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A Review of U.S.-Turkey Relations in 2016 a Review of U.S.-Turkey Relations in 2016 A REVIEW OF U.S.-TURKEY RELATIONS IN 2016 A REVIEW OF U.S.-TURKEY RELATIONS IN 2016 Editor Audrey Williams Authors Yenal Kucuker Audrey Williams Caysie N. Myers Design and Layout Maria Jonafe Aguila Table of Contents President’s Message 5 Timeline 6 Security 8 Humanitarian Aid 14 Economy 18 Energy 22 Education 26 Technology 30 Looking Ahead in 2017 34 COPYRIGHT © January 2017 by Turkish Heritage Organization All rights reserved. Bibliography 36 No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopy, without permission in writing from About THO 42 the Turkish Heritage Organization. A full-text PDF of this report is available for free download from www.turkheritage.org. The THO Team 43 For permission requests, write to: Turkish Heritage Organization 1250 Connecticut Ave NW Suite 202 Washington, D.C. 20036 Website: www.turkheritage.org Email: [email protected] Phone: +1 (212) 321-0606 Cover design: Maria Jonafe Aguila, THO A MESSAGE FROM THO’S PRESIDENT 2016 was a difficult year for U.S.-Turkey relations. Critical domestic and regional developments created tensions between the strategic allies. At Turkish Heritage Organization (THO), we strongly believe that times like these highlight the importance of fostering deep and comprehensive dialogue in order to strengthen the relationship between Washington and Ankara. In 2016, THO focused on implementing education and outreach programs in Washington, D.C. We partnered with leading think tanks, universities, and nonprofit organizations to provide a unique platform for exploring critical issues in the U.S.-Turkey relationship. We organized public events, interviewed experts, and produced timely and independent research and analysis. At a time when we noticed that Washington think tanks were discussing the July 15 coup attempt in Turkey without providing a platform for diverse Turkish voices, THO invited high-ranking and prominent individuals from Turkey – including a former chief of the general staff and an award- winning journalist – to Washington to help broaden the discussion. Similarly, at the height of the Syrian refugee crisis, THO created unique opportunities in Washington for engagement with prominent Turkish, American, and Syrian individuals who work on this critical humanitarian issue, including the president of Turkey’s Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD). As an organization with Turkish-American roots and broad diaspora networks, THO aims to support a strong partnership between the U.S. and Turkey by fostering a better understanding between the people of both countries. THO strongly believes that supporting constructive dialogue that is inclusive of multiple backgrounds and perspectives is especially important during times of rising anti-American sentiment in Turkey and anti-Turkish sentiment in the U.S. This type of dialogue is key to maintaining shared values and strategic interests between Turkey and the U.S. We hope this 2016 review of six areas in the U.S.-Turkey relationship will be an informative component of this dialogue. This report lays out key 2016 developments in the areas of security, humanitarian aid, economy, energy, education, and technology. It concludes with perspectives on how U.S.- Turkey relations can be strengthened in each of these areas in the coming year. We believe that it is crucial for the U.S. and Turkey to overcome recent challenges in their bilateral relationship in 2017. Our aim is to continue to build upon and expand our current programming in the coming year by encouraging and facilitating dialogue that is independent of any political orientation and supports the strengthening of U.S.-Turkey relations. Ali Cinar THO President 5 2016 IN SUMMARY Security Economy Education Humanitarian Aid Energy Technology JANUARY MARCH 13 MARCH 31 - APRIL 1 Turkey imports liquefied A TAK bombing kills 37 The fourth Nuclear natural gas (LNG) from people in central Ankara. Security Summit is held the U.S. for the first time. in Washington, D.C. The shipment totaled 83 million cubic meters. MARCH 18 MARCH 31 The EU and Turkey agree 4.5G mobile data on a deal to halt migration becomes available in across the Aegean Sea Turkey. from Turkey to Greece. AUGUST 24 AUGUST 1 LATE JULY JULY 20 JULY 8 - 9 JUNE 27 MAY 23 - 24 LATE APRIL Turkey launches General Joseph Dunford, The U.S. State Department S&P downgrades Turkey’s The annual NATO Summit Turkey and Israel sign The first World The U.S. State Department Operation Euphrates the Chairman of the Joint suspends the Fulbright credit rating to BB with is held in Warsaw, Poland. a reconciliation deal. Humanitarian Summit announces that the Shield in northern Syria. Chiefs of Staff of the U.S., English Teaching a negative outlook. is held in Istanbul. Critical Language visits Turkey. Assistantship (ETA) Scholarship’s Summer program in Turkey for the 2016 Turkish program will 2016/17 academic year. JULY 15 JUNE 28 be moved to Azerbaijan. A faction within the A Daesh attack kills 45 AUGUST 24 JULY 21 Turkish Armed Forces people at Ataturk Airport U.S. Vice President A three-month state of (TSK) attempts a coup in Istanbul. Joe Biden visits Turkey. emergency is declared d’etat against Turkey’s in Turkey. democratically elected government. SEPTEMBER 4 - 5 SEPTEMBER 13 - 26 SEPTEMBER 26 SEPTEMBER 30 OCTOBER 3 OCTOBER 10 The annual G20 Summit The 71st UN General The Emergency Social The national parliament The Turkish parliament Russian President Putin is held in Hangzhou, Assembly (UNGA) is Safety Net (ESSN) is of Azerbaijan approves extends the state of and Turkish President China. held in New York. launched in Ankara to the Trans-Anatolian emergency for an Erdogan sign an agree- provide pre-paid cards Natural Gas Pipeline additional three months, ment on the Turkish to one million refugees (TANAP). effective October 19. Stream natural gas in Turkey. pipeline project. SEPTEMBER 9 SEPTEMBER 19 SEPTEMBER 20 SEPTEMBER 23 NATO Secretary General President Obama hosts At the UNGA, President Moody’s downgrades Jens Stoltenberg visits the Leaders’ Summit on Erdogan gives a speech Turkey to Ba1 with a Turkey. Refugees on the sidelines on the need for greater stable outlook. of the UNGA. global support to address the refugee crisis. DECEMBER 19 DECEMBER 10 DECEMBER 2 NOVEMBER 24 NOVEMBER 15 NOVEMBER 7 OCTOBER 27 The Russian ambassador The first Digital Education A Turkish defense electronics systems The EU Parliament passes Turkish and Israeli The Turkish lira declines Turkish Prime Minister Binali to Turkey is assassinated in America Fair is held producer, ASELSAN, signs an R&D a non-binding resolution officials hold their first to 3.1849 against the U.S. Yildirim announces a plan in Ankara. in four Turkish cities agreement with U.S. company Keysight to freeze membership working-level meeting to dollar, passing a previous to offer “specially-designed simultaneously: Istanbul, Technologies to develop 5G mobile talks with Turkey. discuss a possible natural record set in 1981. It incentives” to support Turkey’s Ankara, Izmir, and Adana. communications technology. gas pipeline to carry continues to decrease information and communications Israeli gas to Europe throughout the rest of technology (ITC) sector. via Turkey. 2016 and into 2017. DECEMBER 10 DECEMBER 5 A TAK bombing in Istanbul Turkey launches its second military kills 45 people. satellite, GOKTURK-1, which will be used primarily for military purposes but which will also have civilian uses. 7 SECURITY DID YOU KNOW? 2016 proved to be an extremely challenging year for Turkey’s security and tested its strong legacy of bilateral and NATO defense cooperation with its strategic ally, the United States. In 2016, geo- THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 500 U.S. TROOPS INSIDE SYRIA who are training and advising the coalition of political developments in the Middle East changed Turkey’s security American allies fighting against Daesh, including landscape dramatically, and the country experienced enormous Turkey and the YPG. In 2016, Daesh lost 23% of domestic and regional risks. its territory across Syria and Iraq. DOMESTIC RISKS THE PKK, A TERRORIST ORGANIZATION OFFICIALLY Terrorism RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES AND THE EU, Following a short-lived peace process that ended in July 2015, the has been conducting a violent insurgency conflict between the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and the Turkish campaign in Turkey since 1984. state escalated in 2016.1 While the conflict is concentrated in Turkey’s southeast, it has also ignited a wave of deadly terror attacks carried ABDULLAH OCALAN, THE PKK’S LEADER AND FOUNDER out by the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) in cities like Istanbul, who is currently in prison in Turkey, was Ankara, and Kayseri. The renewal of this conflict is compounded by enjoying sanctuary in Syria before U.S.- backed Turkey pressured Syria to expel the increasing threat posed by Daesh, which successfully carried him in 1998. out a series of large-scale attacks in Turkey in 2016.2 Two Daesh attacks in particular – one in June that killed 45 people at Ataturk Airport in Istanbul and another in August that killed 57 at a wedding in Gaziantep – made it clear that Turkey was facing an unprecedented security threat emanating from Syria that needed to be addressed. Overall, more than 270 people lost their lives in at least 12 major terror attacks in Turkey, making 2016 a year of terror.3 The July 15 Coup Attempt Though the July 15 coup attempt carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) did not succeed, it took a considerable toll on the Turkish nation. According to the Turkish government, the coup attempt was organized by U.S.-based Turkish exile Fethullah Gulen and a group of his followers that the Turkish government has labeled the Fethullah Gulen Terror Organization (FETO).
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