DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION

ENTWICKLUNG UND ZUSAMMENARBEIT

International Journal

ISSN 2366-7257

Monthly e-Paper May 2016

Multilateral finance Digital technology Migrants The aspirations of the The World Bank Why Bangladeshis go African Development emphasises the abroad and what they Bank’s new president analogue foundations experience

Souza/picture-alliance/NurPhoto The power of sports Title: Usain Bolt during London Olympics in 2012. Photo: picture-alliance/dpa

Focus: Editorial The power of sports Games in times of crisis

Great runners The Rio Olympics were supposed to be a special moment of Dilma Rousseff’s presidency in Brazil. Now legislators have started impeach- Jamaica’s achievements in track and field sports are ment proceedings, however, and it is uncertain whether she will still be in legendary. Usain Bolt and many other Olympic gold medal power when the games begin in August. winners are from this Caribbean nation. Local coaches spot promising talents, but they lack funding. Jamaican When the Olympic games and the Football World Cup were awarded to their coach Everton Leslie discussed matters in an interview. country years ago, Brazilians celebrated. They felt that their nation was In Kenya too, many young athletes hope to join the finally being recognised globally. The mood has turned sour however. After country’s world-famous long-distance team,as journalist a long boom, Brazil’s economy is now in deep recession, and masses of pro- Isaac Sagala reports. Page 14, 16 testors are rallying against corruption and government failure. Earning respect It currently looks as though some sports facilities may not be ready in time. Some major infrastructure projects are running late too. The sense of frus- Twenty years ago, Christopher Minko founded the tration is strong, but organisers promise that the games will go well, and to Cambodian National Volleyball League (Disabled). It was gather from similar experiences in other Olympic cities, that will probably the country’s first comprehensive sports programme for turn out to be true. With some luck, the games will even boost Brazil’s self- people with a disability. In an interview, he told Bophea confidence. What is sure is that the eyes of the world will be on Rio. Global Smith about the NGO’s history. Page 18 sports events fascinate billions of people. It is exciting to watch top athletes compete, and people take pride in winners from their own country. Those Money matters who come home with medals are celebrated, and governments hope that pride in athletes will boost their own standing. Cricket has become big business in India. What was once a game people played in their communities, is now Sports and physical exercise matter far beyond such considerations, of a highly competitive and divisive spectator sport, writes course. Exercising serves physical fitness as well as mental health, reducing Faiz Ullah of the Mumbai-based Tata Institute of Social feelings of despair and strengthening self-confidence. Fair play is an impor- Sciences. Page 20 tant principle in all areas of social life, not only sports. Team sports, more- over, help to build team spirit. Social acceptance, personal acknowledgement The basics of compliance and ideas of attractiveness are linked to the body. Accordingly, the Paralym- pics are probably the single most important regular event that promotes the Fair play is a sports principle, but doping, manipulation social inclusion of people with disabilities. and corruption are all too common. Coordinated action is needed to improve things, argues Sylvia Schenk of Trans- Sports excitement has dark sides, however. Doping is one. Some athletes parency International Germany. Page 23 abuse pharmaceuticals to perform better. All too often, they are egged on by their governmental or corporate sponsors. Corruption distorts results. Hope and despair Many Brazilians are angry because the Rio Olympics will cost the equivalent The Olympic Games are drawing attention to Rio de of some € 8.7 billion. They certainly have a point in that some money is prob- Janeiro. The local people want to see substantial progress ably syphoned off and that Brazil remains a dramatically unequal society. in their city. Julia Jaroschewski who specialises in urban That said, most of the investment makes sense for the city’s future, and its development gives account. Page 26 infrastructure has been improved. The run up to the Olympics was an oppor- tunity to tackle large-scale urban challenges, and the Football World Cup Mental dimensions served that purpose in other cities as well. Without the sports event, urban planning would have been less ambitious and less effective. Physical exercise helps to free the soul, so it does more than serve physical fitness. In the Democratic Republic of Brazil has big problems. Corruption is one, but the Olympics are not. An the Congo (DRC), a faith-based organisation is running a irony of the impeachment proceedings is that the president is not accused of sports and exercise programme, helping traumatised personal wrongdoing, while many politicians who are driving the impeach- women and girls to regain self-confidence as well as ment process are. Rousseff’s party is not clean, but nor are the other politi- control of their body. Susanne Bischoff of Brot für die cal parties. It would be best to let the courts deal with the criminal cases Welt, a Protestant NGO, assesses the matter. To boost and let voters draw political conclusions when they next go to the polls. The girls’ self-confidence, moreover, boxing can prove useful. impeachement drama is a symptom of exaggerated politicisation. The talk Whether in Berlin’s multicultural Kreuzberg neighbour- of systemic disaster is dangerous as it hood or in rough areas of African agglomerations, my prove self-fulfilling. It would make Hans Dembowski participants in Boxgirls programmes become self-assured more sense to keep calm, carry on is editor in chief of D+C Development – and able to bring about change in society. Theresa and let the judiciary do its work. That and Cooperation / E+Z Entwicklung und Krinninger, a journalist, outlines the approach. approach would be in line with demo- Zusammenarbeit. Page 29, Page 32 cratic principles, including fair play. [email protected]

2 D+C e-Paper May 2016 In German in E+Z D+C May 2016 Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit. Tribune Both language versions at www.DandC.eu

Monitor: 4 Conventional thinking on international relations is distorted / Violence the poor experience every day / Deceptive quiet in Burundi / Investments in renewable energy infrastructure keep rising / Nowadays: Teenage pregnancies in Zambia / Imprint / How transatlantic coopeartion could boost global food security

Focus: The power of sports Interview with Everton Leslie Jamaica’s track and field athletes: “They want to be the next Usain Bolt” 14 Abir Abdullah/picture-alliance/dpa Isaac Sagala Kenyans race to the top 16 Exploited migrants

Interview with Christopher Minko Millions of Bangladeshis have left their country. Disabilities: Cambodian mine victims compete in volley ball Many are exploited and even live in conditions world championships 18 reminiscent of slavery. Laws do not protect them. Ridwanul Hoque, a law professor, assesses the Faiz Ullah matter. Page 37 Money matters – how cricket became big business in India 20 Unleashing entrepreneurship Interview with Sylvia Schenk Systematic international coordination is needed to Akinwumi Adesina, the president of the African fight corruption 23 Development Bank, elaborates why he wants economies to diversify and why young Africans must Julia Jaroschewski be employed in Africa. Page 34 Preparing for the Olympic Games: hope and despair in Rio de Janeiro 26

Susanne Bischoff Exercising helps traumatised women in the DR Congo to regain Debate physical strength and personal self-confidence 29

Theresa Krinninger Boxing can make girls assertive, empowering them to change society– in Berlin, Cape Town and Nairobi 32

Tribune: Interview with Akinwumi Adesina The president of African Development Bank wants young Africans to find work in Africa 34 Yassine Gaidi/AA/picture-alliance Yassine Hans Dembowski Two recent publications assess why digitalisation Pay attention and lend as such does not mean progress 36 support Interview with Ridwanul Hoque Terrorists are threatening the only democracy to Bangladeshi migrants are far too often exploited abroad and emerge from the Arab spring. Tunisian security denied their rights 37 forces managed to stop an ISIS attack in March. Nonetheless, the country needs more support from the international community and especially the EU, Debate 40 argues Tawfik Jelassi, who served as minister for Comments on what is threatening democracy in Tunisia, South higher education in the transitional govern- Africa and India ment. Page 40

D+C e-Paper May 2016 3 Global governance Understanding the human factor

Conventional theories of inter- their own. Issues such as climate change, ■■ enforcement and national relations are distorted, financial stability or poverty – to name ■■ we-identity. according to a new book that was only three – cannot be tackled effectively edited by two scholars from the Ger- by national governments this way. Lasting These factors are obviously interrelated. man Development Institute. The rea- solutions depend on joint efforts, and, in In the long run, trust depends on fairness son is that human beings are much view of the environmental crisis, human- and reciprocity, while communication more cooperative than assumed. An ity is running out of time. helps to build trust and reputations and is inadequate understanding of human also necessary to enforce agreed norms. A nature, however, has a bearing on we-identity, in turn, is likely to grow on the global governance, making coopera- Interdisciplinary basis of successful cooperation and then tion more difficult and more likely to approach facilitate further cooperation. According fail. to the three co-authors, “the current cri- Messner and Weinlich see reason for hope. sis in international cooperation could be Scholars of international relations gener- Matters are spelled out in the book they due to the underprovisioning of the seven ally assume that governments act in their recently edited (“Global cooperation and basic enablers, and any solution should country’s narrowly defined self-interest. the human factor in international rela- seek to foster them.” This idea is closely related to economists’ tions”, London 2016). It includes contribu- notion of the “homo economicus”. They tions by scholars from different disciplines, Current practice is not up to the chal- pretend that human beings are rational, including biology, social anthropology lenges, according to the authors. For exam- utility maximising individuals who only and complex systems sciences. The editors ple, “the setup of international development cooperate with others if doing so brings aspire to pave the way for “a new interdis- as a deeply unequal North (donor) – South benefits. In this view, cooperation is the ciplinary approach to global cooperation (recipient) relationship needs to be replaced exception, rather than the norm, as it is research”. Their effort was supported by by one based on a reciprocal perspective of only expected to take place if there are Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic achieving common goals together.” incentives. Cooperation and Development (BMZ). In an interesting twist, Messner and Homo economicus is a fiction. The In Messner’s and Weinlich’s perspec- Weinlich write in another essay, that theoretical concept helps economists to tive, it is misleading to read the stalemate “homo economicus exists – and is a great design mathematical models, but it is not in many international settings simply as ape.” Their point is basically that apes are rooted in a deep understanding of human the result of emerging powers challeng- limited to instrumental rationality. The nature. Empirical research done by social ing the established order, with the BRICS crucial point, however, is that humans, anthropologists, biologists, psycholo- countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, unlike apes, can engage in complex com-

gists, sociologist and even economists has South Africa) pitted against the USA, the munication and build institutions. Accord- Photoshot/picture-alliance shown for a long time that people differ EU and Japan. Diplomatic failure, the ingly, the factors that facilitate coopera- from homo economicus in many ways. book argues, is also rooted in an outdated tion must be considered at several levels They are social beings who depend on understanding of sovereignty and poorly in the global governance context. After their communities and ultimately can- designed international institutions. To all, they concern the personal interac- not pursue only their immediate personal improve matters, it would make sense to tion of individual diplomats as well as the interests. foster cooperation by other than the con- historically-evolved relationships between ventional means. national governments. Dirk Messner, the director of the Ger- man Development Institute (DIE), and In one essay Messner warns that “the Silke Weinlich, one of the institute’s senior assumption of the impossibility of coop- The evolution of researchers, propose to apply this insight eration in a time of global power shifts diplomacy to international relations. According to can become a self-fulfilling prophecy”. He their reasoning, it is not only wrong to is a political scientist and co-authored Attitudes and institutions change in the assume that governments tick like the the essay with Alejandro Guarín, a geog- course of history. In the book, Iver B. imaginary homo economicus, but even rapher, and Daniel Haun, a psychologist. Neumann, a social anthropologist from dangerous. The three scholars point out that human the London School of Economics, elabo- cooperation generally hinges on seven rates how the interaction between organ- The reason is that, in view of many enabling factors: ised groups of human beings evolved global challenges, humankind needs more ■■ reciprocity, from the invention of big-game hunting effective global cooperation, and such ■■ trust, 300 000 years ago to the establishment cooperation is unlikely to come about if ■■ communication, of permanent multilateral settings after relevant actors believe that governments’ ■■ reputation, the Napoleonic wars in the early 19th instinct will always be to try to act on ■■ fairness, century. His brief evolutionary history

4 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Monitor Photoshot/picture-alliance Tensions between established and emerging powers do not explain everything: finance ministers and central bankers from the G20 with IMF head Christine Lagarde (centre) in Shanghai in February.

of diplomacy suggests that better global suggests that institutions should do more However, it does not provide tangible cooperation than we have today may to learn from past examples of successful advice to policymakers on how to improve yet evolve, and one of his predictions is cooperation. matters. It neither discusses conflicts of that non-state actors will become more interest nor the many disappointments important. In line with Malavarapu’s reasoning, and frustrations experienced not only, but it would be better to speak of “global” – especially by leaders from Africa, Asia and According to Siddarth Malavarapu, rather than “international” – cooperation, Latin America in international relations a political scientist at the Delhi-based for example, since the former word empha- since the colonial era. Doing so would South Asian University, issues such as sises the unity of humankind whereas the obviously have been beyond the scope language, memory and affect matter for latter implicitly refers to nationhood. It of a single book. As the editors point out improving global cooperation. In his eyes, is a much greater challenge, however, to for good reason, much more research into multilateral institutions should pay more deal with history in ways that promote what makes global cooperation work is attention to them. One challenge is to take collective memories that are conducive needed. To bear fruit soon, that work must different perspectives in order to be able to to cooperation. History, after all, is full of be done fast. Hans Dembowski understand and accommodate all parties instances where one group of people was involved in an issue. Malavarapu warns victimised by another. Book that institutional designs flounder “when Messner, D., and Weinlich, S. (eds.), 2016: Global cooperation they lack or deny themselves the capacity The new book is inspiring because it and the human factor in international relations. London, New or sensibility of ‘perspective taking’.” He casts a new light on global cooperation. York: Routledge.

D+C e-Paper May 2016 5 Law Everyday violence against the poor

Poor people experience indiscrimi- relevant local language) which defend- sion (IJM), an international human-rights nate oppression and injustice on ants neither speak nor understand; organisation that protects the poor from a daily basis. The lack of legal secu- ■■ absence of trial transcripts that could violence, slavery and human traffick- rity blights any prospects they might serve as a basis for a retrial. ing. Presenting proj­ects supported by IJM have and locks them into poverty. and other organisations as examples, the Haugen and Boutros hold donor countries authors show that it is possible to change A book by legal experts Gary A. Haugen partly responsible for the poor enforce- non-functioning legal systems in develop- and Victor Boutros decries the fact that ment of laws. The jurists conclude that ing countries so that they provide effective billions of poor in the world are denied they have not devoted enough attention protection for the poor. The fact that this the human right to liberty and security. It to the issue and have not channelled suf- can be done is evidenced, in their eyes, finds that penniless people are helplessly ficient funds into remedial action. Only by the history of the police service in the exposed to sexual violence, forced labour around one to two percent of official devel- United States for example. Haugen and and slavery, land theft, abuse of police opment assistance (ODA) has been ear- Boutros point out that no country started power and torture. The authors substan- marked for measures specifically designed out with a legal system that protected the tiate this with shocking case studies in to improve the judicial system and legal poor and weak. Peru, India, Kenya and elsewhere. They protection for all. In most cases, the rea- conclude that everyday violence thwarts son for this is found in development The authors call upon development every attempt that people make to free agency statutes. They effectively prohibit agencies to step up their efforts in this themselves from poverty. As a result, it support for the police and justice sector to area. In return, they urge developing also undermines poor countries’ eco- avoid interference in the internal affairs of countries to commit more vigorously to nomic development and torpedoes every countries and to ensure that the agency’s the development of legal systems that effort to reduce poverty. work does not strengthen corrupt govern- also protect poor sections of their popula- ments even more. The authors believe, tion. Dagmar Wolf Many poor people in developing coun- however, that proper enforcement of laws tries live in a de facto state of lawlessness. and a functioning legal system are abso- Book Haugen and Boutros point out that laws lutely vital for sustainable development. Haugen, G. A., and Boutros, V., 2014: The locust effect – why are not enforced and that prosperous, the end of poverty requires the end of violence. Oxford influential people have taken advantage Boutros is a US federal prosecutor University Press. of broken and corrupt legal systems to who investigates and tries cases of police suppress and exploit the poor. Many coun- or official misconduct such as corruption Link tries still have legal systems established by and abuse of authority. Haugen is founder International Justice Mission: former colonial powers – systems solely and CEO of the International Justice Mis- https://www.ijm.org/ designed to protect the regime from the people. And according to the authors, they continue to do just that in many cases today. Furthermore, rich and powerful elites have availed themselves of private security services, which undermines the public legal system even more.

Ailing legal systems have been charac- terised by: ■■ arbitrary prosecution and arrest; ■■ abuse and torture of detainees on remand, potentially for months or even years until a case goes to trial – if indeed it ever does; ■■ poor police training and pay; ■■ poor legal training; ■■ lack of vital resources and infrastructure; ■■ defendants denied legal counsel; ■■ trials conducted in a foreign language picture-alliance/dpa (e.g. English or Spanish rather than the Young slave labourers in the fish industry in Ghana.

6 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Violent conflict Ethnic divisions are not the problem

After last year’s outbreak of violence, an eerie quiet has taken over in the central African country of Burundi. Exiled politicians and journalists as well as international experts fear the country could slide into civil war. Ethnic tensions are fuelled to cover up the political crisis, they warn.

When Burundi’s president Pierre Nkurun- ziza announced a year ago in April that he would run for a third term, it unleashed a wave of protests, particularly among young people. A coup attempt in May was brutally put down by government forces. Edmund Kagire/AP Photo/picture-alliance Edmund Kagire/AP The country’s constitution, estab- Burundian refugee children sitting on a pile of wood at the Gashora refugee camp in Rwanda. lished in 2005 after decades of civil war, banned a third presidential term. But RPA (Radio Publique Africaine). The gov- especially as rebel militias are said to be Nkurunziza was nevertheless re-elected ernment “plans an ethnic crisis to distract training across the borders. “The interna- in July 2015, in a vote deemed invalid by from the political crisis,” he said at an tional community has not done enough international observers. A constitutional event in April at the Heinrich Böll Founda- to prevent the worsening of this situa- court vote changed the term limit, but tion in Berlin. Rugurika is one of the many tion,” says the AU’s Bamba. The African only after a number of its members had who have fled from the conflict. Union shelved plans to send around 5,000 fled the country. peacekeeping troops to Burundi, which Rugurika and others warn the gov- many people had hoped would restore Since then, an eerie quiet has taken ernment’s propaganda could unleash an order. Instead, the UN Security Council over, which many observers say is just the explosive conflict between the country’s voted at the beginning of April to send calm before the storm. “A deceptive quiet,” two major ethnic groups, Hutu and Tutsi. a small police force. This will amount to Kassimi Bamba, African Union (AU) spe- After decades of warring, a peace treaty only around 20 to 30 policemen, accord- cial envoy for Burundi and the Great Lakes had brought a fragile peace to the country ing to Bamba. “This will not help much,” region, calls it. Exiled politicians from in 2005, when Nkurunziza (leader of the he says, adding that he hoped the resolu- the opposition and ruling party alike and Hutu CNDD-FDD party) was elected. Quo- tion would be revised. refugees in neighbouring countries say tas systems for the groups were meant to Burundi is sliding into a violent conflict, keep a certain balance in the system, but The only way forward, all agreed, was supported by the government’s spread of instead have created structural discrimi- to start up peace negotiations. But with ethnic propaganda that serves only to per- nation along ethnic lines, says Claudia widespread fear and many dissenters petuate its own power. Simons, Africa expert at the think tank abroad, the Burundi government’s recent Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) in commitment to a “peace dialogue” with “This third term is illegal, and this is Berlin. But, she adds: “The majority of peo- the opposition will be very one-sided, says the position of the African Union,” Bamba ple do not want to be mobilised according Rugurika. “Who will participate in a dia- says. Many citizens have been arrested, to ethnic criteria.” logue when most of the opposition is in imprisoned and tortured. Hundreds have exile?” he asks. The government has issued died, and around 250,000 people have Kordula Schulz-Asche, Green Party arrest warrants for many of those who sought refuge in neighbouring Tanzania, member of the Bundestag, visited the would need to participate, he says. In the Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic country with a group of German parlia- view of Schulz-Asche, peace talks would Republic of the Congo, according to mentarians in 2015. “All of the Burundian have to take place outside of Burundi. the UN. parliamentarians stressed to us that eth- nic divisions were not the problem,” she “People are underestimating the “This is not an ethnic crisis as many recounts. potential for catastrophe,” says Rugurika. people believe – it is entirely a political “Does the crisis have to get to the point crisis,” stresses Bob Rugurika, journalist Without international intervention, of a genocide like in Rwanda first?” and director of the private radio station this conflict could spread to other regions, Ellen Thalman

D+C e-Paper May 2016 7 Renewable energy Emerging markets overtake industrialised nations

More money is being invested in The world’s largest renewable energy than ever before concentrated solar – and for the first time, industrial- power plant is located ised countries are being outdone by in Ouarzazate, Morocco. developing countries and emerging markets. Nevertheless, only a tenth of the world‘s electricity is currently generated from renewable sources. Much more needs to be done in order to reach the Paris goals.

Global investments in renewable energy are at an all-time high. According to the report “Global trends in renewable energy invest- ment”, $ 286 billion were invested in solar,

wind and other renewables in 2015, up Bounhar/AP Photo/picture-allicance 5 % from 2014. For the first time last year, renewables accounted for more than half decisive factor in developing countries,” According to the report, 250 megawatts (53 %) of the increase in power generation Cremer explains. “Is there security for of energy storage capacity were added capacity. investors? Is there a regulatory agency?” worldwide in 2015, excluding pumped hydro and lead-acid batteries, compared With $ 107 billion and $ 80.9 billion in Ulf Moslener, another co-editor of to an increase of only 160 megawatts in investments respectively, wind and solar the report, points out that despite record 2014. Silvia Kreibiehl, head of the Frank- power took in the most money by far. They investments, renewable energy still furt School-UNEP Collaborating Centre also achieved the highest levels of growth: accounts for only 16.2 % of power genera- for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance, investments in solar power rose 12 % com- tion capacity worldwide. “It‘s even more thinks it is essential that energy markets pared to the previous year, and invest- sobering to consider that renewables actu- be restructured in order to accommodate ments in wind grew by 9 %. Investments ally only make up 10.3 % of the electricity even greater shares of renewable energy. in all other renewable energy sources were mix.” This discrepancy is due to the fact To that end, “investments in storage down compared to 2014. that wind and solar power are not always media and the expansion of the grid must available and plants often cannot make play a larger role in the future.” “Much of the action is taking place full use of their capacities. in developing countries and emerging The authors expect that the trend will markets,” emphasised Martin Cremer, co- Moslener also calls attention to the continue and that both investments in editor of the joint report by the Frankfurt circumstance that especially in develop- renewable energy and renewables’ share School-UNEP Collaborating Centre and ing and newly industrialising countries, in the energy mix will continue to rise. Bloomberg New Energy Finance at the power plant complexes are relatively new. They predict that if the cost of technology launch in Frankfurt at the end of March. “At least half of the world’s coal-burning continues to fall, the policy environment The report shows that investments from power plants are under 23 years old. If will become less and less important. “The non-OECD countries as well as Chile, we assume a service life of 40 years, they available resources will become the main Turkey and Mexico exceeded investments will be operational for another 17 years or drivers,” Moslener believes. According to from industrialised countries for the first more.” However, the goals agreed at the that theory, countries with the highest time. With $ 103 billion in investments, UN climate conference in Paris presume feed-in tariffs would no longer be at the China is the clear frontrunner: it is now that fossil fuels will be phased out in the forefront. Instead, they would be replaced responsible for over a third of all invest- second half of this century. “We must do by countries with the most sunlight and ments in renewable energy worldwide. more than develop renewables in order for the best wind conditions – a trend that is that to happen,” Moslener cautions. already playing out. Katja Dombrowski According to Cremer, developing countries have also realised that renew- Electricity storage is a particularly Link able energy is indispensable. Investments important consideration. Storing energy Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016 in those countries are reportedly up 30 % offers a way to react to variable power report: from the previous year, though they generation from wind and solar and to http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/global-trends-renewa- remain low. “The business climate is the deal with spikes in consumer demand. ble-energy-investment-2016

8 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Nowadays: Schoolgirl mothers

Teenage pregnancies and early for murdering his pregnant girl- marriages cause social, medical friend. When the girl informed and psychological problems for the boy that she was expecting both girls and boys. Zambia is his child, the boy took his grappling with thousands of father’s gun and shot her. Police zambia cases each year. have since charged him for mur- der. Lusaka According to figures from Zam- bia’s Ministry of Education, This is an extreme and high- 16,376 schoolgirls got pregnant profile case. Many other people in 2014. The number for 2013 struggle to manage unwanted was 14,938. The data for 2015 pregnancies in very difficult have not been published, but conditions. The Zambian news- are expected to be similar. The paper “Daily Nation” recently official statistics, however, refer reported the case of a 15-year- only to girls who go to school. old girl in a rural area of Luapula as sexual abuse is called. That unsafe abortions”. The real figures for teenage Province. At that tender age, she rarely happens however. pregnancies are higher. was already married and had two A terrible damage is the so- children. Having babies too early has seri- called “obstetric fistula”, which is Teenage pregnancies are not ous consequences. Mubiana a hole between the vagina and a phenomenon that only con- According to Zambian law, a girl Inambao, head of obstetrics and rectum or bladder caused by cerns lower classes. Recently, under the age of 16 cannot give gynaecology at Ndola Central prolonged, obstructed labour. the 17-year-old son of a former consent to sex. Male partners Hospital, says that young preg- The vagina often tears when minister of defence was arrested can be charged with defilement, nant girls do not only risk social a pregnant teenager is giving marginalisation, but also medical birth. That has serious long-term and psychological complica- implications, leaving women tions. According to him, when incontinent of urine or faeces or In our column “Nowadays”, “having unprotected sex, both both. D+C/E+Z correspondents girls and boys can contract HIV/ write about daily life in AIDS or sexually transmitted On top of this, young girls may developing countries. diseases”. not be psychologically prepared for the task of being a mother. He adds that a girl’s body is “not The Zambian education system fully developed before she allows girls to go back to school Humphrey Nkonde reaches the age of 18”. Common after they give birth, but their is a journalist and lives in Ndola, Zambia. complications include “continu- school performance often suf- ous bleeding or obstructed fers. Teenage pregnancies are [email protected] labour due to narrow birth not accepted socially, so under- canals and infections from age mothers are stigmatised.

Imprint

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D+C e-Paper May 2016 9 Human security Transatlantic cooperation

Food security is at risk in several Food crises are not merely a humani- approach helps to reduce greenhouse- world regions due to climate change tarian issue. They lead to political and gas emissions, but it may undermine food or political crises. Two think tanks economic instability all over the world security if dams lead to water shortages have published a briefing paper on and cause social unrest, the authors downstream. The authors point out that it how transatlantic cooperation should argue. In their eyes, climate change is is currently more profitable to use water to contribute to more reliability in the causing or compounding draughts and generate electric power than for irrigating world’s food supply without acceler- water shortages. To rise to these chal- fields. In their eyes, the USA and EU should ating global warming. lenges, they recommend more interna- prevent market distortions of this kind. tional cooperation. In particular, they call The international community should set Famines are currently threatening to dev- for innovative and farsighted transatlan- incentives to make countries take action astate southern and eastern Africa. The El tic policymaking. in order to safeguard food security without Niño phenomenon is exacerbating climate exacerbating climate change. They point change, causing one of the worst draughts According to Werz and Pohl, leaders out that the production of agrarian fuels in decades. Aid agencies and the UN from the EU and the USA are only beginning contributed to food shortages too. expect that more than 45 million people to draft measures and programmes and pro- need – or will soon need – food aid. viding international capacities. The risks are Werz and Pohl admit that it is not easy interrelated, they warn, so any solutions to rise to complex challenges. Holistic solu- A harsh drought similarly preceded must be based in all fields of policymaking. tions are needed. Sharing information is Syria’s civil war, write Michael Werz Measures must not counteract one another essential, according to the two experts, and from the Washington-based Center for in core areas such as climate protection, the USA and EU should assume leadership. American Progress and Benjamin Pohl humanitarian aid and peace promotion. Big food corporations in particular should form adelphi in Berlin. The two think- provide access to their data, the authors tank employees consider food shortages To illustrate problems, Werz and Pohl demand. So far, they are not doing so. a cause of the uprisings. discuss investments in hydropower. This There are several things the USA and EU could do, according to Werz and Pohl. ■■ First of all, they could improve data access in order to allow for more rigor- ous numbers crunching. It would make sense to spot disturbances of the global food system before they cause harm. ■■ Second, the USA and EU could boost the effectiveness of existing initiatives. ■■ Third, the two partners should consider increasing humanitarian aid given that ever more people are displaced from their homes. Humanitarian aid should serve to enhance the resilience of the affected communities. Development assistance and humanitarian aid need to be linked in a better way, the authors demand.

Finally, Werz and Pohl want the insti- tutions of global governance to be strengthened. The USA and EU could convene multilateral meetings such as the G20 to get a grip on food security, for example. Sabine Balk

Link Supporting global food security in a changing climate hrough transatlantic cooperation: https://www.adelphi.de/de/publikation/supporting-global-

Koene/Lineair food-security-changing-climate-through-transatlantic- Maize harvest in Ethiopia. cooperation

10 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Follow us on Twitter! To stay in touch with what is happening on our website, follow us on twitter. We’ll make you aware of what we post and other things concerning our brand.

X + www.twitter.com/forumdc The power of sports Cambodia versus Sri Lanka during the Disabled Volleyball World Cup in Phnom Penh. Duggleby/Redux/laif

Major sports events such as the Olympic Games attract the attention of millions of people all over the world. Small clubs, on the other hand, boost social cohesiveness and so do school and neighbourhood matches. Exercising can have an empowering impact on women or minorities, including people with disabilities. Youngsters experience team spirit. Nonetheless, there are downsides. Some athletes and man- agers are driven by greed for money and power, so they cheat and manipulate in neglect of fairness. Aggressive nationalism is sometimes fostered. Major sports events, moreover, require major infrastructure investments, and the projects often don’t work out as smoothly as they should. “A quitter never wins”

Jamaica’s achievements in track and field sports are legendary. Usain Bolt and many other Olympic gold medal winners are from this Caribbean island. Local coaches detect promising talents early on, but they lack funding. Jamaican track and field coach Everton Leslie discussed matters with Sheila Mysorekar.

Interview with Everton Leslie

Why is Jamaica so prominent in athletics, espe- Do young athletes have to go abroad to train cially running? professionally? Fitness relates to food. The local Jamaican diet Such options are usually linked to their school per- includes yellow yam, with strong carbohydrates which formance. If somebody is merely good at sports, that give you stamina. And the children are fit, they don’t is not enough to get a scholarship. But if young run- take buses – often because they lack the money for ners are also good at an academic level, they can go public transport. In order to get to school, they have to abroad to train, mostly to the USA. Some of them will go up and down the hills. In rural communities, kids drop out after high school, because they don’t have don’t walk to school – they run. In the communities, the grades to go on to university and get support like everybody knows which kid is a good runner. a sports scholarship. Personally, as a track and field coach, I always point out to the kids in my team that When do sports professionals spot young tal- they need to balance their sports and academic per- ents in Jamaica? formance. I want the children to concentrate on their Mostly at an early age of up to 11 or 12 years, when school achievements, first and foremost. they are in primary or prep school. All schools have sports competitions, including at the regional level. What do the young people hope for? The competitions are tough, and the schools send They want to be discovered and supported by a talent their best runners to represent them. All people come scout in order to become the next Usain Bolt! I tell them: and watch, and this is how talents are spotted. You need hard work, self-discipline, time and commit- ment. A quitter never wins, and a winner never quits. What role do schools play? But not everybody can become the next Usain Bolt. This Schools are very important, because it is through Jamaican sprinter has won six Olympic gold medals, 11 school-sports events that talented kids are detected, world championships, and he holds the world records in and they help promising runners get into proper 100 and 200 metres dash and – together together with competitions. But the geographical location matters his teammates – the 4 x 100 metres relay. He is also the too. Schools in poor rural areas cannot offer their best-paid sportsman in the history of track and field. pupils anything in support, not even track shoes. The schools need sponsors; some do fundraising. Sports What becomes of young athletes who don’t make coaches from richer areas grab the talented runners. it, but who have given up school for a sports For instance, some better-equipped schools promise career? jamaica parents to exempt them from school fees so the child Usually the boys join the police or military, and Kingston changes to their school. The small rural schools lose the girls get pregnant. But on the positive side, the the talents. females are often better at academics, so they have better chances of getting university scholarships. How do you identify a talented runner in Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, the world champion in 100 a bunch of rural children? metre dash and Olympic winner, has a university Well, it’s not only about competition results. It is also degree and owns her own business, a hair parlour. In important to see who can go a long way. I first look at contrast, Usain Bolt has no university degree, but he their physical appearance – generally, sprinters have can live off his sponsors. high butts, and long-distance runners have flat butts. Some are simply born athletes. When such talent is Once young athletes are identified, what insti- identified, you have to build on it. Often you know tutions support them? you have a talented runner, but there are no coaches There are two possibilities. Either the newcomers available to carry and support him or her. Patience receive sponsorship from a private-sector company, and willpower must be trained too. Kids from poor or they are supported by the state-run Jamaica Ath- backgrounds and rural schools typically don’t receive letics Administrative Association (JAAA), which enough support. is the body that governs the Jamaican track and

14 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Ron Giling/Lineair Jamaican advertising fields sport. The JAAA is in charge of athletes at the If they are not top athletes, the clubs won’t sponsor billboard with Usain national level. The problem is that they have no them. Sometimes people have to give up their jobs in Bolt. money to help young talents on their way up. order to have the time to attend international cham- pionships, but when they come back, they may not Are there sports academies in Jamaica? get their job back. Yes, but they don’t support young talents, they only give stipends to athletes who represent the country If Jamaicans had more opportunities to prac- at an international level. Sports academies provide tice other disciplines like tennis, for instance, running gear, jerseys, spikes, food, accommodation would they also excel? and travel expenses for our athletes who compete Possibly. Running is comparatively inexpensive; you only internationally. need tracks and shoes. But hardly any Jamaican excels in other types of sports, because we lack the infrastructure. Are there good track and field training facili- Even if you are an excellent swimmer in the sea, you’d ties in Jamaica? need access to a proper swimming pool in order to train The University of Technology in the capital Kingston for competitions. For all disciplines which require special has a good athletes’ club. And there is the Racers gear and infrastructure – for instance, tennis or cycling Track Club. Usain Bolt trained there. Kingston with – you need corporate sponsors, but in Jamaica, most its stadiums is best for athletes, because they can companies only support track and field sports. train on proper tracks. There is also Catherine Hall Stadium in Montego Bay, which is in the north of the What can be done internationally for Jamaican Everton Leslie island. Elsewhere, tracks tend to be bumpy and full of sports? is a sports teacher and track holes. We urgently need more sports facilities in the I think it would be extremely helpful to have and field coach in St.Andrew, rural communities. We also need more community exchange programmes between poor rural Jamaican Jamaica. He trains young track centres with playing fields and multi-purpose courts, high schools and overseas schools, like having joint and field talents from eastern like basketball and so on. That would help children to workshops or exchange of students. This would boost Jamaica. find out early in which field they excel. Today, some motivation and expose the kids to new experiences. [email protected] talented athletes are only discovered at university, Generally speaking, promising young people have which is a bit late for a good career. to be offered contracts with overseas clubs to get new experience and training. International sponsors Who makes the money when a Jamaican athlete could invest more in Jamaican sports, not only in wins international competitions? track and field, but other disciplines as well. The managers, mostly. At top levels, the athletes also live a good life, but only when he or she lives abroad. Link Regarding everybody else, particularly young people, Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association (JAAA): it looks fairly bleak. Most athletes are underfunded. http://www.trackandfieldjm.com/

D+C e-Paper May 2016 15 Kenyans run to world fame

Hordes of young Kenyan athletes aspire to escape poverty by entering the country’s world-famous long-distance team. Most of them come from one community in the Rift Valley which apparently has the best prerequisites. However, the sport is KenYa threatened by doping and corruption. Iten By Isaac Sagala

In the 1968 Summer Olympics, the Kenyan Naftali Children run to school Temu ran the race of his life in an exhausting duel in the heat of Mexico City. He beat Ethiopian runner Interestingly, almost 80 % of Kenya’s successful ath- Momo Wolde in the 10,000 metres race by only letes come from one community, the Kalenjin tribe. 0.6 seconds and became Kenya’s first Olympic gold med- They live in the Rift Valley in the western part of the allist. His success inspired an entire future generation of country. Scholars have come up with different theo- the young East African country that had just gained ries to explain this phenomenon. Some argue that independence from colonial rule a few years earlier. the Kalenjins’ genes favour running, others say that a combination of poverty and children running to and Kenya has since dominated long distance races from schools over long distances plays a part. Schools globally. Last August in Beijing, Kenya startled tra- are several miles away, and most children can only ditional athletics superpowers like the USA, Jamaica reach them on foot. Altitude certianly matters (see and Russia by topping the overall medal tally at the box below). Most athletes are found running in the World Athletics Championships for the first time. The towns of Iten and Eldoret. country scooped seven gold medals. Here, young Kenyans are joined by athletes from Generations of great athletes continue to emerge. other parts of the world wishing to rise to the top. Their idols are Kenyan champions like 800 metres Asked about the opportunities of future Kenyan run- world record holder David Rudisha and 3000 metres ners, Benjamin Limo, winner of the 1999 World Cross steeplechase supremo Ezekiel Kemboi, amongst others. Country Championships, says: “Children run long

Runners’ breeding ground

Iten is a laid back, small town in the Rift than at sea level. The athlete’s body accli- Kuto, an amateur athlete, traverses the Valley in western Kenya. It prides itself on mates to this lack of oxygen by increasing hills and plains of Iten regularly. He hopes being the “Home of Champions” as indi- the mass of red blood cells and its ability to to win athletics gold some day and change cated on a massive signpost welcoming take in oxygen. Altitude training can increase his fortunes for the better. “I want to be visitors into town. Iten is picturesque with speed, strength and endurance. remembered in road races. I hope that if an amazing landscape and scenery. It has I train well I can perform in races and get a backdrop of luscious greenery, dozens Among the big names in athletics who money to improve my livelihood,” Kuto of hills and gentle valleys. For a casual have used the facility are Mo Farah, the says. observer, it may pass as just any slow, Somalian-born British long-distance run- small town. But the place is most signifi- ner and gold medallist in the 5000 meter Timon Motosio is another aspiring athlete. cant for Kenyan runners: it is the breeding and 10,000 meter at the 2012 Olympics, He says: “Most of the athletes are moti- ground of most Kenyan elite athletes. and Paula Radcliffe, the English former vated by their poor backgrounds. That is world champion in the marathon, half why they persevere in their training until Hundreds of runners from all over the world marathon and cross country. they make it. Their target is to get money attend the High Altitude Training Centre and support their families. However, there here. At over 2400 metres above sea level, Both elite and novice Kenyan athletes train are also those athletes who are passionate the air here carries considerably less oxygen in the High Altitude Training Centre. Julius in running and do it for that reason.”

16 D+C e-Paper May 2016 The Kenyan athletes

Willens/AP Photo/picture-alliance Willens/AP Stanley Biwott and Mary Kaitany won last distances to school; this gets them used to running. Of course, not everyone who wants to be a profes- year’s New York City Everybody is fighting for a better life, an opportunity sional athlete succeeds. Some of those who lack talent Marathon. to become famous. But the government is not invest- or stamina try to cheat. Last year, athletics officials ing in them.” intercepted a runner who was trying to cheat himself into second place to win $ 7000 of prize money during According to Limo, the business of running has a marathon event. The runner had hidden amongst its own dynamics. It is an expensive enterprise: run- the crowd and only joined the race in the final stretch. ning shoes are costly, booking training facilities can be prohibitive. “You need a manager who links you to a running shoes company. When you get price money, Doping and corruption tax is deducted. This can range from 20 to 35 %. The manager takes 20 %. Travelling costs eat up up to In the recent past, athletics in Kenya has been mired 30 to 40 % of what you make. You might end up keep- by allegations of doping and corruption. Nearly ing just 20 % of the price money.” 40 Kenyan athletes have tested positive for drug use in the past two years. The International Association of Furthermore, the Kenyan government plans to tax Athletics Federation (IAAF) is threatening to ban the price money won in international competitions. “That entire track and field team from the Olympics in Rio is unfortunate,” Limo says. “They should instead pro- this August for being non-compliant with the World Isaac Sagala mote the sport by waiving taxes for training facilities. Anti Doping Agency (WADA) code. Kenya is accused is a Nairobi based journalist and If the government wants to tax us, let them tax the of attempting to cover up drug taking. radio trainer. property we own, not the price money that is already [email protected] taxed abroad.” Three senior athletics officials have been pro- visionally suspended for 180 days by the IAAF over There is no incentive from the government to alleged corruption and accusations of subverting motivate runners. Recurrent promises of setting up anti-doping processes. The officials are accused of training facilities across the country have not been potentially diverting sponsorship funds by secretly actualised. Aspiring runners are left to their own pocketing nearly $ 700,000 from sportswear manu- devices, and most elite athletes do not feel recognised facturer Nike. at home. Companies see business opportunities in sports events and make millions of dollars from regis- Dozens of athletes stormed the Athletics Kenya tration fees. Every month, there are marathon events premises last November and staged a sit-in calling on organised by bankers, telecoms companies, media senior officials to step down over the allegations of houses, milk companies and others. corruption and mismanagement.

D+C e-Paper May 2016 17 Sport as a vehicle

Twenty years ago, Australian-born Christopher Minko founded the Cambodian Na- tional Volleyball League (Disabled), CNVLD. It was the country’s first comprehensive sports programme for people with a disability. He told Bophea Smith about the NGO’s achievements and setbacks, and why it will now close.

Interview with Christopher Minko

You are an Australian and have been living in The main causes of disability are landmines and Cambodia for 20 years. What brought you there, polio. and why did you establish a sports programme for people with a disability? How does participation in a sports programme I arrived in Cambodia in 1996 as an Australian gov- help to include disabled persons into society ernment volunteer with a broad mandate to raise and to raise their self esteem? awareness of landmines and disability issues as well Sport has a unique ability to foster positive change as support the inclusion of Cambodians with a dis- for persons with a disability. It improves an indi- ability in mainstream society. I chose sport as the vidual’s health and physical wellbeing – often also vehicle for this rehabilitative process. I recognised assisting the physical rehabilitation process. One the power of sports to rebuild an individual’s health, result is a vastly improved positive outlook on life. self esteem and self confidence, thus giving that Playing sport on a competitive basis, nationally or individual an opportunity to move forward in life. even internationally, is a way to showcase the abili- I focused on team sports which foster team work ties of disabled people to the broader community. In and community spirit. Men’s volleyball was the Cambodia, the whole nation followed the national first sport we started, followed by men and women disabled volleyball team’s efforts in a series of volley- wheelchair racing, track and field, and a recent pro- ball world cups. Moreover, team sports allow athletes gramme focusing on the development of a women’s to build a support network. wheelchair basketball programme. One kind of volleyball for the disabled is Back in 1996, Cambodia was still fighting the “standing” volleyball. The players are allowed Khmer Rouge, and the country was in political to use prostheses, although some prefer not turmoil. Was there any sports programme for to. “Sitting” volleyball is for people in wheel- disabled people, any organisation, any support chairs. You introduced standing volleyball whatsoever? for men, and soon there was a very successful No, there wasn’t any disability sporting option when national team. Cambodia I arrived. We kick-started the programme with vol- Yes, we managed to establish a national league of leyball which was the de facto national sport. It was 13 teams and hold annual competitions. Athletes played by all. It was also a very cost effective option. from this league were chosen to represent Cambodia Phnom Penh All one needs is a ball and a net. My main focus at the world cups. As early as 1999, this team won was on the rehabilitation of landmine survivors, a silver medal at the ASEAN Para Games in Thailand. the majority of whom were amputees. Volleyball is In 2001, Cambodia won the gold medal at the Asian a perfect sport for amputees. I started the programme Games in Busan in South Korea. In 2003, the team according to international sporting guidelines and participated in the world cup in Greece and won fifth benchmarks. On this base, I created the National place. It won fourth place in Slovakia in 2005. In Paralympics Committee of Cambodia which is now 2007, 2009 and 2011, Cambodia hosted the Stand- a well established organisation that cooperates with ing Volleyball World Cup. The team’s biggest success international bodies to develop Cambodian disability was when it came in second after Germany in 2011. sports. The world cup was broadcast live on all Cambodian TV stations. Some 96 % of the people watched. It Is there an above-average number of disabled was a wonderful opportunity to promote the abilities people in Cambodia, and if so, why? of Cambodian disabled persons. The athletes were As a share of the population, Cambodia has one given an audience by the prime minister after their of the highest rates of disabled persons. This is success in 2011. one of the many tragic legacies of the Khmer Rouge’s reign of terror and horror in the 1970s. Were there any setbacks?

18 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Luke Duggleby Man Veasna, a Well, establishing the programme was not easy We got support from a variety of donors over many Cambodian player, in a nation devastated by war, and the early years years, including the Australian and German govern- warms up at the 2007 were hard. But over time, we really achieved great ments, who not only helped with money, but also Standing Volleyball success. Sadly, there was one major setback. The provided expert coaches. They came to Cambodia World Cup in Cambodia. International Paralympics Committee (IPC) has on short term tenures to train coaches and athletes become biased towards the needs of the developed according to international standards. Other donors nations and is now catering for expensive sports were NGOs such as the International Red Cross and such as rowing and equestrian sport. That’s where Australian Red Cross as well as private donors and the money is. The IPC is failing to take into account corporate sector donors. CNVLD is very proud that the needs of developing nations. It should encour- 80 % of all funds were used to directly assist the age the development of cost-effective sports such as athletes. Only 20 % was allocated to administration. standing volleyball. The IPC made a tragic mistake I worked on a volunteer-level salary myself all the in removing standing volleyball from the Paralympic time. Funding is still a significant challenge, however, games after Sydney 2000. As a result, the Cambodian and there is an enormous need to build proper sport- programme was discontinued, and the focus shifted ing facilities in Cambodia. For example, swimming is to wheelchair-based sports. one of the best rehabilitative sports for persons with a disability, but there are little to no public swimming What new programmes did CNVLD establish, and pools in Cambodia. what role does sports for disabled people play in Cambodia today? What are your plans for the future? Christopher Minko CNVLD has established two more very successful After 20 years, I am rather exhausted but also very is the founder of the NGO programmes: wheelchair racing and wheelchair proud of the achievements. CNVLD is now being Cambodian National Volleyball basketball. They are now integrated into in the gov- closed and its programmes will be handed over to League (Disabled), CNVLD. ernment’s physical rehabilitation centres in the prov- the National Paralympic Committee and the Ministry [email protected] inces of Kampong Speu and Battambang. The wheel- of Social Affairs, Veterans and Youth Rehabilita- chair basketball programme includes a programme tion. These organisations are capable of managing for women. Disability sports is now well recognised and developing the projects. They are being run by in all sectors of Cambodian society. Last year, the Cambodians for Cambodians – this is the greatest National Paralympic Committee of Cambodia sent success of CNVLD. I will however stay in touch with a team of athletes to the ASEAN Para Games in Sin- CNVLD athletes and provide advice where and when gapore with considerable success, including a num- possible. They are truly inspiring people to work ber of gold and silver medals won in the wheelchair with. I will remain in Cambodia and focus more on racing events. my musical roots through my work with the Phnom Penh based band “Krom” who has recently signed How was the work of CNVLD financed? a contract with a major US label.

D+C e-Paper May 2016 19 Money matters

Cricket has become big business in India. What was once a game people played in their communities, is now a highly competitive and divisive spectator sport.

By Faiz Ullah

Earlier this year, Pranav Dhanawade, a 15 year long as a football match. This innovation won over old from Kalyan in the state of Maharashtra new constituencies which earlier had found cricket broke more than a century old world record for most with its complex and arcane rules boring. runs scored in a single inning. He amassed 1009 runs in an under-16 inter-school tournament game. In 1983, India unexpectedly won the World Cup against with the West Indies, which had a reputation The teenager’s feat was celebrated excessively for invincibility. The World Cup in 1987 was hosted by the country’s mainstream media. But what was jointly by India and Pakistan, boosting the popularity ignored was the overwhelmingly one-sided nature of the sport in the country even more. Henceforth, any of the match. Given the constitution of the opposing public place, no matter what size, could become the side, Dhanawade’s team was so strong that it did not ground for a cricket game, with improvised equipment need most of his runs. The other school’s coach had and rules to suit the setting. Cricket became the sport decided to rely on much younger students because kids play in the streets, on playgrounds and even in most of his U-16 players were absent. His two main school hallways. bowlers were aged around 10. They had not held a full- sized ball in their tiny hands or bowled on a standard Back then, cricket was still much less of a spec- 22 yards pitch ever before. tator state than it is today. The state monopoly on broadcasting and the extremely limited access to Schools should encourage young students to TV sets meant that far fewer people could follow embrace the values of fairness, respect, comradeship matches. Cricket was actually played much more than and love of sports. In this case, however, a young- it was watched. That was before India formally initi- ster was unfortunately egged on to ruthlessly pursue ated its economic liberalisation programme in 1991 personal ambitions. Dhanawade is too young to be and opened its doors to the world. at fault. The team administrators should have inter- vened and stopped his silly display of triumphalism. Liberalised media That they did not do so is linked to the political- economic context. Cricket has been redefined again The story of cricket after ’91 is in many ways the and again in India, and the process has weakened its story of India. India’s domestic market is huge, and ethical sinews and robbed it of communitarian val- the growth-oriented economic policy gave an impe- ues. The Gentleman’s Game, as it was once known, is tus to the private sector. It also brought in substan- now big business and it has, under commercial pres- tial foreign investments. The consumer market grew sure, become extremely competitive. fast, and so did the middle class. TV, and specifically cricket, turned out to be a bridge between the two.

Attracting the masses In the past, India had a single state-owned TV network. Now, an average urban household in India Today, a promising young cricketer may earn as much today has access to several hundred private channels as the equivalent of an annual $ 1.25 million in the in various languages and genres, including dedicated Indian Premier League. With a few good years of per- cricket channels. Cricket has become a sport people, formance, he could emerge as a star and advertising especially the middle class, consume at home. The brand and may make $ 20 million. excessive focus on it, however, has been crowing out other sports, including hockey, which got India eight A distinctive product of the British Imperialism, of its nine Olympic gold medals so far. cricket was always a very popular sport in India. In the past decades, however, a new international format of According to estimates, India is now contributing one-day games called Twenty20 was introduced. They well over 75 % of the International Cricket Council’s are much shorter than the languid classic five-day test (ICC) global revenues. The ICC is the sport’s governing matches version, though they still take four times as body. The sums spent on sponsorships, broadcasting

20 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Ritesh Shukla/NurPhoto/ picture-alliance

and licensing rights in India compares to any other this was a low point. In the end, the Supreme Court popular sports elsewhere in the world. In October intervened and appointed a three-member committee 2014, Star India and Star Middle East, which belong headed by a former chief justice of India to make rec- st to 21 Century Fox, Rupert Murdoch’s US-based cor- ommendations on cleaning up the system. TV broadcasts have poration, reportedly agreed to pay the ICC around $ 2 made a difference. billion for the broadcasting rights for its events from In the meantime, some upwardly mobile sports 2015 to 2023. A single tournament today may fetch fans had begun to cultivate interest in several other the ICC sponsorship revenues worth $ 60 million. Of sports, including football, tennis and motorsports. such sums, 90 % is advertising by businesses inter- Greater access to global media helped. To catch up ested in India’s market. again, the BCCI began to experiment with more tele­ vision-friendly formats. The Indian Premier League The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) (IPL), which relies on one-day games called Twenty20, has sometimes used its economic heft strategically – was established. It helped to revive the sport’s fading and mostly in a roughshod manner – to tilt the bal- popularity. ance of power in its favour on the global cricket stage. For instance, it had referees removed, fought for the Cricket is no longer about participating or even interests of its sponsors and resisted reforms in game playing oneself, but about consuming images of fierce administration, including anti-doping measures. On competition, whether in public or private spaces. It the other hand, it has been quite tolerant of corrup- has become a dividing practice, celebrating distance, tion, both on and off field. The BCCI is run by powerful difference and competition at the expense of contact, politicians. It has not fulfilled its mandate of building unity and cooperation. quality infrastructure and creating opportunities to support the game in a significant way. Testing patriotism

Match-fixing scandals Cricket is used as a crude political instrument to mark “others”. Support for the Indian team is considered Sports administration in India, by and large, has been a sign of patriotism, for example. Recently, 67 Indian a bastion of cronyism and corruption. To give but one students were arrested for cheering the Pakistani example, the International Olympic Committee in team in India. Things are not better in Pakistan, where 2014 suspended the Indian Olympic Association for a man, claiming to be a fan of Indian cricketer Virat 14 months. The reasons were corruption, government Kohli, faces 10 years in jail for hoisting the Indian flag. interference and a lack of guideline observance. Being an Indian Muslim, I was myself often asked as a child by taunting classmates whether I was happy At the turn of the millennium, Indian cricket was about Pakistan winning a match. rocked by several betting and match-fixing scandals. Several players were indicted, suspended, and banned Currently, sporting ties between the bitter rivals for sharing game related information with bookmak- India and Pakistan are suspended because India ers or agreeing to loose matches. For millions of fans, accuses Pakistan of supporting terrorist groups.

D+C e-Paper May 2016 21 Similarly, the Indian state of Tamil Nadu has barred Cricket is the most popular sport in India. It has Sri Lankan sportsmen from playing on its territory been thoroughly economised and politicised, but it in response to how ethnic Tamils are treated in the still has the power to keep even a disenchanted fan island nation. Political groups have petitioned the in front of the TV set during a closely fought con- national government to not allow cricketers from the test. Its future, however, rests on the ability of its two neighbouring countries to play in the IPL. Given administrators, votaries and fans to ease it from the the shared love for the game in South Asia, it is ironi- unrelenting tyranny of the living room and bring it cal that the game has been used more often to polar- back into the galis and maidans (streets and parks). ise communities instead of strengthening relation- The only way to preserve the game is to keep play- ships between them. ing it.

Hero worship

The devotion of Indian cricket fans colonel in the Indian Territorial football, instead of cricket, is the to their icons is probably unparal- Army. most popular sport in the conflict- leled. Not all forms of hero wor- ridden north-eastern states. The ship are healthy however. Not all are happy about cricket army enjoys sweeping powers and heroes being celebrated that way. immunity there, but it has rou- In mid-2014, the British newspa- Some Indian states are suffering tinely found itself under scrutiny per The Guardian wrote: “Hell hath political violence and have for human-rights abuses. Nation- no fury like a Sachin Tendulkar fan become heavily militarised. It alistic imagery is not popular in scorned”. Tendulkar is undeniably might be worth considering why the regions concerned. one of the all time greatest expo- nents of the cricket. He played almost 700 international matches and was captain of the Indian team for a long time. Nonetheless, he is probably not a household Celebrities meet: name to anyone unfamiliar with Britain’s Prince William and his wife this sport. Indian fans were furi- Catherine Duchess of ous, however, when Tennis player Cambridge with Sachin Maria Sharapova claimed she did Tendulkar in Mumbai not know who he is. They created in April 2016. the hashtag #WhoIsMariaShara- pova, which trended so strongly on Twitter worldwide that The Guardian decided to report the matter.

In India, of course, Tendulkar enjoys god-like status. Indeed, a temple has been devoted to him in the northern state of Bihar. He enjoys a bit of earthly power too Faiz Ullah since he was appointed to the works for the School of Media Rajya Sabha, the upper house of and Cultural Studies at the Tata the Indian Parliament, by the pres- Institute of Social Sciences, ident. The head of state nomi- Mumbai. nates twelve members of this [email protected] chamber for six-year terms.

Tendulkar has also been given the honorary title of group captain by the Indian Air Force. He regularly takes part in official military func- tions – and so does MS Dhoni, his one-time teammate and current captain of the Indian cricket team.

Dhoni is an honorary lieutenant picture-alliance/dpa

22 D+C e-Paper May 2016 “Basic principles of compliance”

Fair play and sports are supposed to go hand in hand. Doping, manipulation and corruption often make headlines nonetheless. As Sylvia Schenk from Transparency International Germany told Hans Dembowski in an interview, coordinated action is needed to improve matters.

Interview with Sylvia Schenk

Are all sports tainted by corruption? the FIFA World Cup. Competition is tremendously Yes, they are. No sphere of life is totally free of fierce. It is about a lot of money and reputation. corruption, and that applies to sports too. Accordingly, the risk of corruption rises. Adding to the problems, corruption still pervades the politics Why has corruption in sports become such and economies of many countries. a big issue? It’s because sport is very competitive. People want Are you suggesting, for example, that there to succeed by any means, and some resort to dop- is more corruption in Italian football than in ing or manipulation. As the internet emerged, we German football? saw games being fixed to cheat in betting, and that Yes, though Germany has seen scandals too. There is obviously not acceptable either. If you consider was the case of Robert Hoyzer, a referee in the second management, moreover, a lot of power, influence tier Bundesliga, or the case of striker René Schnitzler. and public attention is at stake. Even the president Many more cases have come to light in Italy’s Serie of a third league football club is a respected man in A and B however. Games were manipulated – either his town. And it goes on, all the way up to assigning for sporting reasons like avoiding relegations, or for Sepp Blatter in 2012, hosts for major events like the Olympic Games and betting reasons. when he was still FIFA president. Sven Simon/picture-alliance

D+C e-Paper May 2016 23 “Sports are very competitive”: football game in a Brazilian favela.

I’m uncomfortable with this kind of compari- the violation of rules, and if he does not do that con- son, because we Germans like to think that sistently right from the start of a match, he will be other countries have huge corruption issues unable to control it. It is the same with corruption and that things are clean in our country, but actually. We need rules that can be monitored and that is obviously not accurate. enforced, with sanctions for those who break them. Yes, Germans must be watchful too. And that is why These are the basic principles of compliance – and it is a good thing that dubious payments surrounding they are needed everywhere, not just on the pitch but the 2006 World Cup are now being looked into. as well in business and politics.

Uli Hoeness, a football manager who, as So who is the referee off the pitch? a player in the 1970s, used to be part of the You need a complete compliance system, with clear national team, was sentenced for tax fraud, but rules and procedures, directives and sanctions. his case doesn’t relate directly to the sport. Criminal law does not suffice. Integrity is more than What can be done against corruption in sports? not committing a crime. We need rules on what After all, it is hard to imagine football without kind of gifts and invitations are appropriate, how foul play. one must behave in situations of conflicts of inter- Thanks for the good cue. There are actually clear est and on disclosure. And there are different risks. rules in football concerning fouls, plus a system to In a private-sector company, a secretary who only monitor and enforce the rules. The referee punishes writes letters will warrant less monitoring than a pur-

24 D+C e-Paper May 2016 chasing manager who deals with many suppliers. Corruption is not limited to specific countries or In sports, doping might occur in figure skating, but continents. the risk of doping is probably much higher in sports where you need above all power or endurance, like Gianni Infantino, the current FIFA president, cycling or weight lifting, because in these disciplines was mentioned in connection with the Panama the impact of doping on an athlete’s performance is papers. Does that mean that things have not much higher. Doping also becomes more likely in the changed since Blatter? preparation for an important competition – or after One must be careful with accusations of that kind. a period of rest due to an injury. These specific risk According to what I have read, there is nothing in the situations must be taken into account. Panama papers that incriminates him. He was the head of the law department of UEFA, the European Isn’t it more important to fight corruption in Football Association, and thus responsible to oversee other spheres of society than sports? all contracts. Some contracts were worth hundreds Of course, one might say that other areas mat- of millions of euros. People who handle that kind of ter more than sports, but since people love sports, sums do not normally bother about contracts worth flawed behaviour gets noticed by a huge public. This 100 000 Euro. That is not their job. Besides, it is kind of attention helps us to spread our message, pretty obvious that a European association shouldn’t especially as sport is supposed to be based on fair be handling TV rights in a far-away country like Ecua- play. If people accept the idea that corruption occurs dor itself. They need agents who know the place. In even in sport, is normal, and nothing can be done this case, a tender or auction was held according to about it, then we might just as well stop fighting standard procedures. The highest bid won. Infantino corruption altogether. Successes in the fight against cannot be blamed in this context. To fight corruption, corruption in sports send signals. On the other hand, we need clear rules and an enforcement system. It is we must not promise too much. It won’t be possible counterproductive to display outrage just because of to clean up sports completely. a suspicion without having looked into the details.

Why not? Corruption is a constant issue in international Because no sphere of life is free of corruption, and development affairs. Do sports have a bearing because sport is a global undertaking. Associations in this context? like the International Federation of Football Asso- Well, one should monitor all spheres of life, includ- ciations (FIFA) or the World Swimming Association ing funding for sport programmes or sporting events. have members in up to 200 countries. Anyone who One must make sure that funds are used correctly, is familiar with Transparency’s Corruption Percep- and not for instance by some sports association offi- tion Index will know that many of those countries cial’s spouse on a shopping spree. are quite corrupt. Who leads the athletics association there? Probably not one of the few people with integ- Assigning host cities for major sports events rity, who you fortunately can find in all countries. appears to be especially problematic. Wouldn’t The top of the national sport federation will usually it be smarter to auction the Olympic Games or be reached by officials, however, who know how the World Cup? Then the country that pays most to prevail in their societies, and then they will play would stage the event, and no bribes would be

Kopp/Lineair a role in the world association too. It is like in the UN paid. context, where every country is represented, no mat- Yes, that would be feasible, but there are good rea- ter what kind of government it has. sons why that approach hasn’t been taken. These events are not designed for the richest countries. Are you saying that the global sports associa- They are meant to be shared fairly among continents tions are corrupt because of their members and countries. They are supposed to generate inter- from the countries listed in the lower half of est in sports and support for sports. When it was Sylvia Schenk Transparency’s list? decided in 2007 and 2009 that Brazil would host chairs the working group Well, widespread corruption raises the risk. We must the World Cup and the Olympics, that was gener- Corruption in Sport of Transpar- bear in mind, however, that corruption always has ally welcomed, both at the international level and in ency International Germany. two sides, the givers and the takers. In the FIFA scan- the country itself. Back then, Brazil’s economy was [email protected] dal, the FBI investigations with spectacular arrests booming. Moreover, it was plainly South America’s http://www.transparency.de in the USA were started because US-based compa- turn. Mexico had previously hosted Olympic Games, nies had bribed Latin American sport officials for but no South American country ever had. Today, TV rights. By the way, that was not directly linked to Brazil is in economic crisis, and the situation has FIFA business, but the investigations put pressure on changed. We should bear in mind, however, that FIFA to come clean and ultimately led to the downfall several things were done to improve transparency. of Blatter. Joseph Blatter, the former FIFA president, Some Brazilian regulations would make German is not from Asia, he is from Switzerland, and Michel business leaders squirm. Day-to-day corruption is Platini, who was expected to become his successor, still alive in Brazil, and corruption in politics is a big is not from Africa, but from France. Both have been issue, however, and that is why the current situation suspended from FIFA because of dubious payments. has become so explosive.

D+C e-Paper May 2016 25 Between hope and despair

First the Football World Cup in 2014 and now the Olympic Games this year: major sports events draw attention to Brazil and Rio de Janeiro. While the country is politically and economically torn, the people of Rio want substantial progress.

By Julia Jaroschewski

Deodoro is a poor neighbourhood in the west of Brazil’s streets. Now the Olympic Games might break Rio. It did not have much to interest the world or all records as well, with costs currently running up to the media in the past. Most of the news coverage it got € 8.7 billion. related to shootings and muggings or to Bangu, one of Rio’s biggest prisons. Powder keg In August 2016, a different kind of shooting will make positive headlines here. Deodoro is one of the Politically, economically and socially, Rio is a divided four venues chosen for the 2016 Summer Olympics. city. Over a thousand favelas are growing within the Apart from the marksmanship contests, it will host city limits, close to prosperous gated communities. events in ten other disciplines. As far as completion Rio was always a powder keg of social inequality, and is concerned, work on the Deodoro facilities is making it seems to be exploding in 2016 because the country better headway than at Olympic Village in Barra. This is in deep recession. Inflation is at a record level, com- is partly because 60 % of the buildings already existed panies are going bust, the new middle class is won- when Rio bid for the 2016 Games. dering what is left of the advancement it hoped for. Politically, the country is descending into chaos (see The city needs success stories, because the coun- box, page 27). try is in a deep crisis. Brazil’s oceanside metropolis is the first South American city ever to host the Olym- In the run-up to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 pics. Its leaders planned to do a lot to meet high Olympics, everything was supposed to get better in BraZil expectations placed. Among other things, the author- the slums. Police were stationed in favelas to raise ities promised to the quality of life for the marginalised communities. ■■ build an Olympic Village that will later be converted Today, eight years after the first unit was established, into a residential area, many consider the police pacification project (UPP) ■■ completely redevelop the port area, a failure. ■■ give poor neighbourhoods a facelift and Rio de Janeiro ■■ clean up Guanabara Bay, on which Rio is situated. It fast became clear that pacification largely served to improve security for foreign visitors. Even The list of projects amounted to a virtually complete today, fewer than 260 of the thousand-plus favelas renewal of the city. Back in 2014, Mayor Eduardo have a permanent police presence – and that presence Paes made it clear that the idea was not just to stage extends only to places that might be frequented by a sporting event but rather to focus on economic and tourists and foreign visitors: access roads, stadiums social development: “For Rio, the Olympic Games are and beaches. a chance to implement projects within a predefined time frame. They are not just an international sport- “The city showed concern for the safety of tour- ing occasion.” ists,” says Raull Santiago, an activist and resident of the favela Complexo do Alemao. “For a long time, Even if the city at the foot of Sugarloaf Mountain our demands were ignored. The UPP creates new is a popular tourist destination, the economic heart problems, more and more innocent people are dying of the country beats 450 kilometres farther west in in shootouts.” The police have become a threat, São Paulo. Rio desperately needs investments. But he argues, instead of guaranteeing the security of Brazilians are still reeling from the €8.5 billion bill favela residents. Every month, people die in the run up for the FIFA World Cup. The most expensive growing number of clashes between police and drug World Cup ever, it prompted angry demonstrations on gangs. The police officers deployed are often young,

26 D+C e-Paper May 2016 poorly trained and unable to cope with the situa- event. Accordingly, the UPP that was approved two tion. years ago for the Maré favela community will not be set up this year. There is no money for extra police The security services lack staff and equipment. officers and overtime. According to Beltrame, two That is partly due to the bankruptcy of former business billion reais have been shaved off the projected 11.6 wunderkind Eike Batista. That Brazil’s richest entre- billion reais budget for Rio’s security during the Olym- preneur stumbled in 2013 had dire consequences for pics. Assaults, however, have increased by 26 % since the UPP because Batista promised to invest 20 million last year, and murders are up by 23 %. reais (the equivalent of about € 5 million) a year in the police force. After he was declared bankrupt, financ- The extension of the metro line may also not be ing the security scheme for mega-events became completed before the games. It will connect Rio’s a challenge. The recession is now compounding prob- poorer north with the genteel South Zone. lems only months before the Olympic Games are due to start. The two major goals of providing Rio with an extensive sewerage system by 2016 and cleaning up In mid-March, José Beltrame, Rio’s senator for Guanabara Bay remain utopian. Industrial waste, gar- internal security, announced that security manning bage and unfiltered sewage from Rio and neighbour- levels would have to be reduced for the sporting ing towns flow into the bay. In early 2016, Rio’s Gov-

Descent into chaos

Once the foremost power in South Amer- and another 300 Brazilian towns and cit- But in the current crisis, the poor fear cuts ica, Brazil now seems to be on the brink of ies, calling for the overthrow of the presi- that could roll back what they have collapse. President Dilma Rousseff is fight- dent and her Workers Party’s resignation gained. Even now, ing to stay in office. Impeachment pro- from government. health centres in Rio ceedings have begun. face closure, lacking In Rio’s favelas, however, most people doctors and equip- Formerly on the board of directors of the are behind the president. Lula and ment. Teachers are semi-public energy giant Petrobras, Rousseff introduced social programmes on strike because Rousseff is at the heart of a massive cor- that really improved the lives of disad- conditions in state ruption scandal, though she is not accused vantaged people. “Fome Zero”, “Bolsa schools are unaccep- of having taken money herself. Politicians Familia” and “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” table and public sec- Brazilians are of all parties, however, have benefitted provided social housing and food and tor workers have not disappointed by their from kickbacks for contracts. New incon- helped lift many Brazilians out of abso- yet received their pay government. sistencies emerge almost daily – the scan- lute poverty. Lula set the bar high for this spring because dals show no sign of stopping. himself: “If every Brazilian can eat three Rio is in financial difficulties. Police offic- times a day when I leave office, I will have ers who are not paid on time, moreover, In the 2014 presidential elections, Rouss- accomplished my mission in life.” That are susceptible to bribery, which profits eff was returned to office by a thin major- won him kudos. the drug gangs in the favelas. ity. Since then, all hell has broken loose on Brazil’s streets. In 2013, ahead of the Con- federations Cup, all sections of the people took to the streets to protest about failed investments and corruption. Today, how- ever, they are divided into two big camps: one for and one against the government.

During weekly demonstrations, critics of the government shout “Dilma out, Lula behind bars!” For even former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is part of the cor- ruption scandal. To the annoyance of opponents, Rousseff wanted to save her mentor Lula from investigations in spring 2016 by making him a cabinet minister and thus granting him immunity.

In March alone, more than 3 million people

took part in protest marches through Rio Jaroschewski

D+C e-Paper May 2016 27 picture-alliance/dpa

ernor Luiz Fernando Pezão said: “It is regrettable that Young favela residents previously did not have we have not achieved the target of an 80 % clean-up.” opportunities as today. Free English courses and Dilma Rousseff with the He then tried to soften frustrations: “But conditions sports programmes have been made available even Olympic flag. will be adequate for water sports.” Rio’s yachtsmen on the outskirts of the city. New support funds have are still fighting their way through dirt and rubbish. invested in local projects and non-governmental And at Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon in the south of the organisations. city, where the rowers will compete, the water quality is atrocious. Raull Santiago has co-founded “Papo Reto ” (straight talk): residents get together with local opinion leaders Polluted water is linked to another grievance: and discuss problems such as the increase in police vio- the Zika virus is rampant in Rio, transmitted by mos- lence. In Complexo da Maré, there is a longboard group quitoes found near standing water. The dilapidated and photo exhibitions. In Cidade de Deus, there are the- sanitary facilities and, in favelas, the lack of sewerage atre groups and contact points for musicians. systems, are problems that the local government has failed to address despite protests staged in the com- In recent years, moreover, favela residents have munities concerned. discovered that they have a voice. They no longer put up with prejudice and refuse to be discriminated against just because they come from the slums. On Real improvements the contrary, they celebrate favela culture with pride. “What we experience here day after day would be Brazilians had high expectations that hosting the unbearable for a South Zone resident,” writes Mari- mega sporting events would raise living standards for luce from Complexo do Alemao on Facebook. Face- Julia Jaroschewski the people of Rio. And indeed, a number of projects book, Twitter and WhatsApp are helping youngsters is a freelance journalist and will be completed on time, bringing improvements mobilise and discover that they no longer need the founder of BuzzingCities Labs, for the population. The new Museum of the Future established media to be heard. a think tank focusing on the attracts visitors from all over the city to a formerly impacts of digital media on run-down neighbourhood. A light rail transit system “New media are enabling us to show that excit- urban development. will run through downtown Rio, bypassing the per- ing things are going on in the favelas, that there are [email protected] manent road congestion that holds up daily bus ser- creative people, workers and students here – not just vices. A new bus rapid transit (BRT) system is speed- criminals,” says Daiene Mendes, who is involved in ing up long-distance services. cultural projects and reports for the citizens medium Voz der Comunidade. With smartphones and internet, Libraries, sports centres and nursery schools have favela reporters and residents also document human- been set up in the favelas, providing services that the rights violations, such as excessive use of force by communities desperately need. Numerous projects police. The mega-events have not fulfilled the hopes have made it possible for young residents, in particu- of fundamental change and peace in the favelas, but lar, to gain better access to education – even univer- they have had a positive impact on how the city per- sity studies are now within reach for some poor. ceives itself.

28 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Untangling mental knots

Physical exercise helps to liberate the soul, so it does more than improve physical fitness. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a faith-based organisation is running a sports and exercise programme to help traumatised women and girls to regain self-confidence as well as control of their body.

By Susanne Bischoff

Thirteen women and men stand shoulder to ing over one another. Every member of the group mat- shoulder in a circle. They raise their arms and ters. Solutions can only be found in teamwork. close their eyes. Each hand must find the hand of someone else in the circle. It takes a while. There is Without it needing to be said, everyone respects the lots of waving, lots of laughing. others’ physical limits. Sometimes an attempt to untan- gle bodies fails because the openings between arms are Finally, the instructor gives the signal to open too small. In those cases, the group has to start anew. eyes. A strange tangle of arms has been created – and it must now be undone without anyone letting go. In the end, it works out: the bodies are untangled. The group determinedly tackles one part of the knot The men and women find themselves holding hands after another . Closely entwined, the men and women in a big circle. They cheer, jump for joy and start to cooperate, discussing approaches, trying ideas, climb- sing. Then the game starts all over again. It is part of Finding balance together: YWCA-DRC leader Bibiche Kankolongo (centre) takes part in exercises herself. Bischoff

D+C e-Paper May 2016 29 an eight-week course called “Sport and Movement them. It can also be oppressive, however. Sports and after Trauma”. It is held at the Young Women’s Chris- physical activity can open up behavioural alternatives tian Association of the DR Congo (YWCA-DRC). The or reinforce existing roles. This is true everywhere, but YWCA-DRC is a non-governmental organisation with especially so in a country like the DR Congo. As all an office in Kinshasa with 17 staff members and small experience of life is linked to the body, there is a risk of offices run by volunteers in other regions. The asso- negative experiences being exacerbated, dissociating ciation has around 500 members. people from themselves and causing retraumatisation in the worst cases. Sensitive healing is possible too, “YWCA-DRC focuses on the development of girls, however. women and communities in the broadest sense,” says general secretary Bibiche Kankolongo. “Sport takes us Far too often, sports – whether in Europe, the DR into a new realm that I believe is important, because Congo or elsewhere – are designed to serve peda- wellbeing depends on a whole range of physical fac- gogical, political and religious purposes. Rules are tors,” she adds. YWCA-DRC seeks to offer girls, women imposed on the body until the conscious mind is per- and men a way to gain control over their body and suaded that they seem right and it no longer raises boost their self-esteem, spirit and soul at the same questions. For example, this is evident even 55 years Democratic Republic time. The guiding principle is that “what counts is the after independence from Belgian colonial rule in Con- of the Congo personal sense of wellbeing.” golese schools, where youngsters are still drilled in an authoritarian style reminiscent of a Prussian sense Since 2013, YWCA-DRC has applied this maxim as of discipline. Boys, however, are generally allowed to Kinshasa a partner organisation of Bread for the World – Prot- romp around and play more freely than girls. estant Development Service in a project supported by Germany’s Civil Peace Service (CPS) in the DR Congo. Another approach to exercise makes more sense – A German expert is seconded to the project. one that aims to promote emancipation and change, especially in gender roles. This approach can draw upon many national traditions, including music and Difficulties in daily life dance, and it has given both deep joy and strength to many women and men in the DRC. In the crisis-haunted DR Congo – a country nearly seven times the size of Germany – violence is a daily Bibiche Kankolongo puts it like this: “Sport is experience. In the Great Lakes region in the country’s a great instrument for peace that we can use to recon- east, women, girls and even boys frequently become cile communities and individuals locked in conflict.” victims of mass rape by so-called rebel groups. Corrup- She believes that shared sports experience overcomes tion, exploitation, traumatisation, fatigue, the fight for barriers and enmities. She sees a connection between minimal democratic rights and the lack of adequate sports and peace. In order to engage in sports, she health care mark the lives of the majority of the peo- says, we need both external and inner peace. ple. That is so even in Kinshasa, the capital city.

The people are exhausted by the adversities of Initial problems daily life, which range from transport problems and torrential downpours to disease and fear of physical The YWCA-DRC project had teething troubles. After violence or abuse by government institutions. Money three months, discontinuing it was discussed. There is always short, whether for water, medical treatment, were problems concerning premises and materials electricity, telephone subscriptions or wages. as well as cultural and age-related differences in the team. But the initiators endured. They could not find Physical exercise or sports can provide release, affordable premises, so they opted for a small, uncom- give a person structure, encourage and strengthen fortable room at the YWCA-DRC, where they ran exer-

Sport in peace work

Any peacebuilding that aims to emanci- peacebuilding requires practice and train- Peacebuilding also requires protection of pate persons and redefine gender roles ing. Asian martial arts such as Qigong, individuals by the community as well as requires a clear mind. People need to be Tai-Chi or Aikido are most useful in this security in it. There is a chance of linking prepared and encouraged to question context. They permit the persistent, fear- physical sensations and emotions to con- their inner feelings and change attitudes. free repetition of exercise that is needed scious thought in groups guided in a com- Doing so liberates them from a sense of to foster the kind of personal growth that petent manner. The result can be behav- helplessness. leads to the awareness of painful patterns ioural change in the sense of stronger and habits and resolve them in new pat- personal coordination and self-confi- In a fragmented world marked by fear, terns of action and thought. dence.

30 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Massage for everyone

Bischoff after back training.

cise sessions with groups of seven to twelve women. Low cost, big impact The emphasis was on rhythm, coordination and train- ing one’s dorsal muscles. Does sport really help to build peace? Abuse and cor- ruption scandals, doping and right-wing hooliganism However, the response of some women was frus- seem to suggest otherwise. But Bibiche Kankolongo trating. They said things like: “I’m tired after work” and her fellow campaigners know they have a posi- or “I’m thirsty and hungry.” Ideas for improvements tive impact: “Participants’ self-respect and self-confi- emerged over the weeks. For instance, more water dence are growing,” she says. She also notes a general was made available. Moreover, it proved to be bet- improvement in stamina and physical fitness. Some ter to start sessions seated or lying down rather than participants report a measure of relief from pain and standing upright. Chairs actually have a symbolic rel- illness. “Team spirit and personal relationships have evance: they signal security and privacy, and that is grown,” Kankolongo adds. “Exercise is experienced as appreciated by women who have suffered severe trau- a moment of happiness and stress-relief.” mas. The chairs have thus become a therapeutic aid. Women were given the liberty to stand up and choose UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is convinced where they wanted to sit. of sports’ impact on development. In April 2014, he told a conference on Celebrating Sport for Develop- Susanne Bischoff In the meantime, a lot has been achieved – though ment and Peace in New York: “Sport helps reduce is a sports and movement it still seems like a drop in the ocean. In 2013, a swim- stigmatisation and promote the integration of mar- therapist specialising in ming group was set up. It has been attracting new ginalised minorities and people with disabilities.” psychological issues. Since July participants ever since. There were two eight-week A comparatively small investment can have a dra- 2013, she has been working training groups on “Sport and Movement for Post- matic effect. Ban Ki-moon concludes: “Sport is a low- with the Young Women’s Traumatic Stabilisation”, and three seminars on Wen- cost, high-impact tool.” Christian Association of the DR Do, an empowering form of self-defence for women. Congo as a Civil Peace Service More courses are planned in Kinshasa and in partner YWCA-DRC staff are similarly convinced that their expert deployed by a projects south of the capital this year. A back exer- work is meaningful. They sense moments of peace in non-governmental Protestant cise group open to everyone meets regularly in a nice participants, and that is more than just the temporary German agency. The project in room at the Maison de France, which belongs to the absence of the daily fight for survival. During exercise the DR Congo is supported, Institut Français, and there is a new group for “Sports and movement, the people radiate an inner strength among others, by Werder for Women after Breast Cancer”. Women enjoy exer- and there is hope in their eyes. Sport and movement Bremen, the Bundesliga cising at the YWCA, moreover, using various kinds of give momentary strength and serve to untangle the football club. balls, mats and a mini-trampoline during breaks. psychological knots caused by trauma. [email protected]

D+C e-Paper May 2016 31 Assertive girls

Boxing is more than just a sport, especially when young women compete in the ring. Whether in Berlin’s multicultural Kreuzberg neighbourhood or in African townships, boxing girls gain self-confidence – and bring about change in society.

By Theresa Krinninger

Ten year-old Fate is standing in front of a blue Such boosts are necessary, no doubt. All over corrugated sheet in a small backyard in the world, women are exposed to gender-based Kariobangi, a Nairobi slum. “I am proud to be a boxer, violence. In 2013, the World Health Organization because I know what I want to kick out of the world,” (WHO) first conducted systematic global research on she says in a video on Youtube. HIV/AIDS, poverty, violence against women. The results were shocking. crime and rape are among the issues she wants to One out of three women worldwide had experienced thrash. physical or sexual violence at least once. The study also showed that gender-related violence occurs in “Boxgirls” is the name of a project that was started all countries, cultures and segments of society. In by social scientist Heather Cameron in Berlin in 2005. a recent update, the WHO stated that things have Born and educated in Canada, the scholar teaches not improved. sports- and integration pedagogy at Berlin’s Free Uni- versity. She later started the Camp Group, which she Germany is affected too, as Cameron points out. calls a “think and do tank” in Berlin. The Boxgirls pro- Though violence against women is much more explicit ject is now part of the Camp Group. in Kenya and South Africa, she says, girls in Germany have to cope with patriarchal power relations at home Cameron wants to support and motivate women or in their schools. Many of the girls she works with and girls to become more independent, more active grow up in socially and economically disadvantaged and better able to make their voices heard, and boxing families, and many have foreign roots. Some 50 % of is a means to achieve those goals. One of the mottos Boxgirls Berlin have a family history of migration. is: “Strong girls bring about social change.” Boxgirls projects have been also started in Kenya and South But do martial arts really help to stem violence? Africa. Yes, boxing does so, say Boxgirls supporters. In ama- teur boxing, the goal is not to knock out counterparts, The Camp Group offers other educational pro- but to beat them in technical skill. To win, a girl must grammes for children and youths, but boxing is read her opponent, anticipate her movements and a core issue. “It does not only strengthen your body, develop the right strategy. Boxing is more about atti- it changes your personality too,” says Cameron at her tude than punches. Kreuzberg office. She looks determined, even com- bative. “I decided to box, because it is a beautiful and Cameron is convinced that boxing helps young challenging sport.” women to develop more self-confidence and self- respect. That makes them “able to oppose domestic Cameron has been boxing for many years now, and or sexualised violence”, she says. There is scientific she coaches girls on a voluntary basis. Being a boxer has proof of her argument. In the USA, many studies have shaped her own personality. “You are alone in the ring, shown that teenage girls who are active members you have to control your fear, your arrogance, really all of sports clubs are less likely to become pregnant or your emotions, to become an effective boxer,” she says. experience sexual violence in their relationships.

More self-respect Breaking a taboo

The sport does more than deliver gratification through According to Cameron, girls who box are likely to competitive success and physical strength; it makes achieve more than others. “First of all, they have fun girls understand their own body. For young women, doing the punches.” That sense of fun contributes to it is especially important to have a positive feeling building personalities. The girls become aware of hav- about their bodies, Cameron argues, and by being ing an impact on the world, rather than only feeling active as an athlete, they understand that they have affected by others. Boxing empowers girls to take their control over their bodies: “They get a better sense of fate into their own hands and to strive for goals they self-respect.” set themselves.

32 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Boxgirls

It also matters, as Cameron says, that “women become independent partners within the interna- who box still break with many taboos.” After all, tional Boxgirls network. boxing is considered manly and brutal. It is about punches and lots of body contact. The sports scholar says that successful female boxers show that women Good evaluation is crucial can compete in a male-dominated sphere, and that applies to other spheres as well. Success is tangible, but it remains difficult to prove the projects’ precise impact empirically. “We don’t One example is Zeina Nassar, Berlin’s 17 year-old only want to tell nice stories of happy kids,” Cam- Assertive girls from box champion. A practicing Muslim, she fights wear- eron says. Her team is cooperating with universities South Africa, who learn ing a headscarf. Her parents did not approve of her on designing good methods for measuring the social to fight for an choice of sport initially, but she remained firm about impact of Boxgirls. independent and self- her passion. Today she is the star of Boxgirls Berlin determined life. and the poster child of the project’s successful inte- So far, they found a promising approach for the gration efforts. afterschool clubs in Cape Town. Research fellows from the German Sports University Cologne and the Uni- Just like Zeina, many African girls would like to versity of the Western Cape assess the girls’ social and become more independent – for instance in Nairobi communicative skills before and after participating in slums, where life is tough. The Boxgirls project in the project. To do so properly, they defined four evalu- Kenya has reached out to more than 600 girls and ation phases. They also consider the girls’ school young women in six different Nairobi neighbour- performance in mathematics and English, and they hoods. The initiative was started in 2007. It has since consult the parents and supervisors. The results from become fully independent and is run by local coaches. a first baseline study are promising. They cooperate with primary schools and meet the girls there once a week for practice. But even without hard data, Boxgirls looks con- vincing. The sports committee of the German Bunde- Boxgirls South Africa has recently added further stag picked Boxgirls as a model project in 2005, the activities. In the township of Khayelitsha, 15 pri- UN Year of Sport and Physical Education. Four years mary schools now offer what they call “afterschool later, the initiative won the German Federal Chancel- Theresa Krinninger clubs”. The girls can go there and do their home- lor’s special prize in the contest Startsocial. is a freelance journalist. From 2013 work under supervision. But the afterschool clubs to 2014 she has worked in the serve another function too. Being together allows Heather Cameron herself was chosen as Germa- GIZ Basic Education Programme the girls to share their thoughts and feelings about ny’s professor of the year in 2010. She was the first in Malawi. problems they face at home and in their neighbour- foreign scholar to get this prize. She didn’t win only [email protected] hoods. The supervisors become role models who because of her theoretical work. “I am not that inter- help the girls to master difficult situations. More­ ested in writing articles for the library,” she says. Her over, team work teaches the girls how to best deal core concern is “to work with the girls on the ground.” with conflicts and to de-escalate encounters that might turn violent. Links The Berlin-based Camp Group serves as an adviser Boxgirls International: to all Boxgirls projects. The long-term approach is to http://www.boxgirls.org/ support projects in a way that allows them to become Camp Group: self-sufficient. Boxgirls Kenya and Berlin have already http://www.respact.org/home/

D+C e-Paper May 2016 33 International finance institution “Africa’s youth must be employed in Africa”

What can – and should – the AfDB do Akinwumi Adesina took office as president of the multilateral to drive diversification? African Development Bank (AfDB) last summer. In an interview, Yes, the overwhelming majority of African countries still rely on raw materials, with he told D+C/E+C about his aspirations. limited diversification of their produc- tive structures. For example, commod- Interview with Akinwumi Adesina ity exports account for an average of about 60 % of merchandise exports in Your predecessor Donald Kaberuka the ambitious African Renewable Energy 41 commodity-dependent countries in did a lot to make the AfDB more pro- Initiative (AREI) which seeks to generate Africa. This has led to increased vulner- fessional and effective. How do you 300 gigawatts (GW) of electricity for the ability to external shocks, chief among assess its current performance and continent by 2030. We are rising to key them the recent decline in commodity what are the most important insti- challenges. Africa cannot just remain in prices, which has sharply reduced fiscal tutional challenges you must rise to? the dark, 137 years after the light bulb revenues and led to rapid depreciation Indeed, Dr Kaberuka’s tenure was com- was invented. of exchange rates in most countries. To mendable. His accomplishments include increase their resilience and achieve sus- the scaling-up of the Bank’s private sector Many young people from Africa are tained and long-term economic growth, operations, from $ 200 million to $ 2 bil- taking the dangerous route through African countries need to promote eco- lion per annum, the maintenance of the the Sahara and across the Mediterra- nomic diversification. Last year, the Bank Bank’s triple AAA credit rating even in the nean Sea in the hope of better living approved loans and grants amounting midst of the global financial crisis and the prospects in Europe. How do you to $ 6.33 billion in 2015 to support eco- establishment of the Africa50 investment address this issue? nomic diversification. platform for infrastructure development This migrant problem is essentially an financing in Africa. My administration is African problem, and African govern- African economies also tend to be poised to build on these achievements. At ments and institutions like the AfDB must geared to exporting to Europe, Asia my inauguration, I spelled out a five-point take bold steps to contain it. No effort and North America, but do not have vision – the High 5s: must be spared. The international com- much exchange with their neighbour- ■■ Light up and power munity can play its part, but Africa must ing countries. How does this issue Tribune Africa, take the lead. The industrialisation of figure on your agenda? ■■ feed Africa, Africa will be critical to unleash African Regional integration is among the Bank’s ■■ integrate Africa, entrepreneurship, build skills and create top priorities. The focus is on creating ■■ industrialise Africa and opportunities. There is no silver bullet, larger, more attractive markets, and ■■ improve the quality of but industrialisation is certainly a step supporting intra-African trade to foster life for African people. towards addressing Africa’s migration the continent’s development. Indeed, problem. We’ll have to ensure that our recent estimates show that intraregional The AfDB is only one of several play- young people are prepared for the jobs trade accounts for only 12 % of Africa’s ers, and not even the biggest one, in that Africa’s industrialisation will create. total exports, compared to 52 % for Asia the five fields you highlight. Can it Rather than migrating to Europe at great and 26 % for Latin America. Regional really make a difference? risk, Africa’s youth must be employed in integration can help African countries Africa’s current structural challenges are Africa and rewarded by African industries. exploit economies of scale, improve so multifaceted and deep-rooted that We are developing an initiative on Jobs economic efficiency and reduce the high they cannot be addressed by just one for Youth in Africa jointly with the African costs of doing business on the continent. institution. As a leading financial insti- Union and the UN Economic Commission In 2015 alone, the Bank’s support for tution in Africa, the AfDB certainly has for Africa. It will be a game changer, espe- regional integration amounted to $ 2.1 the responsibility to pave the way and cially in the sense of creating rural jobs for billion, a 33.3 % increase on 2014. AfDB- catalyse financing and support from other young people and women. On the other supported projects included the Kenya- development partners. For greater impact, hand, migration can be useful in the sense Tanzania Power Interconnection Project, we need to build strong partnerships, not of restoring the global labour market equi- the Tanzania Transport Sector Support only within the continent but also glob- librium. Migrants, especially those with Program and the Chinsali-Nakonde Road ally. And in each of our five priority areas, skills, must not be frowned upon. Rehabilitation Project in Zambia. the Bank has already made significant footprints. At the Paris climate summit So far, however, African economies International Financial Institutions, in December, for example, we launched still tend to be commodity exporters. including the World Bank, the Asian

34 D+C e-Paper May 2016 dem Africa’s future depends on jobs for the young generation: street vendor in Nairobi.

Development Bank or the Interna- don’t eat potential resources; we have in resource use and management, gov- tional Monetary Fund, are often crit- to turn them into actual resources. The ernance in the public sector, the rule of icised for being too donor-driven, AfDB will encourage African leaders to law and building institutional capacities with developing countries having too think differently. We need to leverage and frameworks for investment. little say. How does the AfDB ensure private capital markets, increase resource African ownership? and tax mobilisation, unlock the potential You are Nigeria’s former minister Following the Paris Declaration on Aid of the agriculture and help peasants to of agriculture and a development Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for move on from subsistence to commercial economist. Your predecessors tended Action, the Bank has continuously strived farming. We must invest in young peo- to be former finance ministers and to ensure and uphold African ownership. ple’s skills and entrepreneurship. In other central bankers. Is your outlook dif- The Bank encourages governments of words, we must use natural wealth to ferent? regional member countries not only to create physical and financial wealth. Well, the Bank’s mission is not simply take a lead role in their policy processes, to finance projects and programmes, we but also to engage more with their parlia- A precondition for economic devel- must broaden and deepen the process ments and citizens in articulating those opment is stable statehood. How does of Africa’s transformation mainly by policies. The Bank maintains very close the AfDB contribute to strengthening ensuring that growth is shared and not ties with its 54 African member countries, statehood and good governance? isolated, for all African citizens and coun- which are the real owners, through policy Poor governance and lack of public tries, not just for some. Africa must take dialogue, advisory services, regular pro- accountability have always been among a broad and holistic approach to tackling ject supervision and field offices. More the main causes hindering Africa’s struc- its problems. Financing is one issue, plan- than two-thirds of the shareholders are tural transformation. Corruption is one ning is another and execution is probably African, only 26 member countries are not of the most blatant manifestations of bad even more critical. I believe I can make African. The agreement establishing the governance, costing Africa about $ 150 my own contribution, and I am happy to African Development Bank requires that billion per annum. This haemorrhaging tell you that alongside me there are many the president, who is also the chairman of of scarce resources is depriving Africans committed men and women at the bank the Board of Directors, is an African. of decent livelihoods. Revenues needed with a real passion to address Africa’s for development are lost. AfDB takes the development challenges. Donor governments want African issue of governance and accountability countries to use more of their own very seriously, particularly in fragile Akinwumi Adesina resources for development. What is states, not only because they are home to is the president of the multilateral African your take? more than 200 million Africans but also Development Bank. Africa certainly has untapped potential because their instability might reverber- to generate the resources needed for its ate to neighbouring countries. The bank structural transformation. Or course, we is fully engaged to enhance transparency http://www.afdb.org

D+C e-Paper May 2016 35 Relevant reading Limits of digital growth

The digital revolution is creating new opportunities. Grasping ment Report (WDR) similarly emphasises them will require more than hardware devices and software pro- that, to make the most of the digital revo- lution, the analogue foundation needs to grammes. Recent publications emphasise that digitalisation will be strengthened. The authors write that only drive inclusive development if non-digital issues are tackled digital technologies must be made acces- as well. sible, affordable, open and safe. Moreover, they want the digital economy to be: By Hans Dembowski ■■ underpinned by effective regulations, ■■ managed in a sense of governance and Kentaro Toyama has experienced as It is no coincidence, of course, that these ■■ driven by broad-based skills develop- a technology enthusiast what social commandments read like slogans from ment. scientists have known for quite some time: business schools, nor is it surprising that it is easy to implement a single measure, they fail in developmental contexts. To Nations that rise to the challenges appro- but very difficult to bring about lasting, achieving lasting change for a disadvan- priately, they suggest, will speed up the systemic change. Digging a well can be taged community is a much greater chal- digital revolution and can collect divi- done fast, but the attempts all too often lenge than to introduce an innovative dends for everyone. fail to get a village community to maintain product in a prosperous market. it properly, use the water wisely and keep The WDR points out that the digital the well going over years. In a similar way, Toyama states that all parties involved divide within countries can be as wide as introducing a computer system or a smart- must show “heart, mind and will” if real between countries. In 2015, only 3.2 bil- phone service is not what makes long- progress is to be made. Empathy, intel- lion people were assumed to have internet term development happen. The real chal- ligence and determination matter. The access – less than half of the world’s popu- lenge is to make people adopt the new computer scientist expresses deep frus- lation. The World Bank’s experts declare options in their daily lives. tration with economic models that con- that inequality is rising, and that those sider human beings basically to be util- without digital skills are at risk of being Toyama is an associate professor ity maximising robots who care only for left behind. Providing access to mobile at the University of Michigan. His book financial rewards. People are different, phones and the internet will therefore not draws on his experience as a Microsoft Toyama argues, because real fulfilment do, they state. Other issues matter as well. manager who was supposed to drive lies in improving the world, not making They call for: human development by spreading digital money. ■■ a business climate that allows entrepre- technology in India. He concludes that, neurs to thrive and create jobs, while good hard ware and soft ware mat- In his perspective, policy-making ■■ education and skills training that equip ter, they are not the key to success. Just as should stimulate people’s personal workers with the human capital they important are: growth, rather than economic growth. need and ■■ implementing agencies’ social commit- This stance is interesting and makes sense ■■ more responsive government agencies ment and grass-roots competence and in moral terms. In terms of policy-making, and service providers. ■■ target groups’ active involvement. however, it looks a bit naïve. Money is a useful proxy because it stands for many, The WDR offers a lot of information, and its Those who introduce a new approach though not all things, that matter in life. general thrust is correct. Sometimes, how- must not only understand the new tech- Moreover, it is impossible for everyone to ever, it seems a bit superficial. For instance, nology, they have to make it fit in to com- become as rich as Bill Gates in order to the introduction stresses that openness plex social settings. And even then, the turn to philanthropy. is important for digital economies to new options will not make a difference, thrive, but fails to mention that some of unless the beneficiaries adopt them. Development economists or sociolo- the world’s biggest internet business are gists have known for long time that there Chinese companies which owe their suc- In Toyama’s view, too many technol- are no quick fixes. The merit of Toyama’s cess – at least in part – to the fact that ogy enthusiasts believe in what he calls the book is to argue this case convincingly their country’s huge market is not open “Tech Commandments”. Three of them are: and compellingly from an unusual per- to global internet giants such as Google or ■■ “Measurement over meaning: value only spective: the perspective of the computer Facebook. that which can be counted.” scientist. ■■ “Ultimate goals over root causes: focus For good reason, the WDR demands narrowly on the end goal to ensure that government agencies become re- success.” Digital dividends sponsive and accountable. The snag is ■■ “Innovation over tried-and-true: never that it does not specifically spell out to do anything that has been done before, In a much more technocratic style, the whom. Governments everywhere are quite at least not without a new branding.” World Bank’s most recent World Develop- aware of what their national business

36 D+C e-Paper May 2016 not be in a position to do so because the World Bank, as a multilateral agency, is not supposed to get involved in domestic affaires of governments it is accountable to itself.

For related reasons, the WDR shies away from tackling conflicts of interest between advanced economies and devel- oping countries. For instance, it does not assess the benefits and disadvantages of open-source software in any prominent way. Powerful corporations based in rich nations benefit from intellectual property rights, but government agencies and pri- vate sector companies are probably well advised to opt for cheaper software they can fully control.

If the World Bank was fully independ- ent it would take sides in this debate, spelling out what is best for development. But the Bank is not above the fray. This fact reduces the intellectual merits of its WDR. Nonetheless, the report deserves to

Ton Koene/Lineair Ton make an impact because it contains many Charging mobile devices in the Central African Republic. good examples and ideas. elites want. But will they really listen to sion, but their technocratic jargon does References the poorest 20 %? And if so, who speaks not acknowledge the serious conflicts Toyama, K., 2015: Geek Heresy – Rescuing social change from for the poorest 20 %? of interest that rage between the privi- the cult of technology. New York: Public Affairs. leged and the disadvantaged in every World Bank, 2016: Digital dividends – World Development The authors make sensible hints society. Accordingly, the authors do not Report. Washington: World Bank. about improving education and inclu- take sides either. They would, of course, http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016

Human rights “A situation of bonded labour”

Bangladesh is making progress, but it is still one of the least- destinations, including the EU and North developed countries. Millions have migrated to work abroad. Some America. These are the official figures and they give us an idea of what is going on, manage to become prosperous, but many are exploited and denied though reality may be a bit different due rights. Ridwanul Hoque, a law professor, assessed matters in an to unreported cases. interview with Hans Dembowski. Are the Bangladeshi emigrants men Interview with Ridwanul Hoque or women? According to the official data, female Why does migration matter in Bang- industry. Migrants remitted $ 15 billion migrants constituted only one percent of ladesh? to Bangladesh in 2015, that was 13 times the total number until 2004. But things Migration from Bangladesh for overseas more than the total amount of foreign have been changing. In 2015, they con- work began in 1976 – and unofficially investment. In the past 40 years, almost stituted close to 20 %. They are mostly even earlier – as Bangladeshis started to 10 million Bangladeshis migrated to employed as household helpers. Some, go to Middle-Eastern countries, mainly around 160 countries as skilled, semi- however, are working as nurses or in gar- Saudi Arabia. The numbers rose fast, skilled or less-skilled workers, and some ment production. and emigration has become the third as professionals. Around 80 % went to pillar of Bangladesh’s economy, behind the Arab countries, 15 % to Southeast What are the major reasons for agriculture and the garments export and East Asia, and five percent to other migration from Bangladesh?

D+C e-Paper May 2016 37 There are push and pull factors. Poverty are higher there than in other world not committed any offence apart from and unemployment are the important areas. It certainly matters that Arab coun- not fulfilling formal procedures. But that push factors. Bangladesh has 160 million tries tend to have authoritarian govern- is done in Bangladesh and many other people. The economy has been growing ments and lack adequate respect for the countries. at an annual rate of about six percent rule of law. Migrant workers really don’t for some time. The country is definitely have rights there. So there are no problems with making progress – but not fast enough. irregular migration? We still have serious problems. After the What happens to them? No, that is not what I am saying. Despite independence war of 1971 it was so poor It is easy to abuse them. They are eager legal channels and checks, many Bang- that policymakers in Washington indig- to go abroad, and they do not have well- ladeshi have turned out to be undocu- nantly spoke of a “basket case”. Nobody negotiated contracts. In some cases, mented or irregular migrants. I would cite there says that anymore. However, they are not given work in the industries three aspects of migration from Bangla- young Bangladeshis, especially those promised, or they are paid less than origi- desh which are tainted by legal breaches. ■■ Some overseas employment recruit- ment agents indulge in fraudulent prac- tices, and, as I just elaborated, Bangla- deshi migrants who aspire to work in the Middle East are exposed to myriad types of exploitation as a result. ■■ People in the poverty-stricken areas along the Bangladesh-India border adopt the means of unlawful border- crossing with the hope of seasonal work in India’s northeast. Indian authorities often exaggerate the problem, but in Bangladesh it tends to be under- recognised. ■■ The most important issue, however, is the dangerous trend of unlawful departure. A large number of aspirant migrants try to reach Malaysia by sea in the hope of finding work there. Many

Abir Abdullah/picture-alliance/dpa have died at sea, and the rest ended Eager to leave: when Saudi Arabia announced 10,000 workers would be recruited last, young men climbed up in human slavery or in prisons in over the fence of Dhaka’s Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment Ministry to register. Malaysia, Indonesia or Thailand. This kind of smuggling has assumed a sys- without good education, often struggle nally agreed. Some Arab countries have tematically exploitative and criminal to find work. Many are desperate to work a system called “kafala”, which basically character. It is a totally unacceptable overseas – and on the pull side, there means employer’s sponsorship. It means form of human slavery and human actually are job opportunities overseas. that workers cannot change employment. trafficking. Rohingya refugees from Richer countries rely on migrant work- They cannot even complete the neces- Myanmar are affected too. They are ers in a wide range of industries. It mat- sary paperwork regarding their work and Muslim and speak a language that is ters, moreover, that some Bangladeshi immigration without the concurrence of related to Bengali, so many of them migrants managed to become affluent the employer. Basically, kafala results in come to Bangladesh from Myanmar. As abroad, and they serve as role models for a situation of bonded-labour. On top of I have argued in your e-paper earlier, youngsters who decide to leave the coun- that, Bangladeshi women migrants who Asian countries must cooperate to rise try. Sometimes, relatively well-off people do domestic work often suffer in an aggra- to the Rohingya challenge (see D+C/ also send their young people abroad, for vated way. Most live in the same house as E+C e-Paper 2016/04, p. 43). instance, because they want them to get their employer, have no free time and are a good education, or because the young- sometimes sexually abused. In most des- The reason I don’t like to speak of “illegal sters have become involved in crimes or tination countries of migrants, employ- migration” is that the migrants are nor- destructive, radical politics. In general, ment laws fail to protect their human mally the victims, not the perpetrators of however, present-day migration from rights and government agencies do not crimes and abuse. Using language that Bangladesh is not driven by religious or monitor matters properly either. implies their guilt, is certainly not help- political motives. ful. To what extent is migration from What is the experience of Bangla- Bangladesh illegal migration? Ridwanul Hoque deshis abroad? Migration from Bangladesh is mostly is a law professor at Dhaka University and Overall, the experience of Bangladeshi legal, but let me say right away that I currently a visiting scholar at La Trobe University migrants abroad is not a happy one, and prefer the term “irregular migration” to in Melbourne, Australia. particularly so in the Middle East. Report- “illegal migration”. I don’t think people edly, levels of exploitation and injustice should be criminalised if they really have [email protected]

38 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Please visit our website www.DandC.eu

X + www.dandc.eu Comment Tunisia deserves attention and support Terrorists are threatening the only democracy to emerge from the over night. Tunisians want to see more Arab spring. Tunisian security forces managed to stop the ISIS progress in their daily lives and are tired of empty promises. We need continuity attempt to take over the town of Ben Gardane in March. Nonethe- of direction and policies, and the gov- less, the country needs more support from the international ernment must swiftly implement some community and especially the EU. urgently needed reforms. To rise to its huge challenges, it certainly needs – and By Tawfik Jelassi deserves – international support.

2015 was a bloody year for Tunisia. jobs and opportunities, so infrastructure At the G8 summit of 2011, several bil- There were attacks on the Bardo national must be improved and industries devel- lion dollars were pledged to Tunisia, but the museum in March, on a major hotel in oped. Without strong action and foreign country has yet to receive any of it. Though Sousse in June and on the presidential investments, unemployment will only get Tunisia’s problems are well known, our guard in Tunis in November. This year, worse, purchasing power will decline and western allies have not been much helpful the terrorist militia ISIS even tried to take the social problems will grow. to date. They ought to put in place a Mar- over the town of Ben Gardane, near the Libyan border, and establish an outpost in “Most Tunisians the country. This was unprecedented and appreciate enjoying deeply troubling. more liberty than ever before”: supporters of a Fortunately, the security forces were new political party in able to defend the city. About 50 terror- March 2016. ists were killed. It is worrisome, however, that they obviously enjoyed some sup- port from within the country. Moreover, all of the terrorists who were so far iden- tified turned out to be Tunisians. This raises a lot of questions. Perhaps there are more dormant terrorist cells in Tuni-

sia. Gaidi/AA/picture-alliance Yassine

The attack was launched from Libya. In some of the more remote regions, shall Plan for Tunisia. In spite of its strong The violence that is rocking our neighbour- the Tunisian state is not doing enough in ties to Europe, our country is often forgot- ing country is destabilising ours as well. economic and social terms, and extremist ten until there is a terrorist attack. The problems transcend groups are taking advantage of people’s Debate borders and concern the desperation. They recruit young men, Tunisia is the only ray of hope remain- entire international com- promising money and a “better life”. Some ing from the 2011 Arab spring revolutions. munity. Tunisia’s nas- of the youngsters are brainwashed to It is also the last buffer zone against ter- cent democracy is a bea- believe that they are fighting for a ‘noble rorism prevailing in North Africa. If ever con of hope in the Arab cause’ and that ‘true Islam’ gives them Tunisia falls (God forbid), this shield will region. It deserves attention and support. a sense of purpose. These youngsters are drop and the EU will have a lot more to a minority – but a very dangerous one. worry about. It is high time for the interna- Tunisia needs security equipment. tional community to help Tunisia address Among other things, it lacks advanced Most Tunisians think that the coun- its economic and security challenges. By attack helicopters and night vision mili- try is on the right path. They appreciate helping Tunisia, the international com- tary capabilities to repel militant groups. It having a democratic society and enjoying munity will help itself. We need deeds, not would also benefit from more intelligence more liberty than ever before. However, just words! sharing. political freedom, so far, is not going along with economic prosperity. It is a major Tawfik Jelassi Security, however, is not only a mili- issue that people’s standard of living is is a professor at the IMD business school in tary issue. The socio-economic situation not improving. We should not forget that Lausanne (Switzerland) and a former Tunisian matters very much. It is a huge problem unemployment and economic hardship minister of higher education, scientific research for the country and a major challenge triggered the 2011 revolution. and information & communication for any government that some Tunisian technologies. He served in the 2014-2015 regions are lagging behind economically. Democratic transitions always take transition government. The people, and especially the youth, need time. People’s mind-sets do not change [email protected]

40 D+C e-Paper May 2016 Comment Robbed of a role model South Africa used to be an economic and political role model for his predecessor Thabo Mbeki in 2008. But the whole region. However, since President Jacob Zuma fired instead, the ANC announced support for Zuma, puncturing the confidence people Nhlanhla Nene, his finance minister, at the end of last year, the had in the president and his party. country is in a downward spiral. Its neighbours’ trust in democ- racy is dwindling too. At the end of March, fresh evidence emerged that state funds were used in the By Jennifer Dube construction of Zuma’s private home in Nkandla. Zuma and the ANC had previ- South Africa used to be our standard. The in Zuma’s environment. At the beginning ously denied such allegations. This time, phrase “look at South Africa” was heard of April, Duduzane Zuma was forced to there was no refuting. The reason was in most governance conversations in the resign as director of Oakbay, a company that South Africa’s Constitutional Court Southern African region. But this was owned by the Gupta family. There are indi- ruled that Zuma’s failure to pay back before President Zuma fired finance min- cations that the scandal will also claim the money was illegal. The country’s top ister Nene in December 2015. Suddenly, the scalp of Zuma’s ex-wife Nkosazana judges ordered him to personally pay Zuma was in deep trouble: in his party, Dlamini-Zuma, who currently heads the the costs for the construction of a visi- in government and at home. There was African Union Commission. Before the tor’s centre‚ amphitheatre‚ cattle kraal‚ trouble with the currency, trouble for the president’s woes mounted, she was one of chicken run and swimming pool at his country and trouble for the whole region. the two top contenders to succeed him in homestead. office. Now, her chances seem smaller. She Apparently, the consequences of has indicated that she will not renew her Zuma has let us down. His actions Nene’s dismissal were bigger than Zuma term of office at the AU, raising the suspi- robbed us of a good-governance role had expected. Within hours, the Rand, cion that she is positioning herself to take model. All we have now are questions. Is South Africa’s currency, crumbled at an unprecedented rate. The effects of its fall were quickly felt in Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. Their economies depend on the Rand. Zambia saw its exchange rate drop at the same time. South Africa is the biggest investor in the region, and when its economy is struggling, the effects are felt throughout.

Next came allegations that Zuma was being micromanaged by members of the powerful Gupta family, which has business partnerships with members of the presi- dent’s family, including his son Duduzane Zuma. On 15 March 2016, Vytjie Mentor, a member of parliament for Zuma’s ruling African National Congress (ANC), alleged

that members of the Gupta family had picture alliance/abaka offered her a ministerial job. Supporters of the opposition Democratic Alliance party march toward the Constitutional Court in Johannesburg demanding the resignation of President Jacob Zuma on 15 April. One day later, Mcebisi Jonas, the dep- uty finance minister, claimed members over from her ex-husband. The other top South Africa not as democratic as we used of the Gupta family had offered him the contender is Cyril Ramaphosa, Zuma’s to think? And did the ANC endorse corrup- position of finance minister. Jonas said he deputy in party and government. tion just like other ruling parties continue rejected the offer because it made a mock- to do across the region? ery of the country’s hard-earned democ- In parliament, members of the oppo- racy and the trust of the people, since no sition initiated impeachment motions Jennifer Dube one but the president can appoint minis- against Zuma. Fortunately for him, the is a journalist from Zimbabwe. ters. motions failed. When the ANC’s national executive committee met on 19 and 20 Within three weeks, the impacts of March, it was widely expected that the these sensational allegations were evident party would recall Zuma like it did with [email protected]

D+C e-Paper May 2016 41 Comment Failing India’s democracy The definition of Indian “nationalism” is currently being changed iates and hired goons unleash vigilante from one that embraced all religions and cultures to one that fits violence. In police custody, Kanhaiya was beaten up by lawyers supporting the BJP. the fundamentalist ideology of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party Join us on (BJP). This right-wing party is the political arm of the Rashtriya Party accolytes define any point of Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu fundamentalist organisation. view that does not conform to their one- size-fits-all “nationalism” as anti-national. By Aditi Roy Ghatak This mindset rejects the values enshrined Facebook! in the Indian Constitution and the free- In 1948, an RSS member became sioned social media posts abound, both doms that it confers on citizens. notorious for killing Mahatma Gan- for and against the central government. dhi. Nathu Ram Godse, the murderer, is Suddenly the RSS and the BJP have now being idolised in certain quarters, Government agencies are overtly and become arbiters of who is a “good” Indian. while secular/liberal Indians are being covertly resorting to repression. High-pro- The good Indian cannot eat beef — and accused of being anti-national. Many Indi- file assaults on freedom are legion. Exam- the penalty can now be murder; the good ans are appalled by this sorry turn of ples include: Indian woman must conform to a con- events. Others, especially amongst the ■■ the social, political and legal harass- servative attire — and the penalty can X + privileged upper castes, are delighted. ment of Teesta Setalvad, an activist on be arrest; and the good Indian must cry behalf of victims of the 2002 anti-Mus- “Bharat Mata Ki Jai” (Hail the Mother- The ordinary Indian is facing serious lim pogroms in the state of Gujarat then land). www.facebook.com/development.and.cooperation economic problems though. Unemploy- ruled by the current Prime Minister, Nar- ment is increasing and rural India is reel- endra Modi; ing under successive years of drought. ■■ the blocking of Priya Pillai’s trip to Farmers commit suicide because of Britain, where the Greenpeace activist acute indebtedness. Indian campuses are wanted to report on the trampled rights becoming hotbeds of unrest as the BJP of forest dwellers in the state of Madhya imposes its own supporters, even of poor Pradesh, where a mining project is being merit, as university deans; as its election bulldozed through; promises are exposed as lies; and as Hindu ■■ the arrest of Dr Saibal Jana, who has supremacists try to disempower the mar- been treating tribals almost free of cost; ginalised castes (dalits). or ■■ the inhuman incarceration of the ail- Those in power are stifling creative ing and wheelchair-bound University of expression by film makers and writers Delhi professor, G. N. Saibaba, for rais- who are out of sync with their right-wing ing his voice in support of India’s mar- ideology, arguing that repression is the ginalised people, including dalits, tribals key to what they call “good” governance. and women.

In multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi- Deepak Sharma/AP Photo/picture-alliance religious India, the BJP is trying to usher in Campuses already simmering with a sense RSS members believe they are the ones who decide a “one nation, one language, one culture” of deprivation erupted after Rohith Vem- who is a good Indian. brand of nationalism. Making matters ula, a dalit student in Hyderabad, com- worse, the federal structure of the country mitted suicide, seeing no future in the is being eroded. The central government increasingly discriminatory ways of In this emerging India, the growth is using legal and administrative tricks to Indian academia. Demands for justice for rate matters, not distributive justice; oust state governments that do not toe its Rohith flared up at the prestigious Jawa- environmental free-for-all is appreciated, line. harlal Nehru University in Delhi, with not ecological ethics; blind acceptance of protests against use of force in campuses fundamentalist propaganda not reasoned Not all freedoms can be taken away and curbing of intellectual freedoms, fol- debate hold the key. India’s proud democ- however. The judiciary is independent and lowed by the arrest, for sedition, of Kan- racy is slowly getting ruptured. many judges are sworn to democratic and haiya Kumar, the president of the students secular values. Ongoing elections in five union and leader of Communist Party of Aditi Roy Ghatak states, where the BJP is not in power, will India’s student wing. is a freelance journalist based in Kolkata. see around 170 million casting their votes, and the BJP is expected to fair poorly. Planted evidence and doctored videos Newspapers can still decide whether or are commonplace. Sometimes the govern- not to support the government and impas- ment takes a back seat and its student affil- [email protected]

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