Literaturpolitik Im Nationalsozialismus“

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Literaturpolitik Im Nationalsozialismus“ Eingereicht von Christiane Scholz, BEd Angefertigt am Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte Beurteiler / Beurteilerin Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marcus Gräser Literaturpolitik im April 2018 Nationalsozialismus Der Versuch durch Gleichschaltungspolitik den Buchmarkt zu kontrollieren und die Lesegewohnheiten zu lenken Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts im Masterstudium Politische Bildung JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITÄT LINZ Altenberger Straße 69 4040 Linz, Österreich www.jku.at DVR 0093696 EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Ich erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Masterarbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten Textdokument identisch. Ort, Datum Unterschrift Christiane Scholz, BEd 2/102 Abstract Diese Masterarbeit behandelt das Thema „Literaturpolitik im Nationalsozialismus“. Zu Beginn erfolgt eine Einführung in die Institutionen der Literaturpolitik, ihre Aufgaben und Entscheidungsträger. Daraufhin werden die jeweilige Situation und Probleme für das Verlagswesen sowie den Buchhandel und die Buchhändlerinnen und Buchhändler dargestellt. Schließlich wird die Literatur an sich behandelt. Dabei wird ein großer Bogen gezogen von Gattungen, Buchtypen und Themen in den literarischen Werken der NS-Zeit, über den Prozess der literarische Kanonbildung und des Kanons in der Schule, bis hin zu den erwünschten und geförderten Autorinnen und Autoren und der Buchpropaganda. Um die theoretischen Erkenntnisse abzurunden werden, im Zuge der verschiedenen Buchtypen, praktische Beispiele der jeweiligen Autorinnen und Autoren noch einmal aufgezeigt und somit auch die Lebens- und Arbeitswelt einer Schriftstellerin oder eines Schriftstellers dargestellt. Am Ende wird die Wirkung der nationalsozialistischen Literatur bis heute untersucht. This master thesis is about “National Socialists’ Politics concerning Literature”. In the beginning the main institutions, which were responsible for literature, their tasks and presidents are presented. This is followed by a description of the situation and problems for book stores and publishing houses. The main part is about the literature of this time itself and all its authors: types and themes of books, genres, propaganda, the book canon, the canon at schools and the authors, who are promoted by the regime. To show the situation in this time for the authors, there are two practical examples for each type of book, which show the life and work during the time of National Socialism. The thesis ends with an analysis of the effect of the literature of this time. Christiane Scholz, BEd 3/102 Ich möchte mich an dieser Stelle bei meinem Freund bedanken, der nicht nur die Arbeit Korrektur gelesen hat, sondern auch immer - mit Rat und Zuspruch – für mich da war. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei meiner Mutter bedanken, die mich immer angetrieben und dafür gesorgt hat, dass diese Arbeit fertig wird. Christiane Scholz, BEd 4/102 Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 7 2. Institutionen ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Reichskulturkammer .................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1. Entstehung und Kompetenzen der Reichsschrifttumskammer .................. 11 2.1.2. Das Amt des Präsidenten der Reichsschrifttumskammer .......................... 14 2.1.3. Die Mitgliedschaft und „Arisierung“ der Kammern ..................................... 17 2.2. Verlagswesen ............................................................................................................ 19 2.2.1. S. Fischer-Verlag ........................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Herder Verlag ................................................................................................. 22 2.3. Wirtschaftliche Situation des Buchhandels und der Verlage ................................ 27 2.4. Der Zwischenbuchhandel ........................................................................................ 30 2.5. Der Sortimentsbuchhandel ...................................................................................... 36 3. Literatur und ihre Autorinnen und Autoren .................................................................... 41 3.1. Kanonbildung ........................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1. Negative Kanonbildung: Bücherverbrennungen ......................................... 42 3.1.2. Positive Kanonbildung: Erwünschte Literatur ............................................. 45 3.1.3. Kanon und Schule ......................................................................................... 50 3.1.4. Erwünschte, geförderte, geduldete AutorInnen .......................................... 55 3.1.5. Buchpropaganda ........................................................................................... 57 3.2. Gattungen .................................................................................................................. 61 3.2.1. Epik ................................................................................................................. 62 3.2.2. Dramatik ......................................................................................................... 63 3.2.3. Lyrik ................................................................................................................ 63 3.3. Bestseller und Kassenschlager ............................................................................... 64 3.4. Gängige Buchtypen und Leseverhalten .................................................................. 69 a) Unterhaltungsromane .................................................................................... 70 b) Humor und Komik .......................................................................................... 73 c) Bestseller aus dem Ausland ......................................................................... 75 d) Volksliteratur .................................................................................................. 77 e) NS-Propagandaliteratur ................................................................................. 80 f) Sachbücher .................................................................................................... 83 g) Kriegsbücher.................................................................................................. 85 Christiane Scholz, BEd 5/102 h) „Blut-und-Boden“-Literatur ........................................................................... 86 i) Klassiker beziehungsweise gehobene Literatur .......................................... 89 j) Wehrmachtslektüre........................................................................................ 91 4. Wirkung bis heute ............................................................................................................ 92 5. Fazit .................................................................................................................................. 95 6. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis .................................................................................. 97 7. Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................................................. 102 Christiane Scholz, BEd 6/102 1. Einleitung Es ist eine unbestreitbare Tatsache, dass „[…]stets auch das Leben in die Schriften eingreift.“ (Barbian, 2008, S. 324) Dieser Eingriff ist besonders gravierend in einem diktatorischen System, wie dem der Nationalsozialisten. Nicht alleine das Leben griff hier in die Schriften ein, sondern vor allem die Politik und deren Ideologie. Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus ist ein vielbehandeltes Thema in Wissenschaft, Kunst und Kultur. Auch der Bereich der Literatur im Nationalsozialismus wird oft behandelt. Doch meist finden sich lediglich Berichte und Schriften zur verbotenen Literatur und zu Bücherverbrennungen oder den bekannten Exilautorinnen und Exilautoren. Mit dieser Masterarbeit soll das Thema von einer anderen Seite aufgerollt und die tatsächlich gelesene Literatur im Dritten Reich betrachtet werden. Der Forschungsschwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt deshalb auf der Frage, wie das Literatursystem der Nationalsozialisten arbeitete und wer beziehungsweise was veröffentlicht wurde. Die Forschungsfrage dieser Masterarbeit lautet: Waren die Nationalsozialisten durch ihre Gleichschaltungspolitik in der Lage, den Buchmarkt zu kontrollieren? Um dies zu untersuchen wurden folgende Bereiche genauer betrachtet: - Wer wurde veröffentlicht und warum? - Welche Institutionen spielten dabei eine Rolle? - Welche waren die „typischen“ erwünschten Buchgenres im Dritten Reich? - Was wurde gelesen? Um die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, werden Sekundärliteratur, Quellen und Statistiken herangezogen. Dadurch soll ein Überblick über das Literatursystem, die erwünschte und tatsächlich gelesene Literatur und die geförderten Autorinnen und Autoren gegeben werden. Zu Beginn erfolgt
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