Acute Food Insecurity Situation in Sindh

Results of IPC Food Insecurity Analysis for Jamshoro, Sanghar, Umerkot and Tharparkar Districts of Sindh

IPC Global Partners

With the support of

OBJECTIVES OF IPC ACUTE FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS

• Assess the acute food insecurity situation in 4 drought prone districts in Sindh (Jamshoro, Sanghar, Tharparkar and Umerkot)

• Classify areas based on the prevalence of acute food insecurity

• Identify major contributing factors to acute food insecurity

• Indicate implications for response planning METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS

• Due to absence of recent secondary data for acute analysis, primary data was collected through Livelihood and Food Security Assessment (LFSA) during April/May 2017 • Training on tool of LFSA from April 20-22, 2017 • Data collection by experienced field staff of member organization of FSWG including Bureau of Statistics (BoS)-Sindh from April 23 to May 06, 2017 • District teams supervised by experienced staff of BoS-Sindh • Monitoring of data collection by staff of BoS-Sindh, FAO and WFP • Data entry led by staff of FAO • Data analysis by data analysts of IPC RSU, FAO, WFP and BoS • Training on IPC Acute Analysis from May 18-21, 2017 • IPC Acute Analysis workshop from May 22-24, 2017 • IPC Acute Analysis Report - reviewed by IPC Regional and Global Support Unit • Presentation of the IPC Acute findings – presentation of results to different government and non-government workshops

INDICATORS USED IN IPC ACUTE FOOD INSECURITY ANALYSIS

• Food consumption-food consumption score, sources of food, minimum dietary diversity • Expenditure on food • Iodized salt consumption • No. of meals eaten yesterday • Household hunger score • Child feeding- minimum dietary diversity, minimum meals frequency • Health and Nutrition- Nutritional status (GAM status) of under 5 children, Nutritional status of PLW, prevalence of disability, distance to health facility, problems in accessing health care • Assets- ownership of physical and productive assets • Land- ownership and cultivation, sufficiency of own produced cereals, water availability for agriculture • Livestock- ownership, deaths, sale • Income quintiles • Sources of Livelihood- agriculture, non-agriculture, sustainable, unsustainable • Reduced coping strategies (rCSI) • Livelihood coping strategies • Debt- source, reasons, outstanding amount • Migration • Water- Access to improved sources of water, time to collect water, quality measures to improve water, • Sanitation- Access to improved sanitation • Exposure to natural shocks/hazards (flood, drought etc) • Housing-ownership status, # of rooms, cooking fuel, access to electricity • Assistance received

DATA SOURCES

• Livelihood and Food Security Assessment (LFSA) 2017 • SMART Survey (Jamshoro, Tharparkar) • National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) • Crop Production • Livestock Production • Food Stocks • Prices

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

Of the total population in 4 districts,

• 26% is estimated to be in Phase 4 (Emergency Acute Food Insecurity) • 24% in Phase 3 (Crisis Acute Food Insecurity) • 23% in Phase 2 (Stressed Acute Food Insecurity) and • 27% in Phase 1 (Minimal Acute Food Insecurity)

• Out of 4 districts analysed,  3 (Tharparkar, Jamshoro, and Sanghar) are classified as Phase 4 or Emergency Phase, because based on the analysis of outcome and contributing factors, 20% or more population in these district was in Phase 4.  1 district (Umerkot) is classified in Phase 3 or Crisis

IPC ACUTE FOOD INSECURITY IN 4 DISTRICTS OF SINDH, PAKISTAN

Avg. No of Acres of Land Owned and Avg. No of Acres of Land Owned and Cultivated Cultivated

6.0 3.9

3.1 1.9 1.9 2.6 2.5 1.9 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Non-arid area Desert/Arid area

Land Ownership (Number of Acres of Agricultural Land Ownership (Number of Acres of Agricultural Land Land Owned) Owned) Land Cultivation (Number of Acres Cultivated) Land Cultivation (Number of Acres Cultivated) Land Ownership Distribution (# of Acres)

5% 5% 13% 12% 4% 9% 7% 16% 8% 23% 5% 6% 8% 3% 8% 7% 6% 12% 8% 7% 8%

83% 83% 80% 74% 68% 69% 61%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Non-arid area Desert/Arid area District Arid/Non-arid Area

0 Acres 1-2 Acres 3-4 Acres 5+ Acres Number of Months Owned Produced Cereals from Last Season were Sufficient for Household Consumption (Avg.) 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.4 2.4 2.5 1.2 1.6 0.7

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Non-arid area Desert/Arid Women Men area District Arid/Non-arid Area Gender of Head of Household

Number of Months Owned Produced Cereals from Last Season were Sufficient for Household Consumption Overall 36% 11% 7% 45%

Umerkot 57% 6% 1% 37%

Tharparkar 7% 17% 16% 60%

Sanghar 60% 12% 28%

Jamshoro 60% 4% 35%

>3 months 2-3 months 1 month No cereals stock available Number of Months Own Produced Cereals from Last Season Were Sufficient for Household Consumption

Desert/Arid area 17% 13% 11% 59%

Non-arid area 68% 9% 23%

>3 months 2-3 months 1 month No cereals stock available

Number of Months Own Produced Cereals from Last Season Were Sufficient for Household Consumption

Men 37% 11% 7% 45%

Women 23% 15% 10% 52%

>3 months 2-3 months 1 month No cereals stock available

Ownership of Livestock/Poultry by Households

92%

72%

67%

58%

47%

35%

34%

30%

28%

26%

21%

18%

17%

16%

15%

14%

13%

12%

10%

Overall

Sanghar

Umerkot

Jamshoro Tharparkar

Cows Buffalos Camels Goats Sheep Donkeys Poultry birds

Ownership of Livestock/Poultry by Households

88%

76%

60%

33%

32%

28%

22%

16%

13%

12%

11%

10%

Rural

Urban

Non-arid area Non-arid Desert/Arid area Desert/Arid Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

Cows Buffalos Camels Goats Sheep Donkeys Poultry birds Percentage of Livestock/Poultry Died During Percentage of Livestock/Poultry Died During Past Six Months Past Six Months

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Non-arid area Desert/Arid area 0

-5

-10 -6 -8 -8 -9 -15 -10

-20 -15 -16 -25 -18 -19 -30 -21 -21 -23 -35 -27 Cows Buffalos Camels Cows Buffalos Camels Goats Sheep Donkeys Goats Sheep Donkeys Poultry birds Poultry birds Food Consumption Score

24% 38% 44% 40% 42% 50% 47% 55% 55%

30%

24% 28% 26% 27% 22% 26% 25% 25%

46% 36% 34% 29% 28% 31% 27% 19% 20%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

Poor Borderline Acceptable Food Consumption Score

33% 31% 35% 39% 41% 45% 46% 50% 48% 60% 66% 26% 29% 32% 24% 26% 25% 27% 24% 27% 25% 24% 43% 33% 37% 33% 38% 30% 27% 26% 25%

14% 10%

Rich

Men

Poor

Middle

Women

Very rich Very

Very poor Very

Agriculture

Sustainable

Unsustainable Non-Agriculture Gender of head of Status of primary Primary sources of Income Quintiles household sources of livelihood livelihood

Poor Borderline Acceptable Share of Food in Total Household Expenditure

29% 41% 38% 41% 45% 43% 46% 41% 41%

36% 29% 32% 29% 30% 28% 26% 28% 27%

26% 19% 20% 18% 17% 17% 22% 19% 20%

10% 11% 9% 11% 10% 7% 11% 10% 12%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

< 50% 50%-65% 65%-75% >75% Share of Food in Total Household Expenditure

28% 33% 37% 42% 47% 43%

26%

35% 30% 28% 30% 28% 27%

22% 23% 19% 16% 19% 19% 9% 11% 9% 11% 9%

Women Men Unsustainable Sustainable Agriculture Non-Agriculture Gender of head of household Status of primary sources of livelihood Primary sources of livelihood

< 50% 50%-65% 65%-75% >75% Minimum Dietary Diversity of Women Minimum Dietary Diversity of Women (MDD- (MDD-W) W) based on 10 food groups based on 10 food groups 38% 37% 35% 40% 39% 29% 29%

23% 30%

25%

17%

Men

Rural

Urban

Women

Non-arid area Non-arid Desert/arid Desert/arid Area Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area Gender of head of Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot household Minimum Dietary Diversity of Women (MDD-W) based on 10 food groups

49% 43%

34% 31% 33% 28% 28% 25%

21%

Rich

Poor

Middle

Very rich Very

Very poor Very

Agriculture

Sustainable

Unsustainable Non-Agriculture Status of primary sources of Primary sources of Income Quintiles livelihood livelihood Percentage of Children Age 6-23 Months with Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD)

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Household Hunger Score

1 1 3 1 10 15 23 23 18 43

28 33 47

17 72

48 44 37 38

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot

% of households with HHS of 0 (None-Phase 1) % of households with HHS of 1 (Slight-Phase 2) % of households with HHS of 2-3 (Moderate-Phase 3) % of households with HHS of 4-6 (Severe-Phase 4) Household Hunger Score

1 1 2 1 20 25 22 41

21 30 35

52 49 42 39

Non-arid area Desert/arid Area Women Men Desert/Arid Status Gender of head of household

22% 27% 26% 26% 30% 32% 31% 39% 34%

20% 19% 29% 28% 25% 27% 27% 26% 25%

58% 55% 45% 44% 42% 46% 37% 41% 39%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

No/Low Medium High Reduced Coping Strategies

19% 28% 30% 30% 32% 40% 19%

26% 22% 32% 26% 19%

62% 45% 49% 41% 38% 42%

Women Men Unsustainable Sustainable Agriculture Non-Agriculture Gender of head of household Status of primary sources of livelihood Primary sources of livelihood

No/Low Medium High Livelihood Coping Strategies

30% 29% 28% 26% 34% 33% 35% 45% 42%

22% 22% 26% 21% 26% 25% 25% 25% 30% 22% 32% 28% 30% 26% 37% 26% 23% 15% 23% 21% 15% 17% 18% 10% 10% 14% 10%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

HH not adopting coping strategies HH adopting stress coping strategies HH adopting crisis coping strategies HH adopting emergencies coping strategies Livelihood Coping Strategies

29% 25% 36% 34% 36% 42%

23% 25% 25% 27% 25% 24% 30% 29% 26% 26% 25% 21%

22% 13% 15% 13% 16% 14%

Women Men Unsustainable Sustainable Agriculture Non-Agriculture Gender of head of household Status of primary sources of livelihood Primary sources of livelihood

HH not adopting coping strategies HH adopting stress coping strategies HH adopting crisis coping strategies HH adopting emergencies coping strategies Distance to Food Markets

7% 13% 16% 12% 14% 23% 25% 5% 19% 14% 14% 38% 7% 16% 49% 14% 16% 16% 25% 9% 24% 14% 14% 16% 12% 11% 75% 8% 58% 57% 49% 49% 51% 43% 37% 31%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

0 to 5 KM 6 to 10 KM 11 to 20 KM >20 KM

Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Children Age 6-59 Months

22.3%

22.2%

20.9%

20.2%

20.1%

19.6%

19.4%

17.8%

17.4%

16.8%

16.7%

16.0%

15.8%

13.8%

11.5%

4.3%

4.0%

3.6%

3.4%

3.3%

2.8% 2.0%

Overall Jamshoro Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid Desert/arid District Urban/Rural Arid/Non-Arid Area

Prevalence of SAM children Prevalence of MAM children Prevalence of GAM children

Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Children Age 6-59 Months

25.8%

23.5%

20.7%

20.2%

19.3%

18.8%

18.6%

17.1%

16.9%

16.0%

15.8%

15.5%

3.6%

3.5%

3.4%

3.1%

2.8% 2.3%

Women Men Unsustainable Sustainable Agriculture Non-Agriculture Gender of head of household Status of primary sources of livelihood Primary sources of livelihood

Prevalence of SAM children Prevalence of MAM children Prevalence of GAM children

Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Children Age 6-59 Months

22.9%

20.3%

19.6%

19.4%

18.3%

17.8%

17.5%

16.7%

16.3%

15.2%

5.1%

3.3%

3.0%

2.8% 2.6%

Very rich Rich Middle Poor Very poor Income Quintiles

Prevalence of SAM children Prevalence of MAM children Prevalence of GAM children Prevalence of Malnutrition Among PLW Prevalence of Malnutrition Among PLW

16.6% 15.1% 14.8% 15.4% 14.7% 15.3% 13.9% 13.8% 19.6% 17.1% 15.9% 14.5% 14.1%

10.2%

Men

Rural

Urban

Overall

Women

Umerkot

Jamshoro

Tharparkar

Agriculture

Sustainable

Non-arid area Non-arid

Unsustainable

Non-Agriculture Desert/arid Desert/arid area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Gender of head of Status of primary Primary sources of Area household sources of livelihood livelihood Avg. Distance to Mostly Accessed Health Facilities (KMs)

22.8 21.8

15.7

13.2 13.4

10.5

6.8 5.8

2.2

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/arid area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area Problems in Accessing Health Care

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid area Desert/Arid area District Urban/Rural Desert/Arid Area

No problem Long distance High cost of services Transport not available Medicines not available Type of Housing

3% 2% 3% 1% 4% 3% 2% 3% 2% 11% 12% 10% 18% 14% 22% 24% 35% 44% 19% 30% 37% 29% 33% 50% 36% 25% 28% 26% 21% 27% 23% 21% 20% 18% 13% 18% 41% 31% 27% 22% 23% 15% 20% 18% 17%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid Area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Area Desert/Arid Area Pakka hosue Semi pakka house Kacha House Chonra Wooden/Other Type of Housing 4% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 3% 5% 9% 8% 20% 22% 17% 22% 24% 25% 28% 25% 19% 30% 18%

29% 27% 32% 28% 37% 35% 26% 36% 35% 38% 43% 23% 20% 21% 22% 20% 23% 21% 44% 17% 45% 14% 29% 29% 17% 23% 18%

11% 14% 14% 14%

Rich

Poor

Male

Middle

Female

Very rich Very

Very poor Very

Agriculture

Sustainable

Unsustainable Non-Agriculture Gender of head of Status of primary Primary sources of Income Quintiles household sources of livelihood livelihood

Pakka hosue Semi pakka house Kacha House Chonra Wooden/Other Access to Water

11% 18% 15% 17% 22% 21% 23% 34% 34% 13% 19% 15% 18% 29% 22% 14% 25% 21% 23% 12% 27% 26% 18% 24% 18%

12% 12% 57% 49% 46% 47% 38% 32% 34% 27% 29%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid Desert/Arid Area Area District Urban/Rural Area Desert/Arid Area

In the house/comound Less than 10 minutes walk 10-30 minutes walk More than 30 minutes walk Households Used Any Measure to Improve Quality of Drinking Water

52% 50% 50%

46% 45% 41% 40%

30%

19%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid Area Desert/Arid Area District Urban/Rural Area Desert/Arid Area Type of Toilet

32% 43% 41% 41% 51% 57% 55% 62% 61% 14% 3% 16% 15% 18% 6% 15% 5% 7% 5% 9% 12% 15% 8% 5% 5% 14% 3% 15% 2% 8% 4% 4% 6% 3% 5% 7% 4% 5% 5% 14% 38% 2% 7% 3% 26% 24% 4% 26% 7% 18% 11% 12% 13% 10%

Overall Jamshoro Sanghar Tharparkar Umerkot Urban Rural Non-arid Desert/Arid Area Area District Urban/Rural Area Desert/Arid Area Flush System (Linked to Sewerage Flush (Linked to Septic Tank) Flush (Connected to open drain) Dry raised latrine Pit Latrine Open Field KEY FINDINGS

• Overall , food availability was not found to be a major limiting factor • Production levels consistent across the 4 districts • Markets found to be fully functional. • Poor levels of food consumption and high rates of malnutrition are linked to issues of food access and utilization. • Households have high reliance on unsustainable livelihood sources • Low income levels • Debt accumulation • Low levels of quality of food consumption • Poor access to improved water and sanitation

IPC LOCAL PARTNERS

• Ministry of National Food Security & Research • Save the Children • Ministry of Planning, Development & Reforms • TRDP • Ministry of Health Services and Regulation • IFPRI Pakistan • Pakistan Bureau of Statistics • SDPI • National Agriculture Research Council • SDF • Pakistan Agriculture Research Council • AWKUM • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) • Welthungerhilfe • National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) • SAFWCO • Planning & Development Department-Sindh • Pakistan Food Security Cluster/Working Group • Bureau of Statistics-Sindh • UN Agencies (FAO, WFP, UNICEF, OCHA) • Provincial Nutrition Cell-Sindh • ECHO-Financial Support • Agriculture Extension Department-Sindh • Livestock Department-Sindh • Women Development-Sindh • Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA), Sindh • Food Department-Sindh • Action Against Hunger (ACF) • Concern Worldwide

THANK YOU

LIVELIHOOD AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT (LFSA) 2017 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE

JAMSHORO SANGHAR THARPARKAR UMERKOT Sub-district Sub-district Sub-district Sub-district (Taluka/Tehsil) Share (Taluka/tehsil) Share (Taluka/tehsil) Share (Taluka/tehsil) Share Kotri 32% Jam Nawaz Ali 9% Chachro 18% Kunri 23% Manjhand 19% Khipro 26% Dahli 9% Pithoro 9% Sehwan 25% Sanghar 26% Diplo 18% Samaro 23% Thana Bula Khan 24% Shahdadpur 13% Islamkot 9% Umerkot 45%

Sinjhoro 8% Mithi 27% Tando Adam 17% Nagarparkar 18%

JAMSHORO SANGHAR THARPARKAR UMERKOT Overall Urban 29% 21% 9% 18% 19% Urban/Rural Rural 71% 79% 91% 82% 81% Non-Arid Area 29% 78% 0% 61% 41% Desert/Arid Area Desert/Arid Area 71% 22% 100% 39% 59% Gender of head of Female 18% 19% 11% 8% 14% household Male 82% 81% 89% 92% 86%

LFSA Sample: 4 districts, 20 sub-districts (Talukas/Tehsils), 89 PSUs (17 urban, 72 rural), 1573 households, 1075 PLW, 1343 children age 6-59 months (681 children age 6-23 months)