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Subject Index

Antilliasmg: Smlctyl.2, -54 area boundlria, 176-78 syrtcm iat, IU area table, 306 Absolute cwrdmnale. % samph& IR, 174,539 A-bder algorithm, 47576 tiltenng, 174-75 kxi, 163-68.169-70 Amustic digit*. 66 -67 lines. 172-76 unbundled. 168 Nyquist sunplurg mterual, 171 Axis Adive edge bt, I 22, m Activemah LCD, 47 PlmRvay-Wa-n, 177-78 reBection, 201 Adaptive sampling. 53-40 pixel phasinb 172,175 &tion. 186,41bM Adaphve spahdl subdinsmn: pnxel-wetghbng musks, 174.5% shear, m hdsvertor (nulation), 414-15 BSP me, 362 prefilkrin& I72 ptfiltmg 172 .hi9 ray trahg, 536-3 vectors mid, 609 m ray tracing, 5%-43 Axonanrtric propciion, 440 Additive culor model. 569.572 540-43 ffiehamformation, 203 stochastic sampling, supersampling. 172-74538-40 Alias+ 171 surface boundaries, 538-43 Alignment (text), 166 in textm mapping, 354-56 Amb~entlight, 497 (see al?o Illwninationmodels) AppLcahon icon. 273 Back-facedetection 471-72 Amhent reflemon crreftioent, 499 AppLcahonr (m(;raplucsapphcaho~) Back plane (clipping) 447 Amencan h'ahonal Standards LNtitute (ANSI), 78 Approximation sph,316 Backgmund (ambient) light, 497 Angle: Area dipping 237-44 Bardrart, 11-12.137-3 dlrrdion (vector), 606 Area tilling: (sm also Fil:am) Barn dmm (light conhol), 5W inndence, 499 anhd hsmg, 176-78 Bascline (charader], 164 phase, 595 boundary-fill algorithm, 127-30 BasevPdor, 609 (rcr also Bawd refradim, 509 bundled attributes., 169 Bass: rotation, I86 curved boundanes. 126-30 coordinate vectors, 609 sperular-reflemon. 501 fld-fillalgorithm, 1X1 normal, 609 Angshm, Hh fundons, 131 orthogonal, 603 Anrmahon, 584 hatch, 158, 161 orthonormal. 609 acrelerations. 591-94 nonzero rnndmg number ~le,125-26 Bask functions, 319 (YP also Blending action specficatiom, 587 oddpven rule. 125 functions) applicahons, 5-7, 17-18.19-24 scan-line algorithm, 117-27 Basis matrix (sphe), 320 cels, 588 soft fill. 162-63 Lhm-penebation CRT,42-43 (seealso color-table, 586 87 tint fill, 162 Cathoderay tube1 dim1mohon spec~ficdnon,594-95 unbundled attributes, 168 htempolynomiak, 327 double buff&& 55 Area sampling. 172,174,539 Betaparameter, 345 dynamics, 595-W Aspect ratio, 40 W-spline, 345-47 hamehy-hame, 5R5 Aspeci sourn he, 168 Bevel jom. 149 funmons, 586 Areasubdmv~slonvs~bility algorithm, 482-85 Mzier: goaldvectd. 595 Arlifinal reality (ur Virtual reality) blending hmmons, 327-28 ~n-behwem.58.5 Anentuation funchon. 506 &plinr convemons, 350 Inverse dynamics, 5% Attnbute, 77 clod curve. 330 Inverse bncmatics. 596 awa-fill, 158-h1, 169 N~ICCurve, 331 -33 key hame, 585 bundled. 168-63 mwa,327-33 hy-frame svstern. 587 brush, 149-52 dmgn lechnique, 330-31 kinematics, 588.595-% characier, 163-tg, 169-70 matrix, ,333 Kochanrk.Barteb splme., 325-27 color, 154-5: pmpemes, 329-30 languages, 597 curve, 152-54 surfaces, 333-34 rnorphing 18.588-91 graywale, 157 Bias parameter (splime). 325,,346 mohon specification, 594-96 individual, I68 Binary spce-partitioning I&, 362 (.ur obpct definitions, 585 lnqumry funci~ons.I70 BSP hve) paramehimi syslm, 587 ~ntcnsiiylevel. 35(wal.w Color Intensity Bind~ng(language), 78 phys~caUyhad modehng. 393-95.588 5% levels) Biserhon mot finding. 622 raster methods, 586-87 hecolor, 149 -W,168-69 BitBlt bit-block transfax), 210 real-time, 55. 585, 586 hne type. 141-%, 168-69 Bit map, W (ser alm Frame buffer1 scene dexriphon, 587 line width, 146-49, 168-69 Bitmap font, 132-33 scripting system, .W mark-, 167-68,1711 Blerdurg lundions, 319 storyhoard. 585 parameter. 144 BP7.iax, 327-28 ANSI (Amencan National Standards Institute), 78 pn, 149-52 Bspline. 335 Subject Index

Blading MON(ccnf.) Cud*, 159-10 Cilesymmehy, 47-98 cardirul. 325 ~Emrdiruta.600-601,602 ClioDinn: Hamite, 323 Glhodmy lube, 36-40 (set & Vidm monitm) &s,"237-44 BWh.ndcr. 210 mpcr ratio, 40 Cohm-Sutherland line algorithm, 22640,232 Blotby o+-t, 314 tam intarily, 28 curves, 244 tam pemmtion. 42-43 Cvrus-h-k line alnorithm. 239 =Xmcter, 164 cola, U-B &or, 245,246 nonrigid, 393 cumpame. 37-38 hardware unphentation, 463-64 rigd. la5 1% el- guh 37 b homogene& caardirutar, 461-63 bleanoporahonr: deltaddh dudow cwk,43 Lung-Be&y line algorithm, 230-32 a~-fill,161 elecbatllic beam deflcrtion, 28-39 Liang-Barsky polygon algorithm, 243 mur ~forrmtioru,210 Nichol-Lae-Nichol line algonthm. 233-35 Bowduy cunditms ~~).317,318-19 -A,, no-rrgutsr window, 235 Boundary-fill algorithm% Xeurn--, 44 in normahzed cwrdr~tes,224,458-61 Bmnn~atdrrgion, 127 mgnclic baun dulcction. 37. J8 parallel methods, 239 Cconmc(ed qon,127-30 persistare. 39 parametric, 230-32 Boundary representation, 305 phosphor, 37-39 planes, 447-93,456-63 Bounding: rate, 40-41 pOmb, 225 bx. 161 reclo~n,394 polygons, 237-43 re-ngk, 94.161 RCB, 45 region ccdes, 227,460 volume, 9.5 shadow-& 43-44 stralght hesegments, 225-37,456.M-61 Box covering, 366 Gmd-Romspline, 325 Sutherland.Hodgman polygon algorithm, Box tiller, 174-75 Gvakproimion. 443 W3-42 Box dimension, 246 Cell am,131 text, 244,145 &rep (boundary rrpnerentalion), 305 cell&% thrrP-dunmsional, 456-0 Breyrrham's algorithm: Cek, 588 twc-d~rncnsional,224-45 cirde, 98 Center d projection, 4.33 view volumes, 447-50,456-63 he, 88-92 Cenlrdl structwe stom (US),251 Weiler-Alherton polygon algorithm, 242-43 Baightna (light), 566 CGI (Compltcr Craphicr Interface), 79 window, 224 Bmwnian motion. 3i7 CGM (Computn Graphics Meme), 79 in world coordinates, 224 BN-h and pen attributes. 149-52 Charadr CMY color model, 574-75 BSP. a~tnbu@, 163-63 Codes (ray tranng), 541 ray hacing. 536 baselme, 164 Coeffinenl: me, 362 body, 164 ambient-~fla-tion499 visibility algonthm. 481-82 bottom line 164 diffuse-reflection, 498 B-spline: capline, lM matrix, 6M Beaer conversicm. 350 color, 164 specukr-reflecbon, 501-2 blending fvnctioru, 335 descender, 164 hmSpaI'tIIV, 510 CoxdeBmr mcunion formulas 335 fonts, 132, 163 Cohen-Suthnland line-clipping algorithm, cuhic. 3.79-41 function$, 163-168 226-30.232 curves. 3-44 genention, 132-34 Cohemnce. 119-24. 471 knot vector, 335 grid, 55-56,132-U Color loral control, 335,336 height, I64 chmmathty. 567 matnx. 341 italic, 163 chmmaticlty diagram, 569-71 nonunlform. 336.343-44 kern, 164 chmmatic~tyvalues, 569 nonu~fomrational (NURB),37 outline fonts, 55-54,132 133 coding, 25,396 open. 36,341-44 text precision. 166-1U romplementa~,569.570 penod~c,337-41 tophe, 164 cube, 572-73 (wralso Cobr models) pmpemes, 335-36 typefa, 132-33, I63 dominant frequency, 566 quadratic,338-39,342-44 up vector. I65 dom~nantm,avelength, 566,569-70 rahonal, 347 width. 164-65 fill, I%-@ surfaces. 344-45 Charaaeristic polygon, 31 h gamut, 568.570 -7; tenslon parameter, 341 ourt hue. 566.575.5i9 uniform. 336-44 bar. 11-12, 137-38 ~lluminalC, 570 Buffer, 40 (setelso Frame buffer) pie. 11-12,138-40 in iUum~ndt~onmodels, 507-8 Bump function, 5% (maim Frame mapping) be,11. 13 inhntive concepts. 571-72 Bump mapping, 558-59 Imp, 11, 136-37 lightne (HLS parameter), 579 Bundled attrihutq 168-69 Choice input device, 276.279 line, 149-52.168-69 Bundle table, 16.3 Chmmahcily, 567 lookup table. 155-56 Busmess vsualization. 25, 395 (scealso Data diagram, 569-71 marker, 168, I70 visualuahon) values, 569 matching iunctrons, 56R Butt hecap, 147 CIE (International Commirs~onon Illumination), model, 565. -568 Button box, 6 I. 279 ---w monitor, 42-45 (serelr, hdeo mon~tor) Circle equation nonspectral, 571 CaResian, 97 percephon, 566-67 C nonparametnc, 97,619 primarips, 568 Cabinet pro*ton. 443 parametric. 97,619 pure, 567,569 CAD,4-11 polar, 97 punty, 567 Calligraphic (valor) d~splay,41 Circle-generating algonthms, 97-102 purple line, 570 Camera wewing. 433-36 Bresenham, 98 RGB, 155-9 Camera lens effects. 541 midpoint, 98- 102 saturation 567. 575,579 Caphne (character) lh4 m~dpointfunction, 96-98 reledon cons~derat~ons,580-81 Cardlnal spl~ne,323-25 m~dpointda~sion parameters. 99 shades, 571, 577 Sub~ectIndex

spearum (electromagnetic), 565 Control graph. 316 Overhauser spline. 325 standad CIE priman-, 568-69 Control icon, 273 parabola. 112 Cable. 155-56 Control operahons. 78 paralklalgorithms. 112-13 text, 164,169 Control point isplme), 316 parade rcpmentatlons, 112.619 lints, 571,577 Control polygon, 316 pieceu~~constn~ction.315-16 tones, 571,577 Conbd surfacp ltena~nl,376-77 polynomial, 112 rristimulus vision theory. 572 Convex hull, 31b spiral, 139-40 value (HSV parameter), 575 Coordinate-axis rotations, 409-13 spline. 112.315-20 (see also Spl~necurve) Color model, 565.568 Coordinate-ax~svmors (bask). 609 superquadric. 312- 13 additive, 569,572 Coordinate extents, 94 s)mmetrycons~derat~ons,97-98, 103,112 CMY, 571-75 Coordinate point. 602,605,612 Curved swlace, m,579-80 Coordinates. ellipwid. 311 HSB (srr HSV model) absolute. 96 pdramerric representations, 619-20 HSV, 575-77 current posihoo, 96 qwdric. 310-12 HSV-RGB conversion, 578-79 homogeneous. 189 rendenng (xe Surface rendenng) RGB, 572-73 relative, % sphere 31 1 RGBCMY mnvenion, 575 screen, 114 spline, 316 (scea1roSpline surface) XYZ, 569 Coodinate system. superquadric, 312-13 na 574 Cartewan, 600-601, 602 tarus, 311.12 Color-tableanimation, 586-87 curvilinear, 602 wtb~hh:487-90. (setalco Visible-surface Column veclor, 611 r).lindrical. 603 -4 detemon) Command imn, 273 dewce, 76 CurviLnear coord~nates.602 Commission Internationale de l'tchuage ((XE), left-handed, 435,602 Cutaway :lW% 305,302 568 local. 76,265 Cylindrical candwe,tez., 603-4 Complemrntary colon, 558,570 master, 76, 2b5 Cyw-kk line-chpping aigor~thm,230 Complex number modelin& 76,265,426-29 absolutevalue, 616 normalized device, 76 conjugate, 616 normal~zedprupchon, 458 Euler's formula, 61 7 orthogonal. 603 unaginary prI, 615 polar 60-2 Damping constant, 595 length (rnodulusl, 616 nght:handeb% Dilshed be, 14-46 modulus, 616 sown, 54.76, I I4 Data glove. 64.65.292-93 (sernlsoV~rtualrealttyi ordered-pair representation. 615 spherical, 6C4 Data tablet 64 (secrlso Dig~tlzer) polar represenlation, 616-17 threed~mewonal,602-4 Data nsuaiuahon: pure imaginary, 615 translomatlon of, 205-7,2219-20.426-29 appl~cat~onr.25-31 real part. 615 h-mdimens~onal.600-602 contour plots, 3%-97 mts, 617 irrrl, 435-38 field bes. 400 Complex plane. 615 viewing, 218,219-20.432-36 glyps. 103 Composite I~oN~o~,44-45 world, 76 isollns, 396-97 Composition (mstru), 191 Copy function. 213 irosurfaces,398 Computed tomography (CT),32 CoxdeBoor mrsion lormuhs, 335 mulhvanate fields, 402-3 Computer-aided design (CAD), 4-11 Cramer's rule, 621 peudocolor methods, 396 Computer-aided surgery.33 Cross hatch fili, 1% 159 mlar fields, 395-99 Computer art. 13-18 Cross pmdua ltmorl. 608 -9 streamlines, 400 Computa Graphics Interface (CGI), 79 CRT. 36-00 (wdwCathode-rav tube) tensor fields, 001-2 Computer Graphio Metafile (CGM), 79 CSG. 3% tur niw Con5trudive geomeu7' vector hrlds, 4M)-401 Concatenahon (matrix), 191,612-13 CT (Computed Tomography) scan, 32 volume rendenng, 399 Concave polygon splitting, 235-37 Cubicspline, 112, 319 DDA lim dlgurithm, 87-88 Cone filter, 174, 175 beta. 346-47 Deflection coils. 37.38 (sn nlm Cathode-rav tubel Cone receptors, 572 Mzier, 331 -33 Deltadelta shadox-mask CRT, 43 Cone hadng. 500 (xr alsoRay tracing) 8-spline, 33?-41 Densiv function (blobby object). 314 Conic curver, 110-12.348-49 interpolation, 320-27 Depth-butler algorithm, 472-75 Conjugate lmmplexl, 616 Current event m~~rd,286 Depth cuelnn. 299-300 Consbnt-inlaity shading, 522-23 Current position. 96 ~/ph.rorhng algorithm, 478-81 Constramb, 288-89 Curve kender (character), 164 Constructire solid gmmeby (133,356 atmbutes. 152-54 Detrctabhtv filter, 284-85 mass calculations, 359 beta spline, 345 -46 Detcrmindnt,613-14 octree methods, 361-62 Mzier splinc, 3Z7 Devlce &a, 281-82 rayiating methods, 357-59 8-spline, 334-35 Device cardinates. 76 volume calmlations, 358-59 cardinal spline, 323-24 Differential valinp, 188 Continuity mnditions (spline): cadioid, 130-40 Diffuse relledion, 497-500 geometric. 318-19 Cahnull-Rom spllne, 325 Diffuse mraction. X9 parametric, 317-18 circle, 97, lli Digitizec h$ Continuity parameter, 325 con~csedion, 110-12.348-49 aauac!. 65.6 Continuous-tone Images. 515.516 (malw ellipr, 102-3 acoustic. 66-67 Halftone) fractal, 362-M (wtalsoFractal cun-es) appl~catiom,13-15 Contour (intensity border), 515.518 generalized tunction, 113 electromagnetic. 65-66 Contour plots: Hermite spline. 322 locator dev~ce.277 applications, 11, 12. 25 hvperbola, Ill, I12 r~lolution,65.66 surface lmes, 489-90 Koch (fractal). 367 smtc, bh threedimensional (isosurfaces), 398 Kochanek-Bartels splme, 325 stmkedr\.~ce,27? twodlmensional (wlines). 3%-97 Iimacon, 139-40 thrpcdl-nensional. 67 Contrachon (tensor), 402 natural spl~re,221 valuator devrce, 278 -, geomelnc constructtons, 367-71 Enrqy propagahon (rad~c*~n,t.544 gmmclry, 32 Environment array, 552 ~nlhalor,36i Environment mappmg. 52 ~nvariantset. .W Error-diffus~onalgorithm, YO-22 random m1ap1n141splarementmelhodr, Euler'b lormula, 617 (rcrulu Cornplcr numbcnl 373-78 Even-odd polygon-filling mlr. I25 self-affine, 3M Event, 285 =If-~nversr,361 input mode, 281,285- 37 self-inversion methods, 385-87 queue. 285 self-srmilar W self-sirnilari~y,Mi self-squaring. 364 self-squanng methods, 376-85 s~milaritydimcnslon, 365 subdiwsion rnethds. 373-78 topolo~tcalmverinp, metllods, 365-66 Fractal curve. False-ps:t~onroot hnd~np.rC? Brownian mohon 372 Far planekhpp~ng),447 dmens~on,% Fast Phong shad~np,,526-:- fractional Brown~.~nmotion, 372-73 Feedback 275-761 gmmehir ronsl~urtions,367-68 Ficld Itnes, 4W Invarmnl. 379- 8: FjII. rnversion consmciion methods, 385-87 algorithms is-c' Area filhn;? Julia set, 370 area, 77, 117 Kwh. 367 attributrs, 1%-67 twrulw Area hlhng) Mandelbml set kundary, 38-84 color, 158 midwint dimlacunent. 373-75 hatch, 159. I61 reark, 366 ' paltrm, 159-62 self-affine, 372-75 soft, 162-63 self-inverse, 385-87 sIyle. 158 rdl.smllar, ,367-71 hnf, 162 sell~squanng,,379 -ffl Filter. snowflake, 267-b(i box, 174 175 Fractal soltd, 36h cone, 1?4, 175 Fractal surfacr function, 174 Brownian. 372-711 Gauss~an,174 -75 d~mension.3M structure, 253-54.284 - 8' lour-dmenr~onal.,W-85 worbtatlon ptck detrnabdln, 284-85 Flxed plhon (ualmg). IN1 193, 421 Raps (light controll, 504 self-sim~lar,364-71 Rat-pane. displav, 45 ,elf-squaring, 364 -85 emissive. 45 surfacc rendering 376 gasd~uhargr.45 terrain, 372-78 Itght-enulhngdiode (LEE),4h-47 Frart~onalBrownldn motion,372-7e Itqu~d-wstal(LCD), 47- 48 Frachonal dimemton. 366 nonemksive, 45 Frame (anmation). 585 pawvcmntri\. 47 Frame buffer. 10, &4 plasma 45-46 h~t-blocktran4efi. 210 Ihin-film electmlun~mmct~nl.46 copy funclton. 210 Rat shadm~.522 loading intens~tyvalues, 94-95 Fltghl simulators. 21-24 lookup table. 195- 56,513 Rod-fillalgorithm, 130 raster l~ansfsrmalmq210-11 flood gun, 45 read funmon. 210 Faus potnl (ell~pwl,102 resolution. 40 Font, 132 (wr nIw Typlacal write funrltun, 2111 bttmap, 152-33 Frame mapping, 559-60 cache, 133 Fresnel reflection laws, 501 outline, 132. 133 Frequency spectrum (electromagnetic). 565 pmportionall!. spact'd. I h.1 Front plane (cltppmg), 447 Forcr constant. 393 Full-color system. 4:. Form lactars (radiosty). FJt Frustum. 447 Forward d~ffercnr~s,351 -5.1 Funchons, 77-78 (sw also Functmn Index) 4-connccld reglnn, 127-2'1 Fractal: afhne onshumons, 372-3 box-ro\.ering method% bb Bmwnlan mohon, 372-78 Gamma corrcmon. 513-15 characteristics. U2-6.3 Gamut (color), 5h6, 570-71 clas~ficalion,.%+I Gasdixharge dlapl.~ys,45 dimension, 363.364-67 Causstan bump, 314 generalton pmcaiur?s. .%I - M Gaussian density function, 3i415 generator, 67 Gausian dim~naholr.621 Subject lndex

Gaussian hlter, 174-75 Gnvitational acceleration, 111 Image procasing, 32-33 Gauss-Scidel method, 621 Gnvity field, 2% &magscanners, 67.68 Genaator (fractal). 367 Gnyscak, 157 lmage-space methods (visibility detmon), 470 Geometric continuity (spline). 318-19 Grids ImagLvry number, 615 Geometric models, 261 charmer, 55-56.132-33 lmpaci printer. 72 Ceometric&jed proprrtico, 114-17 In interdctive wnshuctions. 283-90 Implicit mprepenlaHon. 618 Ceometnc production ~1e.387-89 In-behueens, 585 Geometric table, 306-7 lndex of refrardon, .W Geometric banrfomutions, 77,184,108 I~hIliabor(fT0dal). 367 GKS (Graphical Kernel System), 78 Ink-kt ~rinler.72-73 GL (Graphia Ltbrary), 76,251,264,327.432, M. Halhone, 516 ~nne'rp;oduicvaor), 607 435,439.458 apptuximatiom, 516-19 In-11neshadow-mask CRT, 43 Gbhal lighting effects, 497,527,544 color methods, 519 Input dences Glyph, 403 d~therink519-22 bunon bax, 61,279 Cml-dirPded mobon, 595 patlems, 516 choice, 276,279 Gouraud sbding model, 523-25 Hslhvav vector. M3 dab glove, 64,65,292-93 Grahal, %9 ~ard-&~~drvlccr. T-75 dials, 61.62 Graph~calum interface: Hatch fill, 159.161 dig&, 64-67.277-80 applicahonr. 34 Hadorlf-f-Besicovitch dimension, 3t4 graph- lablet, 64 backup and error handlmg, 274-75 Had-mounted disply, 6-7 lur also Virtual inihalizing, 287-88 componentr. 272-76 reality) pystict 63-64.2TI-80 feedback, 275-76 Hemicube (radiority), 518-49 keyboard. 61,277-80 help facilitin, 274 liermitc aplme, 322-23 tight pn, 70.71 icons, 34,273 Hexcone (HSV), 576 locator, 276,277 inleramve techques, 288-93 Hidden-he eliminabon, 490 lozical classification, 276 menus, 34,273 Hidden3urface elimination, 470 lscedw Visible m&c, 61 -62,277-80 model, 2n surface detection) pick. 276, 279-80 user dialogue, 272-73 Hierarchical modehng, 266-68 scanner, 67.68 user's model, 272 HighAefinilion monitor, 40 spaceball. 63 mndows, 34.273 H~ghAghting. siring, 276.277 G~aphicsapplications, as depthecueing techn~que,299-500 strcke. 276, 277 advettisin& 8.17-18 pnmhves, 287 switches. 61,62 agrirulture, 27,28 rpeollar reflections. 497,500-504 threedimensional sonu digitizers, 67 an~mations,5-7.17-18.1'3-24 shuctures, 253-54.287 touch panel, 68-70 archlteclure, 10. 11 HLS color model. 579-80 trackball, 63 art, 13-18 Homogenms coordinates, 189 valuator, 276,277-78 astronomv. 25 Hooke's law. 393 voire system, 70-71 bus~ness.il-13.17-18. ~5.31 HonZOntaI retrace, 41 lnput functions, 78,281-87 CAD. 4-11 Homer's polynom~alfadonng method, 351 lnput modes: rdrlugraplrv, I1 HSB color model (xc HSV model) concurrent use, 287 education, 21-24 HSV color model, 575-77 event, 281,285-87 engineering. 4-9 Hue. 566.575.579 request. 281.282-b5 entertanwnent. 18-21 sample, 281.285 facllity planning. 9, 10 lnput priority, 283 flight sunulators, 21-24 Inquiry functions, 170 geology 32 Insideoutside test: graphs and charts. 11-13 polygon odd-ven rule, 125 Image processing. 32-33 Imn. 34.273 polygon nomerowinding number rule, 125-26 manufacturing. 8-9 Ideal reflector. 498 spat~dplanesurface, M8 mathemaha, 14-17.25-27 Illuminant C. 570 Inside polygon face. M8 med~c~ne.32-33 lllumination model, 495 Instanm, 261 (see also Modeling) modeling and smulations, 4-8,21-25.25-31 ambient light, 497 Integral quation solving: physical soences. 25-31,32 altentuation funcnon. 506 rectangle approximations, 622 publ~shq,17 basrc components, 497-51 1 Simpson's rule, 623 scientific veualualion, 25-31 color considerations. 507-8 trapezo~drule, 623 simulations, 5-10.21-31 comblned diffuse-speculr, 324 Monte Carlo methods, 623-24 simulators. 21-25 difhire reflection, 497-500 Intew~ly training. 21-24 flaps. 504 attcntuanon, 505-6 user ~nterfaces.34 ideal reflector, 498 dep!h cuelng, 299-500 v~rlualreality, 5-8.466-67 intensity attcntuation, 505-6 ~nterpolationshadlng Gouraud),523 ~rmhicscontroller. 55.56 hght sources, 496-97 modeling. 495-97 (see alvr lllumination C,raphm funrt~ons.77.78 L.olu, Fund~oiIndex) multiple light sources, 504 models) Cra~hlnmunllon. 36-52 (wJIM Vldw monitors) opaotv factor, 510 radioslty model, 54-51 Graphics mf!ware packages Phong, 501-4 Inlmsily level, haw fundrons. 77-78 mhamon, 508.10 adjustrng (srr Antialiasing) GKS. 78 shadows. 511 assign~ng512-13 GL, 76,251, 2M. 327,432,434,435,439,458 Snell's law, 509 color lookup tables, 155-56 PHIGS. 78 specular reflectmn. 500-504 conlours (borders) 515. 518 PHIGSt, 70 spotlights, 504 frame-buffer storage, 240 standards, 78-79 lransm~ssionvectrr. 510 gamma correction, 513-15 threedmensionai, 302-3 transparen?, !:-I1 ratio. 512 Graph ploltmg. 1.X-39 (w;~nl.oCharls) Warn, 504 RGB, 507- R Ciraphrcs tahlet. J.3- 15. 64-67 ~sr~rlsoDig~nzerl Image-order scanning, 554 vidm lookup table. l55.513 Subiect Index

Interactive P~C~URconstruction techniques, chromatlnty diagram, 569-7l DDA, 87-80 L88-92 diffuse reflection, 497-500 hamcbuh Imding, 94-95 Intcrlacmg scan Lnes. 41 dl- refraction, 50) parallel, 92-94 Intmtionsl Commls~onon fllumwhon (CIE). hqumcy band, 565 Liquidqsbl display (LCD). 47-48 568 hue, 566 Local cmrd~~ls,76,265 Interpolahon splur, 316 ideal relrctDr, 498 kalmnhol (sph),332,335,336 Inverw geomehic hnslormations, 190,409,413, inda of refraction, 339 Lnal transformation matrix. 266 421-22 illurninant C. 570 Lmator mptdev~ce, 276,277 Invmdynamics, 5% illumination model 495 (ur.Ira llhrmmtion @cal input device, 276 Inverse kmematics, 5% modek) Imk.at point, 434 Inverse matrix, 614 intensity-level assignment, 512-13 Lookup lable, 155-56.513 lnvmquatemlon, 618 Lamkds cosine law. 498 Luminance. 544. % Inverse wanning. 554 Phong rpecuhr model, 501-4 lSO(1ntemational StandardsOrganluhon). 78 pmp;;ti'es. 5-55-13 Isohnes, 3%-97 purig 5b7 lromchic pystick, 64 reflemon mfficientr. 4W-502 isometric pmpcm. 440-41 rehadion angle, 509 Mach band 525 Isosurfaces, 398 mhlration, 567,575,574 Mandelbml set, 381-84 spechum. 565 Marclung cubes algorithm (sw Isosurlaces) specular rrllection, 5a)-YW Marker, 133-34 sperukr rehadion, 509 Marker ahibutes 167-68.170 speed. 566 Mask, 146,517(xc also Pixel. mask) Jaggies, 85 (we alsa Anhallaslng; AntLliasing) hansparenq coefficient, 510 Mass calahhonr (CX;),359 Jittering. 541 wavelength. 566 Master cmrd~nalrs,76,265 Joyrhck: white. 567.570 Matnx, 611 as localordevice. 277 Light bker inytracing), 537 addihon612 movable, 63-64 Light-mitting diode (LED), 46-47 bsis (spline), 320 as plck device. 279 Lighting model, 495 Cut also illumination model) Wzier, 333 pmsure sensitive (wrnetric),63, 64 Liclhlness (HLS ~aranwer).579 B-splme.341 as stroke dev~ce,277 ~iihtpen, 70.7i cardinal. 325 ar valuator device. 278 Lieht source. cwffiomt, 620 Julia set, 379 column, 61 1 concatenahon, 191,612-13 dommant frequency, 5h6 determi~nt.613-14 dominant wavelenah. 566 dither, 5m energy distributio<567 Hermite, 323 Kern, 164 frequency distribuhon. 545 identity. 614 Keyboard, bl lum~nance,5b6 Inverse, 614 as choice device. 279 multiple, Y)4 multiplication. 612-13 a, locator devm. 277 polnt, 4% nons~ngular.614 a5 pick dev~ce,280 Lima~on,139.140 reflection, 201-3.422 as stnng devlce, 277 Line. ~ow.611 ar valuator device. 278 bundled attributes. lbF-69 rotahon, 1%. 1%. 193,410-12,418-20 Key frame, 585 chart. 11.136-37 scalar multiplication. 612 Key-hamc system. 587 clippmg, 225-37 (rr alw L~neclipping) scaling, 187. 193. 192. 421 Kinematics, 588.595-% tw rrlso A~mation) color, 149-50 shear, 203-4.423 Knot vector, 335 contour, 11, 12,25,3%--97 smgular.614 Kochanek-Rartels spline. 325-27 dashed. 14-46 splme charxter~zatson.320 Koch curve, 367 function, 95-% square, 611 parametric representatton. 230.444 translation. 18:. 190.40R pen and brush options. 149,154 transpaw, 613 samplmg. 87, RR-84 Medical applicat~ons.32-33 s!opelntercept equahon. 86 Menu. 34,273 Larnkrtian nfleclor. 498 type. 15.1-46 Mesh (polygon), Mh.309-10 L~mbrt'scoslne law, 498 width, 146-49 M&ball mdel. 315 Language binding. 78 Linear congruenlial generator, 624 Metafile. 79 Law printer, 72 Linear equation rolvlng: Metnc tenmr, 6W-ll LCD (I~quid-crystald~splay), 47-48 Cramer's mle. 621 Midpoint clrcle algorithm. 98-102 Least-uluares data fitlin~.625 Gaussian elimination, b21 M~dpoinldisplacementfractal generation. 373-78 Gauss-bidel, 621 Midpoint elhpse dlgorithm, 103-10 Line caps, 147 Mrter pin, 148-49 Legble typeface. 132 Lme clipping. Mode (input dev~ce),281 Length Cohen.Sutherlsnd.226-30.232 Model. 261 mmplex number, 616 Cym-Beck, 230 Modelidg, ?61 (see nlw Graphlcs applicat~ons. veaor, 605 Liang-Barsky, 230 -32 Ob* repmmtalions: Illunrm.at~onmodels) L-grammar. N19 N~chd-Lee-N~chol,232-35 basic concepts. 240-64 Liang-Barsky chpping. nonrectangular chp wmdow. 235 coordinates 76.265.426-29 polygons. 243 parallel methods. 239 display prowdures. 261. ZM, two.d~mens~ondImrs. 23-32 paramctnc, 230-32 geonretrlr. 261 L18hl. ihdimens~onal,450 hierarchical 2h2-63 arnhwnl, 497 Linedrawng algorithms, 8b-95 Instance. 261 angle of lncrdence, 4W local coordmates, 265 chromatic~ty,H7 master mrdinates. 265 644 Subject Index

modules, 262 Simpson's rule, h23 P paclges. 263-b4 trapezoid rule. 6U physically based, 393-95.588.596 NURB (Nonuniform rational &spline), 347 Pamtbrush programs, 13-16.291-92 reprrsenlations. 261 -62 Nyquist samplurg ~nterval,171 Painter's algorithm (depth sorting), 478 srmctwv hieramhie. 266-68 Pannmg. 219 sy mbol. 261 Parahala. 11 2 aymbol hierarchies, 26243 Parallel algorithms: hansfonnahons. 77.26S-68, U6-29 area-hlling, 120-21 Modules, 262 Obpt: curvedrawing, 112-13 Modulus (complex), 616 nonngid (flexible).393 line-draw~ng,92-94 Monte Carb methods, 623-24 as pidurecompnenl. 77. 251 Parallel projection, 298-99. 438 Monitor, 36-52 lsn a1.w Video monitor) rigid, 185.1%-97 axonemetric, 440 Monltor response curve, 513 Obpa geometry 114-17 cahnet, 443 Morphing, 18.588-91 Obpt repyentanan cavaher, 443 Motion blur, 541,542-43 beta bphne. 34547 elevahon view. 440 Motion spenhcation, 594-96 Bezier splines. 327-34 isometric, 440-41 Mouse, 61-63 boundary (5rep1,305 obl:que, 439,441-43,447-50.452-53 as choicedevice. 279 &splines, U4-45 as orthographic. 439,441,447-48 locator device, 277 BSP trees, 362 as plan view, 440 pick device, 279 blobby surfaces, 314-15 as strokedevm, 277 prinopal axes, 440 Multivariatr data visual~zation,402-3 CSG methods. 356-59 shear transf0rmat:on. 442,453 rubic s~hneinterwlalion. 320-27 view volume. 447-50 data v6ualiwho~.395-403 Paramcmc continuity (spline), 317-18 explicit, 618 Parametric representations, 619-20 Ira& curvesand surfaces, X2-87 circle, 97. 619 National Televis~onSystem Committee (MSC ), implrit. 618 curve. 111-12.619 514,573,574 nonparamelnc, 618-19 ellipse. 103 Natural splme, 321 Mm,359-62 ellipsoid. 311-12 Near plane (clipping), 447 parametnc. 619-20 sphere, 311.620 Newton-Raphson mo(-finding 621-22 panicle systems. 390-92 ; splme. 112.315-16 Newton's second law of motion. 5% physically basd mdehng. 193-95 malghl line, 210.444 N~choll-Lee-NichollIme-chpping, 233-35 polygon, 305-10 surlare, 619-20 Notse (dither), 519-20 quadric surfaces, 310-12 torus. 311-12 Nonemmiw d~plays.45 rational spline. 37-49 Parametrized svstem, 587 Nonemitter, 45 shape grammars, -37-89 Parity (odd-even)rule, 125 Nonlinearquahon solving: space-parhtiormg methods, 395 Panic!e systems, 390-92 bisedion, 622 superquadrics, 312-14 Path (text). 166 false-posiliun. 622 Sweep COnStNCtlON, 355-56 Passivematrix LCD,47 Newton-Raphson, 621-22 C++?clspace methods (visibillh deledon), 470 Pattern hll, 159-61 Nonparammc reprrsentahons, 618-19 Gblique projectinn 439.441-43. 447-50.452.43 index, 159 Nonrigid obpct, 393 Octrpe. 359 reference point, 13-60 Nonsingular mamx. 614 CSG operations, .MI-62 representstion. 159 Nonspectral color, 571 generation, 360-hl size, 159 Nonundonn B-splines, 336.343444 visibility detedlon, 362.485-87 tiling. 160 Nonuniform (d~lferentwl)scaling 188 volumeelenwnt, 360 Pallern mapping 554 Nonuniform rational &spline ORIRB), 347 voxcl, 360 Pattern recognition, 277 Peanocum, 3& Nonzero winding numberrule, 125-26 Odd-even polygon-filling rule, 125 Pel. 4 Normal haw. 609 Unepntperspertive projection. 146 Penand brush attributes. 149,150,154 Normalized device coordinates, 76 Opanty factor. 510 Penumbra shadow. 32 Normalized propchon coordinates, 458 Order (spline curve contmulty). 317-19 (see Pcrfeci refledor, 498 Normalized new volumes. 458 aka Clipping) Ordered dither, 520 Normal vector: Persistence. 39 Onhogoral hasr, 609 average (polygon mesh), 523 Perspecrive projectm. 299.4.33 Orthogonal coordinates. 603 curved surface, 558 frustum. 447 mterpolat~on(Phong shading). 525 Orthographic pmjertions, 439,441,447--48 onepoint, 446 plane surface. 308-9 Onhonomul bas~s.6C4 pnnopal vantshing pmt, 446 new-plane, 434-36 Odtllnt font, 132 133 reference point, 438 NTSC (National Television System Committee), Cutput primitives, 77 shear hastonnation, 454-56 514,573,574 cell array, 131, 13; thwpoint, 446 Numerical rne+hods: circle, 97-102 twopomt. 446 bisedion method, 622 character, 131-34 vanah~ngpoint, 446 Cramer's rule, 621 conic Mion, 110 -I2 view volume, 447-49 fakeposition method, 622 ellipse, 102-10 PET (Pos~tlonenussion tomography) 32-33 Gaussidn elunination, 621 fill area, 117-30 Phase angle, 595 Gus-Seidel method, 621 mark, 133-34 PHIGS, 78 (st? nlw, Function Index) integral evaluations, 622-24 point, 84-86 attnbutes, 145, 146,149,1%,lY)-59,164-70 least-squares data filling 625 polynomtal, 112 Input, 281.-87,')02 Imear equallons, 620-21 spline, 112 mdeling, 26748,427 Monte Carlo methods, 623-24 straight line segrnmt, 85.86 -94 output primitives, 95-%.113,131,133.302 Newton-Raybn method. 621-22 text. 131-33 structures, 251-60 nonlinear equations, 621-22 Outside polygon face, M8 threed~menrionaltransformations, 425-26 root nndlnk 621.22 Overhauser spline. 325 th-dima~nsional viewing. 464-t6 6 PHICS (con! I normal vector, 308~ Quadrilateral mt-h, 309-13 fvc-dlmenslondl transforlnallons. 208-9 ouls~defdce, 308 Quadtree, 359 bvo.d~rnens~onaIwrwmy;. 222-23 planeequallon, 307-9 Quatemlon, 61 7 vorkslal~on,79 rendering (shadmg) 522-27 add~l~on.618 PHIGS+, 78 ray Intersectton, 531-34 In fractal ronstrucllons. 384-85 Phong specular rdectlon md4, i01-4 sorted edge table, 121 Inverse, 618 Phong shadmg. 515-27 splithn& 23-37 magn~lu$, olti Phospher. 37-19 surface, KL5-6 mulf!plrahon. 518 Photoreallsm. 495 surfacedela~l,557-54 ordered-par resresenlahon. 419,618 Phgs~allybased rnodel~ng,393-95. 588, 596 tables, 121-22,306-7.4"b-77 rolatlons.4 19-20 Pick Polygon clrpp~ng. scalar mulhplxation, 618 dastance, 279-80,28R parallel methods, 239 scalar part, 419. 617 hlter, 2E-l-85 ~arametricmethods. 243 veclor pan, 419.618 ldenhfier. 284 mput ~CVICP,276 279-X0 wmdow, 280 Weila-Atherton. 242- 4 1 P~ckab~l~ty(slmcture), 254 Polylme. 95-96 Picbng: 284 Polyllne connecllons. 14b -49 Radtanl energy (Radiand, 544 P~clureelemenl (pixel). 40 Polynomial curve, 1I0 Radmsily model, %-51 Piecew~seapproximal~on (splme:. 715 - I6 Pos~lionemlssion tornngraphy (PET) 32-33 energy transpon equalton, 546 Piechart, 11-12. 138-40 Pos~lionlngmethods. 286 lorm factors, 546 P~tteway-Watk~nsanlialias~ng,li7-78 Pmthltmng. 172 (we olw Antialiaslng) hemlabe. 518-49 Plvol polnl, IW, Posting (structures), 252 lummance, 544 PixBll, 210 Precision (Iexl). 166-67 progressive refinemenl, 545-50 Plxrl. 40 Prefiltering, IR (.we also Anllallasmgl refleclivity laclor, 546 addresnn~1\4-17 Pmntation graphics. 11 13 surface mclosurc. 546 gnd. 114 Pressure-wnsillve pvsttch, 63, 64 Randomdither (nose), 520-21 mask. 146, 144-51. 152,517 Primar).colors. 568, 549 Random m~dpomr-displacemenlmethods, 373-78 patterns (halftone),516 Primitives, 77 (sc~olsoOu~pulprimitwe) Random-scan monitor, 41-42 phasmg. 172 Princ~palam, 440 color, 42 rap 528-29 Principal vanishing ~'1171 446 refresh d~splayhle, 42 uclghling mnsk. 174, 555 Prinlm- Rat~dom.xmbvsrrm: P~xrl-orderscanning. 554-55 dot-mamx, 72 d~splayfi!e, 42. 56 Pixrnap, 40 electrolhennal, 73 graphics controller, 56 Plane- impact, 72 processing unll 56 clippng. 456-63 laser, 72,73.74 Random walk. 371 coeffic~enls,308 nonlmpart, 72 Raster animahon, 3%-87 comple~,615 ~lwlrostalic,73. 74 Raster ops. ? 10 equallons, 30X-r( ink-jd. 72-73.74 Raster-scan monitor. 40-41 far iclipp~ng).447 Pnority b~level.4C' ~nslde-oursldelaces. 30ti strudurp. 252 b~tmap,40 near (chpplng),447 view-transfonnal~onInput. 283 color, 42-45 nwmal vector. XYI-9 Procedural ob~lrepresenlatton, 362-92 frame buffer, 4C Plan vmw, 440 Procedural lexture mapplng. 556-57 horizontal retraie, 41 Plasma-panel d~splay,45-46 Production rules. 387-80 interlac~ng.4 I Plollers (ucnlso Pnnlrrs) Progrcsrive refinement (rad~os~ty),549-50 pixel, 40 hllhed, 74 Pmiectinp. squdre Ilne can 14: plxmap, 40 color, 73.74 hobtiox. ' relrcsh bulfer, 40 drum, 74 axonomcln', 440 verhcal retrace. 41 Ilatbed. 74.75 cabinet, 443 Raster-scan ,?stem mk-jet, 72-73.74 cavalier, 443 cell encoding. 5i laser. 72. 73.74 center of. 438 display processax, 55 pcn, 74.75 ftmtum, 447 run-length eniodlng, 55 rollfeed, 74.75 isometric, 440-41 scan convPrslon. 55 Point. obbque. 439.441-43.447-M. 452-53 vldeo contolle~53-55 chpplng. 225 orthographic, 439,441.447-48 Raster translormahons. 210-11 control (spline).316 parallel. 298, 419-43. 452-54 Rattonal spltnc. Mi 49 coordinate, 602.605.61 2 perswive. 299,439.453-47.454-56 Ray casling. piollm& 84-86 plane, 433 constructwe sol~dReomehy, 357-59 sarnpllng. 87 reference pant, 4.W visible-surface detertlon. 487-88 as unit of character sue. 164 veclos 450,452-53 Ray tracing, 527 Poinl hghl source. 496 view volume. 447 adap~verarnpl~ng, 53-40 Polar cmrdinales, MI-2. b04 window, 447 adaptive subdlr ~sion,53-38 Polar form (complex number),61n-17 Pseudcwolor methods. 3% anldiastng, 59-43 Polygon. Pure color, 567.569 area samplmg. 539 activc edge Ilsl, 122, 477 Purity (light), 567 basic algorithm. 528-31 charaderi~hc,316 Purple he. 570 bundles, 538 control. 316 cdmera-kns ellas, 541 Age vector, 126 cell haversal 536-37 fill. 117-27 (ur olw Area (ill~ng) codes.541 inside face, 308 cone tracing, 5411 ~nslde-mlndetats. 125 -26 (wnlxl Plane) Quadriccurve. 310 d~slrlbutd,.%I -43 mesh, 306.309-10 Quadncsurfares, 310-1: eve rav (kt, p~xelray) 646 Subject Index

equation, 531 Rcu tion: Scanner, 67. f4 intascccion calculations, 53-35 angle, 186 SQ~ing: pm&w axis, 186,413-M imagcorder, 554 Irght-bufh method, 537 axis vector, 414.15 invene. 5% motion blur, 541.542-43 mmpolihon, 191 vixel-order. 554-55 pixel (primry) ray. 528-23 inverse, 1W.413 texture, 5% polygon interrection. 533-34 numx repreuntation, 190,192-93.410-12. Scientific virurlization. 25,395 (swabData in radimity model, 550 4I8-l9,&!O vinulization) &&ion ray, 529.530-31 pivot point, 1% Scrren coordinates, 54.76.11 4 kralso Cmrdinate rehadon ray, 529,530 quaternion, 419-20 system, devlcr) serondary ray, 529 raster methods. 211 Scripting system (animation), 588 shadow ray, 529-30 three-dimensional. -09-20 Secondary ray, 529 space subdivision. 535-3 Iwcxlimensional. 186-87, 190, 191. 392-93 Segment, 77. 251 sphem intersection, 532-33 1ad.411-12 Self-she ha&, 364,372-78 stcchartic sampling, 510 y axis, 412 Self-inverse fractals, 364,385-87 supemplmk 533-40 :ax=, 409-11 Self-similar hactaLs, 364,367-71 m,529 Rotahonal polygon-splitting method, 737 SelfwgfradaLs.364.378-85 uluform sutdiv~~on,536 Rmmd pin, 148-149 Serif typfaoe, 132 Read function, 210 Round line cap. 147 Shades(color), 571,5i7 Readahle typeface, 132 Row vector, 61 1 Shading algorithm: (ur Swfam rendmng) Real-time animation, 55.585.586 Rubber-band methbis, 290,291 Shadii rncdel, 495 (u( also Illumination model) Reference point (viewing), 218,219,438 Run-length encodin& 56 Shadow mask. 43 Reflection: Shadow ray, 529-30 angle of irmdence, 499 Shadow: an,201 modeling 51 1,52940,542 meffinenb, 497-502 wenumbra. 542 diffuse, 497-YX) Sample lnput mode, 281,285 Lmbra. 542 Fresnel lam, 501 Sampling: Shape grammars. 387-W halfway vector, 503 adapbve, 538-40 Shear: Lambertian, 498 area, 172,174 axrs. 203 mapplnk 552 he.87.88-89 manix, 423 plane, 422 Nyquist interval 171 in pmpc(8on mapping. 442,453.454-56 ray, 529 point, 87 three-dimensional, 423 specular, 500-504.530 ruperjampling. 172-74.538-40 hvodunens~onaI.223-5 vector, 501-3.530 wnghted, 174 r-dmon. 203 Reflpchon transformation, 201-3.423 Sans serif typeface. 132 y-dirpbion, 204 Reflechvity, 498 Saturation (light). 567 zdirection. 423 Reflectivity factor (mdiosity), 446 Scalar data-field visualization, 395-99 Shift vector, I84 (wc also Translation) Rehadion: Scalar input methods, 277-78 Similarity dimenslon, 365 angle, 503 Scalar pdudof two vmors, 607-8 Simpson's rule, 623 diffuse. 509 Scaling. Simulstions, 5-10.21-31 (pcrahoGrrphics mdex, 509 m arbitrary directions, 193-94 applicahons) ray, 529, 539 composition, 192 Simulators. 2 1-25 Snell's law.503 curved ob'+5,1SX Simultaneous linear equation solvink 620-21 r~lar,509 differenhal. 188 Singular matnx, 611 transmission vector, 5lO,530-31 lactors, 187,421 Sketch~ng,13-16.291-92 transparency coefficient, 510 fixed point, 188, El Snell's law. 503 -or, 510.5JO-31 Inverse. 190,421-22 Snowlkke (fractal), .%7-68 Rehesh buffer, 40 (ser alx, Frame buffer) mamx rppresentatlon. 190,421 Soft fill. 162-63 Refmh CRT.37-45 (we nlsoCathoderay I nonuniform (differential), 188,421 Software standards.. 78-79- Refresh display file. 42 parameters (factorsl, 187,421 Solid an&, 5-44-45. &X Rebhrate (CUT).40-41 raster methods, 211 Sohd mdling: (see aisoSurlace; Curved Repon codes (clipping). threedmensional, 420-22 surface) three-dimennonal, 460 rwcxlimensional, 187-88,1W,192,19>94 applications, 4. 5.8.9 hvodinwnsional, 227 uniform, 187-80.421 constructive solid geometry, 356-59 Relahve cmrdinates, 96 Scan converaon, 55 sweep constructiom, 355-56 Rendering (ru Surface rendering) areas. 117-30 Solid texture, 556 Rquest input nwdr. 281,282-85 charaden. 132-33 Sonic digitizer, 66 Resolution. orcles, 98-102 Sorted edgc table, 17.1 &play device, 39-40 ruwed-boundaryamas, 126-30 Spacebll, b3 halhone appronmations.518 mwed lines, 110-13 SpaceCraph system, 19 Retrace (electron beam), 41 ellipses, 103-10 Space-part~tioningmhods (ray tracing): REYES, 475 patterned hll, 159-63 adaptwe. 536-38 RCB chromalic~tycoord~nales. 573 pants, 84.85-M light buffer, 537 RCB color model. 572-73 polygons. 117-27 ray bundles, 5.3 RCB monltor, 45 (W a1.w Video monitor) straight lines. Rb-94 (ur air, Linedrawing uniform. 536 Right-hand cmrd~natesystem, 602 algorithms) Space-partitiontng representations, 305 R&-hand rule, b08 struaud~sttravwsal, 252 Specular reflechon, 497, YX)-504.530 Ripd-hdy transformat~on,185, 1%-97 Scan line. 40 angle, 501 Rlg~dmotlon, 1% Scanhe ~nterlaang,4 I coelfirient 50-2 Roots: Scan-linealgorithms Fresnel labs, 501 nonlinear equatluns, 621-22 area hll~ng,117-27. I.%-&? halfway vrctor, 503 complex numbers. 617 v~sible-surfacedetection, 476-78 parameter Wl Subiect Index

SprvLr rrlkctpn (mt.) ronccpb, 251-52 ray-hating, 527-43 Pkmg lnndel. 501-4 copying. 260 @mu.nupping. 59-56 vector, 5014.530 mation, 251-52 Surface shding (sa Sudace rendering) SpcvLr &&n, 509 deJection 253.260 SutherLnd-Hodgeman polygon4ipping. 238-42 Spcd oi light, 5% displaying (posh@. 252 Sweep rrpmentations, 355-54 Sphere, 3lI.62O editing, 254-60 Symbol, 26 1 Sphmol mordinltes. 604 dement, zss hmardws, 262-63 Spinl, 139-40 element pointer, 2% instance. 261 splinccurvc. 112.315-16 fltm, 253,281-85 in modelin& 26144 approxinution, 316 himhy, 266-68 sr"metr,: barir hnclio~,319 highhghling filter, 253-54 circle, 97-98 hw matrix. 320 h,252 in curvednwmg algorithms, 97-96,103,112 bcbsplim. 345-47 nwtofile, 79 ellipse. 103 BCus, 327-3 pichbrlity, W hspnmeter, 325,346 posting. 252 bldmg functionr, 319 prionty, 252 kpline, W-44 rekbelul& 253 cardirul,3P-25 trauerd, 252 Table (polygon) Ghnull-Rom, 325 unpring. 25253 attribute, 306 chKwoairtic polygon, 316 visibility, 253 edge, 121-22.306-7.476-77 ronhuity corditionr, 317-19 workstation filter&254,284-85 glomcmc, 306-7 conhnruty paramner, 325 Sutdivis~onmcchodr: sorted dgetable, 121 control graph, 316 adaptive ray ad&& 536-38 vertex, 306-7 mnhd poink. 316 RSP bee, 562 Tablet, M-67 (wr also [)lgituer) conversion% 39-50 fradal gmeraticn.373-78 Task pkruung, 13 convex hull, 316 -, 359-62 Tension parameter (spline), 324,325,341,346 cuhc interpahon. 320-27 spline generatian. 353-55 Tensor, 610 dispbying. 351-55 unilorm ray man&536 contradiOn 402 Hermite, 322-23 Subhadivecolor model (CMY),574-75 data-field visualization, 40-2 mterpolation, 316 Superquadnc, 312-14 mebic, 610-11 knot vedor, 335 Supemmphg, 172-74.53-40 Terram (fractal), 372-78 KahanekBMe!s, 325-17 Surfam T-b W surface, 506 lad conml, 332,335, 536 blotby, 314-1 5 Text: (soah Cluradd msmx representation, 320 awed, 310 Cur alw Curved surfam) alignment. 16 natural, 321 had,366,369-85 attributes, 163-67,169-70 NURB,347 paramebic repmsentltion. 619-20 dippink 244.245 DvRhauser, 325 plane, 305-9 generation, 132-33 rah0~1,347-(9 quadric. 310-12 path lbb tuuion panmeter, 324,325,341,346 spline, 316 (sealsospline surfacel pdion, 166-67 Spline generation: supquadric, 312-14 Texture, 553 (set also Surface rendering) Homer's methad, 351 weighting. 174 mapping, 554-56 fonvarddiff~mc~methud. 31-53 Surface dd,53-60 procedural mhods. 556-57 subdivision methods, 353-55 bump mapping, 558-59 scanning, 554 Spline surface. 316 environment mappmg, 552 sohd, 556 EQner, 333-34 hame mapping. 55940 spam, 55% 556-57 &pline, 344-45 imageorder scanrung, 554 Thin-film elechulumincscent display, 46 Splrtting concave polygons inveme wnnmg. 554 Threepoint perspective pmpction. 446 rotational method. 237 pttmmappink 54( Tling. 160,306 vector method. 2.36 p~xel-orderscan&& 554 Tmcdrert. 11, 13 Spotlnghk, 504 wlrpon mesh, 553-54 Tmr ~mlor),571.577 Spnng constant, 393 p&ural texturing. 556-57 lint fill, 162 Spnng network (nonrigid body]. 393 solid texture mappma 556 Tone (color), 571,577 Square matrix. 611 texture mspPb&55&% Topline (character), 164 Stalrstep effect, 85 texture scanning. 5% Topological covering. 365-66 Strrad~an,56-45. b01 Surfam enclosure (radiority), 546 Touch panel, 68-70 St ereoscop~c Surfam normal vector, 308-9.523.558 TracbU, 63 glasses, 51 Surface rendering. 297-98.495 Transformation- headsets, 52 antialiasma U8-43 a fine, 26) news, 6.7.50-52.292.293.300-301 bump mapping. 59-59 basic gcamdric, 1%-203, W-22 vrmal-realily applications, 5-7.50-52 constant-intemity shading, 522-23 commutative, 194-95 Stffhashc Sampling, 540 environment mappmg 552 composite. 191-200.42335 Storyboard. 585 fast Phong shading. 526-27 cornputabonal efficien? 195-97 Strearnlrnes. 403 flat shadmg, 522 coordinate system, 205 -7,426-29 String mput device, 276.277 kame mapping. 559-MI functiom, 208-9.425-26 String precision (text). 146, 167 Couraud shading, 523-25 geometric. 77.184 Stroke lnput device. 276. 277 infms~yinterpoltian, 523 irumncr, 265- Stroke precision (text) 166-67 Mach bands. 525 laal. 265-68 Strok~wntingdisplay. 41 (snnllo Video mcmmrs, normal-vector mterpolstion, 525 m&x representations, 188-90 random-scan) Phong shadmg. 525-27 modeling. 77,265-68.426-29 Stnrcture, 77.251 polygon methods, 522-27 noncommutativr, W-95 sttnbut~.253-54 polygon surfam detml, 553.-W mrallel Dmralon. 298-99.438 bric functions, 251-54 procedural tertunnk 556-57 &p&ve'pmpdion, 299.438 central structure store (CSS), 251 rad~antv.544-50 raster methods 210-11 648 Sublect Index

reflection, 201-3,422 his. 609 Input priority, 283 rotation, 186-87.190-93. UX-20 calumn, 61 1 norrnal~zedpropamn coordinate. 4% scaling, 187-88,190,192-94,420-22 components, 605 normalize3 view volume, 458-61 shear, 2034.423 cnas product, t08-.9 plpel~ne,217-19,432-33 three-dimensional geometric, 408-22 dab-held visualization, 400-401 lhreedimemional, 432-33 threedimmr~onalviewing, 432-56 dlmction angle. 606 twodmensional, 217-22 translation, llU-85,190,191,408-9 direction cosines. 606 viewport, 217.458-60 two-dimensional geometric, 184-205 dot (inner) product. 607-8 view volume. 447 huo-dimenslonal newing, 217-22 knot, 1-5 window. 217,447 viewing, 77,217-22.432-56 magnitude (Iengthl, 605 workstation mapping, 221-22. W mndow-to-newport, 217,220-22 polygon edge, 126 Viewing table, 223,465 workrtation, 221-22.456 produh m-9 Vim pldne, 433-34 world-to-viewmg coordinate, 218-20.437-3 pmjfftion, 450.452-53 normal vector, 434 Translation, in quaternion rtpmntatbon, 419,618 position. 434-35 :omposihon. 191 reflection, 501-3, 5:M window. 447 curved ow.185 rolahon.414-15 Viewport. d~slances.184.408 row, 611 chppmg. 24.460-bl invene, 190,409 scalar multiplicahon, 607 fundion. 222-23 ma6representation, IW 408 salar (do0 prdurt, 607-8 pnonn: 283 raster methods, 210 spa-. 609 three-dunensional (xc View volume) thrredimenstonal, 408-9 rpecular rdemon 500-504.h huc-dimmsional, 117 two-dimemio~l.184-B5.190.191 surface normal. 203-9,523,558 workstation, 222 vector, 1ffl.408 bamtni?sion (mhact~on).510,530-31 View reference point,218,219,434 Transrnkron vector (draction), 510.53041 mmlatia, 164 408 V~ew-upvector, 219,434 Tramparency (sn nlsa Rehadion, Ray tradng) Vecior method (polygon splitting), 2% View volume, 447 coefficient, 510 Vector monitor, 41 unit mbe, 458 modeling Y18-ll Vertex table, 306-7 normalized, 458 opac~tyfactor, 510 Vehcal mace, 41 perspeai\ e. 447-49 vector. 510.550-31 Wdeomnboller, 53-55 parallel, 447-50 Tram- (mbix),613 Vrdm lookup table. 155,!33 View window, 447 Trawwld rule, 623 Vldeo monitor (sndm Cathoderay rube) VirNal rrality. ~rabewlstate List, 252 calligraphic, 41 applications. 5-8.466-67 Triangle smp, 309 color CRT, 42-45 display devices, 51-52 Tristimulus vuion theory, 572 romposite, 44-45 input devms, 64 T~e-cdorsystem. 45 direc-vrew storage mbe (DVSl3.45 environments. 292-93 TWW angle, 434 emissive, 45 Visible structure, 253 Two-point perrpmive prok;hon, 446 flat-panel, 45 V~sihlelinedetection. 490 (seealso Depth cucin~) Typeface. 131-33 (rrr also Font) tullalor, 45 Vinblesurface detedon. 470 legible, 132 gardischarge. IS AhHer method. 475-76 readable, 132 LCD &quid c+ystal device), 47-18 algorithm clauihnon, 470-71 sans mil. 132 LED (I~ght-emimngdiode). a-47 area-subdivision method, 482-85 senf, 132 non-ive, 45 hack-face detection, 471-72 pksma panel, 45- 46 BSP-hee method, 481-82 random-scan, 41-42 comparlrm of algorithms, 491,92 rasterran, 40-4 1 curved surfaces, 487-90 rrtresh CRT,37-45 depth-butfer 12-buffer) method, 472-75 Umbra shadow, 542 resoluhon, 39-00 depth-sorting method, 478-81 Unbundled attributes, 168 RGB, 45 fundion, 490-91 Uniform &ph, 336-44 stereoscopic, 50-5: imagesp~cemethods, 470 Unifonn xalmg, 187-88.421 chin-film electroluminexent. 46 objec-space methods, 470 Uniform smtial subdivision. ~Wimensional,49 ochee methods, 485-87 atree,i59-62 truemlor, 45 painter's algorithm (depth sorting), 478 ray tranng. 536 vector, 41 rayiastlng method, 487-88 Unit cub (clippmg), 458 view scan-lme method, 476-78 Up vector Ccharacter). 165 look-at point. 434 surfacecontour plots. 489-90 Uur dia!ogue, ZR-73 reference point, 218, 214,439 w~rpfram+methods. 490 User help fadline, 274 up vector. 219,434 Vision (trist~mulustheory), 572 User ~nterfacp.34,272-76,288-93 (ore also nvist angle, 434 Visualizat~on: Graphical user interface) Viewing: applications, 25-31 User model, 2R rtereorcopic. 6, 7, 50-52.292, 293, m-MI methods, 395-403 (urrrlso Data visualization) UM coordinate system, 435-38 threedimensional. 297 Voicesystems, 70-71 u17 plane, 435 two-dimensional, 217-45 Volume cal"ulations (CSG),39-59 Viewing coordmater: Volume element, W Ieftft-handed,435 Volume rendering 399 thrPe-dimensiona:, 433-34 Voxel, 360 two-dunensionai. 218.219-20 Viewmg transformation: Valuator input device, 276,2T-78 back (far) chppin~plane, 447 Value (HSV parameter), 575 clipping 224-45.156-63 Vanishing point, 446 honl Inear) clipping pbne. 447 Warn lightmg model, W-5 Varllucal mtnor, 49 fnutum, 447 Wavelength (light), %6 Vector, 605,611-12 hnctrons. 222-23.464-66 Weighted siimplmg, 174,555 additnon. 607 hardware implrrncntatlon, 463 .W Weighting surface, 174 Sublea Index

Wriler-Athenonpolygondipping algorithm, Worlrrlalion 242-43 in graphim applications, 57-b0 tiIlght. 567, 570 79 idenhfier, y-axls rotahon, 412 Winding numbet. 125 PHIGS, 79 Wmdow: ydrrP*ion shear. 204 pick filter. 784-85 YlQ mlor n~cdel.574 fun&ons, 222-23,465 stnrcture filters, 254, 284-85 manager, 34.273 transformation, 221-22,466 21 7 nomctangulu, window, 221-22, 4b5 280 pick, viewpon. 222.465 proeon, 447 World coordinates, 76 rotated, 218,219-20 z.axis rotahon, 40?-11 432-56 World-reviewing caodinate Iranclormation, 218, I-buffer algonthm. 472 (snalso Depih-buffer thrPrdimemio~lviewing 219-20,437-36 nvodimensiorul newin& 217 algonthm) user-rnlerlace,34,273 Wnte function. 210 zdimtian shear. 423 new-plane, 433-34 2 mouse, 62-63 worhtahon, 221-22.465 morning, 218-15. Wmdowmg tramforma Son, 21 7 panning. 219 mming 218-19 x-axis rotation, 411-12 Wndow-teviewpon mapping, 217.220-22 I-dimthon shear, 203 Wveframe, 4.5.298 X window System, 272 Wveframe visibilily algorithms 493 XYZmlor model, 569 Function Index

generdired[XamngPnmlllve, 113 sampleChoace, 285 getchoice. 286 samplelocator, 285 ge:Lncator, 2% samplePick. 285 getkator3,302 sampleStrin&.285 getl'lck, 286 sampleSmk<-,285 getpixel. 86 ~rnplcValuator,285 gedtring 286 scale, 208 gedtroke, 286 scale), 425 getvaluator, 286 ~st~tCharacterExpa~ionFaclor.165 ~CharactcrHcight.I64 setCharacter5pacmg. 165 setCharacterUpVertor, 165 seChoiceMnde, 281 setColourReyrmnlalion, 156 setEdtIMode, 2% sctElementR)~nler,255 .wIElemenlP~~~nlerAtLabrI,259 selH~ghlighltngF~lter,241 selHLHSbdentifier, 491 sctlndiv~dualASF,168 sellntenoC~11ourlndex.158 sellntenorlndcx, 169 scllnleriorRc.prcscnlat~on,169 sellntenodtvle, 158 sellnler1or5Wlelndcx. 159 label. 258 setlnvbib~l~tvF!ller,253 setLincPmc. 145 Function Index

setTtxtRrprrsenlation169 setW~tationWmdow3,466 BetWuatorMcde, 281 BetViewLndex, 2l3.M BctV~ewRepresentabon.W T setMewReprrrmtahon3,465 setV~ewTraruformatianInpulPnbrity,283 text, 133 sefWorbtalionViewpac, 223 IexlJ, 302 wWorksta6onVi~,466 hanSformPoint, 209 se:WorlcstationWmdow, 22 tra~fdoint3.426