Solid-State Memory Camcorder
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6. Units and Levels
NOISE CONTROL Units and Levels 6.1 6. UNITS AND LEVELS 6.1 LEVELS AND DECIBELS Human response to sound is roughly proportional to the logarithm of sound intensity. A logarithmic level (measured in decibels or dB), in Acoustics, Electrical Engineering, wherever, is always: Figure 6.1 Bell’s 1876 é power ù patent drawing of the 10log ê ú telephone 10 ëreference power û (dB) An increase in 1 dB is the minimum increment necessary for a noticeably louder sound. The decibel is 1/10 of a Bel, and was named by Bell Labs engineers in honor of Alexander Graham Bell, who in addition to inventing the telephone in 1876, was a speech therapist and elocution teacher. = W = −12 Sound power level: LW 101og10 Wref 10 watts Wref Sound intensity level: = I = −12 2 LI 10log10 I ref 10 watts / m I ref Sound pressure level (SPL): P 2 P = rms = rms = µ = 2 L p 10log10 2 20log10 Pref 20 Pa .00002 N / m Pref Pref Some important numbers and unit conversions: 1 Pa = SI unit for pressure = 1 N/m2 = 10µBar 1 psi = antiquated unit for the metricly challenged = 6894Pa kg ρc = characteristic impedance of air = 415 = 415 mks rayls (@20°C) s ⋅ m2 c= speed of sound in air = 343 m/sec (@20°C, 1 atm) J. S. Lamancusa Penn State 12/4/2000 NOISE CONTROL Units and Levels 6.2 How do dB’s relate to reality? Table 6.1 Sound pressure levels of various sources Sound Pressure Description of sound source Subjective Level (dB re 20 µPa) description 140 moon launch at 100m, artillery fire at gunner’s intolerable, position hazardous 120 ship’s engine room, rock concert in front and close to speakers 100 textile mill, press room with presses running, very noise punch press and wood planers at operator’s position 80 next to busy highway, shouting noisy 60 department store, restaurant, speech levels 40 quiet residential neighborhood, ambient level quiet 20 recording studio, ambient level very quiet 0 threshold of hearing for normal young people 6.2 COMBINING DECIBEL LEVELS Incoherent Sources Sound at a receiver is often the combination from two or more discrete sources. -
Sony F3 Operating Manual
4-276-626-11(1) Solid-State Memory Camcorder PMW-F3K PMW-F3L Operating Instructions Before operating the unit, please read this manual thoroughly and retain it for future reference. © 2011 Sony Corporation WARNING apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate normally, or has To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, been dropped. do not expose this apparatus to rain or moisture. IMPORTANT To avoid electrical shock, do not open the The nameplate is located on the bottom. cabinet. Refer servicing to qualified personnel only. WARNING Excessive sound pressure from earphones Important Safety Instructions and headphones can cause hearing loss. In order to use this product safely, avoid • Read these instructions. prolonged listening at excessive sound • Keep these instructions. pressure levels. • Heed all warnings. • Follow all instructions. For the customers in the U.S.A. • Do not use this apparatus near water. This equipment has been tested and found to • Clean only with dry cloth. comply with the limits for a Class A digital • Do not block any ventilation openings. device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Install in accordance with the These limits are designed to provide manufacturer's instructions. reasonable protection against harmful • Do not install near any heat sources such interference when the equipment is operated as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other in a commercial environment. This apparatus (including amplifiers) that equipment generates, uses, and can radiate produce heat. radio frequency energy and, if not installed • Do not defeat the safety purpose of the and used in accordance with the instruction polarized or grounding-type plug. -
Professional Disc Drive Unit
5-019-793-11 (1) Professional Disc Drive Unit Operating Instructions Before operating the unit, please read this manual thoroughly and retain it for future reference. PDW-U4 © 2020 Sony Corporation Table of Contents Overview .............................................................. 3 Features .......................................................................... 3 Example of Use............................................................... 3 Recommended Software ............................................... 4 Names and Functions of Parts .............................. 5 Front Panel...................................................................... 5 Rear Panel....................................................................... 6 Preparations......................................................... 7 Installation of the Unit.................................................... 7 Software Installation ...................................................... 7 Connections and Settings .............................................. 7 Power Preparations........................................................ 7 Handling Discs................................................................ 8 Using the Software............................................. 10 Starting and Exiting the Utility Software.......................10 Specifications ..................................................... 10 Open Source Software Licenses ..........................12 2 Overview Features The features of the unit include the following. • Supported -
Sound Power Measurement What Is Sound, Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level?
www.dewesoft.com - Copyright © 2000 - 2021 Dewesoft d.o.o., all rights reserved. Sound power measurement What is Sound, Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level? Sound is actually a pressure wave - a vibration that propagates as a mechanical wave of pressure and displacement. Sound propagates through compressible media such as air, water, and solids as longitudinal waves and also as transverse waves in solids. The sound waves are generated by a sound source (vibrating diaphragm or a stereo speaker). The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound and are forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the sound source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in time. Compression Refraction Direction of travel Wavelength, λ Movement of air molecules Sound pressure Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average, or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave. In air the sound pressure can be measured using a microphone, and in water with a hydrophone. The SI unit for sound pressure p is the pascal (symbol: Pa). 1 Sound pressure level Sound pressure level (SPL) or sound level is a logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound relative to a reference value. It is measured in decibels (dB) above a standard reference level. The standard reference sound pressure in the air or other gases is 20 µPa, which is usually considered the threshold of human hearing (at 1 kHz). -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
Lumens and Loudness: Projector Noise in a Nutshell
Lumens and loudness: Projector noise in a nutshell Jackhammers tearing up the street outside; the In this white paper, we’re going to take a closer look at projector noise: what causes neighbor’s dog barking at squirrels; the hum of it, how to measure it, and how to keep it to a minimum. the refrigerator: noise is a fixture in our daily Why do projectors make noise? lives, and projectors are no exception. Like many high-tech devices, they depend on cooling There’s more than one source of projector noise, of course, but cooling fans are by systems that remove excess heat before it can far the major offender—and there’s no way around them. Especially projector bulbs cause permanent damage, and these systems give off a lot of heat. This warmth must be continuously removed or the projector will overheat, resulting in serious damage to the system. The fans that keep air unavoidably produce noise. flowing through the projector, removing heat before it can build to dangerous levels, make noise. Fans can’t help but make noise: they are designed to move air, and the movement of air is what makes sound. How much sound they make depends on their construction: the angle of the blades, their size, number and spacing, their surface quality, and the fan’s rotational speed. Moreover, for projector manufacturers it’s also key not to place a fan too close to an air vent or any kind of mesh, or they’ll end up with the siren effect: very annoying high-frequency, pure-tone noise caused by the sudden interruption of the air flow by the vent bars or the mesh wires. -
Vcube User Manual
Table of Contents Table of Contents Welcome 1 What's New in VCube 2? 2 VCube Overview 5 How to Update 6 VCube User Interface 7 Tool and Transport Bars 11 Tool Bar 12 Transport Bar 16 Quick Settings for SD and HD Video Formats 19 Quick Settings for SD 21 Quick Settings for HD 23 Control Pages 25 Files 26 VCube Compositions 29 OMF Compositions 32 AAF and Apple XML Compositions 34 Media Files 36 Import Composition and Export Changes 38 Import Layer 39 Convert Still Images 40 Locators 42 View 44 Clips Information 45 Shortcuts 49 Workspace 50 ii Table of Contents Edit 52 Main 53 Clips 54 Layers 56 Tracks 58 Settings 59 Presets 60 Formats & Synchro 62 Video I/O 67 Xena LS Plug-in 68 Xena LH Plug-in 70 Xena 2 Plug-in 72 Overlay 74 Preview 76 Composition 78 Disk & Network Cache Buffers 81 User Interface 82 Isis 83 Encryption 84 Media Settings 90 Timeline 91 Video Engine 92 Output View 93 Script View 95 Recording and Editing 96 Recording 97 Editing 103 Timeline 104 Editing Functions 106 Layer Controls 110 iii Table of Contents Motion Rectangles (PiP) 111 Selections and Groups 114 Watermark and Text 115 Watermark 116 Text Clip 117 Utility Clips 119 Countdown Clip 120 Wipe Clip 122 Video Test Patern Clip 123 Audio Tone Clip 124 Conforming and Reconforming 125 Conversions 134 Export 135 Convert Media Files 136 Render 140 Import Images Sequence 144 Media Wrapper 146 Frame Rate Management 147 Using the QuickTime File Format 148 Using the MXF File Format 150 Using the MPEG Codec 151 Basic Settings 153 Video Settings 154 Advanced Video Settings 157 Audio Settings 164 Multiplexer Settings 167 Synchronization 171 Connections for synchronization 174 iv Table of Contents The USB Sync Board Oprtion 175 USB Sync Board Installation 176 Specific Control Panels 177 Virtual Transport 180 Network 183 VCube Chasing Pyramix through Virtual Transport. -
Color Handout
Caring for Audiovisual Material: Webinar 10/23/13 3 Videotape and Optical Media Identification and Preservation Webinar October 23, 2013 Linda Tadic Audiovisual Archive Network [email protected] 1 What Will be Covered Physical properties of media Preservation issues Formats and identification 2 Heritage Preservation: Caring for Yesterday's Treasures--Today 1 Caring for Audiovisual Material: Webinar 10/23/13 3 What Will Not be Covered Digitization (that’s the webinar on October 30) Cataloging and metadata 3 Additional Resources Bibliography of web-based readings Archival video preservation labs vendor list (USA) List of current video formats 4 Heritage Preservation: Caring for Yesterday's Treasures--Today 2 Caring for Audiovisual Material: Webinar 10/23/13 3 VIDEO 5 Videotape in Brief If it has sprockets, it’s film – not video. 6 Heritage Preservation: Caring for Yesterday's Treasures--Today 3 Caring for Audiovisual Material: Webinar 10/23/13 3 Videotape in Brief Like audiotape, videotape is magnetic media. Video can come in reel or cassette form – like audiotape. It can carry both analog and digital signals – like audiotape. 7 Primary Concerns Multitude of formats (identification can be difficult) Format obsolescence Short Life Expectancy (LE) Environmental, organic, and human factors contributing to signal degradation 8 Heritage Preservation: Caring for Yesterday's Treasures--Today 4 Caring for Audiovisual Material: Webinar 10/23/13 3 How Videotape Started Thank Bing Crosby. First funded development of audiotape. In 1950 gave $50,000 to a start-up called Ampex to develop magnetic videotape. 9 How Videotape Started Original market/users: broadcasting Like other time-based media, formats for the consumer market quickly followed. -
69 IASA RESEARCH GRANT REPORT: a STUDY on the CHANGING PRICES of AUDIOVISUAL DIGITIZATION, 2006–2015 Rebecca Chandler, Avpres
ARTICLE IASA RESEARCH GRANT REPORT: A STUDY ON THE CHANGING PRICES OF AUDIOVISUAL DIGITIZATION, 2006–2015 Rebecca Chandler, AVPreserve, USA Introduction Over the past five years in the United States and Europe there has been a decisive decline in the cost of digitization, resulting in historically low prices. This has been due to a variety of rea- sons, ranging from innovation to marketplace competition. With a shortening window of time in which to act, this economic advantage has been a boon to organizations with holdings of legacy audiovisual media. This is widely recognized and discussed among managers and budget holders within organizations. However, what has not been evaluated effectively is whether or not we are currently in a digitization market bubble. We hypothesize that obsolescence, degradation, and market factors will begin to place the cost of digitization back on an upward trajectory. What we do not know is how the curve will look. Our experience indicates that organizations are unwilling to believe that prices will increase at the same rate that they decreased, or that they will ever again reach even 50% of what they were just five years ago. However, these discussions are often emotionally-driven and take place without a well-laid foundation of data from which to judge. With the support of an IASA Research Grant, we set out to design a project that would begin to amass a shared and computable dataset that can help us ask questions and provide projections about our hypothesis. The goal of this project is to quantify and chart in detail the historical pricing trends for digitization over the past 10–15 years. -
Solid-State Memory Camcorder
4-425-717-13(3) Solid-State Memory Camcorder PMW-200 PMW-100 Operating Instructions Before operating the unit, please read this manual thoroughly and retain it for future reference. © 2012 Sony Corporation WARNING • Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing is required when the To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, apparatus has been damaged in any way, do not expose this apparatus to rain or such as power-supply cord or plug is moisture. damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects To avoid electrical shock, do not open the have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus cabinet. Refer servicing to qualified has been exposed to rain or moisture, does personnel only. not operate normally, or has been dropped. WARNING Do not install the appliance in a confined When installing the unit, incorporate a readily space, such as book case or built-in cabinet. accessible disconnect device in the fixed wiring, or connect the power plug to an easily IMPORTANT accessible socket-outlet near the unit. If a fault The nameplate is located on the bottom. should occur during operation of the unit, WARNING operate the disconnect device to switch the Excessive sound pressure from earphones power supply off, or disconnect the power plug. and headphones can cause hearing loss. In order to use this product safely, avoid Important Safety Instructions prolonged listening at excessive sound • Read these instructions. pressure levels. • Keep these instructions. • Heed all warnings. For the customers in the U.S.A. • Follow all instructions. This equipment has been tested and found to • Do not use this apparatus near water. -
The Human Ear Hearing, Sound Intensity and Loudness Levels
UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music The Human Ear Hearing, Sound Intensity and Loudness Levels We’ve been discussing the generation of sounds, so now we’ll discuss the perception of sounds. Human Senses: The astounding ~ 4 billion year evolution of living organisms on this planet, from the earliest single-cell life form(s) to the present day, with our current abilities to hear / see / smell / taste / feel / etc. – all are the result of the evolutionary forces of nature associated with “survival of the fittest” – i.e. it is evolutionarily{very} beneficial for us to be able to hear/perceive the natural sounds that do exist in the environment – it helps us to locate/find food/keep from becoming food, etc., just as vision/sight enables us to perceive objects in our 3-D environment, the ability to move /locomote through the environment enhances our ability to find food/keep from becoming food; Our sense of balance, via a stereo-pair (!) of semi-circular canals (= inertial guidance system!) helps us respond to 3-D inertial forces (e.g. gravity) and maintain our balance/avoid injury, etc. Our sense of taste & smell warn us of things that are bad to eat and/or breathe… Human Perception of Sound: * The human ear responds to disturbances/temporal variations in pressure. Amazingly sensitive! It has more than 6 orders of magnitude in dynamic range of pressure sensitivity (12 orders of magnitude in sound intensity, I p2) and 3 orders of magnitude in frequency (20 Hz – 20 KHz)! * Existence of 2 ears (stereo!) greatly enhances 3-D localization of sounds, and also the determination of pitch (i.e. -
XDCAM EX Family XDCAM EX Camcorder PMW-350 PMW-EX3 PMW-EX1R
XDCAM EX Family XDCAM EX Camcorder PMW-350 PMW-EX3 PMW-EX1R XDCAM EX Recording Deck PMW-EX30 XDCAM EX Series – Comprehensive Line-up Opens New Horizons of Visual Expression, Delivers New Levels of Convenience Since 2007 and the introduction of the first camcorder in this line-up, the SONY XDCAM EX™ Series has achieved wide acclaim among creative professionals, and now grows from strength to strength, opening up new horizons of visual expression and delivering new levels of convenience. The series already includes two outstanding camcorders – the PMW-EX1 and PMW-EX3 – which realize full-HD pictures of amazingly high quality by adopting three 1/2-inch-type “Exmor™” full-HD CMOS sensors in a compact body. An advanced workflow, based on “SxS PRO™” memory card as the recording media, ensures effective file-base operation. Now Sony evolves this XDCAM EX line-up with the introduction of two new camcorders. The PMW-350 is the first and long-awaited shoulder camcorder in the family. It comes equipped with the cutting-edge imaging technology of three 2/3-inch-type “Exmor” full-HD CMOS sensors, and it uses SxS memory card as the recording media. The other new camcorder is the PMW-EX1R, the direct successor of the PMW-EX1. It includes as standard an SD recording and playback function, as well as numerous improvements over the PMW-EX1. Both new camcorders support not just SxS PRO memory card but also more affordable “SxS-1™” media. There is also an innovative on-site backup solution with PXU-MS240 – enhancements which improve workflow and expand user convenience.