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Stratigraphic Relationships Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary; Big Horn County, Wyoming

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Stratigraphic Relationships Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary; Big Horn County, Wyoming STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY; BIG HORN COUNTY, WYOMING A Thesis by Robert Baker Bachelor of Science, Oklahoma State University, 2016 Submitted to the Department of Geology and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science December 2018 © Copyright 2018 by Robert Baker All Rights Reserved STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE TRIASSIC-JURASSIC BOUNDARY; BIG HORN COUNTY, WYOMING The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences. William Parcell, Committee Chair Bill Bischoff, Committee Member Collette Burke, Committee Member Donald Blakeslee, Committee Member iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I wish to express appreciation to my advisor, Dr. William Parcell, for offering me the opportunity to conduct this thesis and for his guidance and support throughout this project in the field as well as in the laboratory. I’d like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Bill Bischoff, Dr. Collette Burke, and Dr. Donald Blakeslee for their helpful discussion and ideas. I also would like to sincerely thank Jonathan Woods for his continued support and helpful discussion throughout this project. I thank Jonathan as well as David Bruce for their helpful advice and insight in the field. I also thank Dr. William Parcell and the Wichita State University Department of Geology for the financial assistance which made this thesis possible. Thank you to my friends and family, who encouraged me and motivated me throughout my academic endeavors. iv ABSTRACT The stratigraphic relationships across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary have not been clearly defined due to poor biostratigraphic control. Establishing these relationships is important to develop an understanding of the paleogeographic and stratigraphic framework of the Late Triassic Chugwater Group and the Middle Jurassic Gypsum Spring Formation. The deposition of the Late Triassic strata on the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin was influenced by plate tectonics and sea-level fluctuations. The Red Peak Formation of the Triassic Chugwater Group records seven depositional cycles of regressive and transgressive units which are identifiable by evidence of subaerial exposure in outcrop or by alternating peaks and troughs in geophysical log signatures. Following the deposition of the Triassic sediment, a series of uplift and erosion contribute in the truncation and thinning of these sedimentary groups. Jurassic seas formed and resulted in the deposition of the Middle Jurassic Gypsum Spring Formation which lies unconformably above the Chugwater Group. This extensive unconformity is recognized throughout Big Horn County. Previous researchers have recognized several Triassic and Jurassic unconformities throughout the western interior. One of these unconformities, the J-1 surface, is recognized as the result of an episode of uplift and erosion during the early Jurassic. These unconformities have been used to identify the Triassic-Jurassic boundary on the eastern section of the Bighorn Basin. The combination of tectonics and eustatic changes have contributed to the stratigraphy of the Triassic and Jurassic in Big Horn County, Wyoming. Correlation of the Triassic and Jurassic strata within the study area aid in the illustration of the degree of erosion and thinning that developed following the deposition of the Chugwater Group. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................... 6 2.1 Location ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Tectonic History and Paleogeography ......................................................................... 8 2.3 Triassic and Jurassic Rocks ......................................................................................... 11 3. GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Jurassic Rocks ............................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Triassic Rocks ............................................................................................................. 17 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 26 5. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN OUTCROP ..................................................................... 30 6. STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ....................................................................................... 42 7. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 53 8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................................................ 55 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 58 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 63 Appendix A: Sample list ..................................................................................................... 64 Appendix B: Measured outcrop locations ......................................................................... 66 Appendix C: Stratigraphic Columns of Outcrops ............................................................... 66 1. Sheep Mountain ........................................................................................................... 67 2. Little Sheep Mountain .................................................................................................. 68 3. Big Horn Lake ............................................................................................................... 69 4. Red Gulch ..................................................................................................................... 70 Appendix D: Well List.......................................................................................................... 71 Appendix E: Type Log ........................................................................................................ 75 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Chugwater Group outcrop exposures, eastern side of the Bighorn Basin ......................... 3 1.1 Map key for Bighorn Basin outcrop exposures (Figure 1) ………………………………..……... 4 2. Bighorn Basin location map and study area ....................................................................... 6 3. Bighorn Basin map with outcrop locations ......................................................................... 7 4. Triassic model with study area ........................................................................................... 9 5. Jurassic model with study area ........................................................................................... 9 6. Stratigraphic column of Triassic age rocks ....................................................................... 12 7. Stratigraphic column of Jurassic age rocks ....................................................................... 13 8. Field work, Big Horn County, Wyoming ............................................................................ 27 9. Basal gypsum unit of Gypsum Spring Formation in Outcrop ........................................... 31 10. Chugwater Group Gypsum Spring Contact ....................................................................... 34 11. Iron leached beds seen in outcrop, Bighorn Lake Outcrop .............................................. 35 12. Gypsum veins in outcrop, Bighorn Lake Outcrop ............................................................. 39 13. Gypsum veins in thin section, Bighorn Lake Outcrop ....................................................... 40 14. Outcrop of Chugwater Group and Gypsum Spring Formation ........................................ 47 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. Study Area: Wells Spots and Outcrop Locations .............................................................. 78 2. Basal Gypsum Unit Isopach Map ...................................................................................... 79 3. Chugwater Total Isopach Map .......................................................................................... 80 4. Crow Mountain Isopach Map ........................................................................................... 81 5. Alcova Limestone Isopach Map ........................................................................................ 82 6. Red Peak Depositional Cycle 7 Isopach Map .................................................................... 83 7. Red Peak Depositional Cycle 6 Isopach Map .................................................................... 84 8. Red Peak Depositional Cycle 5 Isopach Map .................................................................... 85 9. Red Peak Depositional Cycle 4 Isopach Map ...................................................................
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