Terrorists, Zombies, and Robots: the Political Unconscious, Thematics, and Affectual Structures of the Post-9/11 American Fear Narrative
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons English Theses & Dissertations English Spring 2020 Terrorists, Zombies, and Robots: The Political Unconscious, Thematics, and Affectual Structures of the Post-9/11 American Fear Narrative Nathanael J. Cloyd Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_etds Part of the American Literature Commons, and the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Cloyd, Nathanael J.. "Terrorists, Zombies, and Robots: The Political Unconscious, Thematics, and Affectual Structures of the Post-9/11 American Fear Narrative" (2020). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, English, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/nrbv-4d51 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_etds/103 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the English at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TERRORISTS, ZOMBIES, AND ROBOTS: THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS, THEMATICS, AND AFFECTUAL STRUCTURES OF THE POST-9/11 AMERICAN FEAR NARRATIVE by Nathanael J. Cloyd B.A. December 2009, Northern Arizona University M.A. December 2012, Northern Arizona University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ENGLISH OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2020 Approved by: Edward Jacobs (Director) Margaret Konkol (Member) Kevin Moberly (Member) Stacy Takacs (Member) ABSTRACT TERRORISTS, ZOMBIES, AND ROBOTS: THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS, THEMATICS, AND AFFECTUAL STRUCTURES OF THE POST-9/11 AMERICAN FEAR NARRATIVE Nathanael J. Cloyd Old Dominion University, 2019 Director: Dr. Edward Jacobs This dissertation examines the post-9/11 American fear narrative across media and genre. First, it proposes the concepts of the fear narrative, the primary fear theme, and the secondary fear theme. Second, it proposes that the fear narrative has a long tradition in American culture, in which its themes have adapted and evolved in historically sedimented layers of development. Third, it proposes that American fear themes change depending on its historical context of production, its cultural regime, its genre, and the form of media in which it is expressed. To help uncover the political unconsciousness of the American fear narrative, it employs the methodology of Fredric Jameson’s three horizons of interpretation. At the first horizon, this methodology interprets a text by focusing on a formal contradiction in the narrative as a symbolic resolution to an irresolvable real-world contradiction. At the second horizon, this contradiction is re-interpreted as a social conflict between two different ideological positions in the text. At the third horizon, this is re-interpreted as a contradiction between sedimented layers of genres, and at this point the text can be interpreted as expressing both oppressive and Utopian ideological content. To analyze the post-9/11 American fear narrative, this study turns to a variety of genres in several media forms. First, it examines the genre of the 9/11 novel. Here, it is noted how fear narratives use the ten primary fear themes this study has identified to access their contradictions and that these narratives seem to have either ambiguous or hopeful endings. Second, it analyzes the zombie narrative, noting the role of five secondary fear themes that are more specific to this genre. Third, it examines the science fiction fear narrative to note how these texts after 9/11 often explored the secondary fear theme of the hybrid character, expressing an intertwining of anxiety and hope as cultures such as the East and West intermix after the terrorist attacks. This study notes an ongoing discourse among post-9/11 American fear narratives on how America as a Utopian project should move forward into the future. iv Copyright, 2019, by Nathanael J. Cloyd, All Rights Reserved. v This dissertation is dedicated to Jennifer Cloyd and Tyler Cloyd, for all their support on this long road. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank my director, Edward Jacobs. Without his insightful and incisive guidance, this project would not be half of what it is today. I would especially like to thank him for his patience as I wrestled with the concepts of this dissertation, trying to build my understanding of my object of study as I wrote pages that often groped for the meaning that was just in front of me. Dr. Jacobs helped take me that last step, or steps, depending, and helped me make this the project that I hoped it could be. I am also indebted to the efforts and expertise of my committee members. I would like to thank Stacy Takacs for unwittingly inspiring me to write on this topic after I fortuitously stumbled upon one of her articles. Your advice and guidance have been invaluable in my effort to write on 9/11 and in keeping a poststructuralist philosophy in mind. To Kevin Moberly, I would like to thank you for your extremely helpful feedback and suggestions. I believe that much of the reason I was able to present at my first conference was because of your guidance. To Margaret Konkol, I would like to thank you for your honest and insightful feedback, especially when you pointed out a gross oversight in my selection of texts for this project. This project would not have been nearly as insightful or rewarding to me had you not made this suggestion. I must also thank the colleagues and friends I have made along the way in the ODU Ph.D. program. You all presented me with daunting and inspiring examples of what it means to be an academic, and I often found myself in awe at all of your ingenuity, dedication, and wisdom. In particular, I thank (in no particular order) Sarah McGinley, Judah-Michah Lamar, Summer Glassie, Chvonne Parker, Maury Brown, vii Daniel Hocutt, Megan Mize, Sherie Mungo, Anthony Garcia, April Cobos, Megan McKitterick, Jenny Stephens Moore, Matt Beale, Lauri Stankavich, Sarah Rebekah Spangler, Carol B. Wittig, Jessica Saxon, Laura Buchholz, Alex Nielson, Kelly Cutchin, and Cassie Book. For any of those I missed, I wholeheartedly apologize, and I place the blame entirely on my Facebook friends list, which I used to help me compile this list. All of you made an impact on me and helped to shape me into the academic I am today. I would also like to thank my father Jean R. Cloyd, my mother Nancy J. Cloyd, and my brother Aldous Tyler for igniting my interest in science fiction and the fantastic throughout my life. If it was not for you all loving books, urging my curiosity, pushing me to really think about the world around me, and encouraging me every step of the way, I doubt I would have even attempted this study or have become an English major. Finally, I must thank my loving and supporting wife, Jennifer Cloyd, and my amazing son, Tyler Cloyd. Without both of your patience and understanding on these long days and nights (years, really) of study in this program I would never have completed this project. To Jenn, thank you for listening to my rants and frustrations and always helping me to stay grounded. I would have floated off into my academic thoughts without you. Together, we will journey on to our next chapter in life, and I could not be more excited to take those steps with you. To Ty, thank you for your endless patience with all my homework throughout your childhood. You have been an inspiration to me, and I have always learned from your wisdom, intelligence, and caring. You are the best. I am excited to see the man you will become, or perhaps the man you have already become. I love you both more than I can express in words, and I use a lot of those all the time and they still fail me frequently. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: AFFECT, IDEOLOGY, AND THE THREE HORIZONS OF INTERPRETATION ...................................................................................... 29 AN ONTOLOGY OF AFFECT: ON AFFECT, POSSIBLE WORLDS THEORY, AND NARRATIVE RECEPTION ............................................. 29 AFFECT, EMOTION, AND FEAR ............................................................ 35 AFFECT, FEAR, IDEOLOGY, AND POWER ........................................... 41 METHODOLOGY: THE THREE HORIZONS OF INTERPRETATION .... 51 3. THE AMERICAN FEAR NARRATIVE AND THE PRIMARY FEAR THEME ...... 60 APOCALYPTICISM ................................................................................. 65 CONTAMINATION ................................................................................... 68 ENTRAPMENT ........................................................................................ 70 EXCLUSION ............................................................................................ 72 THE EXTERNAL THREAT ...................................................................... 75 THE INTERNAL THREAT ........................................................................ 77 PARANOIA .............................................................................................. 83 THE PERSONALIZATION OF FEAR....................................................... 85 TRANSGRESSION .................................................................................. 90 TRAUMA .................................................................................................