DOCSLIB.ORG

Rodenticides Handout.Pptx

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rodenticides Handout.Pptx Roden&cides Handout Board Review Course 2014 K Babu. 6.22.2014 FIFRA • US Federal Insec&cide, Fungicide, and Roden&cide Act (FIFRA, 1947) • Pes&cides are any “substance or mixture of substances intended for preven&ng, destroying, repelling, or mi&gang any pest, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant” Pes&cides • Roden&cides • Insec&cides • Herbicides • Fungicides Regulaon • FIFRA rolled out in 1947, with mul&ple amendments • EPA given scope to enforce FIFRA in 1970 • FDA and EPA set pes&cide tolerance concentraons • Other acts giving EPA pes&cide oversight: – Resource Conservaon Act (1972), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensaon and Liability Act (CERCLA, also called the "superfund" Act); the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA); the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Signal Words • Category I: DANGER (LD50 < 50 mg/kg) • Category II: WARNING (LD50 50 - 500 mg/kg) • Category III: CAUTION (LD50 500 - 5000 mg/kg) • Category IV: CAUTION (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg) http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title40-vol24/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vol24-sec156-64.pdf High Toxicity Agents (“Danger”) Barium • Found in contrast media, depilatories, insec&cides and roden&cides • Mul&ple salts with variable solubility. Barium chloride (highly soluble), barium sulfate (low solubility). Barium carbonate (low solubility) = roden&cide • 5-10% of ingested barium absorbed • Peak concentraon at 2 hours • Renal eliminaon 20%, rest in feces Barium • Hypokalemia due to blockade of K rec&fier current, and increases K permeability of membranes. Intracellular trapping of K. • Barium intravasaon (from enemas, absorp&on aer perforaon) has caused cardiovascular collapse • DDx of hypokalemia: Periodic paralysis, hypothyroidism, toluene toxicity, diure&cs, Barium - Sx • GI upset, hemorrhagic gastri&s • Hypokalemia at 2 hours aer inges&on • Muscle weakness, respiratory failure, dysrhythmias • Associated hyperlactatemia, hypophosphatemia, • Parkinson-like symptoms with MRI findings of bilateral basal ganglia hyperintensity Barium - Tx • Oral sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate may prevent absorp&on of barium • Aggressive potassium reple&on • Hemodialysis or CVVH to remove barium and correct potassium SMFA (sodium monofluoracetate) • Naturally occurring in giilaar plant (Dichapetalum cymosum) • Compound 1080 • Used in collars to prevent coyote aacks • Odorless and tasteless white powder • Similar pes&cide, fluoroacetamide, known as Compound 1081 SMFA (Compound 1080) • Structural analog of ace&c acid, and irreversible inhibitor of Krebs cycle • Monofluoroace&c acid enters mitochondria, complexing with oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate • Lag to toxicity may be up to 20 hours due to metabolism to fluorocitrate • Fluorocitrate binds aconitase in “suicide inhibion” SMFA (Compound 1080) • Shig to anaerobic metabolism, accumulaon of glutamate • Resul&ng hypocalcemia • Resul&ng hyperlactatemia, hyperammonemia • No significant fluoride toxicity reported aer exposure SMFA (Compound 1080) • Shig to anaerobic metabolism, accumulaon of glutamate • Resul&ng hyperlactatemia, hyperammonemia • No significant fluoride toxicity reported aer exposure • Toxicity generally within six hours; asymptomac paents should be observed for 24 hours SMFA (Compound 1080) - Sx • Vomi&ng, abdominal pain, agitaon, seizures, dysrhythmias • Negave inotropic effect • Low systemic vascular resistance despite fluid resuscitaon SMFA (Compound 1080) • Hypocalcemia cardinal finding • Elevated creanine, hyperkalemia, acidosis • SMFA and fluoroacetamide can be confirmed in blood and urine by TLC, GC/MS • Elevated serum citrate concentraon • Delayed CT aer exposure may show cerebral atrophy SMFA (Compound 1080) - Tx • Ethanol and glycerol monoacetate (monace&n) used as acetate donors, and may prevent inhibi&on of aconitase Phosphorus • Phosphorus = “light bringer” • White phosphorus – spontaneously combusts • Use in incendiary rounds during World War I (Willie Pete round for White Phosphorus) • Used in strike anywhere matches • Occupaonally, associated with phossy jaw (mandibular osteonecrosis) White Phosphorus • Very reac&ve • Ignites spontaneously in air • Forms phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) • Garlic-like odor • Well-absorbed aer inges&on, dermal exposure (as seen in large BSA burns) • Internally absorbed white phosphorus associated with very high mortality rates Tetramine • White powder • Found primarily in China • Non-compe&&ve GABA antagonism • Seizures, refractory status epilep&cus, coma, cardiac ischemia • Treatment with benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and paraly&cs (for cessaon of motor ac&vity) Thallium • Odorless, colorless powder • Rapid absorp&on through skin • Primary eliminaon in feces • Undergoes enterohepac recirculaon • LD50 10 mg /kg Thallium –Sx • Immediate – vomi&ng, abdominal pain • Within 24 to 48 hours – painful paresthesias of hands and feet • Ager 10 days – alopecia (spares facial hair, lashes, and axillary hair) • Other late findings: psychosis, delirium, Mee’s lines, opc neuris • Sudden cardiac death may occur weeks aer exposure • Neuropsychiatric symptoms may persist Thallium - Tx • Possible role for ac&vated charcoal given enterohepac recirculaon • Prussian Blue for decontaminaon – Adult 3 grams &d x six weeks – Children (2-12 yo) 1 gram &d x six weeks • Potassium diuresis may worsen symptoms • Unknown role for hemoperfusion/ HD Strychnine • Alkaloid from the seeds of Strychnos nux vomica (tree, nave to India) • Available consumer preparaons (0.3-0.5%), commercial exterminator (5%) • Found as an adulterant in heroin and cocaine • Found in Southeast Asian herbal preparaons Strychnine • Blocks uptake of glycine (excitatory neurotransmiker) • Inhibi&on primarily at level of postsynap&c spinal motor neurons • Rapidly absorbed – symptoms within 15-20 minutes Strychnine - Sx • “Awake seizures” (spinal seizures) • Trismus, risus sardonicus (sardonic smile), opisthotonos [may appear similar to tetanus] • Individual seizures may be brief, and precipitated by any sensory s&mulaon • May result in respiratory arrest, lac&c acid generaon, acute kidney injury, DIC, hyperthermia Strychnine - Tx • Nons&mulang environment • Benzodiazepines • Pentobarbital • Paraly&cs Metal Phosphides • Aluminum and Zinc • Used primarily to protect stored grains from rodents • Phosphine gas liberated on contact with water or dilute acids (roken fish odor) • Phosphine may inhibit cytochrome C oxidase, leading to uncoupling of oxidave phosphorylaon Metal Phosphides - Sx • Inges&on results in severe GI irritaon • Nausea, vomi&ng, epigastric pain in virtually all cases; may cause black emesis • Hypotension, tachypnea, acidosis, tetany due to hypocalcemia, palpitaons • Pulmonary edema, jaundice, prolonged QRS • Deaths due to myocardial injury Metal Phosphides - Tx • Suppor&ve care • Electrolyte and calcium reple&on • Immediate cleanup of all body fluids (emesis and stool) since phosphine can be offgassed Vacor (PNU, Pyriminil) • Released in 1975 as a roden&cide that was lethal aer one feeding • Withdrawn in 1979, but reports of toxicity un&l 2002 • PNU destroys beta-islet cells leading to DKA • Associated with GI perforaon, pneumonia • Death from DKA or cardiac dysrhythmias within hours • Sequelae include brikle DM, postural hypotension, and neuropathies (motor and sensory) Vacor (PNU, Pyriminil) • Mechanism unknown • Niacinamide analog – interferes with pentose monophosphate shunt, par&cularly in brain, liver and pancreac islet cells • Niacinamide (nico&namide) could be an an&dote, but not available • Niacin (nico&nic acid) has been used instead • 500 mg iv, then 100-200 mg Q4 x 48 hours Moderate Toxicity Agents (“Warning”) ANTU (α-naphthylthiourea) • Causes pulmonary edema and effusions in rats • Dogs immune to effects • In humans, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomi&ng, pulmonary edema and effusions • No deaths reported • Suppor&ve treatment Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) • Rodents are extremely sensi&ve to Ca2+ homeostasis • Cholecalciferol increases Ca2+ absorp&on from gut and mobilizaon from bone • Ca2+ deposi&on in mul&ple organs, and dysrhythmias • Possible hypervitaminosis D with symptomac hypercalcemia • Tx: furosemide, cor&costeroids, calcitonin, bisphosphonates, hemodialysis • Normal serum Ca2+ at 48 hours excludes toxicity Low Toxicity Agents (“Cau&on”) Warfarin and Superwarfarins • Superwarfarins = brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and chlorophacinone • All warfarins inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase and vitamin K reductase • Superwarfarins have longer duraon of effect (weeks to month, versus 5-7 days with warfarin); T½ brodifacoum = 56 days Warfarin and Superwarfarins • Effect can be measured with Prothrombin Time (PT) and Internaonal Normalized Rao (INR); usually Q24h aer ini&al exposure • Normal INR at 48-72h rules out signficant exposure • Superwarfarin exposure may require weeks of vitamin K tx; recommended dose 50-200 mg daily • Serial INRs to assess effecvesness of treatment Bromethalin • Neurotoxin; marketed as green pellets • Metabolized to desmethylbromethalin (more potent) • CNS effects due to uncoupling of mitochondrial phosphorylaon, decreased ATP produc&on, vacuole development, and decreased nerve conducon • Leads to paralysis and death in rodents • Death reported in young man; cerebral edema • Suppor&ve care, and observaon for 12 hours Red Squill • Derived from Urginea mari7ma (sea onion) • Cardiac glycosides: Scillaren A and Scillaren B • Potent eme&c • Cardiac glycoside with symptoms and findings similar to digoxin • Presence of squill may be
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del
    Acta Pediátrica de México ISSN: 0186-2391 ISSN: 2395-8235 [email protected] Instituto Nacional de Pediatría México Avilés-Martínez, Karla Isis; Villalobos-Lizardi, José Carlos; López-Enríquez, Adriana Venta clandestina de rodenticidas, un problema de salud pública. Reporte de dos casos Acta Pediátrica de México, vol. 40, núm. 2, 2019, pp. 71-84 Instituto Nacional de Pediatría México Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=423665708004 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto CASO CLÍNICO DE INTERÉS ESPECIAL Acta Pediatr Mex. 2019 marzo-abril;40(2):71-84. Venta clandestina de rodenticidas, un problema de salud pública. Reporte de dos casos Clandestine sale of rodenticides, a health problem. Report of two cases Karla Isis Avilés-Martínez,1 José Carlos Villalobos-Lizardi,2 Adriana López-Enríquez3 Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La venta clandestina de rodenticidas es una manifestación de la pobreza y la exclusión social. Los rodenticidas adquiridos en estas circunstancias son accesibles porque tienen un canal de distribución eficiente. Su disponibilidad en casa, sin medidas de seguridad adecuadas y estrictas, representa un problema de salud potencialmente letal debido al contenido, falsificación, adulteración y etiquetado inadecuado o ausente. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Se reportan dos casos clínicos, no letales, de niños previamente sanos que ingirieron rodenticidas no etiquetados y obtenidos de la venta ilegal ambulante. El primer caso sufrió intoxicación por difetaliona (Clase Ia), rodenticida anticoagulante de segunda generación (en la bibliografía se reporta intoxicación en dos niños).
    [Show full text]
  • “Baits and Baiting Strategies for Multi-Species Pest Control and Feral
    Baits and baiting strategies for multi-species pest control and feral cats SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION: 40 D.R. Morgan, J. Innes, C. Ryan, L. Meikle Published by Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand 1 Science for Conservation presents the results of investigations contracted to science providers outside the Department of Conservation. Reports are subject to peer review within the Department and, in some instances, to a review from outside both the Department and the science providers. November 1996, Department of Conservation ISSN 1173-2946 ISBN 0-478-01855-X This publication originated from work done under Department of Conservation contract 1748 carried out by D.R. Morgan, J. Innes and C. Ryan, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln; and contract 617, carried out by D.R. Morgan and L. Meikle, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, P.O. box 31-011, Christchurch. It was approved for publication by the Director, Science and Research Division, Department of Conservation, Wellington. Cataloguing-in-Publication data Baits and baiting strategies for multi-species pest control and feral cats / D.R. Morgan ... {et al.} Wellington, N.Z. : Dept. of Conservation, 1996. 1 v. ; 30 cm. (Science for conservation, 1173-2946 ; 40.) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 047801855X 1. Pests- -Control- -New Zealand. I. Morgan, D.R. (David Rowland), 1950- II. Series: Science for conservation (Wellington, N.Z.) ; 40. 632.9510993 20 zbn96-124202 2 CONTENTS PART 1: DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-SPECIES BAITING (D.R. Morgan, J. Innes, C. Ryan) Abstract 5 1. Introduction 5 2. Background 6 3. Objectives 6 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persistence and Secondary Poisoning Risks of Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080), Brodifacoum, and Cholecalciferol in Possums
    THE PERSISTENCE AND SECONDARY POISONING RISKS OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (1080), BRODIFACOUM, AND CHOLECALCIFEROL IN POSSUMS C. T. EASON, G. R. WRIGHT, and L. MEIKLE, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. P. ELDER, Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Unit, Christchurch Health Laboratories, Christchurch Hospital, P.O. Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand. ABSTRACT: To determine the risk of secondary poisoning for animals preying on sub-lethally poisoned brushtail possums, captive possums were treated with near-lethal doses of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) or brodifacoum, and toxicant concentrations in blood and tissue were monitored over time. Sodium monofluoroacetate was rapidly eliminated from the blood (within three days). Brodifacoum was retained in the liver and, to a lesser extent, the muscle of possums for eight months after dosing. To determine the potential risk for animals scavenging on the carcasses of possums poisoned with cholecalciferol, cats were fed poisoned carcasses for six days. No changes in behavior, appetite, or body weight were observed. Serum calcium concentrations increased slightly, but remained within the normal range for cats. KEY WORDS: vertebrate pest control, secondary poisoning, sodium monofluoroacetate, brodifacown, cholecalciferol Proc. 17th Yertebr. Pest Conf. (R.M. Timm & A.C. Crabb, Eds.) Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis. 1996. INTRODUCTION 1995), and toxic amounts of brodifacoum may be retained Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) has been used for in a carcass. vertebrate pest control in New Zealand since 1954. It is The existence of an effective antidote to brodifacoum currently used most frequently in aerially sown baits and in the form of vitamin Kl means that dogs that have eaten in baits in bait stations for the control of the Australian carcasses containing brodifacoum residues can usually be brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (Livingstone saved.
    [Show full text]
  • Calarp) Program
    California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program Administering Agency Guidance January 31, 2005 Preface This document provides general guidance to help Administering Agencies (AAs) implement and enforce the California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program. The intent is to identify the elements of the Program applicable to each regulated business, and assist AAs with oversight of the CalARP Program statutes and regulations. This document is not a substitute for the CalARP Program regulations; it does not impose legally binding requirements. About This Document This document follows the format of the California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.5: California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program. The regulatory sections are presented in parentheses for ease of reference. Acknowledgements The California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA) would like to thank the following people for their valuable assistance in the preparation of this document: Howard Wines, Hazardous Materials Specialist, City of Bakersfield Fire Department Robert Distaso P.E., Fire Safety Engineer, Orange County Fire Authority Randall L. Sawyer, Supervisor, Accidental Release Prevention Programs, Contra Costa County Health Services Department Beronia Beniamine, Senior Hazardous Materials Specialist, Stanislaus County Environmental Resources Department Angie Proboszcz, Risk Management Program Coordinator, USEPA Region 9 Jon Christenson, Senior Environmental Health Specialist, Merced County Department of Public Health Teresa
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-Target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 2018 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine Horak U.S. Department of Agriculture, [email protected] Penny M. Fisher Landcare Research Brian M. Hopkins Landcare Research Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Life Sciences Commons Horak, Katherine; Fisher, Penny M.; and Hopkins, Brian M., "Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non- target Organisms" (2018). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2091. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2091 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 4 Pharmacokinetics of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Target and Non-target Organisms Katherine E. Horak, Penny M. Fisher, and Brian Hopkins 1 Introduction The concentration of a compound at the site of action is a determinant of its toxicity. This principle is affected by a variety of factors including the chemical properties of the compound (pKa, lipophilicity, molecular size), receptor binding affinity, route of exposure, and physiological properties of the organism. Many compounds have to undergo chemical changes, biotransformation, into more toxic or less toxic forms. Because of all of these variables, predicting toxic effects and performing risk assess- ments of compounds based solely on dose are less accurate than those that include data on absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion of the compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Law and Vertebrate Pest Control
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference (1962) collection February 1962 FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL Justus C. Ward Director, Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcone Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Ward, Justus C., "FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL" (1962). Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Conference (1962). 25. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcone/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Conference (1962) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL By: Justus C. Ward, Director, Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Presented at the Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Sacramento, California, February 6 and 7, 1 962 Shortly after the passage of the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910> mammal control specialists in the Bureau of Biological Survey began to consider a similar law to cover the chemicals with which they were concerned. Work on the project went slowly a nd spasmodically, but reached the point of having a Federal Rodenticide Act available for study and possible revision in 1928. At this time, the mammal control chemicals in use were limited to strychnine -- alkaloid and sulphate -arsenic, barium carbonate, th allium sulphate, phosphorus, s odium and calcium cyanide, carbon disulphide, and red squill.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Microencapsula Tion of Rodenticides
    STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULA TION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. CORNWEL,.L, Director of Research, Rentokil Laboratories ltd., Felcourt, E. Grinstead, Sussex, England ABSTRACT: Warfarln, zinc phosphide, norbormlde and alphachloralose have been mlcroencapsu­ lated by the technique of coacervatlon and fed to laboratory rats (R. norveglcus) and mice (H. mU$CUlus). Results are given of experiments In which the concentration of rodentlclde, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also repot'ted In which normal and encapsulated rodentlclde have been fed together In the same test diet. Hlcroencapsulatlon can Increase the Intake of rodentlcldes, appreciably, whether or not alternative food is simultaneously available. Nevertheless, significantly higher kills from higher Intakes of poison have not been achieved, Indicating difficulties In optimising the characteristics of the capsule wall to achieve the desired release of Ingested active In­ gredient. INTl\ODUCTION Hlcroencapsulatlon can be defined as a chemical process by which minute amounts of solids or liquids are enclosed within a thin wall of suitable material to prevent their reaction with some component of the environment. The properties of the wall are so designed to keep the reactive materials apart until they are required to mix. Hlcroencapsulatlon, as an Industrial process, has been developed for many applications by the Natlon~l Cash Register Co. These Include carbonless copying paper, drugs with design­ ed release characteristics, as well as uses In the perfumery, adhesive and food Industries (Gordon, 1965) . The costs vary from 40 U.S. cents to $4 per kg. of encapsulated material (Watson, 1970) and many future applications have been proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Microencapsulation of Rodenticides
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference (1970) collection March 1970 STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. Cornwell Rentokil Laboratories Ltd., Sussex, England Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcfour Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Cornwell, P. B., "STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES" (1970). Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970). 18. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcfour/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. CORNWELL, Director of Research, Rentokil Laboratories Ltd., Felcourt, E. Grinstead, Sussex, England ABSTRACT: Warfarin, zinc phosphide, norbormide and alphachloralose have been microencapsulated by the technique of coacervation and fed to laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) and mice (M. musculus). Results are given of experiments in which the concentration of rodenticide, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also reported in which normal and encapsulated rodenticide has been fed together in the same test diet. Microencapsulation can increase the intake of rodenticides, appreciably, whether or not alternative food is simultaneously available. Nevertheless, significantly higher k i l l s from higher intakes of poison have not been achieved, indicating difficulties in optimising the characteristics of the capsule wall to achieve the desired release of ingested active in- gredient.
    [Show full text]
  • Authorisation of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Germany FAQ on Environmental Risks, Risk Mitigation Measures and Best Practice
    background // december 2019 Authorisation of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Germany FAQ on Environmental Risks, Risk Mitigation Measures and Best Practice For our environment Imprint Publisher: Image sources: German Environment Agency Front page: Fotolia/tomatito26 Section IV 1.2 Biocides Page 3: UBA/Agnes Kalle & Susanne Hein Section IV 1.4 Health Pests and their Control Page 7: Alex Yeung PO Box 14 06 Page 8: Taton Moïse/Unsplash 06813 Dessau-Roßlau Page 10: autark – Photocase Tel.: +49 340-2103-0 Page 11: UBA/Figure 1 [email protected] Page 12: Fotolia/silvioheidler/Figure A Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de/en Page 12: Fotolia/Jolanta Mayerberg/Figure B Page 12: Fotolia/Erni/Figure C /umweltbundesamt.de Page 12: Fotolia/Hans and Crista Ede/Figure D /umweltbundesamt Page 12: Fotolia/Sergey Ryzhkov/Figure E /umweltbundesamt Page 12: Fotolia/phototrip.cz/Figure F /umweltbundesamt Page 14: Fotolia/Loveleen/Silhouette of a rat Page 17: Photocase/marsj/Mouse in building Authors: Page 17: UBA/Erik Schmolz/Bait station Juliane Fischer, Anton Friesen, Anke Geduhn, Susanne Page 17: Fotolia/SB/Rat burrow in open area Hein, Stefanie Jacob, Barbara Jahn, Agnes Kalle, Anja Page 18: Mella/Photocase Kehrer, Ingrid Nöh, Eleonora Petersohn, Caroline Page 20: Fotolia/fotocejen/Barn owl Riedhammer, Ricarda Rissel, Annika Schlötelburg, Erik Page 21: Fotolia/Stefan/Kestrel Schmolz, Beatrice Schwarz-Schulz, Christiane Stahr, Ute Page 21: Fotolia/Romuald/Stoat Trauer-Kizilelma, Kristina Wege, Stefanie Wieck Page 22: Fotolia/Valeriy Kirsanov/Red fox Page
    [Show full text]
  • Sound Management of Pesticides and Diagnosis and Treatment Of
    * Revision of the“IPCS - Multilevel Course on the Safe Use of Pesticides and on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Presticide Poisoning, 1994” © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgement Part I. Overview 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objectives 2. Overview of the resource tool 2.1 Moduledescription 2.2 Training levels 2.3 Visual aids 2.4 Informationsources 3. Using the resource tool 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Training trainers 3.2.1 Organizational aspects 3.2.2 Coordinator’s preparation 3.2.3 Selection of participants 3.2.4 Before training trainers 3.2.5 Specimen module 3.3 Trainers 3.3.1 Trainer preparation 3.3.2 Selection of participants 3.3.3 Organizational aspects 3.3.4 Before a course 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
    Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Sustainability of Anticoagulant-Based Rodent Control for Wildlife Conservation in New Zealand
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Assessing the sustainability of anticoagulant-based rodent control for wildlife conservation in New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand SUMAN PREET KAUR SRAN 2019 1 I dedicate this thesis to My Grandmother, Baljinder Kaur Sran who has loved and supported me unconditionally 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Glossary of Key Terms related to Anticoagulant Resistance ...................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 Rodents in New Zealand ......................................................................................................... 14 Rattus rattus ........................................................................................................................... 14 Mus musculus .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]