DOCSLIB.ORG

Initial Environmental Examination Nepal: Rural Connectivity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Initial Environmental Examination Nepal: Rural Connectivity Rural Connectivity Improvement Project (RRP NEP 48218) Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 48218-003 July 2017 Nepal: Rural Connectivity Improvement Project Prepared by Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Environmental Assessment Report The views expressed herein are those of the consultant and do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Initial Environmental Examination for Nepal Project Number: 48218-003 NEP July 2017 Nepal: Rural Connectivity Improvement Project (387.82 kms) Prepared by [Author(s)] [Firm] [City, C [Implementing Agency] Prepared by Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads, Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). ABBREVIATIONS AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic AC Asphalt Concrete CBS Central Bureau of Statistics ADB Asian Development Bank ADS Agricultural Development Strategy BoQ Bill of Quantities CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CDM Clean Development Mechanism CDR Central District Region CF Community Forest CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CFUG Community Forest User Group CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CO Carbon Monoxide CRU Climate Research Unit CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment DDC District Development Committee DFO District Forest Office DG Diesel Generating DHM Department of Hydrology and Metrology DHO District Health Office DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DOF Department of Forest DoHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology DoLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads DOS Department of Statistics DTMP District Transport Master Plan EA Executing Agency EDR Easter District Region EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMG Environmental Management Guidelines EMoP Environmental Monitoring Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Act EPR Environment Protection Rules ES Environmental Specialist FGD Focus Group Discussion FIDIC Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs Conseils GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gas GoN Government of Nepal GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GSM Global System for Mobile Communication IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature ILO International Labor Organization LRMP Land Resources Management Project LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas iii MCT Main Central Trust MFT Main Frontal Thrust MoFALD Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MoPE Ministry of Population and Environment MWDR Mid-Western Disrict Region NAAQS Nepal Ambient Air Quality Standard NEP Nepal NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOx Nitrogen Oxide NRN Nepal Road Network NRS Nepal Road Standard ODS Ozone Depleting Substance PCU Project Coordination Unit PHCC Primary Health Care Center PIP Priority Investment Plan PIU Project Implementation Unit PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana PPE Personal Protective Equipment RCIP Road Connectivity Improvement Project REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RoW Right of Way RRRSDP Rural Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Sector Development Program SEMP Specific Environmental Management Plan SRES Special Report on Emission Scenario SRN Strategic Road Network SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TA Technical Assistance TMO Transport Management Office TOR Terms of Reference UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VDC Village Development Committee WDR Western District Region This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. v WEIGHTS AND MEASURES dBA decibels A KWH Kilowatt-Hour K VA Kilo-Volt- Ampere ppb Parts Per Billion ppm Parts Per Million CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (AS OF 20 JUNE 2017) Currency Unit- Nepalese Rupee (NRs) $1=NRs 103.32 Notes: The Nepalese calendar year (B.S) runs from mid-April to mid-April. Unless otherwise stated, year ranges written in the form 2015/016 denote a single calendar year. The fiscal year (FY) of the Government ends on 15 July. FY before a calendar Year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends (For example, FY 2015 begins on 16 July 2014 and ends on 15 July 2015). Acts and Regulations are cited under the name of the ministry from which they originate. The official version of Acts and Regulations is published in the Nepal Gazette (in Nepali). Some Acts and Regulations are published by other Government agencies in English (Unofficial translations). TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. III WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ................................................................................................................ VI CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (AS OF 20 JUNE 2017) ........................................................................ VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1 I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 7 A. Project Background ............................................................................................................. 7 B. Rural Connectivity Improvement Project (RCIP) ................................................................ 7 C. Project Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1 D. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Objectives ............................................................ 1 E. Extent of IEE ....................................................................................................................... 1 F. Study Approach and Methodology ...................................................................................... 2 G. Reconnaissance Survey and Initial Consultations .............................................................. 2 1. Primary Data Collection ......................................................................................... 2 2. Secondary Data Collection .................................................................................... 2 3. Public Consultations .............................................................................................. 3 4. Other Tools, Additional Surveys and Studies ........................................................ 3 H. Structure of IEE Report ....................................................................................................... 3 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................. 4 A. Project Background ............................................................................................................. 4 B. Location of the Project ........................................................................................................ 4 C. Project Category ................................................................................................................. 1 D. Characteristics of Existing Roads ....................................................................................... 1 E. Improvement/Strengthening Proposal ................................................................................ 1 F. Traffic .................................................................................................................................. 1 G. Construction Material .......................................................................................................... 2 H. Cost and Implementation Schedule .................................................................................... 2 III. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................... 1 A. International Agreements and Commitments ..................................................................... 1 B. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 ............................................................................. 2 C. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scope of Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism for Better Water and Watershed Management in Bhaktapur
    Scope of Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism for better water and watershed management in Bhaktapur A Dissertation Submitted For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science Submitted By Medinee Prajapati Khwopa College Submitted To Department of Environmental Science Khwopa College (Affiliated to Tribhuvan University) Kathmandu, Nepal March, 2012 Scope of Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism for better water and watershed management in Bhaktapur A Dissertation Submitted For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science Submitted By Medinee Prajapati TU Registration No: 5-2-408-18-2004 Roll No: 558 Supervisor Dr. Laxman Joshi PES Specialist, ICIMOD Co-Supervisor Mr. Kamal Raj Gosai Submitted To Department of Environmental Science Khwopa College (Affiliated to Tribhuvan University) Kathmandu, Nepal March, 2012 Acknowledgements I extend my first and foremost gratitude to my respected supervisor Dr. Laxman Joshi of ICIMOD for his guidance, valuable suggestions, comments and encouragements during the period of my field study and thesis writing. I also express my sincere gratitude to my research co-supervisor Mr. Kamal Raj Gosai (M.Sc. Incharge, Khwopa College) for his support and inspiration. I appreciate the support that I received from Prof. Dr. Siddhi Bir Karmacharya (Chairman, Research Committee, Khwopa College). My sincere thanks also to thank Mr. Uttam Banju (Lab Assistant) for providing necessary materials for my thesis
    [Show full text]
  • COVID19 Reporting of Naukunda RM, Rasuwa.Pdf
    स्थानिय तहको विवरण प्रदेश जिल्ला स्थानिय तहको नाम Bagmati Rasuwa Naukunda Rural Mun सूचना प्रविधि अधिकृत पद नाम सम्पर्क नं. वडा ठेगाना कैफियत सूचना प्रविधि अधिकृतसुमित कुमार संग्रौला 9823290882 ६ गोसाईकुण्ड गाउँपालिका जिम्मेवार पदाधिकारीहरू क्र.स. पद नाम सम्पर्क नं. वडा ठेगाना कैफियत 1 प्रमुख प्रशासकीय अधिकृतनवदीप राई 9807365365 १३ विराटनगर, मोरङ 2 सामजिक विकास/ स्वास्थ्यअण प्रसाद शाखा पौडेल प्रमुख 9818162060 ५ शुभ-कालिका गाउँपालिका, रसुवा 3 सूचना अधिकारी डबल बहादुर वि.के 9804669795 ५ धनगढी उपमहानगरपालिका, कालिका 4 अन्य नितेश कुमार यादव 9816810792 ६ पिपरा गाउँपालिका, महोत्तरी 5 6 n विपद व्यवस्थापनमा सहयोगी संस्थाहरू क्र.स. प्रकार नाम सम्पर्क नं. वडा ठेगाना कैफियत 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n ारेाइन केको ववरण ID ारेाइन केको नाम वडा ठेगाना केन्द्रको सम्पर्क व्यक्तिसम्पर्क नं. भवनको प्रकार बनाउने निकाय वारेटाइन केको मता Geo Location (Lat, Long) Q1 गौतम बुद्ध मा.वि क्वारेन्टाइन स्थल ३ फाम्चेत नितेश कुमार यादव 9816810792 विध्यालय अन्य (वेड संया) 10 28.006129636870693,85.27118702477858 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Qn भारत लगायत विदेशबाट आएका व्यक्तिहरूको विवरण अधारभूत विवरण ारेाइन/अताल रफर वा घर पठाईएको ववरण विदेशबाट आएको हो भने मात्र कैिफयत ID नाम, थर लिङ्ग उमेर (वर्ष) वडा ठेगाना सम्पर्क नं.
    [Show full text]
  • NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 36188 November 2008 NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility) Prepared by: Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Volume 1: MAIN REPORT in association with KNOWLEDGE SUMMARY 1 The Government and the Asian Development Bank agreed to prepare the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP). They agreed that STIUEIP should support the goal of improved quality of life and higher economic growth in secondary towns of Nepal. The outcome of the project preparation work is a report in 19 volumes. 2 This first volume explains the rationale for the project and the selection of three towns for the project. The rationale for STIUEIP is the rapid growth of towns outside the Kathmandu valley, the service deficiencies in these towns, the deteriorating environment in them, especially the larger urban ones, the importance of urban centers to promote development in the regions of Nepal, and the Government’s commitments to devolution and inclusive development. 3 STIUEIP will support the objectives of the National Urban Policy: to develop regional economic centres, to create clean, safe and developed urban environments, and to improve urban management capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Transformation Around Koshi Hill Region: a Rural Development Perspective
    95 NJ: NUTA Agricultural Transformation around Koshi Hill Region: A Rural Development Perspective Tirtha Raj Timalsina Lecturer, Dhankuta Multiple Campus, Dhankuta Eastern Nepal Email for correspondence:[email protected] Abstract Agriculture is considered to be the basic segment and the backbone of developing economy. In the same way it is a prime and domonent sector of Nepalese rural livelihood. By considering this fact, the true value of rural development lies on the rapid transformation of existing agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of agricultural transformation for rural development of Koshi Hill Region (KHR) of eastern Nepal. Both the primary as well as secondary data and information have been used to obtain the required findings. The study reveals the fact that agriculture is inevitable for rural people and its transformation is essential for the development of rural areas and the nation as a whole. Including primarily to the road network, the development of infrastructure can play the detrimental role to change the backward and rural scenario of this country. Key words: Agricultural transformation, rural development, Koshi-Hill, essential, backbone, access. Conceptualization Agriculture is an important segment of traditional (feudal) economy, the transformation from feudalism to capitalism necessarily implies a transformation of agriculture (Lekhi, 2005). Thereby, agriculture is the prime occupation and also the backbone of most of the developing economies. The countries that are in the low profile of international comparision, no doubt they are moving on stagnat and backward agriculture with under or misutilized physical as well as human resources. The country which are backward and underdeveloped are not always facing the scarcity of resources but the techniques or to know how to manage the scarcely available means and reslurces is accepted as the principal understanding of development science.
    [Show full text]
  • Forests and Watershed Profile of Local Level (744) Structure of Nepal
    Forests and Watershed Profile of Local Level (744) Structure of Nepal Volumes: Volume I : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 1 Volume II : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 2 Volume III : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 3 Volume IV : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 4 Volume V : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 5 Volume VI : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 6 Volume VII : Forest & Watershed Profile of Province 7 Government of Nepal Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey Kathmandu July 2017 © Department of Forest Research and Survey, 2017 Any reproduction of this publication in full or in part should mention the title and credit DFRS. Citation: DFRS, 2017. Forests and Watershed Profile of Local Level (744) Structure of Nepal. Department of Forest Research and Survey (DFRS). Kathmandu, Nepal Prepared by: Coordinator : Dr. Deepak Kumar Kharal, DG, DFRS Member : Dr. Prem Poudel, Under-secretary, DSCWM Member : Rabindra Maharjan, Under-secretary, DoF Member : Shiva Khanal, Under-secretary, DFRS Member : Raj Kumar Rimal, AFO, DoF Member Secretary : Amul Kumar Acharya, ARO, DFRS Published by: Department of Forest Research and Survey P. O. Box 3339, Babarmahal Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977-1-4233510 Fax: 977-1-4220159 Email: [email protected] Web: www.dfrs.gov.np Cover map: Front cover: Map of Forest Cover of Nepal FOREWORD Forest of Nepal has been a long standing key natural resource supporting nation's economy in many ways. Forests resources have significant contribution to ecosystem balance and livelihood of large portion of population in Nepal. Sustainable management of forest resources is essential to support overall development goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Report on "Comminity Based Organizations(Cbos): Landscape
    Community Based Organizations (CBOs): Landscape, Capacity Assessment and Strengthening Strategy Study Report Prepared for PLAN Nepal Lalitpur, Nepal July, 2005 Democratizing civil society at grassroots SAGUN P.O. Box 7802, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 977 4247920, Fax: 9771 4229544 Email: [email protected] Community Based Organizations (CBOs): Landscape, Capacity Assessment and Strengthening Strategy Mukta S. Lama Suresh Dhakal Lagan Rai Study Report Prepared for PLAN Nepal Lalitpur, Nepal July, 2005 SAGUN P.O. Box 7802, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 977 4247920, Fax: 9771 4229544 Email: [email protected] ii Acknowledgements This report is a result of contribution of many people in multiple ways. Foremost, we extend our deepest and heartfelt gratitude to members of Community Based Organizations across the districts for sharing us with their time, insight and experiences. The study benefited greatly from support and cooperation of the Plan field staff and partner agencies in Sunsari, Morang, Makwanpur, Rautahat, Bara, and Banke districts and the Regional Operational Support Unit teams. We would like to thank Ms. Chhing Lamu Sherpa, Mr. Kalbhan Rai, Dr. Chandra K. Sen, Mr. R. P. Gupta and Krishna Ghimire for their valuable inputs on the study. Dr. Chandi Chapagai, Plan Nepal Country Training Coordinator deserves special thanks for coordinating the whole exercise. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Shobhakar Vaidhya for his keen interest, insightful comments and his enthusiasm for incorporating the learning into the institutional policies and procedures. Thanks are also due to the Ms. Minty Pande, Country Director for her encouragement and comments. Similarly we very much appreciate the support of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal
    SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Acknowledgements The completion of both this and the earlier feasibility report follows extensive consultation with the National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), World Food Programme (WFP), UNICEF, World Bank, and New ERA, together with members of the Statistics and Evidence for Policy, Planning and Results (SEPPR) working group from the International Development Partners Group (IDPG) and made up of people from Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), WFP, and the World Bank. WFP, UNICEF and the World Bank commissioned this research. The statistical analysis has been undertaken by Professor Stephen Haslett, Systemetrics Research Associates and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand and Associate Prof Geoffrey Jones, Dr. Maris Isidro and Alison Sefton of the Institute of Fundamental Sciences - Statistics, Massey University, New Zealand. We gratefully acknowledge the considerable assistance provided at all stages by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Special thanks to Bikash Bista, Rudra Suwal, Dilli Raj Joshi, Devendra Karanjit, Bed Dhakal, Lok Khatri and Pushpa Raj Paudel. See Appendix E for the full list of people consulted. First published: December 2014 Design and processed by: Print Communication, 4241355 ISBN: 978-9937-3000-976 Suggested citation: Haslett, S., Jones, G., Isidro, M., and Sefton, A. (2014) Small Area Estimation of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commissions Secretariat, World Food Programme, UNICEF and World Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Renewable Energy Project Implementation: Biogas and Improved Cook Stoves in the Village of Chhaling, Bhaktapur District, Nepal
    ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION: BIOGAS AND IMPROVED COOK STOVES IN THE VILLAGE OF CHHALING, BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL BY MARJORIE D. ELY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY Michigan Technological University 2005 The thesis: “Analysis of Renewable Energy Project Implementation: Biogas and Improved Cook Stoves in the Village of Chhaling, Bhaktapur District, Nepal” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Signatures: Advisor:______________________________ Blair Orr Dean:______________________________ Margaret Gale Date:______________________________ ii PREFACE After completing my Bachelors degree, I knew I was not destined for the business career it was assumed I would follow. I moved to the Sierra Mountains in California and began working outdoors. It would have been difficult for me not to become impassioned about the environment there. When I found the Master’s International Program in Forestry at MTU, it seemed the program was created for me. I was ready to learn how to make a difference in both community development and natural resource conservation……. A Community Development Story: Once upon a time, a development office helped build grain storage sheds in a community. Field workers observed rats getting into the sheds and spoke with the villagers about killing the rats. The villagers did not believe it was worth the effort. The agency staff decided to give a small fee for each dead rat as an incentive to kill them. So, people began killing rats and getting paid by the office.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal: the Maoists’ Conflict and Impact on the Rights of the Child
    Asian Centre for Human Rights C-3/441-C, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058, India Phone/Fax: +91-11-25620583; 25503624; Website: www.achrweb.org; Email: [email protected] Embargoed for: 20 May 2005 Nepal: The Maoists’ conflict and impact on the rights of the child An alternate report to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child on Nepal’s 2nd periodic report (CRC/CRC/C/65/Add.30) Geneva, Switzerland Nepal: The Maoists’ conflict and impact on the rights of the child 2 Contents I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 4 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................. 5 III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES .............................................................................. 15 ARTICLE 2: NON-DISCRIMINATION ......................................................................... 15 ARTICLE 6: THE RIGHT TO LIFE, SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT .......................... 17 IV. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS............................................................ 17 ARTICLE 7: NAME AND NATIONALITY ..................................................................... 17 Case 1: The denial of the right to citizenship to the Badi children. ......................... 18 Case 2: The denial of the right to nationality to Sikh people ................................... 18 Case 3: Deprivation of citizenship to Madhesi community ...................................... 18 Case 4: Deprivation of citizenship right to Raju Pariyar........................................
    [Show full text]
  • 12Th Annual Report 075/076
    12th Annual Report 075/076 ljifo–;"rL != afx|f}+ ;fwf/0f ;ef ;DaGwL ;"rgf ! @= ;fwf/0f;ef ;DaGwL ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lx? @ #= k|f]S;L kmf/d tyf k|j]zkq # $= ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] k|ltj]bg % %= ;+rfns ;ldltaf6 k|:t't cf=j= @)&%÷&^ sf] k|ltj]bg & ^= sDkgL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !)( cg';f/sf] cltl/Qm ljj/0f !@ &= lwtf]kq btf{ tyf lgisfzg lgodfjnL, @)&# sf] lgod @^ sf] pklgod @ ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL !% adf]lhdsf] jflif{s ljj/0f !$ *= n]vfkl/Ifssf] k|ltj]bg !% (= ljQLo cj:yfsf] ljj/0f -jf;nft_ !& !)= gfkmf gf]S;fg ljj/0f !* !!= cGo lj:t[t cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f !( !@= OlSj6Ldf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] ljj/0f @) !#= gub k|jfx ljj/0f @@ !$= k|d'v n]vf gLltx? tyf n]vf ;DaGwL l6Kk0fLx? @$ !%= ljlQo ljj/0fsf cg';"rLx? $! !^= Basel III pb\3f]if0f / cGo ljj/0fx? ^$ !&= )=%Ü eGbf dfly z]o/ ePsf z]o/wgLx?sf] ;"rL *) !*= n]vfkl/If0f gePsf] ljQLo ljj/0f *! !(= n]vfkl/If0f gePsf] / n]vfkl/If0f kl5sf] t'ngfTds ljQLo ljj/0f *$ @)= ljQLo ;"rsf+sx? *^ @!= g]kfn /fi6« a+}ssf] :jLs[lt kq *& @@= k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] tLg dxn] ljj/0f ** 12th Annual Report 075/076 12th Annual Report 075/076 s]Gb|Lo sfof{noM sdnkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+} sf] afx|f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef ;DaGwL ;"rgf ldlt @)&^÷)(÷)# -tb\g';f/ !( l8;]Dj/, @)!(_ ut] a;]sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] #*& cf}+ a}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ o; a}+ssf] afx|f}+ aflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef lgDg lnlvt ldlt, :yfg / ;dodf lgDg ljifox¿ pk/ 5nkmn tyf lg0f{o ug{ a:g] ePsf] x'“bf cfb/0fLo ;Dk"0f{ z]o/wgL dxfg'efjx¿sf] pkl:yltsf]nflu cg'/f]w ub{5' .
    [Show full text]
  • What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers' Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal?
    sustainability Article What Determines Indigenous Chepang Farmers’ Swidden Land-Use Decisions in the Central Hill Districts of Nepal? Sharif A. Mukul 1,2,3,* and Anja Byg 4 1 Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4556, Australia 2 Centre for Research on Land-Use Sustainability, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh 3 Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA 4 Social, Economic and Geographical Science Group, The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-041-664-8544 Received: 28 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020 Abstract: Swidden or shifting cultivation is a widespread yet controversial land-use in the tropical forest–agriculture frontier. In recent years, the extent of land under swidden and the people who rely on it for subsistence and income have declined. We report swidden land-use changes in two central hill districts of Nepal by indigenous Chepang communities—a stronghold of swidden cultivation in mountainous Nepal. Despite a common trend of swidden decline, as in other parts of South and Southeast Asia, we found that swidden is important in the life and livelihoods of smallholder rural Chepang farmers in the area. Swidden cultivation was found to be more important to farmers with limited off-farm opportunities and in areas where alternative land-uses were scarce. We discuss biophysical, socio-economic, institutional, and other key drivers affecting farmers’ decision to shift away from or continue with swidden in the area. Using linear mixed effect models, we also examined households’ attributes that may expedite swidden decisions in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • District Transport Master Plan (DTMP)
    Government of Nepal District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR) District Development Committee, Morang February 2013 Prepared by the District Technical Office (DTO) for Morang with Technical Assistance from the Department of Local Infrastructure and Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR), Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development and grant supported by DFID i FOREWORD It is my great pleasure to introduce this District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) of Morang district especially for district road core network (DRCN). I believe that this document will be helpful in backstopping to Rural Transport Infrastructure Sector Wide Approach (RTI SWAp) through sustainable planning, resources mobilization, implementation and monitoring of the rural road sub-sector development. The document is anticipated to generate substantial employment opportunities for rural people through increased and reliable accessibility in on- farm and off-farm livelihood diversification, commercialization and industrialization of agriculture sector. In this context, rural road sector will play a fundamental role to strengthen and promote overall economic growth of this district through established and improved year round transport services reinforcing intra and inter-district linkages . Therefore, it is most crucial in executing rural road networks in a planned way as per the District Transport Master Plan (DTMP) by considering the framework of available resources in DDC comprising both internal and external sources. Viewing these aspects, DDC Morang has prepared the DTMP by focusing most of the available resources into upgrading and maintenance of the existing road networks. This document is also been assumed to be helpful to show the district road situations to the donor agencies through central government towards generating needy resources through basket fund approach.
    [Show full text]