Flowers and Foliage Plants

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Florida 4-H Horticulture Identification Form Name Contestant No. County Flowers and Foliage Plants Specimen # Common Name Botanical Name African Violet Saintpaulia spp. Aloe Vera Aloe barbadensis Amaryllis Hippeastrum spp. Beach Sunflower Helianthus debilis Begonia Begonia spp. Bird of Paradise Strelitzia reginae Bird’s Nest Fern Asplenium nidus Blanket Flower Gaillardia spp. Caladium Caladium × spp. Calathea Calathea spp. Canna Canna × generalis Celosia Celosia spp. Chinese Evergreen Aglaonema commutatum Chrysanthemum Dendranthema × grandiflorum Coleus Solenostemon scutellarioides Coreopsis, Tickseed Coreopsis spp. Daylily Hemerocallis spp. Dendrobium Orchids Dendrobium spp. Dianthus Dianthus chinensis Dieffenbachia Dieffenbachia spp. Dracaena Marginata Dracaena marginata English Ivy Hedera helix False Heather, Mexican Heather Cuphea hyssopifolia Geranium Pelargonium × hortorum Gerbera Daisy Gerbera jamesonii Globe Amaranth Gomphrena globosa Heart -Leaf Philodendron Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycarium Holly Fern Cyrtomium falcatum Impatiens Impatiens spp. Jade Plant Crassula argentea Lily of the Nile Agapanthus praecox & Agapanthus ssp. orientalis Marigold Tagetes spp. Moth Orchid Phalaenopsis spp. Neanthe Bella Palm Chamaedorea elegans Pentas Pentas lanceolata Peperomia Peperomia spp. Periwinkle Catharanthus roseus Pothos Epipremnum pinnatum ‘Aureum’ Salvia Salvia spp. Sansevieria Sansevieria spp. Spathiphyllum Spathiphyllum spp. Spider Plant Chlorophytum comosum Ti Plant Cordyline terminalis Torenia, Wishbone Flower Torenia fournieri Verbena Verbenia × hybrida Wax Plant Hoya carnosa Weeping Fig Ficus benjamina Zebra Plant Aphelandra squarrosa Zinnia Zinnia elegans ZZ Plant Zamioculcas zamiifolia .

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Leaf Variegation in Caladium Steudneriifolium (Araceae): a Case of Mimicry?
Evol Ecol (2009) 23:503–512 DOI 10.1007/s10682-008-9248-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Leaf variegation in Caladium steudneriifolium (Araceae): a case of mimicry? Ulf Soltau Æ Stefan Do¨tterl Æ Sigrid Liede-Schumann Received: 27 November 2007 / Accepted: 25 February 2008 / Published online: 6 March 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract The leaves of Caladium steudneriifolium (Araceae) of the understorey of a submontane rainforest in the Podocarpus National Park (South East Ecuador, 1,060 m a.s.l.) are plain green or patterned with whitish variegation. Of the 3,413 individual leaves randomly chosen and examined in April 2003, two-thirds were plain green, whereas one third were variegated (i.e., whitish due to absence of chloroplasts). Leaves of both morphs are frequently attacked by mining moth caterpillars. Our BLAST analysis based on Cytochrome-c-Oxidase-subunit-1 sequences suggests that the moth is possibly a member of the Pyraloidea or another microlepidopteran group. It was observed that the variegated leaf zones strongly resemble recent damages caused by mining larvae and therefore may mimic an attack by moth larvae. Infestation was significantly 4–12 times higher for green leaves than for variegated leaves. To test the hypothesis that variegation can be interpreted as mimicry to deter ovipositing moths, we first ruled out the possibility that variegation is a function of canopy density (i.e., that the moths might be attracted or deterred by factors unrelated to the plant). Then plain green leaves were artificially variegated and the number of mining larvae counted after 3 months.
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Leaf Blotching in Caladium
HORTSCIENCE 44(1):40–43. 2009. (Deng and Harbaugh, 2006; Wilfret, 1986). The presence of leaf spots is controlled by a single locus with two alleles that are inherited Leaf Blotching in Caladium (Araceae) independently from leaf shape but closely linked with the color of the main vein (Deng Is Under Simple Genetic Control and et al., 2008). Another major foliar trait in caladium is Tightly Linked to Vein Color leaf blotching, the occurrence of numerous irregularly shaped color areas between major Zhanao Deng1 and Brent K. Harbaugh veins on leaf blades. Leaf blotches may University of Florida, IFAS, Environmental Horticulture Department, appear singly or coalesce to large areas of Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 14625 County Road 672, coloration, up to several inches on mature leaves. This pattern of coloration in combi- Wimauma, FL 33598 nation with bright colors has resulted in Additional index words. Caladium ·hortulanum, leaf characteristics, inheritance, breeding, attractive, highly valued and desired cala- ornamental aroids dium cultivars, including Carolyn Whorton and White Christmas. With large pink or Abstract. Cultivated caladiums (Caladium ·hortulanum Birdsey) are valued as important white blotches, ‘Carolyn Whorton’ and pot and landscape plants because of their bright, colorful leaves. Improving leaf ‘White Christmas’ have been the most pop- characteristics or generating new combinations of these characteristics has been one of ular fancy-leaved pink or white cultivars the most important breeding objectives in caladium. A major leaf characteristic in (Bell et al., 1998; Deng et al., 2005). Interest caladium is leaf blotching, the presence of numerous irregularly shaped color areas in incorporating this coloration pattern into between major veins on leaf blades.
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The Exclusively Neotropical Genus Scaphispatha Was Formerly Considered Monospecific. the Type Species
A REVISION OF SCAPHISPATHA (ARACEAE – CALADIEAE) INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves1 ABSTRACT (A revision of Scaphispatha (Araceae – Caladieae) including a new species) The formerly considered monospecific genus Scaphispatha (Araceae – Caladieae) is here revised. Scaphispatha robusta E.G.Gonç, a second species for the genus is newly described from the Cerrado Biome and the transition Cerrado- Amazonia. It differs from S. gracilis Brongn. ex Schott by the much more robust petioles and leaves, primary lateral veins drying clearer than the lamina, lateral secondary veins conspicously more prominent than tertiary veins and for the female spadix with 11-15 rows of flowers visible in side view. A key to separate both species is provided, as well as ink illustrations and general remarks on the genus. Key-words: Scaphispatha, Cerrado, Caladieae, Araceae, geophyte. RESUMO (Revisão de Scaphispatha (Araceae – Caladieae), incluíndo a descrição de uma nova espécie para o gênero) O gênero Scaphispatha (Araceae – Caladieae), até então considerado monoespecífico, é aqui revisado. Scaphispatha robusta E.G.Gonç., uma segunda espécie para o gênero é descrita para o bioma Cerrado e a transição Cerrado-Amazonia. Difere de S. gracilis Brongn. ex Schott pelos pecíolos e folhas muito mais robustas, nervuras laterais mais claras que o limbo quando secas, nervuras laterais secundárias mais proemi- nentes que as terciárias e pela porção feminina do espádice com 11-15 espirais de flores visíveis em vista lateral. Uma chave para separar as espécies, assim como ilustrações em nanquim e aspectos gerais para o gênero são apresentados. Palavras-chave: Scaphispatha, Cerrado, Caladieae, Araceae, geófita. INTRODUCTION was recognized when plants from Pará state The exclusively neotropical genus (Northern Brazil) flowered in cultivation.
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Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3
; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse.
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A REVIEW Summary Dieffenbachia May Well Be the Most Toxic Genus in the Arace
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 5 (1982) 293 - 302 293 DIEFFENBACH/A: USES, ABUSES AND TOXIC CONSTITUENTS: A REVIEW JOSEPH ARDITTI and ELOY RODRIGUEZ Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717 (US.A.) (Received December 28, 1980; accepted June 30, 1981) Summary Dieffenbachia may well be the most toxic genus in the Araceae. Cal cium oxalate crystals, a protein and a nitrogen-free compound have been implicated in the toxicity, but the available evidence is unclear. The plants have also been used as food, medicine, stimulants, and to inflict punishment. Introduction Dieffenbachia is a very popular ornamental plant which belongs to the Araceae. One member of the genus, D. seguine, was cultivated in England before 1759 (Barnes and Fox, 1955). At present the variegated D. picta and its numerous cultivars are most popular. The total number of Dieffenbachia plants in American homes is estimated to be in the millions. The plants can be 60 cm to 3 m tall, and have large spotted and/or variegated (white, yellow, green) leaves that may be 30 - 45 cm long and 15 - 20 cm wide. They grow well indoors and in some areas outdoors. Un fortunately, however, Dieffenbachia may well be the most toxic genus in the Araceae, a family known for its poisonous plants (Fochtman et al., 1969; Pam el, 1911 ). As a result many children (Morton, 1957, 1971 ), adults (O'Leary and Hyattsville, 1964), and pets are poisoned by Dieffenbachia every year (Table 1 ). Ingestion of even a small portion of stem causes a burn ing sensation as well as severe irritation of the mouth, throat and vocal cords (Pohl, 1955).
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Gardenergardener®
Theh American A n GARDENERGARDENER® The Magazine of the AAmerican Horticultural Societyy January / February 2016 New Plants for 2016 Broadleaved Evergreens for Small Gardens The Dwarf Tomato Project Grow Your Own Gourmet Mushrooms contents Volume 95, Number 1 . January / February 2016 FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 5 NOTES FROM RIVER FARM 6 MEMBERS’ FORUM 8 NEWS FROM THE AHS 2016 Seed Exchange catalog now available, upcoming travel destinations, registration open for America in Bloom beautifi cation contest, 70th annual Colonial Williamsburg Garden Symposium in April. 11 AHS MEMBERS MAKING A DIFFERENCE Dale Sievert. 40 HOMEGROWN HARVEST Love those leeks! page 400 42 GARDEN SOLUTIONS Understanding mycorrhizal fungi. BOOK REVIEWS page 18 44 The Seed Garden and Rescuing Eden. Special focus: Wild 12 NEW PLANTS FOR 2016 BY CHARLOTTE GERMANE gardening. From annuals and perennials to shrubs, vines, and vegetables, see which of this year’s introductions are worth trying in your garden. 46 GARDENER’S NOTEBOOK Link discovered between soil fungi and monarch 18 THE DWARF TOMATO PROJECT BY CRAIG LEHOULLIER butterfl y health, stinky A worldwide collaborative breeds diminutive plants that produce seeds trick dung beetles into dispersal role, regular-size, fl avorful tomatoes. Mt. Cuba tickseed trial results, researchers unravel how plants can survive extreme drought, grant for nascent public garden in 24 BEST SMALL BROADLEAVED EVERGREENS Delaware, Lady Bird Johnson Wildfl ower BY ANDREW BUNTING Center selects new president and CEO. These small to mid-size selections make a big impact in modest landscapes. 50 GREEN GARAGE Seed-starting products. 30 WEESIE SMITH BY ALLEN BUSH 52 TRAVELER’S GUIDE TO GARDENS Alabama gardener Weesie Smith championed pagepage 3030 Quarryhill Botanical Garden, California.
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Xanthosoma Sagittifolium(L.) Schott
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott AR A CE A E/ARUM F E/ARUM A MILY Common Name: Elephant ear, arrowleaf elephant ear, cocoyam, uncooked leaves and roots are intestinal irritants, and saponins in malanga raw corms may be toxic (Morton 1972). Synonymy: Arum sagittifolium L., Caladium sagittifolium (L.) Vent., Distribution: Herbarium specimens documented from Broward, Xanthosoma hoffmannii Schott. (misapplied) Hernando, Lake, Leon, Marion, Miami-Dade, Pinellas, Polk, and Origin: Northern South America Seminole counties (Wunderlin and Hansen 2002). Also recorded Botanical Description: Stout, perennial herb to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall with from Alachua, Citrus, Martin, Putnam, St. Johns, and Wakulla a thickened, tuberous, underground stem (corm) and numerous counties (FLEPPC 2002). Naturalized in Alabama, Texas, Puerto smaller tuberous offshoots (cormels); spreads by slender rhizomes; Rico, the Virgin Islands (USDA NRCS 2002), and New Zealand exudes milky, watery sap when cut. Leaves arising from tip of cen- (LRNZ 2002). Spread throughout the Caribbean, Asia, Africa, and tral corm, and having sheathing, overlapping bases; petioles to 1.5 the Pacific Islands as a food crop (Bown 2000). m (5 ft) long, succulent, round near leaf blade, lower petiole chan- Life History: Fast growing from cormels (vegetative bulbils) that neled, attached to leaf blade between the 2 lobes at leaf margin; quickly sprout in moist conditions; can form mature plants with- leaf blades to 1 m (3.2 ft) long and 1 m (3.2 ft) across, arrowhead in 14-20 weeks (Igbokwe 1984). Corms, pieces of corms, and shaped to broadly heart shaped, glabrous, light green with a waxy, cormels can develop into new plants (Saese et al.
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A Review of the Aroid Tribe Caladieae with the Description of Three New Species of Caladium and Seven New Species of Syngonium (Araceae)
A Review of the Aroid Tribe Caladieae with the Description of Three New Species of Caladium and Seven New Species of Syngonium (Araceae) Thomas B. Croat,1 Xavier Delannay,2 Orlando O. Ortiz,3 and Pedro Diaz Jiménez4 1 P. A. Schulze Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U.S.A. [email protected] 2 Volunteer Research Associate, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, U.S.A. 3 Herbario PMA & Programa de Maestr´ıa en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Panama City, Panama. 4 Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. ABSTRACT. A review of the aroid tribe Caladieae is that summarized our knowledge of the group, described presented, and three new species of Caladium Vent. new species, and discovered important distinctions and seven new species of Syngonium Schott are de- between Caladium and Xanthosoma, markedly that scribed and illustrated. Two species, C. picturatum K. differences occur in the display of their pollen. Pollen Koch & C. D. Bouché and C. steudnerifolium Engl., grains are borne in tetrads in Xanthosoma and solitarily previously considered to be synonymous with C. bicolor in Caladium. Madison (1981) provided a key to the six (Aiton) Vent., are fully redescribed. New species of genera considered to be Caladieae at that time, namely Caladium are C. cortesae Croat & E. G. Gonç., C. Aphyllarum S. Moore, Caladium, Chlorospatha, Jasa- palaciosii Croat & L. P. Hannon, and C. stevensonii rum, Scaphispatha, and Xanthosoma. Aphyllarum has Croat & Delannay. New species of Syngonium are S.
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Effect of Growth Regulators on Leaf Development of Caladium
Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 106:283-286. 1993. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON LEAF DEVELOPMENT OF CALADIUM S. E. Nixon of basal shoots of Anthurium (Henny and Fooshee, 1989), Auburn University to increase the number of lateral shoots of Dieffenbachia Auburn, Alabama (Wilson and Nell, 1983), and to increase the number of phylloclades and flowers of Schlumbergera (Heins et al., G. J. WlLFRET 1981). PBA increased the number of lateral shoots of An Gulf Coast Research & Education Center thurium (Higaki & Rasmussen, 1979), increased the IFAS, University of Florida number of cuttings produced from Dracaena (Criley, Bradenton, FL 34203 1980), and increased the number of lateral shoots of Pel- lionia (Henley and Poole, 1974) and Pilea (Henley and Additional index words, dikegulac, thidiazuron, benzyladenine, Poole, 1974). Thidiazuron (TDZ), used to defoliate mature tetrahydropyranylbenzyladenine, tuber, Caladium x Hor- green leaves in cotton, has been used to stimulate in vitro tulanum. shoot formation in apple (van Niewkerk et al., 1986). Henny and Fooshee (1990) showed that a TDZ drench at Abstract. Growth regulators N6-benzyladenine (BA), tetra the base of Alocasia plants increased the number of elon hydropyranylbenzyladenine (PBA), dikegulac, and thidiazu gated buds but reduced root growth. Similar TBZ treat ron (TDZ) were evaluated to ascertain their ability to negate ments of Syngonium yielded numerous elongated basal apical dominance of the terminal buds of caladium tubers buds which failed to develop and produce new leaves and to stimulate the development of lateral eyes. BA and (Henny and Fooshee, 1991). Dikegulac has been shown to PBA, at concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 ppm applied as promote lateral branching on herbaceous plants such as a 15 min tuber soak on intact or de-eyed caladium 'Can- salvia and verbena (Anon., 1970) and has been used as a didum' and 'Postman Joyner', had no effect on number of chemical pinching agent on azaleas (Heursel, 1975; Lar leaves, leaf length, time to marketability, and plant height.
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A Preliminary Taxonomic Acco Araceae in Rajshahi District of Minary
ANALYSISANALYSIS ARTICLE 53(253), January 1, 2017 ISSN 2278–5469 EISSN 2278–5450 Discovery A preliminary taxonomic account of the family Araceae in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh Masuma Islam, Mahbubur Rahman AHM☼ Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh ☼Address for Correspondence: Dr. A.H.M. Mahbubur Rahman, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Phone: 880 721 751485, Mobile: 88 01714657224 Article History Received: 17 November 2016 Accepted: 10 December 2016 Published: 1 January 2017 Citation Masuma Islam, Mahbubur Rahman AHM. A Preliminary Taxonomic Account of the Family Araceae in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh. Discovery, 2017, 53(253), 30-48 Publication License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. General Note Article is recommended to print as color digital version in recycled paper. ABSTRACT The present research focused on the family Araceae of Rajshahi district was carried out from July 2013 to August 2014. A total of 13 species under 11 genera belonging to the family Araceae were collected and identified. Out of the total number of species, i.e. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott., Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl. ex Decne, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott., Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook. f., Epiremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., Pistia stratiotes L., Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott., Xanthosoma 3030 30 violaceum Schott. were common and Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent., Caladium humboldtii Schott., Syngonium macrophyllum Engl., PagePage Page Acorus calamus L., Monstera deliciosa Lieb.
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Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Tubers of Three Caladium Species
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP) Volume 1, Issue 2, July - September 2015, PP 24-30 www.arcjournals.org Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Tubers of Three Caladium Species Emmanuel E. Essien1*, Imo E. Jacob2, Paul S. Thomas2 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria *[email protected] Abstract: The study investigates the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of leaves and bulbs of Caladium bicolor (green background with white patches), C. bicolor (green background with pink veins) and C. tricolor (green background with white and pink patches). The chemical and biological analyses were performed using standard procedures. The phytochemical screening indicated varying amount of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids/steroids, de-oxy sugars, phenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars, phlobatannins and carbohydrates in the extracts. The samples contained high concentration of saponins and carbohydrates, especially in the tubers. Phlobatannins and anthraquinones were not detected in any of the plant extracts. The different concentrations of Caladium leaves and bulbs extracts exhibited moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected wound pathogens (Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans) using disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied between 0.006 g/ml to 0.55 g/ml. In DPPH assay, leaves extract of Caladium bicolor (green background with white patches) demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activity (64.7%, IC50 value, 1.15 mg/ml) which could be correlated to its phenolic content.
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TARO DISEASES Jeri J. Ooka Department of Plant Pathology University of Hawaii
TARO DISEASES Jeri J. Ooka Department of Plant Pathology University of Hawaii - Kauai Branch Station Abstract Although taro is susceptible to attack by at least twenty-three pathogens, only a few cause serious reduction in growth and production. Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora colocasiae) and Pythium root and corm rot (Pythium spp.) are the most serious fungal diseases of taro. Phytophthora blight is not yet found in Samoa, the Marquesas, the Society and Cook Islands. Dithane-M45 is available for control of Phytophthora blight. Pythium root and corm rot is found where ever taro is grown. Five Pythium spp. have been implicated as causal agents of the disease. Captan provides good control of the disease. Data to apply for metalaxyl registration on taro for control of Pythium root and corm rots are being collected. Phyllosticta leaf spot (Phyllosticta colocasiophila), Sclerotium blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), Black rot (Ceratocystis fimbriata), Rhizopus rot (Rhizopus stolonifer), Phytophthora root rot (P. palmivora) and Fusarium dry rot (Fusarium solanD are other fungal diseases which may be locally important. Hard rot (unknown etiology) is a major problem in wetland taro culture where it can cause substantial losses. Erwinia spp. may cause bacterial soft rots. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause root galls and corm maHormations. Introduction Yield loss of taro due to disease is not well known. Individual fields may suffer from little yield loss to as much as 30 percent loss due to Phytophthora colocasiae leaf blight (Trujillo and Aragaki 1964) and up to 100 percent from Pythium root and corm rot (Plucknett, de la Pena, and Obrero 1970).
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