PIB per capita (US$ en PPA) (2014): 15.000 En 1920 se proclamó en el actual territorio de Kazajstán una República Autóno- 1.4. Estructura del Producto Interior Bruto. 2014 ma Socialista Soviética, y en 1936, una República Socialista Soviética, ambas dentro de la URSS. PIB % Agricultura, silvicultura, pesca 4,3 Los primeros incidentes nacionalistas se registraron en Alma Ata en diciembre Industria y construcción 29,9 de 1986, cuando Dinmujamed Kunayev, Primer Secretario del Partido Comu- Servicios 53,3 nista, de etnia kazaja, fue remplazado por un dirigente ruso, Gennady Kolbin. En 1990 la República volvió a contar con un presidente kazajo, Nursultan Na- 1.5. Coyuntura zarbayev. En el referéndum de 1991, el pueblo de Kazajstán votó a favor de mantenerse dentro de la Federación propuesta por Rusia, pues había logrado la 2011 2012 2013 2014 autogestión de sus recur-sos económicos. Tras el golpe de Estado de agosto de PIB mill.US$ a precios corrientes 173.000 198.000 225.000 214.000 1991 en la antigua Unión Soviética y la formación de la Comunidad de Estados PIB % crecimiento real 7,5 5,0 5,6 4,1 Independientes (CEI) en Minsk, el 8 de diciembre de 1991, Kazajstán accedió Tasa de inflación % 8,4 6,0 4.8 7.6 a la independencia. Tasa de paro (desempleo) % 5,4 5,3 5,2 5,3 Balanza c/c m. mill. US$ 14,110 7,716 -1.900 -- Kazajstán fue la última de las ex-Repúblicas soviéticas en proclamar su inde- Déficit público (% PIB) 5,9 4,5 4,6 4,3 pendencia, el 16 de diciembre de 1991. La Constitución kazaja, aprobada en Tipo cambio por US$ (medio) 147,40 146,865 150,022 179,3 referéndum el 30 de agosto de 1995, estableció una forma de Estado republi- cana, teóricamente democrática y territorialmente centralizada, con una forma de Gobierno presidencialista. La institución política más importante de Kazajstán 1.6. Comercio exterior.(US $ M) es la Presidencia de la República. 2010 2011 2012 2013 La Constitución contempla un Parlamento bicameral, compuesto por una Cáma- Importación FOB -32.892 -40.350 -48.789 -49.716 ra Baja o Mazhilis (107 escaños) y una Cámara Alta o Senado (47 escaños). Los Exportación FOB 61.392 85.194 86.931 83.407 miembros de la Cámara Baja son elegidos mediante sufragio universal directo Saldo 28.500 44.844 38.145 33.692 y el cargo tiene de duración 5 años, mientras que el de los senadores es de 6 Tasa de cobertura 186,65 211,14 178,19 167,77 años. 1.7. Distribución del comercio por países 2013) El Primer Ministro y los demás miembros del Consejo de Ministros son nombra- dos por el Presidente tras recibir la aprobación del Parlamento. Los cambios CLIENTES 2011 2012 2013 son frecuentes, aunque suelen suponer una rotación entre personas de confian- China 18% 18% 17,3% za del Presidente. Italia 17% 17% 18,4% Países Bajos 8% 8% 11,8% Desde la independencia del país, la Presidencia ha estado ostentada por Nur- Rusia 9% 7% 7% sultan Abishevich Nazarbayev. En marzo de 1990, fue elegido Presidente de la entonces todavía República Socialista Soviética de Kazajstán. En diciembre de PROVEEDORES 2011 2012 2013 1991, tras un referéndum nacional, Nursultan Nazarbaev, único candidato, se Rusia 35,53% 34,20% 36,08% convirtió en el primer Presidente de Kazajstán. Fue reelegido sucesivamente en China 23,98% 25,27% 26,29% 1995, 1999, 2005 y 2011. Las elecciones presidenciales de abril de 2011 se Alemania 6,29% 6,06% 6,23% convocaron anticipadamente, tras el rechazo por el Consejo Constitucional de Ucrania 4,66% 5,65% 4,44% la ampliación del mandato presidencial de Nazarbayev hasta 2020, previamente aprobada mediante referéndum. En relación con estos comicios, la OSCE/ODI- 1.8. Distribución del comercio por productos. 2013 HR denunció la existencia de numerosas irregularidades. EXPORTACIONES En julio de 2010 entró en vigor la normativa relativa al “Líder de la Nación” en Productos minerales 79,8% la que se definen las competencias del Presidente de la República y se otorga a Metales y sus productos fabricados 9,4% Nursultan Nazarbayev inmunidad penal y administrativa por los actos realizados Productos químicos (incluido caucho y plástico) 4,2% durante sus mandatos.
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