Peace Psychology Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association

Volume 17, Number 2, ISSN 1935 – 4894 • fall/winter 2008

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology From the Editor Contents

From the Editor...... 2 I am a political junkie. There…I said it. Meanwhile, back at home...... 3 Indeed, I have been in 7th heaven for the Striving for Peace with Justice...... 5 past year or so as the U.S. Presidential election process has heated up. I used to reli- Peace Psychology Notes: Boston...... 6 Michael R. giously watch the Sunday morning political Reflections: Boston...... 8 Hulsizer, talk shows—until my three year old began Editor Change Has Come to America...... 9 to take an interest in the television (I can- Drawing Lines in the Sand...... 10 not for the life of me understand why he Americans & Japanese 9/11...... 13 does not like “Meet the Press”). talk radio, mass e-mails of uncertain origin, and thousands of internet hate sites is the Supplement on APA Torture Referendum This election cycle has been extraordinary allegation that Barack Obama is a Muslim. Original Text of Referendum...... 14 for many reasons. First and foremost are The typical response to these allegations the politicians themselves—representing Message from APA President...... 15 from the candidates and every respectable the most diverse slate in U.S. history. The news organization is a quick assertion that The Holocaust: Lessons Not Learned.....16 fact that this election cycle comes after the Barack Obama is a Christian. However, Nagorno-Karabakh...... 21 failed policies of the Bush administration former Secretary of State Colin Powell underscores the importance of this election Universal Peace Day...... 23 under President George W. Bush, in his in the U.S. and across the globe. The global eloquent endorsement of Senator Obama Update: Durban Review...... 24 economic crisis has only furthered the im- delivered on NBC’s “Meet the Press” on Internationalizing Psychology Education.....26 portance of this election. October 19, provided a response that I Early Career Award...... 27 wish would have been more pronounced As an academic, I love politics because it during the campaign: Reports...... 28 enables students to see psychology in ac- Announcements...... 31 tion. Every one of my classes, from social I’m also troubled by, not what Sena- Directory...... 34 psychology (social influence) to statistics tor McCain says, but what members of New Members...... 35 (sampling, polling, and margins of error), the party say. And it is permitted to be benefits from the inclusion of politics. Un- said such things as, “Well, you know fortunately, this election has also provided that Mr. Obama is a Muslim.” Well, the ample material for my prejudice and dis- correct answer is, he is not a Muslim, crimination class. he’s a Christian. He’s always been a Christian. But the really right answer is, This edition of Peace Psychology For every “ism” I cover in class (e.g. racism, what if he is? Is there something wrong was produced by: sexism, ageism, lookism), an example from with being a Muslim in this country? The Michael R Hulsizer, Editor the current campaign is just a quick Google answer’s no, that’s not America. Is there [email protected] search away. For example, racist images of something wrong with some seven-year- Senator Barack Obama have appeared on Judy Stainbrook, Design Director & old Muslim-American kid believing that Associate Editor; [email protected] waffle boxes and food stamps. Governor he or she could be president? Yet, I have Palin has been called “Caribou Barbie” and heard senior members of my own party Author contributions are acknowledged had to defend questions about her clothing drop the suggestion, “He’s a Muslim and in the bylines. The opinions of individual budget (despite the fact the other nomi- he might be associated with terrorists.” authors do not necessarily represent nees regularly purchase apparel from high This is not the way we should be doing those of Division 48. end retail stores). At 72, John McCain has it in America. consistently fielded questions about dimin- Published by Division 48 of the ished cognitive abilities and the possibility Researchers in the social sciences have American Psychological Association. that his running mate is one heartbeat away demonstrated the lengths to which indi- from the Presidency. These are but a frac- viduals will go to divide and maintain the Printed by: tion of the examples that have appeared Acme Printers - Lithographers world into ingroups and outgroup: Us and during the campaign. 36 W Lockwood Ave., Them. Once the world is separated into good and evil, sacred and profane, human Webster Groves, MO 63119 However, the smear that has stuck through- and subhuman, it is not such a stretch to out this campaign, largely on conservative engage in prejudice, discrimination, vio-

Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Meanwhile, back at home...

Deborah Fish Ragin President Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence t the beginning of my term as President-elect, I attended a Through newsletters, mailings and e-mails we Division Leadership Confer- have tried to keep all our members informed ence sponsored by APA. The organizers of the of new developments on issues relevant to our lence, and ultimately extermination. The conference warned us that our year as presi- Division. One major issue was and is the work articles in this edition of the Peace Psychol- dent of our respective divisions would go by on the moratorium issue. By now, many of ogy newsletter address the processes that quickly. They were right! you know that earlier this year the Psycholo- lead to the separation of Us and Them, gists for an Ethical APA (Ethical APA) spon- identify factors that maintain these divi- It seems like it was only yesterday when I sored and presented a referendum calling for was preparing to assume the responsibili- sions, highlight the dangers that can result a moratorium on psychologists’ involvement ties of president. I remember quite well the from such simple categorizations, and the � in military interrogations. So much has been main issues that I faced in January: plans for written on this referendum, including in this steps that can be taken to reverse these the 2008 convention, specifically plans to edition of the newsletter, that I will not re- trends. I hope you find these articles in- honor the pioneers in peace psychology, the view its history here. But, it is important to formative. special recognition for the humanitarian note that Ethical APA was successful in put- workers, the Division’s continuing efforts ting the referendum to a vote of the full APA This is my first edition at the helm of the to obtain a moratorium on psychologist’s membership, and the membership soundly Peace Psychology newsletter. I cannot help involvement in military interrogations, supported the referendum. We congratulate but feel that I am filling some very big shoes and the unbelievable defeat of the amend- Ethical APA on their success. given the wonderful job JW P. Heuchert did ment to extend voting rights to the four COR members who represented the ethnic in this same position over so many years. As many of you also know, the referendum is minority psychology associations. Midway now in the hand of APA’s Council of Rep- I would like to thank everyone who con- through the year, another major issue pre- resentatives, the organization that is respon- tributed to the newsletter and assisted me sented itself: the 2009 World Conference sible for drafting the final resolution that will throughout the process. Please continue on Racism. These issues and others made become APA policy. This process of drafting to submit your thoughts, announcements, for a busy and at times challenging year. the resolution is very important because the short research reports, and contributions to I have enjoyed every minute of this year, final resolution will become APA’s govern- the address below by February 28, 2008. challenges notwithstanding, and offer my ing document. I am confident that Division sincerest thanks to the members of Division 48 members join me in asking that APA and In Peace, 48 for the honor of serving as your president COR prepare a final document that is consis- for 2008. tent with the intent of the referendum that was supported by the APA members. I would like to take this moment to review some of the important and notable events A second critical issue which we addressed of this year. If you were able to attend the this year was the amendment to give voting Michael R. Hulsizer, Editor 2008 APA convention in Boston, I think rights to the four ethnic minority psychologi- you would agree that the luncheon for the cal association representatives to the Council Department of Behavioral and pioneers in peace psychology was a wonder- of Representatives (COR). You may remem- Social Sciences ful tribute to the individuals who helped ber from our earlier communications that the Webster University establish our field. That special event, to- amendment sought to grant voting rights to 470 E. Lockwood Ave. gether with the recognition of the humani- representatives from the Asian American St. Louis, MO 63119 tarian workers at our joint social hour with Psychological Association, the Association [email protected] PsySR, the special student’s session, the in- of Black Psychologists, the Latino American vited addresses and symposia and a host of Association and the Society of Indian Psy- other paper and poster sessions made for a chologists. The amendment was narrowly memorable Division 48 program. On behalf defeated. Many believe that the amendment of the Executive Committee and all mem- failed because APA members were either un- bers, I extend a sincere thanks to Division aware or uninformed of the amendment and 48 members Julie Levitt, Program Chair, and its significance. The amendment was one of Petra Hesse, Program Co-Chair, for their the inserts in the ballot for APA officers, but outstanding work on the 2008 convention program. (continued on page 4)

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology (Meanwhile, back home continued from page 3) apparently many members either overlooked Combating racism, racial discrimination, xe- concession workers at the Boston Conven- the amendment ballot or did not understand nophobia and intolerance of any form cannot tion Center had been engaged in protracted the amendment. The Council on Representa- be addressed in a single world conference. The and, as of that point, unsuccessful negotia- tives voted to allow a re-vote of the amend- problem has been centuries in the making. tions with their employer, ARMARK, to ne- ment by the full membership and the time While we all hope that it will not take even gotiate fairer wages and benefits. After almost for the re-vote is soon approaching. Between half that long to correct, we must be realistic a year of unsuccessful talks, the workers and now and November, you should receive your enough to know that it will take several years their union, Unite Here Local 26, presented re-vote ballot. We urge all Division 48 mem- of concerted efforts to learn to coexist. And, their complaints to the National Labor Re- bers to cast a vote on this amendment, noting as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a winner of the lations Board, who agreed to file a complain that the Executive Committee strongly sup- Nobel Peace Prize so aptly noted, “Unless we on their behalf against ARMARK “for alleg- ports the amendment. learn to live together as brothers and sisters edly interfering with, restraining and coercing we will die together as fools.” employees in the exercise of their rights, dis- Finally, the Division leaders were reminded crimination in regards to hire, tenure or terms of an important follow-up conference to the The mission of the 2009 Conference on Rac- of employment of its employees, and discour- first World Conference on Racism, Racial ism is one of our Division’s missions. It is aging membership in a labor organization and Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related refreshing to see a major world organization failing and refusing to bargain collectively Intolerance, sponsored by the United Na- acknowledge the pervasive problems caused and in good faith.” tions. The follow-up conference will be held by intolerance of any form and to acknowl- in 2009 in Geneva. Corann Okorodudu, Di- edge this as a global problem. But, we also Thanks to several of our members on the Ex- vision 48’s representative to the Council on know that intolerance is a domestic problem, ecutive Committee, and I note with special Representatives, has prepared a concise and another reason why the World Conference thanks, Judith Van Hoorn, the Executive thorough overview of the first conference, its on Racism is important for our Division. Committee unanimously agreed to request outcomes, and the rationale for APA’s con- This year, Division 48’s convention theme, that all Division 48 members who attended tinued involvement in this process which is Peace Psychology: Social Justice at Home the conference honor the boycott of conces- included in this edition of the newsletter. and Abroad, was chosen with this point in sion services at the Boston Convention Cen- mind. On the international front, or what we ter, as requested by Unite Here Local 26, to Briefly, in 2001, the APA wisely and correctly call “abroad” in our theme, many within our support the workers and their efforts to obtain elected to send an official delegation to the field of peace psychology have done outstand- a fair and decent wage. This is just one ex- conference; a decision that was consistent ing work addressing violence and conflicts in ample of the work needed here at home to with APA’s existing resolution against rac- other nations. Some of the conflict developed strive for social justice, tolerance and absence ism. It appears, however, that there is some as result of intolerance. The conflicts in Bos- of discrimination. As we continue our won- doubt concerning APA’s intention to send nia, Burma, Darfur, and Iraq remind us that derful work on peace and social justice, let us an official delegation to the 2009 Conference we must continue to engage in international be sure to remember the work here at home as to continue the critical work on racism and efforts to achieve peace. At the same time, we well as abroad. intolerance at that meeting. The reasons for must not forget that these same problems ex- APA’s hesitation are not entirely clear, but ist in the U.S. In Peace, one thing is clear—intolerance is a contributing factor to conflict and violence. Part of our In closing, I will point to a recent example Deborah Fish Ragin, President Division’s mission is to end conflicts that de- of our Division’s efforts to call attention to Deborah Fish Ragin can be contacted at velop as a result of intolerance or other forms and support individuals who were waging [email protected] of violence. Therefore, we believe it is vitally a battle against social injustice. Just before important that APA send an official delega- the start of the 2008 APA Convention, we tion to the conference. learned through e-mails from APA that the

“Unless we learn to live together as brothers and sisters we will die together as fools.”

− Martin Luther King

Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Striving for Peace

wit� �ustice

Eduardo I. Diaz President-Elect, Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence

am writing this as Hurricane Ike about all of my adult activities and I’m still We co-sponsor this event and encourage your rips through eastern Cuba, the looking for any government that does not, at participation. land of my birth and early childhood some point, lie to the people. memories. This is the second major hurri- On a positive note, the work I do to try to cane that hits the island in a matter of weeks I’m pleased to report that I am keeping up make a dent in structural violence continues and I am experiencing significant sympathetic with President-Elect duties and that my to motivate me to keep pressing for construc- pain, as well as anger that stems from a sense Boston Convention experience was mostly tive changes in our criminal justice system. I �of impotence at not being able to be of much positive. There were a couple of avoidable invite you to visit the website of my paying help. It’s the politics of two intransient gov- glitches but I intend to learn from them. I job, www.miamidade.gov/irp, to learn a little ernments that gets in the way of offering real have chosen “Creating Peace with Justice” as bit about civilian oversight of law enforce- humanitarian assistance to people in need. our Division’s program theme for the Toronto ment. The prison work I do is aimed at build- Convention and I hope you will all consider ing the capacity of inmates to empower them- Please pardon my rant, I feel deeply about fam- submissions of your creative efforts to bring selves, and others, to reenter society with ily and friends that I am not allowed to assist, the world a bit closer to the way you believe improved life skills, based on the Alternatives or even visit, because of policies imposed by it ought to be. to Violence Project (AVP) model, and you those in power. My cousins and aunts aren’t can learn about that at www.avpusa.org . considered close enough family to qualify me My term of President begins in January and for a “humanitarian visit” every three years! I have been told by many that it passes by Our Division is blessed with talent. You are Suffice it to say that it is almost impossible to quickly. I will do everything I can to “do no scholars, activists, educators, therapists and heal a divided family when you are kept from harm” during my tenure. One of my early du- leaders. Please help guide me in the transition engaging each other. ties in office will be to preside over our mid- to more helpful service. winter Executive Committee meeting at the You now have some exposure as to why I fell Sheraton-New Orleans, on Saturday January Eduardo I. Diaz can be contacted at in love with the practice of Peace Psychology. 17th. This occurs immediately after the Na- [email protected] I have been a student of conflict since child- tional Multicultural Conference and Summit hood. I strive for peace with justice in just (NMCS) scheduled for January 15-16, 2009.

“Peace comes from being able to contribute the best that we have, and all that we are, toward creating a world that supports everyone. But it is also securing the space for others to contribute the best that they have and all that they are.” – Hafsat Abiola

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology Peace Psychology Notes

Julie Levitt

APA 2008 in Boston was�rom special because the the Peace Division�oston programming widely explored �onvention the meaning and application of our presidential theme, Peace Psychology: Social Justice at Home and Abroad, by bringing together our elders, our long-time members, our young career psychologists, new members, and students, some of whom are new to our division.

Especially in light of the recent economic de- Most moving was our conversation and APA Monitor: Sheung-Tak Cheng, Kathryn velopments and concerns that racism may be lunch on 8/16/08 with some of our esteemed L. Norsworthy, Chris E. Stout, Gerard Jacobs, very much alive, our focus on minorities and pioneer peace psychologists. This event, co- Eduardo I. Diaz, Michael G. Wessells, Martha their treatment here and abroad was particu- hosted with Psychologists for Social Respon- Givaudan, Jon Hubbard, and Amal Winter. larly timely. We looked at health care, how sibility, brought regular convention attendees Drs. Diaz, Norsworthy and Wessells are mem- service systems help to shape experience for together with members of our division who bers of Division 48. Fortunate for us, five of children, violence in our communities, what have been less active in division activities and the noteworthy internationalists, Drs. Diaz, can be done to lessen youth violence, and, in newcomers. The Pioneer Peace Psychologists Jacobs, Norsworthy, Stout, and Wessells, were their own words, how minorities experience who spoke were Herbert C. Kelman, M. Brew- able to join with us at our reception. The oth- America and their suggestions for working ster Smith, and Dorothy Ciarlo. In addition, er practitioners sent greetings and expressions together effectively. We also were represented we played portions of videotaped interviews of support for our work in Division 48. In ad- in the 2008 APA Thematic Program: Inter- of Morton Deutsch with Member-At-Large dition, we acknowledged Daniel L. Shapiro personal Violence-Connecting Agendas and Judy Kuriansky and Doris Miller (whom I for his international community service. This Forging New Directions. Fathali Moghaddam, interviewed). There was also special mention Social Hour, co-hosted with Psychologists for the recipient of the 2007 Ralph K. White of Jean Maria Arrigo, who has worked with Social Responsibility, was enjoyable and an Lifetime Achievement Award, eloquently interrogators and other intelligence profes- opportunity for us to gather, talk and get to described the existence of fractured global- sionals to oppose the role of psychologists in know others who share our passion for peace ization and how we can respond. Nicholas harsh interrogation at Guantanamo and oth- with justice. Freudenberg, awardee of the 2007 Morton er prisoner detainee sites. It was uplifting to Deutsch Award, offered a well-reasoned mul- see our elders, other long associated members, Eduardo Diaz, our President-Elect, plans a fur- tidiscipline-community approach for lessen- and students come together for a celebration ther exploration of the 2008 APA Conven- ing structural community violence. Barbara of Peace Psychology as a discipline from its in- tion topic in his presidential theme for APA Tint and J. Christopher Cohrs, 2008 Early ception to new directions in the 21st Century. 2009, Creating Peace with Justice, which will Career Awardees, gave us new perspectives for The session was videotaped and will be made look more deeply into community and its looking at war-related attitudes about aggres- available. needs. sion and peacefulness. These are just a few of Julie Meranze Levitt can be contacted at the rich offerings presented by psychologists, Later in the day, president Deborah Fish Ra- [email protected] experienced researchers, and practitioners in gin gave a powerful address which focused on our symposia and poster session. minorities, social injustice, and our roles in bringing about positive change. At our Busi- I am delighted to report that our special stu- ness Meeting, Eduardo Diaz, our President- dent poster session and efforts to bring more Elect, gave out awards to Richard I. Wagner students to our meeting were successful. The for the Ignació Martín Baró Lifetime Peace ten student presenters spoke about a variety Practitioner Award, Michael G. Wessells of topics related to the conference theme. for the Ralph K. White Lifetime Achieve- What was particularly exciting was that there ment Award, Susan Opotow for the Morton were students from undergraduate as well as Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award, Deborah graduate programs. Hopefully, our program Fish Ragin for the Award for Leadership as will generate interest among our undergradu- Division President, and Julie Meranze Levitt ates in majoring in peace psychology as well for the Outstanding Service Award. In the as help launch students already engaged and evening at our Social Hour, we recognized the committed to peace psychology as their grad- following international peace practitioner psy- uate work. chologists highlighted in the December 2007

Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Members of the Executive Committee at APA: Boston

Top row light to right: Joe de Rivera, John Paul Szura, Dan Mayton, Joan Gildemeister, and JW P. Heuchert

Middle row light to right: Julie Levitt, Judy Kuriansky, Kathleen Dockett, and Rachel MacNair

First row light to right: Deborah Fish Ragin and Ethel Tobach

Student poster session

Neda Faregh (right) explains poster to viewer

Division Awardees for Leadership/ Accomplishment:

From left to right: Michael Wessells, Deborah Fish Ragin, Richard Wagner, Susan Opotow, Julie Levitt

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology

the 2008 APA Conference: Boston �e�ections on Ani Kalayjian, Fordham University he 2008 APA convention was widely which have taken international psychology Psychology), 27 (Community Psychology). successful. Several professionals spoke mentoring to new levels. The motto for my The symposium was entitled: Peace Psychol- T about their current research projects work is that “when one helps another, both ogy: State of the Art and Science. Daniel J. and provided psychological knowledge in- are made stronger.” Christie, Ph.D. spoke about the Models of In- tended to benefit society and improve people’s tervention during a cycle of violence, which lives. Keynote speaker Malcolm Gladwell, A symposium organized by Dr. Takooshian includes the conflict phase, violent phase, author of best-selling books Blink and The Tip- and sponsored by the APA Membership post-violent phase, and intervention at the ping Point, talked about the role of adversity Board and the APA Society for General Psy- structural and cultural level. in various psychological fields. Additionally, chology brought together several experts from the 2008 Award for Distinguished Contri- different areas to review the age factor in em- Naomi Lee, M.A. and Fathali M. Moghad- butions to Psychology in the Public Interest bracing technology, and the significance of dam, Ph.D. spoke about the range of conflict was rewarded to Philip G. Zimbardo. Among this for APA and its membership. The invited situations that can be explored through posi- interesting panel discussions, an incident of speakers were Tony F. Habash (APA Board), tioning theory, from intra- and inter-personal alleged involvement of a psychologist in an Scott Plous (Wesleyan University), Mathilde to intergroup and international conflicts, abusive interrogation of a Guantanamo de- Salmberg (Georgetown University), Nabil as well as different examples of conflict be- tainee was discussed, as it is a clear violation H. El-Ghoroury (Metrohealth Medical Cen- tween minority and majority groups. They of professional ethical standards. ter), Vicki V. Vandaveer (Vandaveer Group); used pertinent examples of the relationship Sandra Tars (Chair of the APA Membership among Iran, U.S., and EU as well as between The Division of International Psychology Board), and myself. domestic workers and their employers. I gave (Division 52), which represents the interests a lecture on transforming trauma into heal- of psychologists who engage in multicultural SPSSI had organized a Symposium cospon- ing through forgiveness and peace building research and help aid global development, sored by Division 48 (Peace Psychology), citing the continual sadness, resentment and held lectures with topics ranging from inter- 56 (Trauma Psychology), 52 (International (continued on page 10) national perspectives on gender and health to ethics and dilemmas worldwide. In response to the devastating damage of Cyclone Nar- gis, which struck Myanmar on May 2, 2008, I proposed creating an online prayer group to send healing to victims through a Global Healing Consciousness Network. The Disas- ter Committee met at the Division’s Suite and discussed strategies for disaster education, outreach, and interventions that are interna- tionally based.

In my capacity as the Chair of the Interna- tional Division’s Mentoring Committee, I conducted a round table at the Division’s Suite, with the goal of connecting psychologists, early career professionals, students and affiliates globally. Since mentoring relationships have traditionally taken place between mentors and mentees in close proximity, this program illustrates how technological ad- vances have changed the way psychologists of all ages and backgrounds interact and learn from each other. The internet, e-mail, Skype, SMS, social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace, have allowed mentors and mentees to easily establish and maintain pro- ductive relationships across great distances Members of the Peace Psychology Symposium

Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology Drawing Lines in the Sand: How Political Party Identification Turns Rational Discussion into Emotional Conflict

(Reflections continued from page 8) o you ever get the feeling that Re- anger of Armenians to the Ottoman Turk- publicans and Democrats do not like ish Genocide due to a lack of validation and Deach other? Several recent examples reparation as an example for the need of illustrate how prominent members of the po- forgiveness. Psychotherapeutic practices have litical parties are sometimes unable to conceal shown increases in physical, mental, and their disdain for the opposing party, even in spiritual wellbeing when victims choose to public venues. When campaigning to head shift helplessness into empowerment through the Democratic National Committee, a posi- forgiveness. Consequently, I proposed that a tion he later won, Howard Dean was quoted creation of peace on the interpersonal and as saying, “I hate republicans…” Vice Presi- Geoffrey intrapersonal levels would ultimately create D. Munro, dent Dick Cheney reportedly directed a curse Towson peace and reconciliation worldwide. Peace word at a democratic senator during official University begins in the soul of each and every one of proceedings of the U.S. Senate. Of course, it us—I challenge everyone to embrace peace is not just the political elites in congress who havior toward group members. The paragraphs through practice of forgiveness. seem to dislike each other. The discourse of that follow describe research that supports the bloggers, talk radio hosts, and televised pun- political partisan prejudice thesis. Having worked closely with victims testifying dits is usually more heated and hostile than Party over Policy before the South African Truth and Recon- good-natured and respectful. Even real life, as ciliation Commission (TRC), Brandon Ham- opposed to the mass media, is full of examples. One tenet of social identity theory is that we ber, Ph.D. spoke about the need to support Most find it easy to remember conversations tend to be influenced by the social norms pre- victims if they are ready to be active agents with friends, family members, or co-work- scribed by our ingroup. Cohen (2003) found within their environment. He argued that ers involving prejudicial statements (often support for this tenet in a paper entitled “par- civic participation speeds up the individual involving intellectual or moral inferiority) ty over policy.” Liberals and conservatives healing process and ultimately leads to a col- against members of certain political parties. In were given a welfare policy report that either lective process of peace-building. Michael fact, I would venture to guess that if most of us described a generous policy or a stringent Wessells, Ph.D. spoke about youth and po- were to engage in an honest bit of introspec- policy. As you might expect, liberals liked litical violence, citing why youth become in- tion, some partisan fear and loathing might be the generous policy whereas conservatives volved in political violence and about how to uncovered. liked the stringent policy. However, for some aid their reintegration into civilian life. He ar- conditions, participants were also given infor- gued that, often, youth choose to enter armed The thesis of this paper is that there is preju- mation about the percentage of house demo- groups to end social injustice and oppression, dice and discrimination between members crats and republicans who favored the policy. because they view violence as their only vi- of different political parties, and it is entirely Sometimes 95% of Democrats and 10% of able option for political change. Dr. Wessells predictable from social psychological theories Republicans favored the policy; sometimes also provided evidence to portray that reinte- of intergroup conflict like social identity theory those percentages were reversed. When the gration is possible for the overwhelming ma- (Greene, 1999, 2004). For political partisans, group percentages were included, the results jority of formerly recruited children. their parties become core components of their were very different. Now, conservatives liked social identities. When one belongs to a group, the policy that was supported by Republicans Q & A revealed the need to designate more especially one that is important to one’s sense and liberals liked the policy that was support- time to the topic of forgiveness and peace of identity, there are a wide range of ingroup- ed by Democrats. This was true regardless of building that is recently developed in scien- outgroup effects that often follow. Social iden- whether the policy was the generous or strin- tific circles, and recommended strategies for tity theory, for example, proposes that people gent one. In card-playing terms, party support further collaboration between divisions and naturally categorize themselves and others into or opposition trumped the actual policy. We other APA bodies. The chair also announced ingroups and outgroups based on salient social strictly adhere to the norms of the group or the upcoming series on peace building categories. The categorization process provides group leaders—we toe the party line. through Springer. Dr. Raymond F. Paloutzian people with both a definition of group char- and I are editing one of the volumes entitled acteristics and a prescription for appropriate The Ultimate Attribution Error Forgiveness: Pathway for Peace building and beliefs and behaviors of group members that In addition to adhering to party norms, parti- Peace Keeping. For more information visit: serves to accentuate differences between the sans will make attributions about politically- www.meaningfulworld.com, or contact Dr. ingroup and the outgroup. Categorization cou- relevant behavior that are supportive of their Kalayjian at (201) 941-2266, e-mail: AKa- pled with self-enhancement motives produce political worldviews. In general, this effect is [email protected]. ingroup favoritism in evaluations of and be- known as the ultimate attribution error (Pet-

10 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 tigrew, 1979). Hulsizer, Munro, Fagerlin, and Emotional Reasoning tual biases into discriminatory behaviors. One Taylor (2004) showed that conservative vs. The idea that ingroup favoritism is driven of the important findings that led to the cre- liberal political ideology predicted culpabil- by self-enhancement biases is supported by ation of social identity theory is the discrimi- ity and global attributions about the causes research showing that political judgments natory behavior of participants in the mini- of a politically-charged historical event (e.g., operate via motivated reasoning principles mal group paradigm. In this paradigm, the the National Guard shootings at Kent State that involve emotion (Lodge & Taber, 2005; simple assignment of participants to groups on May 4, 1970). Conservatives attributed Morris, Squires, Taber, & Lodge, 2003; Red- based on trivial distinctions led to a competi- less blame to guardsmen whose behaviors lawsk, 2002). For example, evaluations of tive accrual of rewards favoring the ingroup were explained as defensive reactions to the the strength of Bob Dole’s and Bill Clinton’s (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971). The demonstrator’s provocations. Liberals attrib- arguments during the first 1996 presidential discriminatory behavior was based on no his- uted more blame to guardsmen whose behav- debate revealed a clear partisan bias in which tory of intergroup conflict; it was based solely iors were explained as unprovoked attacks on the argument evaluations were mediated by on the categorization process and ingroup peaceful demonstrators. Similarly, evidence viewers’ affective reactions to the debaters identification. This aspect of social identity suggests that liberals and conservatives tend (Munro et al., 2002). In this model, when theory is supported by recent research suggest- to make relatively effortless internal at- partisans encounter politically-relevant con- ing that outgroup members were discriminat- tributions (e.g., attributing a person’s poor cepts, there is an immediate and automatic ed against in a simulated college admissions socioeconomic status to laziness or a lack of emotional reaction that drives the processing decision involving a forced choice between a intelligence) unless the internal attributions of information about the concept toward an politically-neutral applicant and an applicant are inconsistent with their ideological world- outcome that is consistent with or favorable of an opposing political party. This was true views. If inconsistent, then they will engage to the political worldview of the partisan. So, even though the academic achievement his- in a more effortful correction process that will for political partisans, reasoning about po- tory favored the applicant from the opposing often incorporate situational factors that are litical information is driven by the emotional political party. Partisans distorted their evalu- external to the target and more consistent preference to find support for the existing ations of other more ambiguous application with their ideological worldviews (e.g., insti- worldview rather than by the goal to arrive categories (the strength of a recommendation tutional discrimination; Skitka, Mullen, Grif- at a logical conclusion that may or may not letter) to support their prejudicial decisions. fin, Hutchinson, & Chamberlin, 2002). Both support the existing worldview. of these research efforts suggest that political Reducing the problem: Intergroup contact parties or ideologies can lead people to differ- Naïve Realism/Bias Blind Spot The paragraphs above paint a pessimistic pic- ing attributions about the same event - attri- The idea that identifying with a political par- ture about interparty prejudice and discrimi- butions that are supportive of their political ty leads to an accentuation of the differences nation in the United States. However, the ideologies. between one’s ingroup party and the outgroup field of social psychology has also provided is easily exemplified by the red state/blue state theoretically derived research evidence into Biased Suspicion terminology that is so commonly used. As how intergroup prejudice can be reduced at Are political partisans biased in the degree documented by Seyle and Newman (2006), the individual level if not the societal level. to which they are suspicious of, for example, this simplified categorization scheme inac- For example, the contact hypothesis (Allport, pandering politicians? It appears that they are curately represents the purplish nature of the 1954) proposes that increased exposure to (McGraw, Lodge, & Jones, 2002). Partici- actual electorate while also contributing to members of outgroups in positive interaction pants read a newspaper article indicating that exaggerated stereotypes that are not healthy situations will decrease prejudice. Applied to a politician who was aware of the local major- for political discourse. The exaggeration of political parties, processes like naïve realism ity opinion about gun control gave a speech to the political divide is caused partly by the and the bias blind spot might make people that locality that was either consistent or in- ease with which we recognize bias in others resistant to open, candid discussion between consistent with the local majority. As expect- coupled with the difficulty of recognizing bias groups because they perceive outgroup mem- ed, suspicion was greater when the politician in ourselves. Robinson, Keltner, Ward, and bers to be ideologically-driven and defen- gave a speech that was consistent with the lo- Ross (1995) showed that on the abortion de- sively-resistant to logical arguments. Unfortu- cal majority—that is, when the possibility of bate, for example, people reported that their nately, this produces a self-fulfilling prophecy pandering was present. Importantly, suspicion own beliefs were not driven by political ideol- which reduces the likelihood that inaccurate depended on whether or not the perceiver’s ogy but by reasoned analysis of the real world, stereotypes will be changed and shared con- own gun control opinions were consistent or while the views of people on the other side cerns will be found. So, according to the con- inconsistent with the politician’s. There was of the controversy were driven by political tact hypothesis, we must abandon the notion greater suspicion when perceivers disagreed ideology rather than reality. It is sometimes that one should never discuss politics at the with the gun control position of the politician called “naïve realism”—we think that our dinner table. Importantly, informal interac- and less suspicion when perceivers agreed perceptions of the world are based on reality tions between political party members will with the politician’s position. Additionally, rather than our own subjective perspective of only reduce prejudices if certain conditions suspicion was associated with more negative it. Similarly, the “bias blind spot” occurs when (e.g., a cooperative rather than competitive evaluations of the politician’s character. Moti- people believe that biases affect others, but mindset) exist (Pettigrew, 1998). vations to perceive a politician in a positive or they resist the belief that their own judgments Reducing the problem: Inclusive Group negative light (based on the politician’s party are biased (Pronin, Lin, & Ross, 2002). or policy opinions) can influence the amount Categorization of suspicion and, hence, the attributions and Political Party Discrimination One feature of intergroup interactions that evaluations of the politician. Social identity theory suggests that group promotes prejudice reduction is the identifi- identification extends beyond simple percep- cation of superordinate goals, goals that are

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 11 shared by members of both groups and can- on their political parties. If, on the other hand, Greene, S. (1999). Understanding party iden- not be achieved without the cooperation of the situation in which the discussion occurs tification: A social identity approach.Political both groups (Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, is one that provides warmth, acceptance, and Psychology, 20, 393-403. & Sherif, 1961). Superordinate goals can cues that one’s self-worth is valued, then more Greene, S. (2004). Social identity theory and party identification.Social Science Quarterly, 85, create a recategorization process in which favorable consequences are likely. 136-153. members of smaller groups (e.g., political Conclusion Hulsizer, M. R., Munro, G. D., Fagerlin, A. & party members) reconceptualize themselves Taylor, S. (2004). Molding the past: Biased as- as members of a common, larger group such Early theories of political opinion (the ratio- similation of historical information. Journal of as U.S. citizens (Gaertner, Dovidio, Anasta- nal choice theories) as well as many people’s Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1048-1072. sio, Bachman, & Rust, 1993). The recatego- idealistic notions of the nature of political Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2005). The automatic- rization process short-circuits the unfavorable thought and political party choices presume ity of affect for political leaders, groups, and consequences of party identification that that political attitudes and voting behavior are issues: An experimental test of the hot cognition hypothesis. Political Psychology, 26, 455-482. are explained by social identity theory. This the result of a reasoned, thoughtful analysis of kind of recategorization can be seen in the McGraw, K. M., Lodge, M., & Jones, J. M. political information. New information about (2002). The pandering politicians of suspicious somewhat rare instances when members of a candidate is rationally considered as having minds. Journal of Politics, 64, 362-383. congress put partisan bickering aside to unify either positive or negative implications for Morris, J. P., Squires, N. K., Taber, C. S., & Lodge, behind a single cause (e.g., assisting the Gulf one’s self-interests, and the new information M. (2003). Activation of political attitudes: A Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina). is then integrated with old information to up- psychophysiological examination of the hot Unfortunately, it usually takes a disaster of date the person’s political opinions or choice cognition hypothesis. Political Psychology, 24, some sort, rather than more common every- of political party or candidate. 727-745. day problems, to initiate this kind of unity in Munro, G. D., Ditto, P. H., Lockhart, L. K., Fager- the U.S. Congress. Furthermore, the solutions While the rational choice theories might lin, A., Gready, M. & Peterson, E. (2002). Biased serve as a model of how people should make assimilation of sociopolitical arguments: Evaluat- often are compromised by a return to partisan ing the 1996 U. S. Presidential Debate. Basic and disagreements or a different ingroup-outgroup political judgments, it appears to be clear that Applied Social Psychology, 24, 15-26. they do not accurately depict how people do categorization that could lead to prejudice be- Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution tween nations rather than between political make political judgments. Given the research error: Extending Allport’s cognitive analysis of parties (e.g., in decisions to initiate conflict reviewed in this paper, any valid model of po- prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bul- with other nations). At the local level (e.g., litical attitudes and behavior needs to incor- letin, 5, 461-476. interactions between neighbors), however, porate the powerful motivational processes Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact there may be great promise in minimizing the that emerge when one identifies with a salient theory. Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 49, pp. 65-85). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. emphasis on political party labels and identi- and important group like a political party. So- Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias fying common problems and goals. cial identity theory and other models of prejudice and discrimination do incorporate these blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Reducing the problem: Self-affirmation processes and can easily explain the strong 28, 369-381. One problem with political discussions be- emotions, biased judgments, and discrimi- Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool tween members of different political parties is natory behaviors that characterize political consideration? Testing the effects of motivated that they often devolve into biased, defensive, interaction between party members in the reasoning on political decision making. Journal and closed-minded protection of the political United States. By employing a social identity of Politics, 64, 1021-1044. opinions of one’s party. This inflexibility is pre- theory approach to political parties, we might Robinson, R. J., Keltner, D., Ward, A., & Ross, L. (1995). Actual versus assumed differences in dicted from social identity theory because the be better able to reduce inter-party prejudices and make progress toward the completion of construal: “Naïve realism” in intergroup percep- party is often closely attached to one’s sense tion and conflict. Journal of Personality and of identity, which is, of course, closely guarded goals that are valued by members of all politi- Social Psychology, 68, 404-417. and protected in order to maintain a favor- cal parties. Seyle, D. C., & Newman, M. L. (2006). A able sense of self. Research suggests, however, house divided? The psychology of red and blue that a more open-minded willingness to ac- References America. American Psychologist, 61, 571-580. cept opposing arguments and compromise by Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. making concessions can be induced via self-af- R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robber’s Cave experiment. firmations (Cohen, Sherman, Bastardi, Hsu, Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on University of Oklahoma: Institute of Group McGoey, & Ross, 2007). Self-affirmations are political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Relations. opportunities to assert one’s overall self-integ- Psychology, 85, 808-822. Skitka, L. J., Mullen, E., Griffen, T., Hutchin- rity by thinking about positive or important Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, son, S., Chamberlin, B. (2002). Dispositions, qualities of the self. Importantly, the research L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007). Bridging scripts, or motivated correction?: Understanding clearly shows that self-affirmations can induce the partisan divide: Self-affirmation reduces ideological differences in explanations for social open-mindedness to opposing arguments in ideological closed-mindedness and inflexibility problems. Journal of Personality and Social in negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 470-487. one self-domain (e.g., one’s political identifica- Psychology, 93, 415-430. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, tion) by affirming qualities of the self in other Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup domains (e.g., relationships with friends). So, Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993). The behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, in political discussions between members of common ingroup identity model: Recategoriza- 1, 149-178. different political parties, people are likely tion and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. Geoffrey D. Munro can be contacted at Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review to resort to defensive rigidity if they feel that [email protected] their self-integrities are threatened by attacks of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-26). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

12 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Americans & Japanese Commemorate 9/11

Silent peace walk from New York Buddhist Church to Riverside Church �o�et�er �

Judy Kuriansky

Peace candle vigil from New York n the early morning hours on the gone, but I trust there’ll be a dawn each brand Buddhist Church to Riverside 7th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks new day…” Church as part of 9/11 memorial on the World Trade Center, I sat in the radio studio of WOR talk show host Also in the radio studio was Reverend T.K. Joey Reynolds, located within a block of the Nakagaki, minister of the New York Bud- site where the Twin Towers fell. As the po- dhist Church, who organized the 7th annual antern.aikotoba.jp)—wrapped around stick lice were preparing barricades for that day’s 9/11 Japanese Floating Lantern Ceremony frames with candles inside to form lanterns, memorial, I shared my experience of having which took place later that day at Pier 40 on which were then ceremoniously set afloat into been a Red Cross mental health volunteer for the Hudson River. The interfaith ceremony the river. As Reverend Nakagaki explained, months after the attacks. As psychologists, we features leaders from every major religion of- “Through this tradition, as done in Japan, made� rounds at the “pit” (the site of where fering prayers, meditations and benedictions peace and harmony are sent out over the wa- the towers fell), handing out water bottles (http://www.newyorkbuddhistchurch.org/im- ter into the universe.” and gloves (it was cold on some of those Sep- ages_hatsubon2002.html). Another guest on the radio show was Japanese rock star Shinji tember nights) to police, firemen, electricians The next night, at a private gala at the Sony Harada, who does peace charity concerts all and other rescue workers. Club in New York, guests celebrated the over the world. “I strongly believe all the 70th anniversary of the New York Buddhist With me in the studio was my songwriting people of American and Japan have the right Church. Shinji performed his song “Yamato, partner in my peace band, “The Stand Up and obligation to send the message out to the the Global Harmony.” For Peace Project” who sang the song on the world, for peace to prevail,” said Harada. air which we wrote about healing after that At Sunday morning services at the New York The radio show was the first of a whirlwind tragedy. “Towers of Light” aims to help the Buddhist Church, Russell and I performed week of concerts and memorials. Twelve recovery process, honor the heroes and bring our song, “Stand Up for Peace” which we had hours later, about a thousand people gathered some closure to those left behind (www.tow- written and sung the year before at the First for the memorial at the pier, with drumming, ersoflightsong.com). The origin of the song Hiroshima International Peace Summit fea- chanting, and prayers of grace, gratitude and is a lovely story—Russell Daisey composed turing three Nobel Peace Prize laureates—the comfort from clerics of Hindu, Christian, the song for his class project when taking Dalai Lama, Desmond Tutu and Betty Wil- Jewish and even Haitian traditions. People my course at Columbia University Teachers liams. As Reverend Nakagaki said, “stand up wrote messages of peace and love on rice pa- College in the summer after 9/11. A sample for peace” signifies the essence of all the me- per—with pictures of the 9/11 rescue work- of the lyrics: “Even though my heart is bro- morial events. ken, I have memories as a token of those last ers who died and messages from children in words that were spoken on that day…though Japan brought by members of the Meeting for Judy Kuriansky can be contacted at I know I must go on, it’s still hurts that you are Children’s Future and Peace (http://peacel- [email protected]

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 13 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum Original Text of the APA Torture Referendum

The petition resolution stating that psychologists may not work in settings where “persons Footnotes [1] United Nations Commission on Human are held outside of, or in violation of, either International Law (e.g., the UN Convention Rights (2006). Situation of detainees at Guan- Against Torture and the Geneva Conventions) or the US Constitution (where appropriate), tánamo Bay. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from http:// unless they are working directly for the persons being detained or for an independent third news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/16_02_06_ un_guantanamo.pdf. The full title of the ‘Special party working to protect human rights” was approved. The final vote tally was 8,792 vot- Rapporteur on Mental Health’ is the ‘Special Rap- ing in favor of the resolution; 6,157 voting against the resolution. The text of the referen- porteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment dum is reproduced below: of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health’.

We the undersigned APA members in good standing, pursuant to article IV.5 of [2] Miles, S. (2007). Medical ethics and the the APA bylaws, do hereby petition that the following motion be submitted to APA interrogation of Guantanamo 063. The American members for their approval or disapproval, by referendum, with all urgency: Journal of Bioethics, 7(4), 5. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from http://ajobonline.com/journal/j_ar- Whereas torture is an abhorrent practice in every way contrary to the APA’s stated ticles.php?aid=1140 mission of advancing psychology as a science, as a profession, and as a means of promoting human welfare. [3] Office of the Inspector General, Department of Defense: Review of DoD-Directed Investigations Whereas the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Mental Health and the UN of Detainee Abuse. Retrieved March 4, 2008, Special Rapporteur on Torture have determined that treatment equivalent to tor- from http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/abuse.pdf ture has been taking place at the United States Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. [1] [4] Council of Europe Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2007). Secret Whereas this torture took place in the context of interrogations under the direction detentions and illegal transfers of detainees and supervision of Behavioral Science Consultation Teams (BSCTs) that included involving Council of Europe member states: psychologists. [2, 3] second report. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from http//assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http:// Whereas the Council of Europe has determined that persons held in CIA black assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/ sites are subject to interrogation techniques that are also equivalent to torture [4], Doc07/edoc11302.htm and because psychologists helped develop abusive interrogation techniques used at these sites. [3, 5] [5] Eban, K. (2007). Rorschach and Awe. Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from http://www. Whereas the International Committee of the Red Cross determined in 2003 that vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/07/tor- the conditions in the US detention facility in Guantánamo Bay are themselves tan- ture200707 tamount to torture [6], and therefore by their presence psychologists are playing a [6] Lewis, N. A. (2004, November 30). Red Cross role in maintaining these conditions. Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantánamo. Re- trieved March 4, 2008, from http://www.nytimes. Be it resolved that psychologists may not work in settings where persons are held com/2004/11/30/politics/30gitmo.html?oref=login outside of, or in violation of, either International Law (e.g., the UN Convention &adxnnl=1&oref=login&adxnnlx=1101831750- Against Torture and the Geneva Conventions) or the US Constitution (where appropriate), unless they are working directly for the persons being detained or for an [7] It is understood that military clinical psycholo- independent third party working to protect human rights [7]. gists would still be available to provide treatment for military personnel.

Referendum Authors: Dan Aalbers ([email protected]) Ruth Fallenbaum ([email protected]) Brad Olson ([email protected])

14 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum Message from the APA President

Alan E. Kazdin In September, by a vote of 8,792 to 6,157, the membership adopted as APA policy a resolution prohibiting psychologists from working in detainee settings in which international law or the U.S. Constitution are violated, unless the psychologists are working directly for the people being detained or for an independent third party working to protect human rights or providing treatment to military personnel. Many members are now asking about the next steps to implement the new policy.

APA’s governance and staff have been work- Thus, I have asked for volunteers to be part Under the policy, if a site is in violation of ing on two tracks to implement the policy, of an advisory group on the resolution’s U.S. or international law, psychologists may one internal, the other external. Externally, implementation. Tentatively, this advi- not work at that site unless they are working we have been communicating to policymak- sory group will include two members of directly for the detainee or a third party hu- ers and the media that the APA membership the Board of Directors and six members of man rights organization, or are providing care has spoken and that our policy has changed Council. I believe six Council members to military personnel. Our members’ voice is in a fundamental way. We have issued a news will allow me to appoint people who repre- now loud and clear on this limitation. release announcing the vote, which was cov- sent the broad range of constituent groups ered by media including The New York Times, with concerns and questions. I have in- Some members have expressed concerns that the Associated Press and USA Today, among vited one of the three original sponsors of the new policy could also restrict psychologists others. the petition to serve on the advisory group. working in U.S. prisons, psychiatric hospitals The charge to this advisory group will be to: and other venues where prisoners or patients On Oct. 2, I sent a letter to President Bush, are deprived of their basic human rights. That informing him and his administration of the ❚ Determine what issues need clarification is a question that needs to be examined by new policy. Although his term is nearly over, concerning the resolution, including its in- the advisory group. We believe that was not I believe it was important to communicate tent and scope; the intention of the petitioners; a representa- the change since the Army’s policy memo tive of the petition sponsors who I hope will regarding the use of behavioral scientists in ❚ Identify and consider possible actions that serve on the advisory group will help address detention settings was set to expire in Octo- would provide such clarifications for Council that question. One of the advisory group’s op- ber. Also, I wanted to take this opportunity to review and consider at its February 2009 tions for consideration by APA’s Council of to repeat APA’s call to investigate the many meeting. Representatives might be to further clarify the credible reports of the torture and abuse of scope of the resolution. ❚ One of the options the group might present detainees. to Council could be to make the effective date Over the past year, the Board of Directors took Early the following week, I sent letters to the of the new policy earlier than August 2009. a number of steps to ensure fairness in the peti- Department of Defense, the Department of tion process, including using an outside vendor To those who have asked what is the imme- Justice, the CIA and Congress—again to get to count and verify all votes to ensure neutral- diate effect of this policy on psychologists, I the word out about the policy change. All this ity. I am proud of the process we have under- would say we are all on notice that there are information is now on APA’s Web site (http:// taken and to see the process work well. new limits on the roles we may play in cer- www.apa.org/releases/interrogatepos.html), tain detention centers. In terms of specific along with other documents that trace the Our predecessors in APA governance created locations where psychologist participation is history of the association’s policies prohibit- the APA Bylaws and Rules to guide the as- limited, the resolution establishes a legal test: ing psychologists from ever participating in sociation through such processes. These rules The sites must violate U.S. or international torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading and bylaws create a mechanism by which the law for psychologists’ roles to be restricted. treatment. members have a direct voice in the association’s decision making; they also codify spe- One open question for the advisory group Within the APA family, we are now consider- cific roles for the Board of Directors and the and Council is how we determine that a site ing the next steps to put the policy into ac- Council of Representatives in the process. is in violation of these tenets. Answering tion. According to the Association’s Bylaws this question is very important, because it and Rules, the resolution will become effec- Our members have spoken. As president, at will be essential for APA members to know tive as official policy as of our next annual least for a few more months, my mandate and whether a particular site violates or complies meeting—August 2009. However, judging mission is to embrace the will of the member- with APA policy. This determination will be from discussions on the Council listserv and ship and to ensure that the intent and scope critical for APA members who may be sent to conversations I have had with members, there of the resolution are clear, fully communicat- various work settings around the world. These is strong sentiment to make the policy effec- ed and implemented. I am eager to embrace are not simple questions and they cannot be tive sooner. There are also questions about the letter and spirit the resolution reflects and taken lightly because they involve human the resolution’s practical application. Under- welcome your input and responses. rights of detainees as well as the livelihood of standably, members want to know what it our colleagues. Alan E. Kazdin can be contacted at means for them personally, what it means in [email protected] their work setting.

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 15 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum The Holocaust: Lessons Not Learned

Linda M. Woolf, Webster University

history teaches us that most vile actions taken by governments and their citizens are for the “greater good” with ideological rationales. Individuals are often motivated to murder, torture, or commit other crimes against humanity not because they are evil but rather because they believe their actions to be honest, honorable, and just.

In 1939, the process of systematic murder be- Steps down to the gas gan in Nazi Germany and Austria (recently chambers at the psychiat- annexed). Six psychiatric hospitals began kill- ric hospital at Hadamar. ing children diagnosed with severe physical Over 10,000 psychiatric disabilities, mental retardation, schizophre- patients (childen and nia, alcoholism, epilepsy, and other illnesses. adults) were killed in this These “useless eaters” not only were deemed gas chamber. to be a drain on the resources of society but also a threat to the genetic stock of the Ger- he Holocaust remains the worst case of industrialized genocide in history. Between 1939 man people. These killings followed years of and 1945, the Nazis killed millions of Jews, Roma/Sinti (Gypsies), and individuals hospi- forced sterilization of “inferiors,” a process be- Ttalized with physical and mental disabilities/illnesses. These individuals were systemati- gun not in Germany but in the United States. cally murdered through a variety of means such as starvation, excessive work, shooting, lethal Sterilizations, immigration quotas, fitter fam- injection, and, of course, death by carbon monoxide or cyanide gas (Zyclon-B). The Nazis also ily contests, a host of social programs, and persecuted other groups such as Jehovah’s Witnesses and homosexuals—persecutions that led talks of euthanasia all begun under the guise to the deaths of thousands. of creating a more utopian society through the use of eugenics in the U.S. For the past sixty years, much has been written and discussed about the Holocaust. We hear the outcry of “Never Again!” spoken at remembrances and herald the dawning of international Eugenics, or racial hygiene as it was known in law sparked out of atrocity. And yet, have the lessons of the Holocaust really been learned? It Germany, was grounded in the idea that men- would seem that “Never Again” has turned into “Ever and Ever and Ever Again” regardless tal abilities were just as heritable as physical of whether one is discussing genocide or other systematic human rights violations practiced characteristics. Therefore, the genes for good- during the Holocaust such as torture. So where have we failed, what lessons should we have ness, honesty, intellectual abilities could be learned, and how does all of this relate to the current issue of torture and other world events? selectively breed for in progeny and societies Although, there are many lessons that can be examined in this article, I’ll focus on two: Ideol- could remove social ills such as “feeblemind- ogy and International Law. edness,” alcoholism, insanity, sloth, and crime by carefully controlling the breeding of those The Danger of the Ideological “Greater Good” with such characteristics. Toward the end The Holocaust kindles images of extraordinary acts of atrocity committed by the Nazis and of the 1800s, North Dakota and Michigan their collaborators. Unfortunately, one of the most important lessons of the Holocaust is lost if passed laws criminalizing marriage to indi- we simply chalk up these horrific acts to the actions of madmen or some notion of evil. Rather, viduals diagnosed with alcoholism, insanity, or tuberculosis. Indiana became the first state

16 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum to pass a forced sterilization law in 1907, and the Nazis, from doctors to soldiers, considered efforts. Additionally, researchers, particu- the U.S. Supreme Court in 1927 upheld the their actions honorable and good, despite the larly in the 1950s, conducted destructive right of states to forcibly sterilize individuals repugnant nature of the task itself. medical experiments on prisoners and sol- against their will in Buck v. Bell. In the words diers without their knowledge or informed of Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Three genera- The pull of the greater good is magnified consent for Cold War military purposes. tions of imbeciles are enough” (274 U.S. 200, when individuals, communities, and gov- The United States has offered apologies for 1927). Discussions of euthanasia also began. ernments feel that their actions will protect these actions and for the forced steriliza- Nobel Prize winner for medicine, Alexis Car- their friends, family, traditions, and people tions of the early 20th century. rel (inventor of the iron lung), asserted that from an identified “other” associated with a criminals and the insane could be “humanely perceived or real threat/crisis. But does this Unfortunately, the United States has again and economically disposed of in small eutha- only happen to misguided or “evil” govern- fallen into the trap of the greater good when nasia institutions supplied with proper gases” ments? Certainly, it is easy to find examples threatened following the attacks of Septem- (p. 319). Dr. Foster Kennedy wrote in the from history associated with “evil” govern- ber 11, 2001. Due in part to fear and faulty American Journal of Psychiatry, “I am in favor ments committing actions based on what intelligence, the U.S. engaged in a preemp- of euthanasia for those hopeless ones who we might argue to be flawed ideologies in tive war in Iraq. Moreover, the “global war should never have been born—Nature’s mis- relation to genocide (e.g., the Cambodia on terror” has opened the door to abuses at takes” (p. 14) and “I believe it is a merciful genocide grounded in the ideals of commu- Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, and related and kindly thing to relieve that defective— nism and the vision of a renewed Angkor sites, as well as the use of torture and ex- often tortured and convulsed, grotesque and empire fighting the evils of the West) or traordinary renditions. These are all actions absurd, useless and foolish, and entirely unde- oppressive prisons (e.g. the use of Gulags that would not have been acceptable prior sirable—of the agony of living” (p. 14). against those with “threatening” political to the attacks on the World Trade Center, ideas in the former Soviet Union). But, the Pentagon, and Flight 93 which crashed The Germans applauded the actions of the what about “good” countries with espoused in Pennsylvania on 9/11. Yet, these actions Eugenics Record Office in the United States traditions of fairness and democracy? became acceptable for many and consid- and early U.S. legislation. Under the Nazis, ered to be just and honorable as part of the the programs of racial hygiene and mutated Unfortunately, the United States has also “global war on terrorism.” Evidence for the social Darwinistic ideas were implemented been subject to the allure of the “greater acceptability of such practices within the in a fashion that resulted in the sterilization good” and engaged in acts of atrocity population of the U.S. can be found in the of hundreds of thousands and the deaths of throughout its history, particularly when upsurge in the “positive” use of torture in millions. Jews, Roma/Sinti, and psychiatric threatened. Certainly, a case can be made popular television programs such as “Lost” patients were all viewed as genetically defec- for both ethnocide and genocide against and “24.” tive and thus, they needed to be alleviated the First Peoples of the New World early in from their suffering. Hospital and camp “se- the founding of the United States. In addi- Problems with International Law lections” conducted by medical doctors was tion, the U.S. has been complicit in geno- The Holocaust highlighted the need for designed to replace “natural selection.” From cidal actions in other arenas around the more comprehensive international law and moving individuals into ghettos (quarantine) globe (e.g., in East Timor as part of the fight punishment of those who commit war crimes to the gas chambers, all tasks were viewed as against communism). During World War II and crimes against humanity extending be- medical procedures designed to remove “the (WWII), the Japanese were interred in re- yond national borders. First, international tumor from the body of Germany.” As such, location camps as part of national security law was designed to end the atmosphere of impunity that existed around the globe. Impunity implies a freedom or exemption from harm, retribution, or justice regardless of the actions taken by an individual. This is imperative otherwise, according to Roth, Bolton, Slaughter, and Wedgwood (1999), an atmosphere of impunity increases the probability of violence. Hitler pointed to the Armenian genocide as an example of impunity in response to genocide. Indeed, he just as easily could have pointed to the destruction of the Hereros in Namibia at the hands of the German military to make a similar case. International law is Medical designed to establish a rule of law, create experimenta- an atmosphere of justice, stay the hand of vengeance, provide a means of deterrence, tion room at and create a historic record (Minow, 1998). Sachsenhausen, These are indeed worthy and lofty goals but a concentration they have been selective in their practice camp north of and are weakened by passive world response Berlin. and problems with application.

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 17 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum

decide who is or who is not prosecuted under international law.

A second problem with international law is inherent in the wording of the law. The Convention Against Genocide is written in such a way that almost all instances of genocide written about in history from Ar- menia to Darfur are not technically defined as genocide under international law. For example, one of the issues is the word “intent” and there has to be a clear indication that individuals are not dying as a result of unin- tended consequences of war, civil war, fam- ine, or displacement. Second, only specific categorizations such as race, ethnicity, or religion are protected under the Genocide Convention. Third, how many of a group must be killed before it becomes classified as a genocide? The United Nations and member states have avoided mandatory intervention in instances of genocide by coyly using the phrase “acts of genocide” to forestall action. The most embarrass- ing exchanges during the Rwandan genocide were between reporters and Christine Hartheim Castle was as a psychiatric hospital ian target, they would have been brought to Shelly, then a spokesperson for the State near Linz, Austria. Over 18,000 psychiatric account for such actions. Yet, the bombings Department, in response to queries about patients (children and adults) were killed in of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have largely the genocide: been heralded as unfortunate but necessary the gas chambers located in the basement as attacks to bring the war to an end. This is part of the Nazi “euthanasia” program. CHRISTINE SHELLY: Well, as I think you despite the fact that the Japanese had tried know, the use of the term “genocide” has to surrender in the months prior to the a very precise legal meaning, although it’s bombings—they only requested that their not strictly a legal determination. There are History has always included wars where the Emperor not be killed. Another example other factors in there, as well. When—in winners determined justice and potential is the disparity of treatment between the looking at a situation to make a determina- losers feared great harm to themselves and Nazi and Japanese medical doctors who tion about that—before we begin to use that their communities through vengeance. No engaged in gruesome experimentation dur- term—we have to know as much as possible doubt that the Nazis feared for their safety ing WWII. The Nazi doctors were held ac- about the facts of the situation and... upon losing the war, not from a tribunal but countable at Nuremberg for their actions by angry mobs and governments. However, related to medical experiments conducted CHRISTINE SHELLY: We have every rea- the Nuremberg Trials were established to at Dachau, Auschwitz, and other concen- son to believe that acts of genocide have bring the leaders of the Nazis and those tration camps. The Japanese also engaged occurred. complicit with the greatest atrocities to in gruesome medical experimentation that justice. In the words of Justice Robert H. involved vivisections, hypothermia studies, REPORTER: How many acts of genocide Jackson of the U.S. Supreme Court, lead infectious disease studies, and traumatic does it take to make genocide? prosecutor at Nuremberg, “we have set up injury studies, and it is thought that some an International Tribunal and have under- of this experimentation was conducted on CHRISTINE SHELLY: That’s just not a taken the burden of participating in a com- U.S. prisoners of war. The extent of Japa- question that I’m in a position to answer. plicated effort to give them fair and dispas- nese experimentation exceeds that of the sionate hearings. That is the best-known Nazis as they conducted experiments not REPORTER: Is it true that you have specif- protection to any man with a defense wor- just in a laboratory setting (no known survi- ic guidance not to use the word “genocide” thy of being heard” (Nuremberg Trial Pro- vors) but also field studies testing dispersal in isolation, but always preface it with these ceedings, vol. 2). methods throughout rural China of plague, words “acts of”? anthrax, and other forms of biochemical Although the Nuremberg Trials were a weaponry. Yet, despite these crimes against CHRISTINE SHELLY: I have guidance bright moment in judicial history, the tri- humanity, no one involved in these proj- which—which—to which I—which I try to als highlight the flaws in the system of in- ects was ever prosecuted. Why? The United use as best as I can. I’m not—I have—there ternational law. First and foremost, the law States granted the Japanese doctors and are formulations that we are using that we is used selectively. If the Nazi government military full immunity in exchange for their are trying to be consistent in our use of. I had dropped an atomic weapon on a civil- data. The winners often get to selectively don’t have an absolute categorical pre-

18 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum

The medical experimentation block at Auschwitz. scription against something, but I have the leaves the international community with a ideologies hidden in sheep’s clothing and definitions. I have a phraseology which has struggle to identify abusive behaviors that propelled by fear often lead individuals to been carefully examined and arrived at to... rise to the level of international law. It is commit atrocity. Only in hindsight, do we (Frontline, Triumph of Evil, 1999). not enough to be able to “know it when I sometimes become aware of the damage we see it” when making legal distinctions and have caused and consequently, our guilt. There are also significant problems in rela- policy and this has allowed cruel, inhuman, Additionally, history following the Holo- tion to the application of international law. or degrading behavior and indeed torture caust has reinforced the need for the further Bystander effects and moral exclusion play a to continue unfettered. Moreover, the defi- development of international law. Impu- role in whether a matter even comes to the nition applies to a narrow setting and in- nity is currently served by the aspirational attention of the international community. cludes the caveat “It does not include pain but not practical nature of much of interna- This pattern of inaction historically has led or suffering arising only from, inherent in tional law. Of course, there are many addi- to an escalation of atrocity and impunity for or incidental to lawful sanctions.” These tional factors that play a role in systematic those who commit atrocities. Moreover, in- problems are exacerbated when national human rights violations such as the effects ternational law still tends to remain second- law is written to circumvent international of the situation on an individual’s behav- ary to national law. Human rights abuses are law. For example, the Military Commis- ior, the dangers of propaganda, the role of routinely committed within nation-states sions Act of 2006 further opened the door bystander effects, moral exclusion, the ef- including nation-states who were original to the use of “enhanced interrogation tech- fect of crisis on individuals and their level signatories to the Universal Declaration for niques,” provided protections for interroga- of fear and prejudice, leadership factors in- Human Rights. Additionally, mass violence tors retroactively, increased the perception cluding the problems associated with both against civilian populations continues un- of impunity, and expanded the power of the charismatic and authoritarian leaders—too abated. The UN remains reticent to act President. many to discuss in this short article. For- against sovereign nations and most nation- tunately, research continues in psychology states are reticent to complain as their own Conclusions and the fields of comparative genocide stud- houses are not completely clean. Much of what we know about human be- ies and human rights studies are grounded havior and atrocity is grounded in research in an examination of the commonalities The problems associated with international begun as psychologists and others attempt- and differences in various atrocities with an law in terms of selectivity, definition, and ed to understand what led one of the most eye towards prevention. application all apply to the current issue of civilized nations in the world, Germany, torture. The United Nations Convention down a path to the Holocaust. Psycholo- However, it isn’t enough for us as psycholo- Against Torture provides a definition of tor- gists understand that we need to be aware of gists to be aware of the factors or to research ture that is problematic (e.g., the problem the effect of various factors that lead good the effects on individual and group behav- of defining “severe pain or suffering”) but people to commit great harm as none of us ior. We must also be vigilant to insure that more importantly, excludes any definition are immune to these factors. Certainly, the we as individual psychologists and as a pro- of “cruel, inhuman, or degrading.” This Holocaust has taught us that destructive fession do not fall into the trap associated

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 19 Special Supplement: APA Torture Referendum with all of these influences. During the cur- the ending of extraordinary renditions, and References rent “global war on terror,” the profession the restoration of human rights protections Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 (1927). Retrieved No- of psychology has found itself embroiled in to prisoners. This not only serves the func- vember 1, 2008 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw. a debate over psychologist involvement in tion of ending psychologist involvement in com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=274&inv interrogations at sites such as Guantanamo abusive interrogations but ironically also ol=200 Bay and elsewhere. These interrogations reduces the risk of terrorism as Guantana- Carrel, A. (1938). Man, the unknown. New York: Halycon House. have been conducted for the “greater good” mo, Abu Ghraib, extraordinary renditions, and within the shifting nature of interna- and torture have become rallying cries for Kennedy, F. (1942). The problems of social control of the congenital defective: Education, tional law. The Executive Committee of future terrorists. Kimmel and Stout (2006) sterilization, euthanasia. American Journal of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, have edited a text based on the work of the Psychiatry, 99, 13-16. and Violence (Division 48), Psychologists APA Task Force on the Psychological Ef- Kimmel, P. R., & Stout, C. E. (Eds.). (2006). Col- for Social Responsibility (PsySR), Psychol- fects of Efforts to Prevent Terrorism, which lateral damage: The psychological consequences ogists for an Ethical APA, withholddues. outlines more effective ways to keep us safe of America’s war on terrorism. Westport, CT: org, and other groups/individuals have uni- in the current global environment. Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing. formly spoken out against psychologist in- Minow, M. (1998). Between vengeance and volvement in such interrogations and called Finally, I would note that the APA has a forgiveness: Facing history after genocide and mass violence. Boston: Beacon Press. for the closing of Guantanamo, ending the long history of addressing issues of human Nuremberg Trial Proceedings (1945). Nuremberg practice of extraordinary renditions, and rights and proposing progressive agendas. Trial Proceedings (vol. 2). The Avalon Project, the restoration of human rights protections For example, the APA has addressed is- Yale Law Library. Retrieved November 1, 2008 to prisoners. These efforts have resulted in sues related to nuclear weapons, the Equal from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/11-21- the 2006 APA Resolution Against Torture Rights Amendment, homelessness, domes- 45.asp and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading tic violence, gay and lesbian rights, etc. Robinson, M. (Producer), & Loeterman, B. (Pro- Treatment or Punishment, the 2007 APA However, these have all represented indi- ducer). (1999). Frontline, Triumph of Evil. [Televi- Reaffirmation of the American Psychologi- vidual initiatives. It is time for the APA to sion broadcast]. New York: Public Broadcasting Service. cal Association Position Against Torture stand up and formalize their interest and Roth, K., Bolton, J. R., Slaughter, A. & Wedg- and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading concern for human rights. First, the APA wood, R. (1999) Toward an International Crimi- Treatment or Punishment and Its Applica- Ethics Code should be examined to make nal Court? Council Policy Initiative. New York: tion to Individuals Defined in the United it consistent with United Nations Human Council on Foreign Relation. States Code as “Enemy Combatants” (and Rights Conventions and Human Rights Additional Recommended Readings: 2008 Amendments), and the recent Refer- should be considered fundamental to the Annas, G., & Grodin, M. (Ed.). (1992). The Nazi endum Petition written and spearheaded by Ethics Code. Second, the APA should es- doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human rights Dan Aalbers, Ruth Fallenbaum, and Brad tablish a standing Committee on Human in human experimentation. Oxford: Oxford Olson. These are all great achievements Rights. The APA as a professional organi- University Press. and each represents a step in the right di- zation would not be alone in the creation Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (1997). Keeping America rection toward holding psychologists to in- of such a committee as organizations such Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880-1940. New York: Cor- ternational human rights standards. as the American Academy of Arts and nell University Press. Sciences, American Anthropological As- Harris, S. (1994). Factories of death: Japanese However, our work is not done. Psycholo- sociation, American Association for the biological warfare, 1932-45, and the American gists, particularly those not affiliated with Advancement of Science, Association of cover-up. London: Routledge. APA, continue to work at Guantanamo American Geographers, American Chemi- Kaleck, W., Ratner, M., Singlenstein, T., & Weiss, assisting with interrogations. I’m sure that cal Society, American Educational Research P. (Eds.). (2006). International prosecution of hu- they believe that they are making an impor- Association, American Mathematical Soci- man rights crimes. Berlin: Springer Verlag. tant contribution to saving the lives of not ety, American Physical Society, American Michalczyk, J. J. (1994). Medicine, ethics, and only potential victims of terrorism but also Political Science Association, American the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary of the prisoners themselves. The power of Society of Civil Engineers, American Sta- Issues. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward. the ideology of the “greater good” is incred- tistical Association, National Academies Provost, R. (2005). International human rights and humanitarian law. New York: Cambridge ibly strong. Thus, it is important to under- of Science, and the New York Academy of University Press. stand their perceptions and reach solutions Sciences all have human rights committees. Selden, Steven (1999). Inheriting shame: The with these goals in mind. Additionally, no As recent events in history have shown us, story of eugenics and racism in America (Ad- Resolution or Referendum written to date psychology as a profession can no longer vances in Contemporary Educational Thought corrects or can be expected to correct the afford to remain outside the efforts toward Series, Vol. 23). New York: Teachers College flaws in international law. There will always human rights both nationally and interna- Press. be loopholes written in any APA policy tionally, with only a reactive as opposed to Linda M. Woolf can be contacted at that grounds itself in such law. Therefore, proactive response. [email protected] the best solution for psychologists, U.S. citizens, and prisoners is the closing of Guantanamo Bay, the cessation of torture,

20 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Nagorno-Karabakh and MHOP’s Outreach: Territorial Conflicts as a Post Soviet Legacy

Ani Kalayjian, Fordham University

Driving into the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, one senses the eeriness of a present still living in the rubble of past war-time condition. A stroll through the unpaved streets brings one face-to-face with cows eating out of trash bins, dilapidated homes, and steady unwavering silence.

Ruins of Shushi

ourteen years after cease-fire was declared saster and Mass Trauma Studies, spearheaded empathy and comfort. One woman expressed in this territory, refugees from Baku con- by myself organized its Mental Health Out- to the team her grief in losing her husband, Ftinue to suffer from severe post-traumatic reach Program (MHOP) for Karabakh, with followed later by other family members, and stress disorder. Since the violent phase of the the goal of delivering psychological counsel- currently suffering from recurring thoughts war ended, various international aid organiza- ing to those impacted by the devastating war. about losing her only daughter. When asked tions and Armenian organizations provided The mission included counseling refugees about positive lessons learned from their ex- Karabakh Armenians with some funds to re- from Baku (the capital of Azerbaijan) at the periences, the majority could not think past build their ancient homeland; however, little Center for Refugees in Shushi and training the negative; however, a few stated that war- construction is taking place, since people are psychologists at the Conflict Transformation time conditions brought an inner strength not as willing to invest in a territory where Center in Stepanakert. Additionally, MHOP and resilience that they didn’t know existed the future is uncertain. Additionally, the team gathered data from refugees in order to bet- within them. was told that no psychological rehabilitation ter assess their needs, with the intention of had been carried out previously. returning and establishing centers to provide Much tension has also been felt as a result of them with ongoing psychological support. the growing divide between Karabakh Arme- The mountainous terrain of Karabakh nians and Armenians from Armenia, which (termed Artsakh in ancient Armenian), was MHOP uses the Biopsychosocial and Spiritual has been further exacerbated by the recent a historically Armenian land that was des- Model, with a series of six-steps to accurately post-election crisis in Armenia. This is a ignated as part of Azerbaijan under the So- assess, identify, explore, and work through considered a ‘horizontal violence’ when op- viet Empire. With its steep cliffs, overhanging trauma. Within the approach includes assess- pressed groups turn the anger, oppression, and rock and endemic wildlife, is at the same time ing levels of trauma through sharing, provid- frustration on one another as soon as the ‘en- both a splendor of the South Caucasus and ing empathy and validation in a group setting, emy’ has left the scene. Despite their points of a region rife with misfortune. After the per- finding the positive in difficult situations, and contention, all of the refugees expressed the estroika movement of the late 1980s, Arme- the use of techniques to release negative emo- belief and the wish that Armenians need to nians sought reunification of Armenia with tional imprints and calm the body-mind and remain united. Karabakh, which initially resulted in bitter the spirit. The refugees filled out a stress-re- rivalry and programs. In 1991, full-scale war action questionnaire, from which the team The MHOP team explained how the body re- broke out between the two neighbors until noted that 99% of the refugees interviewed sponds to stress and how physical symptoms, 1994, when the remaining Armenians drove continued to suffer from a severe form of post- such as high blood pressure, often result on Azeris out of Shushi (historic city) and Step- traumatic stress disorder. Many of the refugees account of holding in stress. The team had anakert (capital of Karabakh) and cease-fire expressed feelings of grief from losing hus- the refugees focus on breathing and medita- was declared. bands and sons as well as their homes as a re- tion exercises to release sadness and find in- sult of the war. Seated in a circle, one by one, ner peace. After the meditation session, many ATOP, a non-profit humanitarian disaster participants talked about their experiences, as reflected a feeling of tranquility and lightness. relief organization of the Association for Di- the others listened attentively and provided (continued on page 22)

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 21 (Nagorno-Karabakh, continued from page 21)

The widow who feared losing other loved ones saw vibrant colors and became emotional upon her realization that it was time to take better care of her mental health. Although fourteen years had passed since the end of the war, MHOP was the first to conduct rehabilitation group for the refugees.

MHOP’s next stop was the Conflict Trans- formation Center in the capital city of Stepanakert, where the team administered a training program to psychologists on self- empowerment, assertiveness, anger manage- ment, and forgiveness.

Members of the first outreach to Karabakh were Ani Jilozian (ATOP intern) and I (Team Coordinator and Director). The team is seeking funding to conduct a follow-up training and study in the near future. Those interested in sending a donation or getting involved as a volunteer may visit www.meaningfulworld. com or call (201) 941-2266.

Mental Health Outreach Program (MHOP) Team

“It isn’t enough to talk about peace, one must believe it. And it isn’t enough to believe in it, one must work for it.”

– Eleanor Roosevelt

Eleanor Roosevelt speaks to UN, November, 1947.

22 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Universal Peace Day, August 5, 2008:

Naoko Kimura, Russell Daisey and Judy Kuriansky, Columbia University Teachers College

“We want to say ‘yes’ to peace, and ‘no’ to war” New York Buddhist Church on said SuZen, co-founderShare of Universal Peace theRiverside DriveVision at 105th Street. of Peace Day, at a memorial service held at the grand This service included Japanese Riverside Church in Manhattan on the 63rd drumming, Buddhist chant- anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima on ing, messages from Hiroshima August 5th. and Nagasaki, songs, the presentation of 1000 cranes from The evening event was a spectacular and the school children of Trinity moving interfaith service and commemora- School and a Candle-lighting tion, consisting of speeches by eminent peace and Peace Bell Ceremony at activists and a survivor of the bombing as well 7:15 p.m., the exact time that as international musicians, poets, dancers, the first nuclear bomb was politicians, students and interfaith clergymen dropped on Hiroshima (7:15 and clergywomen. a.m. August 6, Japanese time). This was followed by a Silent Universal Peace Day was started 24 years ago Peace Walk uptown on River- as the vision of multidisciplinary artist and side Drive for fifteen blocks to Japanese rock superstar Shinji Harada performing his song graphic designer, SuZen and her organization, Riverside Church with attend- about Global Harmony at The Riverside Church. Art for The People which invites people of ees holding lit votive candles. all faiths to share messages of peace through music/song, dance, poetry and speeches. The The Interfaith Service continued in the with his uplifting peace anthem, “Hiroshima, goal is to connect people around the world to Gothic splendor of Riverside Church The Place To Start” which he turned into transform the remembrance of the horror of with performances by American and Japa- “New York, Is The Place To Start” to build nuclear war into a re-dedication of life. nese musicians, poets and dancers as well peace among all people of the world. as speeches by New York Congressman Started as an event in Central Park, 24 years Charles B. Rangel and keynote speaker Brilliant saxophonist, Lew Tabakin and his ago, Universal Peace Day grew into an inter- Dr. Robert Thurman, Professor of Indo- bassist, Noriko Ueda performed “Hiroshima faith peace memorial gathering in 2005 when Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Columbia Bushi” by Toshiko Akiyoshi and John Col- it partnered with the New York Buddhist University and co-founder of Tibet House. trane’s “Wise One” accompanied by Japanese Church and Riverside Church, both located Sacred scriptures were read by Shinto, Mus- dancer, Saeko Ichinohe who was swathed in in the Morningside Heights/Columbia Uni- lim, Jewish, Hindu, Christian, and Bud- royal blue fabric. versity neighborhood of Manhattan (http:// dhist religious leaders. Hiroshima bombing universalpeaceday.com/index.html). The Peaceniks, comprised of Universal Peace and cancer survivor, Koji Kobayashi, who Day co-director Barry Gruber (founder of has come from Japan for this occasion for The Humanifesto of Universal Peace Day Band Together Records) and Moogy Kling- several years, shared his painful experi- includes embracing diversity, the practice of man (songwriter of hits songs such as Bette ences surviving the blast and continuing compassion and mindfulness, requiring gov- Midler’s “You Gotta Have Friends”) passion- cancer and pronounced the urgent need for ernmental accountability, and increasing cor- ately sang their peace anthems “3rd Planet the elimination of all nuclear weapons. porate funding of peace education. From The Sun” and “We’re the People of the World Against War.” This interdenominational collaboration was Japanese rock star, Shinji Harada, who also comes yearly from Japan for these ceremo- made possible through the strong dedication Peace composer and performer, Russell Daisey, nies, performed his peace anthem “Yamato, of Reverend T. Kenjitsu Nakagaki, head Min- co-founder of the Stand Up For Peace Project the Global Harmony.” The song whose title ister of the New York Buddhist Church, along with Dr. Judy Kuriansky, performed a song he literally means “big harmony” was written as a with Reverend Robert Coleman, Minister wrote especially for the occasion, “Compas- plea for every person to open his/her heart for for Mission and Social Justice of Riverside sion Heals Our World.” The song musically peace and cooperation among all of the peo- Church, and Carol Nixon, Director of the echoed the sentiments of Robert Thurman’s ple in the world. Harada was accompanied by Mission and Social Justice Commission of keynote speech imploring the leaders of our virtuoso koto player, Masayao Ishigure. Sean Riverside Church. planet “Never Again—How Do We Really Harada, Shinji’s talented young singer/song- Mean It?” The evening started with a Hiroshima and writer son, sang his beautiful 9/11 inspired Nagasaki Commemoration Ceremony at the ballad, “Treasure.” Shinji then ended his set (continued on page 24)

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 23 Update on the 2009 Durban Review Conference

Corann Okorodudu

D48 Representative to APA Council, APA & SPSSI UN/NGO Representative

In December 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution to convene a conference in 2009 to review progress on the Declaration and Programme of Action of the 2001 UN World Conference Against Racism, held in Durban, South Africa. Regional meetings took place between May and September 2008 and the Durban Review Conference is scheduled to be held from April 20 to 24, 2009, using the following slogan: UNITED AGAINST RACISM—DIGNITY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL. The Durban Review Conference will:

1. Review progress and assess implementa- APA’s Representation at the 2001 UN World tion of the 2001 Durban Declaration and Conference Against Racism Programme of Action by all stakeholders, and I headed the APA Delegation to the World assess contemporary manifestations of racism; Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimi- nation, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance (Universal Peace Day, continued from page 23) 2. Assess the effectiveness of the existing Durban follow-up mechanisms and other UN (WCAR) convened in Durban, South Af- rica, August 28 to September 8, 2001, a year At the event, SuZen initiated a Peal for Peace mechanisms dealing with the issue of racism following APA’s initial accreditation as a non- Bell Project, inviting religious institutions in order to enhance them; governmental organization at the United Na- worldwide to ring their bells at the exact mo- tions. The APA team at the UN in New York ment the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. 3. Promote the universal ratification and brought the conference to APA’s attention She rang the bell at the Riverside Church implementation of the International Con- and the APA Board of Directors approved a service to remind those gathered that never vention on the Elimination of All Forms of delegation of six members to the conference. again should such a horrific tragedy occur. Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and proper The Board of Directors also approved an APA The greater appeal of the project is for all consideration of the recommendations of the Resolution on Racism and Racial Discrimina- people, regardless of creed, nationality, age, or Committee on the Elimination of Racial Dis- tion: A Policy Statement in Support of the gender to resonate with one another in the crimination; Goals of the 2001 World Conference Against shared goal of peace, symbolized by the ring- 4. Identify and share best practices achieved Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, ing of bells. at the national, regional and international and Related Intolerance, developed by the The Memorial Service ended with the sing- levels in the fight against racism; and UN/NGO team, members of the APA del- ing of “Amazing Grace” by talented young egation, and the Office of Ethnic Minority 5. Identify further concrete measures and Affairs. Japanese pop star, Sayaka Kamizono. The initiatives at all levels for combating and entire congregation joined her singing this eliminating all manifestations of racism in WCAR provided a global platform for the hymn. This solemn but uplifting event ended order to foster the Durban Declaration and voices of a broad diversity of oppressed and as it had begun with a procession of ministers, Programme of Action. marginalized communities to bring forth their performers and guests out of the majestic Riv- issues in difficult dialogues and hotly contest- erside Church sanctuary. The review process is complex and has gone ed debates. Among the “hot button” issues without major problems thus far, in spite of were: Palestinian self-determination, Zionism Judy Kuriansky can be contacted at concerns about anti-Semitism and the pull- [email protected] as racism, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and out of Canada. The success of the conference Colonialism as crimes against humanity, Rep- in calling for enhanced government commit- arations, and the rights of Indigenous Peoples. ment for combating and eliminating racism Guided by the APA Resolution Against Rac- will depend on the level of participation of all ism, the APA delegation focused its attention sectors of the international community. The on advocating with government representa- mobilization of civil society and non-govern- tives for the inclusion of mental health and mental organizations is especially important. psychological language during the drafting of Input to the Durban Review is being facili- the outcome document of the conference. tated by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, which sent questionnaires When the APA delegation presented its re- to Member States, inter-governmental bodies port to the Council of Representatives, due and UN agencies, and civil society and non- to the negative publicity in the U.S., por- governmental organizations. traying the conference as dominated by anti-

24 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 Semitism, and the fact that the US and Is- at the 2001 WCAR, it did not dominate the rectors that APA send a delegation to the rael walked out, some Council representatives conference nor was any anti-Semitism to be Durban Review Conference and has offered raised concerns. A task force was established found in its Declaration and Programme for a process for selecting and preparing the del- to look into the concerns and make recom- Action. Therefore, I recommended that APA egation. This recommendation awaits action mendations. Following a thorough review, consider being represented at the Durban Re- by the Board of Directors. Meanwhile, with the task force (1) found that neither the APA view Conference. At its meeting in March input from APA divisions and various gover- delegation report nor the WCAR Outcome 2008, CIRP discussed the 2009 Durban Re- nance units, I have assisted the Office of In- Document contained anti-Semitic or anti- view Conference and issues involved in any ternational Affairs in drafting an APA Report Jewish content, (2) applauded the significant potential APA participation. Subsequently, to the Durban Review Conference, which is achievements of the APA Delegation and the Chair of CIRP wrote to inform the APA under review as this article is being submitted. recommended that their report be received, Council of Representatives that at that time The drafted report makes clear that, although (3) recommended further resolutions against there were no plans to send an APA del- there are remaining challenges, APA has de- anti-Semitism, against religious discrimina- egation to the Review Conference. However, veloped a number of policies and practices and tion, and other forms discriminations, and (4) CIRP requested that staff and the UN/NGO an impressive body of psychological research made recommendations for implementing team monitor activities and documents from on racism that can contribute important psy- the APA Delegation’s Report and developing the ongoing Durban Review preparatory chological contributions to the Durban Re- policies for the effective preparation of APA meetings (as it does for many UN conferenc- view Conference. This body of work can also Delegations to future conferences. The Task es) and be prepared to identify mechanisms be usefully applied and build upon in advanc- Force Report, the APA Delegation’s Report to contribute to any official UN documents ing the elimination of racism and other forms and an annotated version of the WCAR Dec- that pertain to racism to offer a behavioral sci- of intolerance at all levels and in all areas of laration and Programme of Action are posted ence perspective. CIRP also reiterated APA’s the science and practice of psychology in the on the APA website (www.apa.org). educative role in addressing mechanisms for United States. combating racism, discrimination and xeno- APA’s Role in the 2009 Durban Review phobia. CIRP affirmed this role and encour- Corann Okorodudu can be contacted at Until recently, APA’s role in the Durban Re- aged making materials and documents (such [email protected] view Conference has been doubtful. In their as relevant APA resolutions and research end-of-year report to Committee on Inter- reviews) available to inform any substantive national Relations in Psychology in January discussion at the Conference (Letter of CIRP 2008, some members of the current APA Chair to the Council of Representatives in team at the UN questioned whether APA April 2008). should be represented at the 2009 Durban Re- view Conference, based on information from As a result of discussions in the caucuses of their networks concluding that anti-Semitism Council during the August APA Convention would dominate this conference as it had al- favoring APA’s representation at the Durban legedly dominated the original Durban con- Review Conference in 2009 and subsequent ference. In my report to CIRP, I pointed out discussions at the CIRP Fall meeting, CIRP that, although there was some anti-Semitism has recommended to the APA Board of Di-

Would you like to show your support for peace in a more tangible—and visible—way?

Order a “Peace is Possible” t-shirt or hat from Julie Levitt by emailing her at [email protected]. Donate $10 (or more if you like) to our Division, and we will send you one of the items as a token of our appreciation.

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 25 Internationalizing Psychology Education

Linda M. Woolf, Webster University

ast September, I was privileged versity Education Resources has put together to attend the American Psycho- annotated bibliographies of books, articles, logical Association’s Educational films, organizations, websites, and other ma- Leadership Conference representing the So- terials related to various diversity topics in- ciety for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Vi- cluding international issues. These bibliog- olence. The goal of this year’s program was to raphies can be accessed at http://teachpsych. exploreL issues surrounding the international- org/diversity/ptde/index.php. Third, there are ization of the psychology curriculum. Speakers several resources related to internationalizing addressed the topic from a variety of perspec- the psychology curriculum available through tives ranging from promotion of study abroad the Office of Teaching Resources in Psychol- programs to the process of internationalizing ogy (OTRP) sponsored by the Society for the the curriculum at both the undergraduate and Teaching of Psychology (Division 2). Simply I was struck in many ways throughout graduate levels to the challenges many inter- go to the OTRP website (http://teachpsych. national students experience studying in the org/otrp/index.php) and browse both Project the weekend by how far ahead of the United States. All of the talks are available Syllabus and Teaching Resources with an eye online for download at http://www.apa.org/ towards the categories of International Psy- ed/elc/elc08-media.html. chology and Diversity. Finally, International curve peace psychologists are in the Psychology (Division 52) is currently in the I was struck in many ways throughout the process of gathering materials to assist with process of internationalization. Most weekend by how far ahead of the curve peace internationalizing the psychology curriculum psychologists are in the process of interna- through its Curriculum and Training Commit- of our research is by its very nature tionalization. Most of our research is by its tee. More information about the Committee very nature international in focus or in scope. can be found on the Div. 52 webpage at http:// For example, many of us focus our research www.internationalpsychology.net/home/. international in focus or in scope. on issues of war and peace in an international conflict. Others study the trauma resulting In relation to peace psychology, the Society’s from disasters which extends to victims of Journal, Peace & Conflict, provides any disasters beyond international borders. Still teacher who wants to infuse international others study issues such as domestic violence content into their courses with an invaluable fully aware that violence against women and resource. Each issue includes research and children represents the number one violation theory from the field of peace psychology both of human rights globally. Finally, yet oth- within the United States and abroad. More- ers examine issues of peaceful co-existence, over, the book Peace, Conflict, and Violence: forgiveness, reconciliation, etc. which also Peace Psychology for the 21st Century edited include draws on a wealth of cross-cultural in- by Dan Christie, Richard Wagner, and Debo- formation. Nonetheless, we can always learn rah DuNunn Winter is now available for and know more as we improve our teaching free download at http://academic.marion. and research. ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace Psychology Book.html. One of the advantages of us- For those wanting to know more about inter- ing information garnered from research and nationalizing their courses, several resources books related to peace psychology is that we are available from the APA. First, the APA can not only infuse international content Working Group on Internationalizing the into our courses but also provide information Undergraduate Psychology Curriculum: Re- that may enable our students to become more port and Recommended Learning Outcomes socially responsible citizens in an ever chang- for Internationalizing the Undergraduate ing global community. Curriculum (2005) is available for download at http://www.apa.org/ed/pcue/international. Linda M. Woolf can be contacted at pdf. This resource highlights specific learn- [email protected] ing outcomes and goals that will assist anyone wanting to internationalize their courses or programs. Second, APA’s Task Force on Di-

26 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 2008 Peace Psychology Early Career Award

Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict & Violence (Division 48) American Psychological Association

Purpose and Eligibility The Early Career Award recognizes scholars in peace psychology who have made substantial contributions to the mission of the society, which is “the development of sustainable societies through the prevention of destructive conflict and violence, the amelioration of its consequences, the empowerment of individuals, and the building of cultures of peace and global community.” Nominees should have made their contributions within six years of receiving a graduate degree and need not be members of Division 48. Award The recipient will receive $500 and recognition at the awards banquet at the annual convention of the Amer- ican Psychological Association. Recipients are also invited to give an address at the convention. Criteria for Selection Scholarship (quantity and quality of publications) and activism (breadth and impact of teaching, training, fieldwork, policy work, etc.), are primary considerations. Generally, the scholar/activist model is most desir- able but in exceptional cases, the recipient may emphasize scholarship or activism. How to Apply Self-nominations are welcome. In addition, senior scholars are encouraged to identify nominees who meet the criteria for the award. The nominee should arrange to have the following submitted electronically: 1. A cover letter outlining relevant accomplishments to date; 2. Selected copies of most significant and relevant publications or other evidence of scholarship; 3. A current curriculum vitae; 4. Two letters of support.

Members of the Early Career Award Review Committee are Dan Christie, Kathleen Kostelny, Susan Opotow, and Sylvia Susnjic. All files should be sent Dan Christie, Chair of the Peace Psychology Early Career Award Committee, at ([email protected]). Deadline Applications must be received by 15 December 2008.

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 27 REPORTS �

APA Council of Representatives (COR) Fall 2008 Report by Division 48 Council Representatives Judy Van Hoorn and Corann Okorodudu

Most of what we do as Council Representa- be interpreted to justify violations of basic hu- Review Conference is: UNITED AGAINST tives involves working behind the scenes for man rights. Council suggests the addition of RACISM – DIGNITY AND JUSTICE FOR hundreds of hours rather than “on the floor” the following text to both Standard 1.02 and ALL. The review process is complex and has during the two-day Council meetings. This is 1.03: “This Standard can never be interpreted gone without major problems thus far, in spite often the most important way that we repre- to justify violations of basic human rights.” of concerns about anti-Semitism and the pull- sent the division. Our recent activities focus out of Canada. The success of the conference on promoting human rights. BE IT RESOLVED that this entire process be in calling for enhanced government commit- completed in time for the Ethics Committee ment for combating and eliminating racism Changing the Ethics Code to make a formal recommendation to Coun- will depend on the level of participation of all We initiated and drafted a proposed Council cil in time for the August 2009 meeting and sectors of the international community. The Resolution directing and funding the Ethics that this recommendation be included in the mobilization of civil society and non-govern- Committee to clarify Standards 1.02 and 1.03 agenda for that Council meeting. mental organizations such as APA is crucial. of the APA Ethics Code so that they can nev- BE IT RESOLVED that Council demon- er be interpreted to justify violations of basic APA was represented at the 2001 Durban strates its resolve to expediting these actions human rights. This is a task mandated by Conference by a delegation, headed by Cor- by allocating $10,500 in funds to support the Council in August 2005 meeting which has ann Okorodudu, which was successful in work of this ad hoc committee, in addition not been completed. In collaboration with contributing psychological language to the to the funds and time that would be spent in other representatives as Movers (initiators) outcome document of the conference, guided implementing the 2005 Council action. representing diverse constituencies, we draft- by an APA Resolution Against Racism. The documents and issues of that conference ed the resolution and worked with the Chair Casebook/Commentary on of the Ethics Committee to ensure that the can be found at the APA website (www.apa. Psychological Ethics and org) under “Minorities” in the activities of plan proposed was feasible. Numerous Coun- National Security cil Representatives as well as members of the the Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs within Board of Directors signed the proposed resolu- Since 2005, the Ethics Committee has been the Public Interest Directorate. During the tion as “co-sponsors.” In addition to ourselves, charged with providing ethical guidance to meeting of the Council in August, Corann movers include: Bill Strickland (Divison19, psychologists who have been involved in spoke at the Ethnic Minority Caucus about Military Psychology); Beth Wiggins (Division interrogations in settings allegedly involving some concerns about anti-Semitism that had 41, Law Society); Laurie Wagner (39, Psycho- national security. The Ethics Committee has been expressed that had derailed the decision analysis); Allen Omoto (Division 9, Society established a subcommittee to work on an about APA’s participation in the 2009 Dur- for the Psychological Study of Social Issues); electronic casebook/commentary. We, and ban Review Conference. A robust discussion Martha Banks (Division 45, Ethnic Minority three other Council Representatives, have occurred which resulted in support for APA’s Issues); and Jennifer Kelly (Georgia Psycho- been asked to serve as consultants to this pro- participation, in spite of the understandably logical Association). We plan to bring this cess so that our knowledge of the APA 2006 contentious nature of the issues to be con- resolution to Council for a vote at the winter and 2007 resolutions against torture and cru- fronted by the conference. meeting. The following are the key policy/ac- el, inhuman and degrading treatment or pun- APA is in the process of preparing a report tions that would be taken: ishment can serve as the lens through which to discuss and provide guidance for various of its activities against racism since the 2001 Therefore, BE IT RESOLVED that Council vignettes. Certainly, the recent passage of the Outcome Document against Racism. The directs the APA Ethics Committee and the referendum and the Council of Representa- report will be submitted to the Anti-Dis- other relevant Boards, Committees and con- tives guidance in its implementation has ma- crimination Unit of the Office of the High stituencies to move forward expeditiously to jor implications for this work and, perhaps, for Commissioner for Human Rights in late Sep- recommend language to Council that would the scope of our participation. tember 2008 and the APA Committee on In- resolve the discrepancy between the language ternational Relations in Psychology will take of the Introduction and Applicability Section Advocacy for APA’ Participation in up the issue of APA’s representation at the of the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Durban Review Conference Durban Review Conference at the September Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards 1.02 In December 2006, the UN General Assembly 2008 APA Consolidated Meetings. and 1.03. adopted a resolution to convene a conference in April 2009 to review progress on the Decla- BE IT RESOLVED that the language pro- ration and Programme of Action of the 2001 posed for Council’s action communicate UN World Conference Against Racism, held clearly that Standards 1.02 and 1.03 can never in Durban, South Africa. The theme of the

28 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 REPORTS

Update: Task Force on the Psychosocial Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) ture of resilience, psychology needs to develop Effects of War on Children and Families to hire a psychologist consultant, Geoffrey a new conceptual framework for understand- Who are Refugees from Armed Con- Reed, PhD, former APA Practice Directorate ing multiple identities and their influence on flicts Residing in the United States assistant executive director for professional functioning and development” (p. 9). The Task Force was funded by the Council of development, and APA’s principal representative to WHO’s International Classification The report of the Task Force on Evidence- Representatives in February, 2008. As Movers Based Practice with Children and Adoles- (initiators) of the TF, both of us participated of Functioning, Disability and Health system since 1995. Psychologists in the U.S. have cents, concluded that mental health needs in the selection process. The importance and in these populations are not adequately ad- interest in the work of the TF was reflected in long used versions of the DSM, developed by the American Psychiatric Association, which dressed and, among many recommendations, the very large number of applicants who sub- advocated for the “establishment of a cross mitted their materials and the broad range of is provided at a significant cost. Currently, many psychologists in the global community disciplinary, multi-agency task force on in- experiences and expertise represented. After novative health care system delivery for evi- a lengthy process, seven task force members use the ICD classification system developed by the World Health Organization instead of the dence base practice for children and adoles- were selected. The TF had an unofficial meet- cents” (p. 83). ing at the Convention and began its work. DSM. More insurance companies are increas- ingly requiring ICD codes instead of DSM An official meeting is planned for November The report of the Task Force on Gender codes for reimbursement claims. Psychologist and the reports will be prepared in 2008. In Identity and Gender Variance, called upon need to play a role in the ICD’s revision of addition, Task Force members are planning psychologists to provide nondiscriminary its Mental and Behavioural Disorders chapter symposia and other venues to communicate treatment and underscored the need for ad- since this is the diagnostic system used world- their findings. The topic of the Task Force re- equate training as well as more research in wide and is like to increase in use. lates directly to the Division’s goals. We will this area. At its August meeting, Council also continue to support its efforts and plan to re- Peace and Social Justice Issues: The follow- adopted a resolution declaring APA’s support port its progress in the next newsletter. ing highlights several task force reports that for equality for transgender and gender-vari- Council adopted that relate to peace and so- ant persons. Report: August 2008 APA cial justice issues. The full text of all task force Council Meeting reports can be found on the APA website. Peace and Education Strategic Planning: McKinley Marketing, a firm which specializes in working with as- The report of the Task Force on Mental Working Group Report sociations engaged in planning, has been Health and Abortion received widespread hired to guide APA through its strategic plan- media attention. The Report concludes that, Linden Nelson ning process. An initial draft of the mission the best scientific evidence published indi- The Working Group collaborated with the and vision statements presented to Council cates that among adult women who have an Peace Education Action Committee of Psy- in August was not found to be acceptable. unplanned pregnancy the relative risk of men- chologists for Social Responsibility (PsySR) During a lunch meeting, Jay Younger, Man- tal health problems is no greater if they have a to create a colorful brochure “Careers for the aging Partner and Senior Consultant from single elective first-trimester abortion than if Greater Good.” The brochure was designed to McKinley Marketing, worked with a small they deliver that pregnancy. The evidence re- encourage high school and college students to group of Council members, including Corann garding the relative mental health risks asso- consider the social and environmental conse- Okorodudu, to draft the following new mis- ciated with multiple abortions is more equiv- quences of their career choices. We are now sion statement for APA which was approved: ocal. Positive associations observed between asking Division 48 members to consider the The mission of the American Psychological multiple abortions and poorer mental health possibility of providing copies of the brochure Association is to advance the creation, com- may be linked to co-occurring risks that pre- to career counselors at their local high schools munication, and application of psychological dispose a woman to both multiple unwanted and colleges. A complimentary copy may be knowledge to benefit society and improve pregnancies and mental health problems (p. requested from the PsySR office, and multiple people’s lives. The small group is continuing 4-5). copies may be ordered for 10 cents each, plus to work on a statement of the vision and ob- postage. To order, please call the PsySR office jectives that will frame the development of The report of the Task Force on Resilience at (202) 543-5347. We also welcome dona- the APA Strategic Plan. and Strength in Black Children and Ado- tions to PsySR designated for the costs of lescents underscored the importance of mov- printing and distributing the brochures. Revision of the International Classification ing from a primary focus on risks and nega- of Diseases: In important action, Council tive outcomes to models and research that We are continuing our work to support psy- funded a multi-year project related to the promote understanding of resilience. To date, chologists in efforts to promote conflict reso- work that the World Health Organization work on resilience has vital policy and prac- lution education and programs for social and (WHO) has undertaken to revise the mental tice implications, e.g., a review of the research emotional learning in schools. The Working health section of the International Classifica- shows the importance of racial socialization as Group and Action Committee developed tion of Diseases and Related Disorders (ICD- a protective factor. The Task Force concludes 10). The money will fund the International that, “(in) order to have a more complete pic- (Reports continued on page 30)

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 29 REPORTS

(Reports continued from page 29) Membership Report a list of Web sites with free lesson plans for Rachel MacNair grades K – 12 that is now available on the Having written not only an introductory col- Peace Posters PsySR Web site and linked to the Div. 48 lege textbook in peace psychology but a book Web site. You may find this list and other re- explaining the concepts in a book for middle- sources by clicking on “Peace Education” at and high-school youth, I’ve long had an inter- Available www.psysr.org. est in popularizing and expanding the field of peace psychology. This is both because of my Spread the message. Under the leadership of Hal Bertilson (HBer- interest in Peace Studies, which was my ma- [email protected]), we will be expanding our Give as gifts. jor for my Bachelors, but also because many efforts to solicit teaching materials on peace, active in Peace Studies are not as familiar as conflict, and violence for college courses. Af- would be ideal with how important psycholo- Full-color, 11" x 17" ter peer review and approval, these materials gy is to the field—my Peace Studies major did will be added to the “Peace Psychology Re- not list one psychology course, despite having $10 donation for one poster, with source Project” section of the Div. 48 Web plenty of psychology material involved. site. The materials will also be used in de- shipping & handling included; veloping a model peace psychology course, a Accordingly, I would like to work at helping project directed by Dan Christie (christie.1@ psychologists to understand the importance of additional posters $5 donation each osu.edu). We recently updated and expanded applying our knowledge to peace, and to work another resource on the PsySR Web site titled at helping peace studies people understand (i.e., 2/$15; 3/$20; 4/$25, etc.) “Graduate Programs in Peace Psychology.” the importance of using psychology. Work on membership expansion, as I have done for Working Group and Action Committee other non-profit organizations, would fit into To order, e-mail: members will soon be invited to participate as this interest. reviewers for a study of how social psychology [email protected] textbooks cover the topics of peace and con- I welcome all ideas from members and po- flict. One objective is to provide information tential members on how to bring in new relevant to textbook adoption decisions for members. social psychology teachers, and a second objective is to offer recommendations to authors ❚ Are there conferences of possibly interested and publishers for improving their coverage people that you are attending, where you of peace and conflict topics. Dick Wagner could set out brochures if I sent them to you? ([email protected]) will be coordinating this project. ❚ Are there specific people that might like to receive information? We communicate with Working Group and Action Committee members with a Yahoo ❚ Do you have any kind of creative idea Groups listserv. If you would like to join the to offer? listserv in order to participate in our proj- ❚ Please send all suggestions to: ects and/or to occasionally receive informa- Rachel MacNair, [email protected], tion about peace education resources and with “Div 48 Membership” in the subject events, please contact me at LLNelson@ line. Calpoly.edu.

See Spring/Summer 2007 issue, Vol.16-1, for four-color representation of poster.

30 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 a n n o u n c e m e n ts

Editor, Peace and Conflict: careful review of page-proofs for each volume Candidates for the position of editor should Journal of Peace Psychology prior to publication. submit a letter of interest together with a cur- Division 48: American riculum vitae or resume that demonstrates Psychological Association The Editor also serves as the principle repre- prior publishing experience, and names and sentative from Division 48 to the publisher contact information of three references to Dr. The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and will: Deborah Fish Ragin, President, Division 48, and Violence, Division 48 of the American at [email protected]. Psychological Association, seeks an Editor ❚ Communicate with the publisher’s director for its journal, Peace and Conflict: Journal of of journal publication as needed, Applications must be mailed no later than Peace Psychology. The principal role of the December 31, 2008. ❚ Journal Editor is to determine the content and Periodically review institutional subscrip- character of the Journal through the selection tions, indexes and abstracts with the goal of Peace Research Task Force increasing all three; and, of publishable manuscripts that are consistent Division 48 has established a new research with its mission. The Editor works closely ❚ Consult with the publisher’s communica- committee. The chair is Bill McConochie. with the Division 48 Publications Committee tions director to review and refine promotion- Committee members include Dan Christie, to select appropriate manuscripts for publica- al and marketing materials, specifically leaflets Jonathan Corey, Jody Dempsey Dan Mayton, tion, and will endeavor to publish a balance of or brochures that advertise the journal. Linden Nelson, and Ethel Tobach. This fall articles with respect to domestic (U.S.) and and spring Bill will be spearheading an Inter- global issues of peace, violence, conflict and Finally, the Editor is responsible for the fol- net research project. He envisions question- conflict resolution. lowing administrative tasks: naire measures of traits administered via a web site. Professors and students design and The Editor also appoints associate editors, ❚ Annual reports to the APA Publications load studies, students and other groups go members of the Editorial Board and a bibli- Committee, ographer / book review editor as needed, in to the site and complete the questionnaires, consultation with the Executive Committee ❚ Semi-annual reports to the Division 48 Ex- the data file is downloaded and analyzed by of Division 48. The Editor will seek to include ecutive Committee, professors, researchers and their students and a balanced representation of associate editors reports of findings are published on the site for and members of the editorial boards with re- ❚ Review, revise and supervise the long-term all to read and learn from. Students partici- spect to both gender and ethnicity. growth and development of the journal, in pating may earn class credit. Final exams will consultation with the Executive and Publi- include questions on the findings presented Specifically, the Editor’s publication responsi- cations Committee, to ensure the viability of and discussed in class. Papers can also be pre- bilities include: the journal, pared for journal submission and symposium presentation at conventions, e.g. the annual ❚ Receipt of manuscripts voluntarily submit- ❚ Manage, in consultation with the Division APA convention. For an example of a web ted (average 60-70 per year), 48 Treasurer, all financial accounts pertaining site that provides this sort of system, go to to journal; and, Bill’s site, politicalpsychologyresearch.com. ❚ Solicitation of manuscripts from established Visit the Publications page to see study re- ❚ Select and supervise a part-time assistant (if researchers/scholars, ports (e.g. numbers 8, 11, 17 and 22) and also necessary) to assist with correspondence to visit the Help Do Research page to see stud- ❚ Call for special issues of the journal and ap- submitting or solicited authors and editors of ies that are loaded and available for groups to pointment of guest editors for such issues as other journals. needed, take. In particular, Bill is seeking participants Editors serve a three-year, renewable term. for his Brief Humiliation study, Constructive ❚ Oversee the review of all manuscripts by The Division provides a stipend to support Leadership Aptitude study, and Social Activ- members of the Editorial Board (including the part-time assistant and related costs asso- ism study. associate editors), consistent with established ciated with the official duties as editors. review procedures, Other peace research activities will be de- Eligible candidates will have prior experience veloped and implemented in the future. All ❚ Final decisions concerning the status of sub- as editors or editorial board members, and will interested peace researchers from novice to mitted manuscripts which may include rejec- be or will become members of Division 48. experienced levels are encouraged to join. If tion, or resubmission with minor or extensive you want to get involved, e-mail Bill at Bill@ revision; and, For questions or more information about the politicalpsychologyresearch.com today. position, interested applicants may contact ❚ Coordination of the publication process the current editor, Dr. Richard Wagner at (Announcements continued on page 32) including submission of selected articles and [email protected]. book reviews for each journal volume and

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 31 a n n o u n c e m e n ts

Please Cast Your Apportionment Ballots for Division 48!

The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence is proud to serve as Division 48 of APA. We encourage APA members to cast all or some of their ten allotted apportionment votes for APA Division 48 when you receive your ballot. Too often, members throw away their ballot, thinking their votes don’t make a difference. In actuality, these votes have helped Division 48 retain its two representatives on the APA Council. DONATIONS If sufficient votes are cast, Division 48 may be able to gain a third representative, thereby providing us a stronger voice for our concerns TO THE SOCIETY at APA. Please support our initiatives by cast- ing apportionment votes for Division 48. A number of members have inquired about Ballots must be returned by Monday, Decem- � ber 15, 2008. making monetary gifts to the Society. All such donations are greatly welcomed to help the Proposed Amendment to Society meet our budget and to fund new and Provide a Voting Seat on Council important peace-making activities! Donation for Each of the Four National checks should be made out to APA, Division 48, Ethnic Minority Psychological and should be sent to:

Associations John Gruszkos, Div. 48 Treasurer Please vote FOR the ballot initiative that 7301 Forest Ave, Suite 201 gives voting seats to each of the four national Richmond, VA 23226 ethnic minority psychological associations: The Asian American Psychological Associa- Please identify any such amounts as donations. tion, The Association of Black Psychologists, the Latino American Psychological Associa- Donations of this sort tion, and the Society of Indian Psychologists. are tax-exempt. Much has been written on this issue, includ- Thank you. ing in my earlier newsletter articles and spring mailing. The granting of voting privileges to these four national psychological associations is the culmination of a 10 year process of full inclusion of these four groups in the Council of Representatives. HUMANIZING OUR FINITUDE It is important for you to know that the pro- What may be a simple attitude posed four seats are in addition to the regular council representation apportionment pro- can sometimes grow in magnitude cess. That is to say, no division, state, provin- cial or territorial association would be at risk and even become a new beatitude for losing their seat now or risk loosing future What can be so deep? Our GRATITUDE. seats if this amendment passes and the four seats are added. Francisco Gomes de Matos Ballots must be returned by Monday, Decem- Applied Peace Linguist ber 15, 2008 IFLAC Brazilian Delegate

32 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 a n n o u n c e m e n ts

Creating Peace With Justice Div. 48 topic for 2009 APA Convention

The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, & Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychologi- cal Association (48) has extended a warm invitation for papers, posters, and symposia on the topic Creating Peace with Justice for the 2009 APA Convention. Our program will explore innovative solutions to local, regional, national and international institutionalized or structural violence and the building of peaceful societies with justice. We welcome submissions from psychologists and students who have not previously presented with us. For more information, contact Division 48 Program Chair, Julie Levitt ([email protected]).

Division 48 welcomes other APA divisions and outside groups to join with us in developing presentations that address this critical issue.

Some of the perspectives we’re encouraging include:

 Local, national and international systemic violence continues: What can we do to reduce the violence, disregard for basic rights, and injustice in governmental entities?

 How do we build communities, from the local to international level, which can withstand incapacitating conflict and develop mechanisms that encourage peace with justice?

 What are the roles of law enforcement and the judicial system as purveyors of social justice and peace-building?

 How do we combine peace and justice when these concepts may not always seem compatible?

 How do we work with institutional systems, such as those associated with education, social welfare, public policy, the law and the community, to create cultures that support justice and peace-building?

 Immigration, undocumented workers: How do they fit into a global world that transcends borders?

 What other mechanisms should we consider when exploring peace and justice in static systems and those associated with change?

 What are best practices in building activism skills sets?

If you have ideas for creative programming relating to this topic or these perspectives, but have missed the December 1st submission deadline, please contact Julie Levitt at [email protected].

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 33 Division 48 Directory Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association as of November 2008

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RECRUITMENT, RETENTION & PUBLIC RELATIONS LIAISONS Rachel M. MacNair PRESIDENT 811 East 47th St., Kansas City, MO 64110 PsySR (Psychologists for Social Responsibility) Deborah Fish Ragin 816-753-2057; [email protected] Coleen Cordes Dept. of Psychology, Montclair State University, National Coordinator; Psychologists for Social Responsibility, 1 Normal Avenue, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043; STRATEGIC PLANNING COMMITTEE 208 I St. NE, Suite B; Washington, DC 20002-4340 973-655-4176; [email protected] Dan M. Mayton II, Chair (see Past President) 202-543-5347; 202-543-5348 (fax); [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT STUDENT AND EARLY CAREER (SEC) DIV. 2: TEACHING OF PSYCHOLOGY Eduardo I. Diaz Silvia Susnjic, Chair Linda M. Woolf (see Internet Editor) Executive Director, Miami-Dade County Independent Doctoral Candidate, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Review Panel, 140 West Flagler Street, Resolution, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, 22201; DIV. 9: SPSSI (Soc. for the Psychological Study of Social Issues) Suite 1101, Miami, FL 33130-1561; 857-544-2168; [email protected] or [email protected] Rhoda Unger 305-375-4880; 305-275-4879 (fax); [email protected] Resident Scholar, Women’s Studies Research Center, WORKING GROUPS Brandeis University (MS 079), Waltham, MA 02454-9110; PAST PRESIDENT 781-736-8107; Fax 781-736-8117; [email protected] Daniel M. Mayton CHILDREN, FAMILIES & WAR Dept. of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Petra Hesse, Co-chair DIV. 17: COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 500 Eighth Avenue, Lewiston, ID 83501-2698; Wheelock College, 200 The Riverway, Boston, MA 02215 Judy Kuriansky (see MAL) 208-792-2280; 208-792-2571 (fax); [email protected] 617-879-2307; [email protected] DIV. 19: SOCIETY for MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY SECRETARY Kathleen Kostelny, Co-chair Jean Maria Arrigo Kathleen H. Dockett Erikson Institue, 420 N. Wabash, Chicago, IL 60611; 110 Oxford St., Irvine, CA 92612; 949-854-8841; Dept. of Psychology, University of the District of Columbia, 312-893-7188; [email protected] [email protected] Washington, DC 20008; 202-274-5705; 202-274-5003 (fax); Judith Van Hoorn, Co-chair (see Council Representatives) DIV. 35: PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN [email protected] Corann Okorodudu (see APA Council Representatives) TREASURER CONFLICT RESOLUTION DIV. 36: PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION John Gruszkos Steve Fabick, Chair Eileen Borris (see Committee on International Relations in 4901 Dickens Road; Suite 105; Richmond, VA 23230; 640 N. Old Woodward, Suite 201, Birmingham, MI 48009 Psychology – CIRP) 804-261-1642; 804-261-1643 (fax); [email protected] 248-258-9288; [email protected] APA COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVES Barbara Tint, Co-chair DIV. 44: LESBIAN AND GAY ISSUES Judith Van Hoorn Director, International and Intercultural Conflict Resolution, Bianca Cody Murphy University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211 Conflict Resolution Graduate Program, Portland State Psychology Dept., Coordinator of Women Studies, Wheaton 510-233-2959; [email protected] University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207-0751; College, Norton, MA 02766; 508-286-3690; 508-286-3640 (fax); [email protected] Corann Okorodudu 503-291-8183; 503-725-3693 (fax); [email protected]. Dept. of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND JUSTICE DIV. 45: ETHNIC MINORITY ISSUES Jim Statman 856-256-4500 x3782; 856-848-0142 (home fax); 856-256- ETHNICITY AND PEACE 34 Chestnut Street, Rhinebeck, NY 12572; 4892 (office fax); [email protected] Deborah L. Vietze Aurora Associates, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite MEMBERS-AT-LARGE (MAL) Psychology and Urban Education; 640; Washington, DC 20009; 845-876-4211; Julie Meranze Levitt City University of New York; CCNY 202-588-5881 (fax); [email protected] 33 East Princeton Road, Bala Cynwyd, PA, 19004-2242; 212-650-5690; [email protected] 610-664-3990 (w); 610-664-3975 (fax); [email protected] FEMINISM AND PEACE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Judy Kuriansky Linda M. Woolf (see Internet Editor) IN PSYCHOLOGY (CIRP) Columbia University Teachers College, 65 West 55th Street Eileen Borris GLOBAL VIOLENCE AND SECURITY Penthouse D, New York, NY 10019 Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, 6450 E. Hummingbird Brian Betz, Co-chair 212-307-6771 (w); 917-224-5839 (cell); 212-307-7771 (fax); Lane, Paradise Valley, AZ 85253; 480-951-0544 (phone; for Dept. of Psychology, Kent State University, Stark Campus, [email protected] fax, same number and then press*51); [email protected] 6000 Frank Avenue NW, Canton, OH 44720-7599; John Paul Szura 330-499-9600 x 414; [email protected] APA PRESIDENTIAL TASK FORCE ON DIVERSITY Order of Augustine, 1165 E. 54th Place, Chicago, IL 60615 Julie M. Levitt (see Members-At-Large) 773-684-6510 x17; 773-684-9830 (fax); [email protected] Diane Perlman, Co-chair 1325 18th St. NW #404 Washington DC 20036 ASIAN-AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL EDITOR 202-775-0777; [email protected] Judy Kuriansky (see Members-At-Large) Richard V. Wagner ASSOCIATION FOR BLACK PSYCHOLOGISTS Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240; Marc Pilisuk, Co-chair Deborah Ragin (see President) 207-786-6185 (w); 207-784-0645 (h); 207-786-8338 (fax); Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, Kathleen Dockett (see Secretary) [email protected] 494 Cragmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94708-1206; 510-526-0876; 510-526-0876 (fax); [email protected] NATIONAL LATINO/A PSYCHOLOGICAL NEWSLETTER EDITOR ASSOCIATION Michael R. Hulsizer INTERNATIONAL PEACE PRACTITIONERS Eduardo Diaz (see President-Elect) Dept. of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Webster University Joanie Connors, Co-chair 470 E. Lockwood Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63119; 314-968-5912; Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM 88061 SOCIETY OF INDIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS 314-963-6094 (fax); [email protected] 505-388-4088; [email protected] Dan Mayton (see Past President) David Adams, Co-chair SPECIAL TASKS COMMITTEES 256 Shore Drive, Branford, CT, 06405 FELLOWS COMMITTEE 203-488-3044; [email protected] ARCHIVES Leila (Lee) F. Dane Michael Wessells Institute for Victims of Trauma, PEACE AND EDUCATION Dept. of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, 6801 Market Square Dr., McLean, VA 22101 Linden Nelson, Co-chair Ashland, VA 23005; 703-847-8456; 703-847-0470 (fax); [email protected] Dept. of Psychology and Child Development, 804-752-7236; Fax 804-752-4724; [email protected] Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407; NOMINATIONS AND ELECTIONS 805-756-5705; [email protected] DIVISION HANDBOOK Dan Mayton (see Past President) John Paul Szura (see Members-at-Large) Michael Van Slyck, Co-chair PROGRAM COMMITTEE Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PEACE PSYCHOLOGY TEACHING RESOURCE Julie Meranze Levitt, Chair (see MAL) 808 West Franklin St., P.O. Box 842018, COLLECTION & LISTSERV MODERATOR Petra Hesse, Co-chair (see Children, Families and War) Richmond VA, 23284-2018; Linda M. Woolf (see Internet Editor) PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE 804-828-8034; 804-828-2237 (fax); [email protected] internet editor: WEB SITE www.peacepsych.org Dan Christie, Chair Linda M. Woolf 351 Hawthorn Blvd. Delaware, Ohio 43015 PEACE AND SPIRITUALITY Webster University, 470 East Lockwood Avenue, 740-363-0518 (h); 740-972-1230 (c); [email protected] Steve Handwerker Saint Louis, MO 63119-3194; The International Association 314-968-7062; [email protected] Michael R. Hulsizer, Member (see Newsletter Editor) for the Advancement of Human Welfare; Janet Schofield, Member 7300 W. Camino Real Ste. 229, Boca Raton, FL 33433; Media Consultant 517 LRDC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; 561-447-6700; [email protected] Judy Kuriansky (see Members-at-Large) 412-624-7473; [email protected] Richard V. Wagner, Member; (see Journal Editor)

34 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008 If you know any of our new members, please reach out and extend a personal welcome to them. �lease welcome the �ollowing �ew �embers Thanks for joining our collective effort to bring about peace in the world. Please spread the word to your friends and colleagues and direct them to www.peacepsychology.org to join us. We count on your energy and enthusiasm to participate in Peace Psychology activities.

Deborah Acorn, SC Tiffany Harness, IL Alia Offman, Canada Adrianna Amari, MD Kenneth Helfant, CA Patrick O’Reilly, CA Steven Baum, NM Monica Hodges, CA Peter Pavilionis, DC Kay Blackwelder, TN Mike Holston, DE Jamie Reed, IL Helen Boscher, ME Bill Hosmer, VT Berthe Reimers, CA Alana Brenick, MD Amy Hudnall, NC Lori Reineke, MI Cathereine Byrne, CA Kristin Hurd, MA Tina Richardson, PA John J. Carmody, DC Steven Kanefsky, CA Leah Smeenk, FL Gregory Caron, ME David Kannerstein, PA Richardson Paye, PA Elizabeth Chamberlain, CA Jodie Kliman, MA Pamela Reeves, CA Stephen Chow, Hong Kong Mary Jane Kruse, CO Luisa Saffiotti, MD Margaret Clausen, CA J. Keiko Lane, CA Allison Snowden, MO Faye Cohen, NC Richard Lettieri, CA Sandra Stough, PA Jonathan Cohen, NY Mariah Levinson, MO Megan Stone, GA Christina Collins Smith, MD Betsy Lipschutz, PA David Stout, PA M.L. Corbin Sicoli, PA Andrea Luis y Prado, CA Michelle Sampson, PA Angela Davistovic, Australia Elmer Maggard, KY Kenneth Vail, CO Joseph Engel, CT Caitlin Mattoney, MA Katie Van Loo, DC Neda Faregh, Canada Marjorie McMeniman, NY James Walker, MA Sara Farrell, IA Leigh Messinides, CA Shelle Welty, CA Larissa Fast, IN Noach Milgram, Israel Twyla Wolfe, MA Mari Fitzduff, MA Melinda Montgomery, DC Emily Wood, MA Bertram Gibbs Matt Motyl, CO Leah Zitter, CA Juli Green, ND Susan Mrazek, HI Cheryl Zuber, CO Lubna Haddad, CA Scott Mreschberger, IN

Invite your friends to join the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division of the American Psychological InviteAssociation (Division Frien�s 48). Give them a membershipto Join application andDivision invite them to join the Society48 and a working group! The Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence works to promote peace in the world at large and within nations, communities, and families. It encourages psychological and multidisciplinary research, education, and training on issues concerning peace, nonviolent conflict resolution, reconciliation and the causes, consequences, and prevention of violence and destructive conflict.

Fall/Winter2008 Peace Psychology 35 Division 48 Visit the Division 48 web site at: http://www.peacepsych.org Or you can go to the APA website: http://www.apa.org/about/division.html Scroll down to Division�ebsite 48, and click on it. Our web site address is at the bottom of that page. Changed your email address? Send your updated email address to Linda Woolf at [email protected] so that we can insure that you are receiving Society Announcement Messages! Announcements are sent out infrequently but include Voting and Convention information.

Linda M. Woolf, [email protected]

peace is possible. think it. plan it. do it.

Webster University non-profit organization US Postage Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences PAID Editor, Peace Psychology permit no. 422 St. Louis, MO 470 E. Lockwood Ave. Saint Louis, MO 63119

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36 Peace Psychology Fall/Winter 2008