Youth Indicators 2005: Trends in the Well Being of American
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Youth Indicators 2005 Trends in the Well-Being of American Youth U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences NCES 2005–050 Youth Indicators 2005 Trends in the Well-Being of American Youth U.S. Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences NCES 2005–050 July 2005 Mary Ann Fox Brooke A. Connolly Education Statistics Services Institute Thomas D. Snyder National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education Margaret Spellings Secretary Institute of Education Sciences Grover J. Whitehurst Director National Center for Education Statistics Grover J. Whitehurst Acting Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries. NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to: National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences U.S. Department of Education 1990 K Street NW Washington, DC 20006–5651 July 2005 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page address is http://nces.ed.gov The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch Suggested Citation Fox, M.A., Connolly, B.A., and Snyder, T.D. (2005).Youth Indicators 2005: Trends in the Well-Being of American Youth, (NCES 2005–050). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. For ordering information on this report, write: U.S. Department of Education ED Pubs P.O. Box 1398 Jessup, MD 20794–1398 Call toll free 1–877–4ED–Pubs; or order online at www.edpubs.org Content Contact: Thomas D. Snyder (202) 502–7452 [email protected] ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The National Center for Education Statistics Hoffman (formerly), Bela Shah (formerly), Erik (NCES) produced Youth Indicators 2005 with the Johnson (formerly), Jennifer Anderson (formerly), contributions of many people. Thomas Snyder Lauren Gilbertson, and Kara Lindstrom of Edu- (NCES) oversaw the development and produc- cation Statistics Services Institute (ESSI) pro- tion of the publication. Val Plisko and Katie Free- vided research support and statistical assis- man also provided their expertise in the general tance. Elina Hartwell designed the cover, and development of Youth Indicators 2005. the Communication Design Team within ESSI pro- A number of individuals outside NCES also vided typesetting services. deserve recognition for their work on the report. This edition of Youth Indicators has received An expert group helped identify important and reviews by individuals within and outside the relevant topics for this report. We thank them for Department of Education. We wish to thank them their invaluable contributions to this project: for their time and expert advice. Within the De- Leonard Bickman, Tom Smith, and Claire partment, we thank Marilyn Seastrom, Kathryn Smrekar of Vanderbilt University; Thomas Farmer Chandler, James Griffith, Alean Miller, William of the University of North Carolina, Center for Hussar, and Duc-Le To. In addition, outside the Developmental Science; Brian Flay of the Uni- Department, we thank Laura Salganik, Tom versity of Illinois; Gary Gottfredson of the Uni- Nachazel, Ruth Atchison, David Miller, Linda versity of Maryland; Janet Hansen of the Com- Shafer, Deven Carlson, Ben Dalton, Nina mittee for Economic Development; Mark Long Emerson, Robert Stillwell, Gerard Rainville, Ja- of the George Washington University; and Leanna son Sellers (formerly), Erin Gammill (formerly), Stiefel of New York University, Robert F. Wagner and Ellen Carey (formerly) from ESSI for review- Graduate School of Public Service. Linda ing the manuscript. Hamilton, Benjamin Young (formerly), Kathryn iii Page is intentionally left blank. iv CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... x Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Highlights ................................................................................................................................. 3 DEMOGRAPHICS 1. Number of Young Persons .................................................................................................. 8 2. Population Projections of Young Persons ..........................................................................10 3. Living Arrangements of Young Adults................................................................................12 4. Marriage ............................................................................................................................ 14 5. Family Formation ..............................................................................................................16 6. Births ................................................................................................................................18 7. Timing of Parenthood ........................................................................................................20 8. Births to Unmarried Females ............................................................................................22 SCHOOL-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS 9. School Enrollment .............................................................................................................26 10. Race/Ethnicity of Students ...............................................................................................28 11. Pupil/Teacher Ratios and Expenditures per Student .......................................................... 30 12. Trends in Coursetaking ......................................................................................................32 13. Reading Proficiency ..........................................................................................................34 14. International Reading Achievement ...................................................................................36 15. Mathematics Proficiency...................................................................................................38 16. Science Proficiency ..........................................................................................................40 17. International Mathematics and Science Achievement ....................................................... 42 18. Educational Aspirations .................................................................................................... 44 19. Dropouts ...........................................................................................................................46 20. School Completion ............................................................................................................48 21. Mathematics and Educational Attainment .........................................................................50 22. College Enrollment ............................................................................................................52 23. International Higher Education Enrollment ........................................................................54 24. College Costs ................................................................................................................... 56 25. Degrees Conferred ............................................................................................................58 v EMPLOYMENT-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS 26. Employment of 16- and 17-Year-Old Students ..................................................................62 27. Employment of Young Adults ............................................................................................64 28. Unemployment of Young Adults ........................................................................................ 66 29. Employment of High School Completers ...........................................................................68 30. Employment of College Students ......................................................................................70 31. Labor Force Participation of Dropouts ..............................................................................