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Cromwelliana The Journal of Series II 2007 No4 The Cromwell Association President: Professor BARRY COWARD, PhD, FRHistS Vice Presidents: Rt Hon MICHAEL FOOT, PC CROMWELLIANA 2007 Rt Hon the LORD NASEBY, PC Editor Jane A. Mills Rt Hon FRANK DOBSON, MP Professor JOHN MORRILL, DPhil, FBA, FRHistS Professor IVAN ROOTS, MA, FSA, FRHistS CONTENTS Professor BLAIR WORDEN, FBA PAT BARNES Editor's note. 2 TREWIN COPPLESTONE, FRGS 'I Chairman: Professor PETER GAUNT, PhD, FRHistS I Cromwell Day Address 2006. Oliver Cromwell and the 3 Honorary Secretary: Dr JUDITH D. HUTCHINSON Re-Admission of the Jews to England. 52 East View, Barnet, Herts, ENS STN By Edgar Samuel . Honorary Treasurer: DAVID SMITH 3 Bowgrave Copse, i\bingdon, Oxon, OX14 2NL EL PROJECTOR OUVERIO CROMVEL- The Inv:o~ation 12 THE CROMWELL ASSOCIATION was founded in 1937 by the late Rt Hon of his Image and memory in Spanish American Independ~ce Isaac Foot and others to commemorate Oliver Cromwell, the great Puritan Era Rhetoric (1808-1826). statesman, and to encourage the study of the history of his times, his achievements By Dr Karen Racine and influence. It is neither political nor sectarian, its aims being essentially historical. The Association seeks to advance its aims in a variety of ways, which Factotums and Fli.ers: Bibliography and the Political Culture 25 have included: of the Englisp Civil Wars. By Dr Jason Peacey . a. the erection of commemorative tablets (e.g. at Naseby, Dunbar, Worcester, Preston, etc); Cromwell Prize Competition 2006 40 b. helping to establish the Cromwell Museum in the Old Grammar School at A Most Learned, Conscientious, and Devout Exercise: Huntingdon; Anti-Cromwellian Satire in 1649. c. holding two annual meetings, one the now traditional memorial service by the By Nick Poyntz Cromwell statue outside the Houses of Parliament, the other a business meeting at which the Council presents a report on its year's work for discussion by members. At both, an address is given by a distinguished Writings and Sources X Oliver Cromwell's 57 Cromwellian; Reputations in Seventeenth Century Italian Writings. d. producing an annual publication, Cromwel/iana, which is free to members; By Dr Marco Barducci e. awarding an annual prize for work on a Cromwellian theme; f. maintaining a small reference library for the use of members; Oliver Cromwell's Sense of Humour. 73 g. supporting the formation of local groups of paid-up members of the By Dr Patrick Little Association meeting for study or social purposes; h. acting as a 'lobby' at both national and local levels whenever aspects or items Cromwellian Britain XX. Farleigh Hungerford, Somerset. 85 of our Cromwellian heritage appear to be endangered. By Jane A. Mills Editor of Cromwelliana: JANE A. MILLS, MinstLM, LCGl, ACMl ·Select Bibliography of Publications. 94 Lynton Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HJ\2 9NN 94 Press Liaison Officer: JOHN GOLDSMITH, C111nbddl)Ctllu1·0 l·lodt11flC, Book Reviews. By John Goldsmith, Jane A. Mills & Professor Peter Gaunt Castle Court, Shire Hall, Cnstlc H1U 1 Ccunlwldgu, C:H:~ OAP 104 www.olivcrcromwcll.ot'B• ISBN 0-905729-19-6 EDITOR'S NOTE CROMWELL DAY ADDRESS 2006 OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE RE-ADMISSION OF JEWS ' ' TOENGLAND1 This edition has taken on an international flavour with writers from Canada I I and Italy; and papers discussing Cromwell's connections with Holland, Italy By Edgar Samuel and Spanish America. In 1656, the Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell, gave a small group of The image on the front cover is R~brandt's portrait of Menasseh hen Portuguese Jewish merchants in London permission to meet for prayers in Israel drawn in 1636. I must give special thanks to Edgar Samuel and the their p1-:ivate houses and to acquire a cemetery. He also allowed Jews to Jewish Museum for providing and granting permission to use the image. settle in England's Caribbean colonies and to open synagogues there. There were two strands to this dec:ffiion: religion and economic policy. On the back cover is the Coat of Arms of the Protectorate which includes a dragon supporting the shield as a reference to Cromwell's. Welsh King Edward I had expelled the Jews from England in '1290. In 1609 James I antecedents. The Latin motto Pax Quaeritur Bello translates as Peace zs Sought I I expelled a group of Portuguese Jewish merchants in London2 b~q.use l?J War. I would like to thank John Goldsmith for providing and giving Henry IV's statute concernillg heresy made any denial of Christian. tenets a 3 permission to use the image. capital offence. In 1612 J~es I had two Unitarians burnt at th~ stake for 4 I heresy. ' I must draw attention to the last quotation in 'Oliver Cromwell's Sense of l ~1 ~ j : Humour'; Dr Little was concerned about the explicit nature of the writing One effect of the wide circulation of the English Bible was an increasing but he wanted to illustrate the extent to which Charles Il's court had identification among Englishmen and women with the people of Is.rad and become unsophisticated and depraved. I have decided not to censor the a more positive attitude towards the Jewish religion. quotation and to print it in full as the author wished Two Puritan preachers, the Baptist Minister, Rev. Henry Jessey, and the Independent Minister, Rev. Hugh Peters, chaplain to the New Model Anny, were active in promoting the re-admission ofJews to England, because they believed that their conversion would hasten the Second Coming. In 1647 Peters proposed that 'strangers, even Jews be permitted to trade and live with us'. In 1648 a leaflet entitled Apology far the honorable nation of the Jew.rand all the sons ef Israel proposed the admission of Jews to England. It argued that England's troubles derived in part from 'the strict and cruel Laws now in force against the most honorable nation in the world, the Nation of the Jews, a people chosen by God ... [God putting their tears into his bottle] will ,: I charge their sufferings upon us, and will avenge them on their persecutors'. J, I The author claimed that he was persuaded to publish this short tract '1 .' not upon any man's motion of the Jews' Nation, but a thing I have long and deeply resolved within my heart... for the glory of God, the comfort of those his afflicted people, the love of my own sweet native country of England, and the freeing of my soul in the day of account. 5 2 3 OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE RE-ADMISSION OF JEWS TO OLIVER CROMWEIL AND THE RE-ADMISSION OF JEWS TO ENGLAND ENGLAND The author's name was given as Edward Nicholas, gentleman, a young man ~n November 1650 the_Prince of Orange died and republicans seized power of seventeen or eighteen who was then reading for the Bar at the Middle m the Netherlands. This led the Commonwealth to send two ambassadors Temple,6 but it reads more like the work of a Puritan divine than of a Chief Justice Oliver St J~hn and Walter ·Strickland and their secretary, Jo~ teenage law student. :, I Thurloe, to The Hague m March 1651 to try to negotiate a close alliance. On Christmas Day the Council of War, in a spirit of goodwill towards all They visited the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam and had a conversation with Rabbi Menasseh hen Israel. men, resolved that all religions should be tolerated in England 'not excepting Turks nor Papists nor Jews'.7 But then in The Agreement of the The treaty negotiations were 1a total failure. The ambassadors returned to People they decided to limit their toleration to Christians. Eng~an_d and in October 1651 parliament passed the Navigation Act On 5 January 1649, still in the Christmas period, the Council of War of the res~ctmg _the landing of fish and English colonial and carrying trades to English ships manned mainly by English ·seamen. Once the confiscation of New Model Army received a petition from two English Baptists living in , I Amsterdam, Johanna Cartwright and her son Ebenezer, who had been Dutch ships and cargoes started and the Commonwealth refused to return them, the Dutch went to war with England. · talking to some Jews in Amsterdam. They petitioned that the inhumane crud statute of banishment made against ... [the In 1652, John Thurloe was appointed Secretary of State. and he sent Jews] may be repealed and they, under the Christian banner of Menasseh hen Israel an invitation to come to England, but because of the war, this had to be deferred. 9 charity and brotherly love, may again be received and permitted to trade and dwell in this Land as they do now in the Netherlands.8 In December 1653 Oliver Cromwell was installed as Lord Protector. He The Council of War ordered the Cartwrights' petition to be printed. _, confirmed Thurloe as Secretary of State and made peace with the Dutch. ' However, the expulsion of 1290 had been carried out by royal decree. There ~o~n Thurloe was keen to invite Menasseh to London, but Cromwell was no act of parliament to repeal. mststed that any such initiative must come from the Jews. Menasseh was the~. convalescing aft~. a serious" illness, but when urged tci present a The Cartwrights' argument was forceful because Amsterdam was the pe~~on, he felt that smce God had ch·osen ·him for this task, he had a greatest trading city in the world. Its Portuguese Jewish community of re~ous duty to respond. He addressed a petition in French to Cromwell about two thousand was orderly and prosperous.
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