Forest Owner a PUBLICATION of the NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The New Yorl( Forest Owner A PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

July/August 2000

Volume 38 Number 4 FOUNDED 1963 THE NEW YORK In This Issue •• •

FORESTOWNERS FROM THE PRESIDENT ASSOCIATION RON PEDERSEN 3 Volume 38,Number 4 IN THE MAIL 4 Officers & Directors Ronald Pedersen, President BPA WITHDRAWS SILVICULTURE PROVISIONS 22 Vandenburg Lane, ROBERT MALMSHEIMER & MICHAEL GOERGEN 6 Latham, NY 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President NEWS & NOTES 7 22 Bryn Mawr Road Rochester, NY 14624; (716) 247-7069 STAND By YOUR STREAM

Robert Sykes, Secretary REBECCA SCHNEIDER 8 .\786 Foster Road Elbridge. N 13060; (315) 673-3691 ALONG THE FINGER LAKES TRAIL Don Wagner, Treasurer IRENE SZABO 10 5330 Graham Road, Utica, Y 13502; (315) 733-7391 WOODLOT CALENDAR 12 Deborah Gill, Administrative Secretary P.O.Box 180 NYFOA 2000 FALL CONFERENCE Registration Form 13 Fairport, NY 14450; (716) 377-6060 ASK THE FORESTER 2001 ARLYN W. PERKEY 15 Jill Cornell, Johnsonville, (518) 753-4336 Nick Polee,Remsen, (315) 831-5301 Dave Swaciak, Franklinville, (716) 676-2349 BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PEST MANAGEMENT Robert Sykes, Elbridge, (315) 673-3691 DOUGLAS C. ALLEN 16

2002 Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (716) 533-2085 OIL & GAS OPPORTUNITIES FOR TREE FARMERS Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230 DAVID J. COLLIGAN 18 Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (716) 728-5769 Rolf Wentorf,Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228 A GUIDE TO LYME DISEASE 2003 JOAN KAPPEL 21 Hugh Canham, N.Syracuse, (315) 457-4972 Roy Esiason,Granville, (518) 642-2351 Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941 WOODSMEN'S FIELD DAYS 22 Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061 THE MARKETPLACE 23 Chapter-Designated Directors Charlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617 OPEN, Cayuga; Call NYFOA for information Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District;(518) 861-8753 John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656·2313 The New York Gene McCardle,Lower Hudson; (914) 945-0504 Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902 Don Fraser,Niagara Frontier;(716) 773-7011 Peter Gregory, SEAdirondack; (518) 399-1812 Larry Lepak,Southern Tier; (607) 656-8504 Forest Owner Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696 APUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION Jim Minor, Western Finger Lakes; (716) 247-7069 The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication by The New York Forest Owners Association, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, N. Y. 14450. Materials submitted for publication should be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor; The New York Forest Owner; 134 Lincklaen The New York Woodland Stewards, Street, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed to [email protected]. Inc. (NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundation Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returned after use. The of NYFOA and tax deductible dona- deadline for submission for the September/October issue is August 1, 2000. tions to this organization will advance Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180, NYFOA's educational mission. Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1-800-836-3566. Cost of individual membership/subscription is $20. All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproduced www.nyfoa.org without prior written permission from the publisher. NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro- cedures, products, or opinions presented by authors COVER: Annual Fall Barbecue, New York College of Forestry, 1923. Photo or advertisers. courtesy of SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry © 2000 New York Forest Owners Association Archives.

2 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 ·,NYFOA is a not-for- profit group of NY FT~President om• State landowners Jpromoting stewardship of private e is thinking about a timber tion challenged to stirring interest and forests. Stewardship puts into sale and wanted to be more curiosity, and, being always ready to practice knowledge of forest ecosys- H informed than he had been help supply answers or point to where tems, silviculture, local economies, for a harvest some years ago. Some answers can be found. watersheds, wildlife, natural aesthet- where along the way the man sitting Maybe a woods walk description ics and even law for the long term next to me had realized that both he strikes an internal bell, or a bumper benefit of current and future genera- and his woodlot had been short- sticker or a TV program. Who can tions. NYFOA, through its local changed last time. A good reminder pinpoint when a quizzical feeling chapters, provides this knowledge for landowners and the interested public. that we go through life discovering arises or later evolves into questions? what we don't know, and with hope We never know the moment when a Join NYFOA today and begin to that the void is recognized and new view may take shape in receive the many benefits including: six issues of The New York Forest overcome before the consequences someone's mind or in our own- Owner, woodswalks, chapter meet- are too great. these things simply are not something ings, and two statewide meetings for The man across the room points we control. Nor, for that matter, can all members. out that he is particularly interested in we control the timing of other events I1Wewould like to support good preventing of nature. forestry and stewardship of New timber theft, For example, Mother Nature just York's forest lands and in assur- let me know that it's time for a timber ing that harvest, by topping, heavily pruning ( ) I1Weown acres of woodland. perpetrators or uprooting about 30 trees. A very ( ) I1Wedo not own woodland but sup- get their due. gentle reminder, I might add, relative port the Association's objectives. He is clearly to 1998 tornadoes that missed our interested in farm by about a mile (but perhaps not Name: _ forests, and yours), devastating ice storms, or Address: _ his vocation is insect infestations that can overnight City: _ in law enforcement. His interest in change the course of years of careful State/Zip: _ woodlot management extends to the planning and nurturing. Telephone: _ unscrupulous person's access to On reflection, we need periodic County of Residence: _ another's property, and other aspects reminders as to our place in the of theft. A good reminder that our scheme of things, lest we get over- County of Woodlot: _ woodlots can be seen from a wide confident or careless. I note that with Referred by: _ variety of interests and perspectives. the surprisingly small root system Annual Dues (Please Circle One): These gentlemen were among which can support tons of towering Student $10 those present at Cornell's tele- black cherry, it's clear that Mother Individual $20 conference on the Economic Aspects Nature knows how to get the most Family (co-owners) $25 of Forest Stewardship, as hosted by from poorly drained and shallow Contributing $30-$100 Columbia County Cooperative soils, often only inches deep to the Sponsoring $ 1 0 1 + Extension. All across New York, and hardpan or solid rock. Just a little Please make check payable to New in neighboring states, folks once reminder. York Forest Owners Association, again benefitted from the talent and What a privilege it is to be or, if you prefer, by check payable to commitment of professionals who are charged with caring for natural New YorkWoodland Stewards, Inc. (NYWS, a tax deductible founda- ready, willing and able to help private resources and having the opportunity tion), including any contribution in landowners. It was an excellent to see first hand the marvels of excess of your NYFOA membership program and we thank all that made it nature. I hope you all have a marvel- and send to: possible. ous summer. NYFOA The teleconference and those that -Ron Pedersen P.O. Box 180 Fairport, New York 14450 attended again reminded me of what President 1-800-836-3566 NYFOA is all about - an organiza- www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 3 and assist in the NOTE: The next day Bob called me planting. I initially and related he had a long thorn in his InThe was against his help knee that he received while crawling since he could hardly down the rows. He said he really didn't walk and suffers back mind the pain associated with it and is MAIL and leg pain on a looking forward to planting the trees daily basis. Since he again next year. insisted on helping, we packed up the -Edward Piestrak Annual Planting vehicle and went to the fields to begin New York Tree Farmer I would like to offer this incident the project. It was a beautiful, warm, Nanticoke, PA that occurred this year on our approved calm Saturday and we entered the tree farm in Lindley, NY. For the past fields at approximately 8:00 A.M. We Panel Discussion Input ten years, with the assistance of my encountered a herd of deer mixed in If timber theft is so wide spread sons and daughters, we have planted with a flock of turkeys that we had and little is being done about it, from 200 to 300 trees per year in our encourage to leave in order for us to perhaps a group should be formed grass fields. This year was no different begin our project. within NYFOA to start some lobbying since I ordered 400 trees of White During the planting, Bob could not in favor of some protection for Pine, Blue Spruce, and Canaan Fir. bend and thus he crawled down each landowners. Perhaps a group could be The trees were 4-year transplants and row of holes I made and placed each planned at the fall meeting to discuss thus a larger hole was necessary to tree in its hole and covered up the root this.My more general question is: how plant each tree. formation. After about 2 meals in the can members suggest panel discussions My adult children could not assist fields and multiple water breaks, we for meetings? A second question would in the planting this year and they tried completed the project at approximately be this: Is there any way of starting a to encourage me not to plant any trees 6:00 P.M. Thereafter we just laid in forum for discussion of relevant topics this year since the procedure would be the field and related how we were both on the NYFOA web site? How could too much for me alone. However, I in pain but it was such a good feeling. one be started? have this inner drive to plant trees each Bob related this was the first time in -Jim Martin year and thus I proceeded to plant the the past year that he has done anything West Germany trees this year. (I'm past 60 years old). constructive and has never planted any [email protected] I mentioned the tree planting to my trees before. He stated that he would friend (Bob) who never did any like to come up to the farm again since Hats off! planting except in his food plot behind he enjoyed being so close to nature. Hats off to the Western Finger Lakes his home where he planted some We discussed this issue and I related Chapter, and to the Dansville Logging vegetables for his own use. My friend the internal drive that occurs to me and Lumber Company, for sponsoring is approximately 50 years old and when I consider planting trees and how the tour of the Company's operations forced to retire from his full-time job I cannot say no, even though I will not on June 3. This was an interesting, due to a back surgery that went be around when the trees mature. informative, and well-attended haywire. The surgery was Hopefully, my children and program. Could the Association approximately 1 year ago. He related grandchildren will enjoy the fruits of arrange a similar tour of a pulp wood/ he would love to come up to my farm our labor. paper plant? -John S. Mauhs Esperance, NY 271 County Road#9 607 648~5512 Chenango Forks,NY 13746 [email protected] RICHARD CIPPERLY NORTH COUNTRY FORESTRY LLC

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- CHRISTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT Appraisals Stewardship Plans Timber Sales 480·A Plans 8 Stonehurst Drive Queensbury, NY 12804 Restore the American Chestnut (518) 793·3545 or 1-800-862-3451 SINCE 1964

4 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 A Note of Thanks Little did we know back in 1967 Ernest Spencer was our first chairper- you can't help but be impressed with when we became owners of our first son. This Southern Adirondack Chapter the new members' ability to plan, large piece of swampy, ledgy, bushy (SAC) includes Warren, Washington organize and put on educational woodland how it would change our and Saratoga counties and now has meetings, the Family Forest Fairs, and lifestyle. After searching for years to more than 200 members. work with other chapters of NYFOA. find a place for a family camp, with As we look back over the last 10 Anyone who is considering becoming timber to manage, we stumbled on to a years, becoming a member of NYFOA involved with NYFOA, don't wait, do it "100" acre, out back piece of has helped us to manage our woodland now! Adirondack property. with more confidence than before. The Receiving the NYFOA Service The next step was contacting our enthusiasm "to get up and go" from Award at the annual meeting this past DEC Forester to guide us with a seeing how other woodland owners spring really made us aware of how management program. Since then, more manage their forests comes from much NYFOA has done for us.Thank land was added, a pond built and woodswalks and education meetings set you NYFOA. buildings erected. With second hand up by NYFOA. This organization -Erwin and Polly Fullerton equipment (from a pick, shovel and brings landowners, government and South Woodstock, VT wheelbarrow to a bulldozer), roads and private foresters, timber harvesters and trails were established to make the land educators from many states together accessible. with a common goal: to better manage In Memoriam ... We learned by experience with our our forest land. There is also a "spin GENE MCCARDLE forester, marking trees, having a couple off" from the enjoyable, learning, social "Home is the hunter, home from the of log jobs, doing silvicultural work atmosphere of meetings - tool collect- hill." Eugene McCardle passed away and working alone much of the time. ing' where to travel, history of our on Sunday, June 11th, following a But there was something missing. landscapes and how our forefathers recent illness. Gene wore many hats As the years went by we were lived. in his long service to wilderness involved with groups such as a fire Our forest management objectives conservation and good forestry.He company, the church, and professional still include growing quality timber for was one of only four Honorary societies at work. These people have profit but added emphasis is now put on Members of the prestigious Campfire speakers, meet others of like interests wild life habitat improvement, recre- Club of America (founded in 1897 and learn from each other. We thought, ation, aesthetics and water quality. This by James Beard and Ernest Thomp- there must be a forest or woodland added value under the trees such as son Seton, co-founders as well of owners organization somewhere to help walking the dog, photography, hunting, Boy Scouts of America). A past Club us. plant study, grandchild playing is governor and officer, he served in In November 1990 John Hastings, enhanced by a well maintained trail recent years as Chairman of the NYS DEC Forester, sent out letters system and seeded log landings. Historical and Library Committee announcing a meeting at the We will never forget people like the and Deputy Chairman of the Conser- Queensbury Elementary School for McCartys, who sent notes of encour- vation Committee, working to woodland owners. At this meeting, John agement on their guide sheets on how eradicate invasive species (especially Marchant,NYFOA Executive Director, to run a successful woods walk. Japanese barberry) from Campfire gave a talk about this organization.A As we attend the SAC steering property in Chappaqua.A retired Air steering committee was formed and committee, and see our chapter grow, Force colonel (Civil Air Patrol), he was an excellent marksman and an honored DEC Hunter Safety Instruc- tor for many years. A Region 3 LandVest The Next Level of Service Forest Practice Board member and A company of experienced professionals dedicated to providing consulting and marketing services to owners of forest land. Our Timberland, Master Forest Owner, he was a Consulting & Marketing Divisions specialize in: leader of the Lower Hudson Chapter Adirondack Office • Timberland Management of NYFOA, serving last as treasurer 64 Park Street, PO Box 873, and vice-chairman. A memorial Tupper Lake, NY 12986; • Forest Land Marketing & Sales service was held June 16th at the (518) 359-2385 • Real Estate Asset Planning Campfire Club. Like a mighty tree OTHER LOCA nONS fallen in the forest, he leaves an • Land Use Planning Boston,MA • Albany, VT • Concord, NH empty space against the sky. Portland and Jackman, ME • Appraisal & Conservation Services -L.Hale Sims

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 5 EP A Withdraws Silviculture Provisions frolll NeW' CWA Regulations

ROBERT W. MALMSHEIMER AND MICHAEL GOERGEN

n June 10, the U.S. Environmental USDAIEPA Joint Statement Silvicultural Provisions Withdrawn Protection Agency (EPA) an- The U.S. Department of Agriculture On June 10, a few days after the Onounced that it would withdraw the (USDA) initially submitted comments that NASF/SAF report was issued, the EPA silviculture provisions from the new Clean opposed the EPA's proposed regulations. announced in a letter to Senator Robert Water Act (CWA) regulations it will However, the USDA later retracted those Smith, the Chairman of the U.S. Senate promulgate this summer. This article comments and supported the EPA's Committee on Environment and Public chronicles the events that led to EP A's proposal. In May, the two departments Works, that the agency would withdraw decision and discusses the future of the issued a Joint Statement that detailed how the silviculture provisions from the new EPA's regulation of forestry activities the EPA's final regulations would address CW A regulations it will promulgate this under the CW A. forestry activities (available at http:// summer. In the letter, the EPA stated that www.epa.gov/owow/tmdll although its revised approach to the EPA's Proposal tmdlwhit.html). regulation of forestry activities specified In the NovemberlDecember 1999 In the agreement, the EP A agreed in the USDAIEPA Joint Statement was a issue of the New York Forest Owner, we that the final regulations would include "significant improvement" over EPA's described the EPA's proposal to use the the following provisions: original proposal, the EP A needs "to CWA's total maximum daily load 1. No NPDES permits would be required describe this approach to the wide range (TMDL) provisions to set pollution limits for forestry activities for five years from of interested parties, to discuss how this on waterbodies that do not meet minimum the publication date of the final regula- approach would work, and to get ideas for water quality standards. Within EPA's tions. improvements." proposed amendments to the CW A 2. During that time, the EPA and USDA regulations was a proposal to reclassify would develop "suggested" forestry Best Future Concerns discharges from silvicultural activities as Management Practices (BMPs) for states The EPA's decision to withdraw the point sources of pollution. Since the CW A to adopt. silvicultural provisions from the regula- requires point sources of pollution to 3. Forestry activities in states that adopted tions it will promulgate this summer may secure a National (or state) Pollution the suggested BMPs would be exempt only be a temporary postponement. As the Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) from NPDES permit requirements. EPA's letter indicated: permit before discharging pollutants, this 4. In states that did not adopt the sug- the Agency [EPA] will repropose proposal could have potentially required gested BMPs, the EPA or the state would provisions [for the regulation of landowners to secure a NPDES permit have discretion to require NPDES permits forestry activities] ... later this before conducting silvicultural activities for forestry activities. summer along the lines described on their lands. in the USDAIEPAJoint State- NASF/SAF Report ment. ... Based on the Responses to EPA's Proposal In June 2000, the National Associa- comments received on this The EPA's proposed regulations tion of State Foresters (NASF) and the reproposed rule, the Agency will generated thousands of public comments Society of American Foresters (SAF) decide sometime next year how and congressional hearings. These issued a report that reviewed the EPA's best to proceed. hearings resulted in numerous Congres- justification for regulating forestry sional bills to amend or delay some aspect activities (http://www.safnet.org/archive/ The USDAIEPA Joint Statement of the EPA's proposed regulations. Four tmdl2000.htm). The report found that the approach would require that states adopt of these bills, S.2041 (and its House of EP A "dramatically overestimated" the mandatory BMPs, a requirement New Representative companion, H.R.3609), number of waterbodies affected by York (and the vast majority of states) have and S.3625 (and its companion, H.R. silvicultural activities. For example, of not adopted. Thus, the EPA's reproposal 3609) would amend the CW A to specify "the 1,040 waterbodies listed by [the] could still have a substantial impact on that silvicultural activities constitute EP A as impaired because of silviculture, forest management in this state. Forest nonpoint sources of pollution. If enacted, only 84 [8%] may actually be impaired by landowners interested in this issue should these bills would prevent the EPA or the [forestry activities]." The NASF/SAF continue to follow both the EPA's states from requiring NPDES permits for study found that the EPA's overestimates reproposal and the status of Congressional silvicultural activities. were the results of poor data collection, initiatives .•. illogical waterbody listings, and a funding Robert Malmsheimer is an Assistant Professor system that encouraged state officials to at SUNY-ESF and Michael Goergen is the under-report the quality of their Director of Policy at the Society of American waterbodies. Foresters.

6 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 New Market for Wood in cent Adirondacks. The setting is Northern New York beautiful and the technical program has &.. Construction was to begin in June NEWS & great presenters who are interesting for a new $150 million OSB mill and informative. There will be lots of to be built in Lisbon NY. Lisbon is great door prizes and the people you'll located in St. Lawrence County near NOTES meet are warm, enthusiastic and Ogdensburg and the Canadian border. outdoor lovers, JUST LIKE YOU OSB stands for oriented strand board. ARE! You'll meet and make friends It is made of credit card sized flakes of Supplying this amount of wood will also with people from all over the State and wood that are arranged in layers with create approximately 500 jobs in the learn how you can implement your the strands or grain running at right woods. Production is slated to begin in dreams for your woodlands. angles to the next layer under it. The the fall of 2001. We look forward to seeing you in product is made to compete in the September. marketplace with Douglas fir plywood. Contributed by Jack Ward, a forest owner This year, OSB production has residing in Potsdam,NY and a member of Contributed by Peter Gregory, a member of surpassed Douglas fir plywood NYFOA-NAC. NYFOA-SAC. production for the first time. Seven- sixteenths inch OSB has the same NYFOA 2000 Forestry Awareness Day strength as fifteen-thirty seconds inch FALL CONFERENCE NYFOA was once again a proud co- plywood. There are 66 OSB mills ,1. This issue of your New York Forest &.. sponsor of Forestry Awareness operating worldwide. Predictions are a.. Owner magazine contains the Regis- Day in Albany on April 11tho A that the product will garner about 70% tration Form for the NYFOA 2000 Fall number of NYFOA members were on of the worldwide market for manufac- Conference to be held at ESP's Pack hand, including Rolf Wentorf who set tured structural panels in the near Demonstration Forest located near up and manned the NYFOA display future. Warrensburg,NY from Friday evening, table, Hugh Canham who served as Chatham Forest Products will be September 22nd through Sunday, Septem- recorder for the issues forum, and Rod employing about 100 workers at the ber 24th. (See articles in the May/June Jones and Bruce and Charlotte Baxter mill.This alone is a big boost to the issue.) The S.E. Adirondack and Capital who handled the distribution of local economy; but one of the big District Chapters are co-hosting this event seedlings from the NY Tree Farm winners will be the Northern New with sponsorship by the Department of Committee. York Forest. We have long needed a Environmental Conservation, Cornell A number of forestry-related market for low-grade wood, particu- Cooperative Extension of Warren County groups met to consider common larly aspen. As pulp grade, aspen has and the College of Environmental Science issues; a workshop provided tips on had virtually no market since the and Forestry. This is also SAC's celebra- effective communication with legisla- closing of the Diamond Match Com- tion of our 10th anniversary as a NYFOA tors; attendees were updated on pany in the late 70' s and Champion chapter. pending state policy issues including Paper's decision in the early 80' s to Over 30 volunteers have been working the right to practice forestry, timber not use aspen in their products. hard to make this an outstanding event theft, and forest tax law amendments According to John Godfrey, combining education, forestry and an as well as on the proposed federal President of Chatham, the mill will be opportunity for a family mini-vacation. If water regulations that could require using 700,000 tons of aspen and red you had a good time at summer camp as a permits for timber harvesting.Later in (soft) maple annually. Sixty percent kid, or wished you could have gone to the afternoon, there were individual of this tonnage will be aspen and forty one, you'll really enjoy this weekend at and group meetings with legislators percent will be red maple. Some white Pack. SO, BE A KID AGAIN (or be the and staff. birch may also be used. All the wood kid you wished you could have been)! Forestry Awareness Day is a will be delivered to the plant as 8 foot Free dormitory-style lodging (offered major program effort of NYFOA's round wood with a 24-inch diameter for up to 80 people), five (5) meals, and public policy committee, chaired by maximum and 4 inch diameter mini- the registration fee, all for $45.00 per Hugh Canham. The purpose is to help mum. It is planned that most of the person - this is unbeatable in this famous raise the level of recognition among wood will be procured within a 100- resort area. Bring your own bedding/ state policymakers of the importance mile radius of the mill with 75% of the towels/soap, etc. and any recreation of private forestland owners in New wood coming from the US and 25% equipment-bikes, canoes, fishing gear, York, while being responsive to our coming from Canada. Domtar Forest etc. members who have urged greater Products will serve as procurement Don't miss this chance for an educa- attention to important public policy agents arranging the contracts etc. tion weekend/mini-vacation in the magnifi- issues. ia..

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 7 was flooded, or if the problems were caused by activities outside the immedi- Stand B ate area.

erosion: cumulative loss of individual soil particles from the streambank surface failure: a large section of the streambank breaks away from the streamside and slides into the stream.

Probable causes of streamside Your Stream- erosion and failure can be divided into three types based on their source:

StreamsideRestoration -A Team Effort On-site, streamside factors: Clearing of the riparian vegetation is REBECCA L. SCHNEIDER the most frequent cause of streamside damage. Without plant roots to hold the hile walking along your restoration as a community effort can soil, and stems and leaves to retard flood stream, you notice some provide considerable clout when access- flow, the soil is easily eroded. Freeze- W changes in your streamside ing funding and resources and getting thaw cycles systematically loosen the that you never saw before (Fig. 1). The permits. exposed surface soils and encourage stream bank has become undercut or their erosion. there are cracks and slumps in the soils Step 2: Get technical assistance. Heavy traffic in the streamside, from next to the stream. Or perhaps you have The actual restoration project may livestock, pedestrians or vehicles, all been managing your farm for several require considerable manpower, techni- break up soil structure, kill plant roots, years and are gradually realizing that a cal expertise, equipment, materials and and encourage channelized runoff significant amount of your valuable crop government permits. It makes sense to through the streamside. Increased soil is lost to erosion downstream each get help right from the start. Representa- loading from vehicles or structures on spring. What should you do? tives from the local Soil and Water the streambank surface also weakens the Teamwork and careful planning are Conservation District or from the underlying support, leading to slumping two key ingredients for the successful Natural Resource and Conservation and bank failure. restoration of a streamside. Both ele- Service are trained to address streamside Increased water runoff will cause ments are critical to avoid wasting restoration. These people will visit your gullies and sheet erosion. Below ground, money and considerable effort, and to site and assess the extent of the problem, groundwater buildup may cause pressure reduce the chance of future problems. the probable causes and then work with which loosens and weakens the soil The following summary provides an you through the remediation process. matrix. overview of the steps needed to restore your streamside successfully. Step 3: Assess the probable cause. Nearby, in-stream factors: Just as with a human illness, As water moves down the stream Step 1: Involve your streamside correctly diagnosing the cause of the channel, its velocity and path are neighbors. streamside problem is critical in order to influenced by obstacles along the way. The health of your stream and choose the best cure. It is unwise to try Newly-fallen logs and large debris can streamside can be strongly influenced by and diagnose the cause of the streamside divert the flow against a stream bank. activities elsewhere along the stream problem without expert assistance. Signs of Poor Health corridor. Talk to neighbors who own However a general understanding of the streamsides upstream and downstream theory, combined with your personal from you and get them to assess the knowledge of the site's history, will help health of their streamsides. Mapping you to provide useful information to the damaged areas on a U.S.G.S. topo- experts so that they can make a more graphic map provides a convenient way accurate assessment. to overview the extent and probable Remember that it is not always easy '-J newly causes of stream corridor problems. If to determine the cause if a lot of time has accumulated sediment appropriate, pursuing streamside passed, if damage occurred when the site Figure 1

8 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 This rediverted flow can result in serious example, where streambanks adjacent to then need to be monitored to ensure erosion, steepened banks, and undercut- roads are severely eroding. Large wire sufficient water is available.Banks ting.Straightening or changing a containers filled with rocks are called should not be exposed when winter stream's natural curves during shoreline "mattresses" and "gabions" and may be storms arrive or severe erosion will development will redirect water flow and needed in areas of forceful flow. Most result. Assemble all materials neatly at may cause increased erosion down- physical methods are expensive, labor the site ahead of time and be sure to stream. and resource intensive, and do not allow schedule for the relevant construction for later changes in the stream flow workers and laborers well in advance. It Long-distance, watershed factors: patterns. is important to follow common-sense The width, depth, and amount of safety precautions, including providing curving (caned sinuosity) of each stream Step 5: Assemble all necessary safe access to the site, accessible first-aid channel is determined by the water flow resources. supplies, and appropriate protective and sediment load that the stream After determining the appropriate clothing. experiences during storm flood events. method, a schematic of the proposed Land use changes upstream, such as work is needed. The project coordinator Step 7: Follow-up and Maintenance clearing of forests for development or will identify the amount and type of Follow-up and maintenance are an agriculture and more impermeable materials that will be needed, including important part of the restoration process. surfaces, can result in increased runoff plants, soil, riprap, tools and so on. Plantings and seeds will need most and greater discharges and sediment Labor and moving equipment needs must attention immediately following the loadings. The shape of the channel will also be considered. This information will project until they get a dense root system change downstream to accommodate the form the basis for a permit application. established.After high waters recede in more powerful flow. Streamside repair activities require the spring, look over the site for gaps in permits if they entail soil excavation or the vegetation and damage to physical Step 4: Select an appropriate fill or structural work below the high structures. Keeping a record of the site method. water mark. The Natural Resource through photographs is helpful for Obviously, if redirected flow by Conservation Service acts as lead agency assessing gradual changes. Replant and fallen trees or large debris has caused on most restoration projects and is a good repair as needed. 4. bank erosion, then removal of the object first contact. In some regions, NRCS has will help to return the stream to its been given blanket permits for multiple Rebecca Schneider is an Assistant Professor in the original course. restoration projects to reduce paperwork. Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University. Her expertise focuses on the interac- Reshaping of the bank is probably However, the NYS Dept. of Environ- tions between plants and groundwater in wetlands, the first step needed if the slope is mental Conservation officially regulates along lakeshores and streams ides steeper than 33 0 (1: l.5). Depending on these activities under Article 15 of the the project size, the banks can be hand- Clean Water Act and will coordinate with NYFOA shaped with shovels and pick-axes or the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers for a Scholarship Fund sculpted using heavy equipment. Subse- federal permit if needed. Local town quent hand-smoothing with rakes will be ordinances may also be relevant for some As of June 1,2000, the needed to eliminate rough patches. Hay dredge and fill projects. Processing of NYFOA Endowed Scholarship bales, sandbags and other devices should permit applications generally take 3 Fund that is administered by be used to keep sediment out of the months or longer, so plan ahead. the SUNY ESF College Foun- stream. dation, Inc. has a fund bal- Revegetation of the exposed bank Streamside restoration projects can ance of $22,189.60 and streamside is the most common and vary in expense depending on the length "eco-friendly" method for streambank of the site to be repaired and the need for repair. This may be accomplished materials and labor.Currently the U.S. Nolan'. rapidly by planting healthy cuttings, Dept. of Agriculture has several cost- 'Sporting Suppll •• posts or seedlings of flood-tolerant trees share programs which provide funding to such as willow and red osier dogwood. farmers and landowners for streamside Outdoor Equipment Specialist Seeding with grass mixes can also improvements. quickly establish a dense root matrix that 37 • ~7 Genesee Sfreet holds soil in place, although woody Step 6: Restoration in progress. Auburn, NY 13021 species are needed for long-term protec- The timing for actual restoration tion. activities is important. Most bank shaping 315/252-72~9 Physical structures are sometimes works best at low water, typically in mid needed to protect a streambank, for to late summer. However, plantings will

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 9 Along the FingerLakesTrail: Cattaraugus Serendipitous Part II

IRENE SZABO

he last segment of our occasional their get-away weekends and hunting dear man has indeed donated the whole meander along the FL T ended in trips for the last generation. property to the trail conference ! We Tnortheast Cattaraugus County We felt safe routing the next mile of gratefully accepted, and the Board of with my resolve to move the next miles trail after Cobb's along railroad tracks Managers decided to use the property as of trail route off an ugly road through that were being used once a week by a a public preserve until such time as the featureless swampy bush and away from slow-moving gravel train, because it was FL TC might need to sell the property to a viciously steep pipeline clearing that a peaceful way to walk the swampy finance a needed purchase elsewhere. some years offered head-high raspberry valley of Devereaux Creek without A day-hike loop trail has been added canes followed by a dangerous creek getting wet feet. The railroad offered to the main cross-state trail's traverse of crossing at the bottom. Several letters three or four solid bridges over the the property, a loop trail that samples all and phone calls followed by visits netted twisting deep creek within that next mile, the various habitats of the property from enough yeses among the nos to put while the paralleling highway, NY 242, road's edge and stream-side, up 300' in together a nice route around the shoulder was busy and unattractive as a hiking elevation past old fields returning to of that next hill, through sugar maple route. Even though road sounds were young trees, into extensive sugar maple woods both young and old, with occa- near, the bushy swamp was a world woods covering the hilltop. The adja- sional views back toward Densmores' apart, where catbirds, kingfishers, and cent landowners, Pat and Mary Raab, hilltop trail vistas. Two Raab brothers blue-winged warblers called, and deer actually invited us to build the new loop and their wives, all of whom grew up in stepped out onto the railbed unafraid. onto their lower hillside also, which that neighborhood, gave permissions, Invisible beaver rearranged the stream's gives us a wonderful walk along a line of and John Cobb from Buffalo agreed to flow in places, and the rail route became huge spreading maple, ash, and hickory let the trail cross his upland woods and even more attractive as a dry way to - a hedgerow grown old and handsome drop down to the next valley on the sample the secret and wet interior when between two now abandoned pastures property where his family had spent all trains stopped running altogether. and orchards. Stirring golden autumn In 1998 John Cobb happened to views southwest down the valley toward mention that he had been protesting the Ellicottville open brilliant under that rising appraisal and taxes on his 45 acres treeline, and in winter ski slopes are of woods and disappearing pasture, visible. grousing that the assessor and the A primitive campsite has been appraiser were the same person, thereby provided at the very top of the hill, with rendering John's arguments a trifle no amenities other than a few logs for short-circuited. Howard Beye, trails sitting on next to a lashed log table chairman of the Finger Lakes Trail between trees. The small clearing could Conference, jokingly suggested that accommodate two or three small back- John threaten the assessor with donation packers' tents, but the nearest "im- of his property to the not-for-profit proved" spring (dug out spot with a Finger Lakes Trail Conference (FL TC) bottomless bucket and a few rocks) is a so that NO taxes would be received. few tenths of a mile away along the new A retired IRS employee, John Cobb trail. heard not a joke but an opportunity to do In order to invite and inform the a good deed AND gain a major donation local public about this walking preserve John Cobb of Buffalo generously donated his against his next income taxes, so the (which is bordered with "posted" signs upland woods property to the FLT continued on page 11

10 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 the line's new main Good News Update: Garrisons' shelter route from Pennsylvania rises from the ashes to Buffalo, and the trail The December fire that destroyed route through a mile of the hikers' shelter in Bill and Ellen swamp has been lost. Garrisons' hemlock grove in Steuben Even more awkward, it County proved only a temporary is theoretically illegal to setback. Before the end of May walk across the tracks homeowners insurance and a horde of even within the Cobb volunteers had rebuilt an Evangeline property, where we had Shelter larger and more grand than the gratefully used the log structure that had been lost. Recently railroad's bridge over retired Tom Noteware of Hammondsport FLT Kiosk at Cobb Property that bumptious creek dedicated many days of work organiz- even to get out to the ing, planning, and worrying, and in mid- that say "WELCOME") we have mowed road frontage of our own property! May a host of volunteers, including a small parking area in the roadside Of course the railroad will grant us a NYFOA members Dick Starr, Jim golden rod field and built a trailhead legal crossing spot, but it will require Kersting, and Pam McCarrick, built the kiosk, a bulletin board under a roof with that the FLTC's slender budget and log walls atop a foundation made by maps and information about the property overworked volunteers build our own Garrisons' contractor sons Matt and and the whole FLT. Brochures and bridge, this one almost SO-feet long over Kent. maps of the Cobb Property loop trail are Devereaux Creek. Clever, wasn't I, to available in a box in back. build this reroute that avoided crossing In addition to tending New York trails, Irene Money for the kiosk materials and the creek? After that immense project, Szabo is a member of the Western Finger Lakes Chapter of NYFOA and a Director of the Finger for bog-bridging planks needed over none of us had planned on for this year, Lakes Land Trust. seepy spots came from an American the next ambition will be to stitch Greenways grant funded by Kodak, the together permissions through private first award of a national grant program land on the other side of the valley to that the FL TC has received. For replace the tempo- National Trails Day in June of 1999, rary highway walk First Pioneer Farm Credit, ACA members of both the FL TC and hikers face right Buffalo's Foothills Trail Club started the now, for the trail loop trail, the campsite, and the bulletin entrance to Boyce board, and both Boy and Girl Scout Hill State Forest is troops built the bog-bridging and stream- still 1.3 miles east of Cobb's down NY gully steps needed in damp areas. Think of Farm Credit when ... Naturally this day was also a grand 242. Thus we excuse for a giant picnic, during which optimisticall y all present were able to thank John Cobb anticipate future uying a home • Buying a farm and his grown daughter in person. articles on trail route Buying the neighboring woodlot By September the kiosk was com- adventures and new Estate planning • IRS alternate valuations plete, with signs and posters installed landowners to meet under Plexiglas. The first local person in Cattaraugus Writing payrolls • Family transfers to stop there during final map and sign County .•. reviewing assessments • Leasing equipment installation pointed to the map and asked preparing your taxes- selling timber with astonishment, "Does this mean I The area described in this Cattaraugus series can walk from right here all the way to is shown on Map M-4 Forestry consulting & Appraisals Allegany State Park and nobody would published by the Finger Rick Percoco, NY State Certified Appraiser #46-15788 stop me?" Absolutely! Lakes Trail Conference. DEC Cooperating Consulting Forester. Seldom, however, can such rapture ro Box 18048, Rochester NY 14618, continue forever untarnished: in late 716-288-7191, email at 1999 the Rochester & Southern Railroad [email protected], web ~ started improving the rickety old rails, site at wwwfingerlakes. ~. Your first choice/or financial solutions. replacing many ties and adding stone net/trailsystem 394 Route 29, Greenwich, NY 12834 ballast. Trains have begun running 1-(800) 234-0269/ [email protected] again, this time along what has become

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 11 Woodlot Calendar

July 31-August 4, 2000 (Monday - Friday) Annapolis, MD at the Radisson Hotel. For more information "Game of Logging Levels 1-4," Instructed by Dan Hartranft, contact Mike Jacobson, Assistant ProfessorJE;densionForester, Hosted by Clune Lumber Corp., Otsego County. For information Pennsylvania State University, School afForest Resources, 1 contact Catskill Forest Association, (845) 586-3054. Ferguson Bnilding, University Park, PA. Phone:(814) 863-040l. August 312000 (Saturday) Western Finger La Annual.Picnic. The Swanson Family has again September 22-24, 2000 (Friday - Sunday) . graciousIYQ,ffered e of their personal picnic grove on the Osage NYFOA 2000 Fall Conference planned. Charl~ tati.1fop PaC]{; Farm whiciLis on Swanson Road and off from Begole Road in the Demonstration Forest, Warrensburg, NY. Seepage 13 &14 for town of N1.'t:'Mq~~All chapter members are encouraged to come registration form, and bring a mend. Please bring a dish to pass and your own table service. The Chapter will provide soft drinks, ice, coffee and tea October 10-13, 2000 (Tuesday - Friday) Sweet com and fires will be ready at 4:30 for roasting. This year SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestty is pleased there will be a guided tour of the Mount Morris Dam. For more to announce the Third Biennial Conference: Short Rotation Woody information contact Dave and Helen Swanson at (716) 658-4601, Jeff Crops Operations Group on October 10-13, 2000 in Syracuse, Swanson at (716) 658-2167 or Joe LaBell at (716) 335-6677. New York. Join us for technical presentations and a field tour in New August 18-20, 2000 (Friday - Sunday) York's scenic Finger Lakes wine country. Hear the latest NYS Woodsmen 's Field Days. Aside from the usual slate of activities progress reports from researehers and practitioners. J?:xmnine' there will also be two days of workshops covering topics from woody energy crops, planting and harvesting equipment; wood-to- logging to ~wrnilling. See page 22 for more information, fuel processing equipment, and a wood/coal co-firingpow~r plant. Please contact SUNY-ESP if interested in proViding , September 18-20, 2000 (Monday - Wednesday) equipment displays or demonstrations. FRAGMENT{,t,TIq~2000 --AConference on Sustaining Private For more information: Phone: (315) 470-6891 Fax: (315) 470- Forests in the 21siCentury will be held on September 18-20, 2000 in 6890 Email: ce@esfedu Wel:lpage:\vww.esf.&!u/willow

More Valuable Logs ••. More Valuable Lumber • Stop End Splits on Logs • Prevent End Checking Losses Use the Best Known Products in the World ANCHORSEAL® LogSavers® End Sealer for Logs & Lumber - Us -irons" made from recycled plastic - eliminate up to 90% or more of end checking - saw thru with no damage to saws or veneer knives - give customers a more valuable product - no more iron stains in valuable veneer logs For samples or more information, contact: FAX: 716-833-0120 716-833-9386 U-C COATINGS CORPORATION ~ P.o. Box 1066. Buffalo, NY 14215· U.S.A. website: www.uccoatings.com email: [email protected] US/eN Toll Free: 1-SSS-END-COA T Manufactured right here in New York State - Shipped World-wide

12 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 REGISTRATION FORM

Name(s): Phone: _

Street/City/Zip: --'-- _

NUMBER COSTIPERSON TOTAL Registration $20 ($25 after 8/1/00) $_--- Lodging Reservation @ Pack Forest (No Charge) _M_F $0 $No Charge

Meal Package (5 Meals) $25 $_--- OR Individual Meals: Friday Night $5 $_--- Saturday Breakfast $5 $_--- Saturday Lunch $7 $_--- Saturday Supper (Steak Roast) $12 $.---- Sunday Breakfast $5 $_--- TOTAL $._--- DETACH & COMPLETE

NYFOA 2000 FALL CONFERENCE SCHEDULE OF EVENTS

FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 22ND: Lunch 3-6 pm Sign- In/Register Lessons from the TMDL Debate 6pm Pizza Supper Don Floyd 7pm Old Adirondack Logging Films Afternoon: Dick Nason Overview of Pack Forest and Research Programs Dick Schwab SATURDAY SEPTEMBER 23AA: White Pine Management Pre-Breakfast Bird Walk Roy Burton Breakfast Dinner 6:00 pm Technical Sessions: Steak Roast & Entertainment Whitetail Deer Management Dick Sage SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 24TH: Agroforestry: Ginseng Management & Other 7-8 am Breakfast Products 9 am-Noon Woods Walk at the Fullerton's Bob Beyfuss 1993 NYS Outstanding Tree Farmers Update on Forest Insect Problems Doug Allen

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 13 REGISTRATION FORM

Lodging at Pack Forest is in male or female designated dorms with showers in separate buildings. Bring bedding/sleeping bag and towels. For other lodging information, contact Warren County Tourism at 1-800-365-1050.

Mail Registration Form and payment to: Roy Esiason PO Box 92 Granville, NY 12832 For more information: (518) 798-0248 Checks payable to: "NYFOA 2000 Fall Conference"

Please rank your interest level in other possible events/tours:

__ Maple Sugar House Portable Sawmill Demonstration __ Paper Mill Tour __ Stars/Night Walk __ Saratoga Tree Nursery Christmas Tree Farm Tour

DETACH & COMPLETE

NYFOA 2000 FALLCONFERENCE SPEAKERSnPRESENTERS

Doug Allen Professor of Entomology, SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY. Topic: Common insect problems with updates of new problems. Bob Beyfuss Agriculture & Natural Resources Program Leader, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Greene County, Cairo, NY. Topic: Growing ginseng, mushrooms and other agroforest products in your woodlot. Roy Burton State Lands Forester, Dept. of Forest Parks Recreation, Springfield, VT Topic: Management of White Pine Donald Floyd Professor of Natural Resource Policy, SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY. Topic: Lessons from the TMDL Debate Dick Nason Forester, Retired from Finch, Pruyn & Co., Glens Falls, NY Topic: Early (l920s & 30s) logging films of the Adirondacks Dick Sage Research Program, Huntington Wildlife Forest, SUNY ESF, Newcomb, NY. Topic: Managing wildlife on your property; problems & answers.

Richard Schwab Director of Forest Properties, SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY. Topic: Overview of Pack Forest; Research & Recreation.

th NYFOA2000 FallConference• PackDemonstrationForest. September22"d-24 • For moreinformationcall(518) 798-0248

14 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 excluded from veneer markets because they grew too fast. A growth rate of 5 inches per decade (a pretty good rate) is 114 inch growth rings.If the tree has the other characteristics that make it a desirable veneer tree, that growth rate will probably be very acceptable. Obtaining high-value veneer logs is very competitive and difficult in most market areas. The greatest threat to The following questions were submitted example: Are the cut trees unmerchant- crop tree qualification for veneer and by NYFOA member Jim Martin of able because they are too small to future veneer supply is not growing Muenster, Germany. market, or are they just poor quality trees too fast, but premature harvesting trees that will still be low-value trees and high-grading (take the best and when they get larger? How valuable leave the rest). This common practice Questron will the cut trees be when they become throughout the Northeast under the If you have two red oaks growing next merchantable? Is their value likely to mask of the term "select cut" has to each other, should you cut the offset the loss of increased growth on resulted in a constrained supply of poorest quality one to release the best the higher-value crop tree? How long high-value hardwoods. 4. one? What if the lower quality tree is must the landowner wait for them to be worth something now, or in the near merchantable? How much are they Arlyn W Perkey is a Silviculturist with the future, should you wait and sell it? interfering with the growth of the crop USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area, State & Private Forestry in Morgantown, trees? Will the anticipated market for WV the cut trees still be there when the Answer landowner is ready to sell? Again, a Crop tree management can be applied forester can help answer these ques- in either pre-commercial treatments tions. If you have many red oak crop (cut trees can't be sold), or in commer- trees, you probably need professional Now it's even cial thinnings when cut trees are assistance making these decisions. easier harvested and sold. If the landowner Released red oak trees are often an has enough commercially valuable cut attractive investment. tostavwa trees to make it feasible to make a viable sale, then, generally that is the best option. The landowner not only Questron receives the benefit of current revenue, If a tree has grown slow and has but he or she accomplishes the needed narrow growth rings and is then cultural work without investing out-of- released so it has wider growth rings, it pocket money. This is only true if a is no longer considered for veneer responsible timber purchaser can be because the veneer breaks at the point "The best outdoor wood furnace on contracted to remove the cut trees where the rings change in size. Is this the market!" without causing excessive damage to true? If so, doesn't this further compli- "My house is warmer and I use much residual crop trees. A forester should cate deciding which trees to release? less wood." be engaged to prepare and administer "I heat my house, shop and pool and the sale to successfully accomplish a I am saving over $2000.00 per year." commercial thinning using crop tree Answer www.centralboiler.com management. Most veneer buyers prefer consistent The question of: "Should I wait for growth ring width. Ideally, dramatic down cut trees to reach commercial size to do changes in growth are not desirable. % OAe a needed release?" is difficult to However, there are fluctuations that 0 program I see participating dealer, answer without looking at specific trees occur because of weather variations Actual monthly payments may vary based an system size. and markets in a given location. There even in unreleased trees. In my Hewitt's Hill Haven are many questions that must be opinion, most released crop trees in the 4539 West Hill Rd., Locke, NY 13092 answered to make a good decision. For northeastern United States will not be Phone 315/497-1266

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 15 Biological Approaches to Pest Management

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

nprevious articles, I have referred cal biological control is the manipula- to various "biological tools" that tion of one living organism against Iare used to reduce damage by another, such as the use of lady forest pests and to help minimize the beetles to control the woolly adelgid use of synthetic organic insecticides. A or applications of the bacterium recent article in the Albany, NY Times "B;t," to reduce populations of gypsy Union about current attempts to limit moth. A more comprehensive term populations of hemlock woolly adelgid that covers a myriad of biorational through the release of predaceous lady approaches to pest control is biologi- beetles in CT, NJ and NY suggested a cal insect pest suppression, which few comments on this subject might be refers to the use or encouragement of Figure 2 A typical lady beetle. Both timely. living organisms or their products to larval and adults stages are predaceous. First, some definitions: Control reduce pest populations. This broader occurs when populations of a forest term highlights significant advances impact on the environment and is pest are kept below levels that prevent made during the past two decades in relatively pest-specific is an improve- a forest owner from maximizing his or our ability to manipulate insect ment over total reliance on a more her management objectives. This behavior and to exploit our under- broad spectrum tool such as synthetic interpretation is important in the standing of insect-plant interactions. organic insecticides. context of contemporary approaches to Examples are behavioral chemicals Secondly, some caveats:For pest management. Economically or such as sex attractants, plant-produced obvious reasons, suppressing pest ecologically significant damage thresh- compounds that deter feeding or populations by biological means is olds vary with one's management inhibit egg laying, genetic manipula- appealing to both practitioners and objectives; what may be a significant tion, and growth-regulating substances forest owners. Development of a problem for you may not be of concern that impede normal insect develop- biological tool is costly, however, and to a forest owner down the road whose ment. In my view, any biological requires a thorough understanding of management objectives differ. Classi- tactic that is effective, has minimum pest biology. Additionally, once an continued on next page

Figure 1 Douglas-fir tussock moth caterpillar killed by a Figure 3 The white-footed mouse. virus.

16 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 exotic pest such as gypsy moth or the are often major sources of mortality in Manipulating forest stands to provide hemlock adelgid attain very high outbreaks of conifer-feeding sawflies. a better habitat for a beneficial insect densities, it becomes problematic By improving the habitat for these or small mammal is another approach whether the pest can be controlled insectivorous (insect eating) mammals, to conservation. solely by biological means. In other we may be able to encourage their These techniques may be diffi- words, we have not reached the point, reproduction and establishment in pest- cult to separate in practice, but and likely will not in the near future, infested stands. A vast majority of the basically augmentation deals directly where we are able to do away with the attempts at biological control to date with the beneficial organism and occasional need for synthetic organic have involved parasitic flies and wasps conservation attempts to manipulate insecticides to protect forest resources. (Fig. 4). These agents are relatively ecological elements which, in turn, Forest entomologists have success- easy to capture, readily cultured under will favor the beneficial agent. The fully manipulated many different types laboratory conditions and generally capture, rearing and release of of organisms to reduce pest popula- establish well following release. In limited numbers of ladybeetles tions to tolerable levels. The spectrum addition, their efficiency as mortality against hemlock woolly adelgid is a ranges form microorganisms to agents is greatly enhanced by a high classic example of an inoculative mammals. Pest control attempts with rate of reproduction, strong dispersal approach to augmentation. 4. microbes such as Bacillus tendencies and keen host-finding thuringiensis ("B.t"), certain fungi and capabilities. This is the 51 st in the series of articles a few viruses have been especially There are two general approaches contributed by Dr.Allen, Professor of Entomology at SUNY-ESP.Reprints of successful. Viruses, for example, are to biological control using parasites and this and the complete series are available very host specific and have been predators. Augmentation is an action from NYFOA. It is also possible to registered for use against a few major taken to increase populations and/or download this collection from the DEe defoliators, like gypsy moth and the diversity of natural enemies, either by Web page at: http://www.dec.state.ny.us/ dlf/p riv land/fo rp ro t/health/n yfo/ Douglas-fir tussock moth (Fig. 1). inoculating the pest's habitat with a index. html. Insect predators such as lady beetles small number of potentially useful (Fig. 2) are associated with outstanding agents or inundating the location with a pest control efforts in agriculture, and large cohort of beneficial insects recent attempts with the hemlock obtained from mass rearing in the woolly adelgid attest to their potential laboratory. The former approach is less Bruce E. for use against certain tree pests. In costly and assumes the population of the some instances, populations of small beneficial agent will establish, repro- Robinson, Inc. mammals have been manipulated to duce and slowly increase in abundance the detriment of forest pests. One of in future generations to a density FORESTRY CONSULTANTS the most significant predators in low capable of maintaining pest numbers at density gypsy moth populations, for tolerable levels. Inundation, on the • FOREST PRODUCT MARKING & example, is the white-footed mouse other hand, often produces immediate MARKETING (Fig. 3). Similarly, shrews and voles results and mayor may not result in • TREE FARM MANAGEMENT URBAN FORESTRY & long-term pest suppression. OMMUNITY MANAGEMENT Conservation TIMBER APPRAISALS • ACCESS ROAD DESIGN & consists of actions SUPERVISION taken to protect and _ • TREE PLANTING • TREE SHELTER DISTRIBUTOR maintain popula- .SUGAR BUSH MANAGEMENT tions of natural • BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE • CHRISTMAS TREE MANAGEMENT enemies. For • FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANNING example, careful •FOREST RECREA nON PLANNING •WOODLOT IMPROVEMENTS IN timing of insecti- IMMATURE STANDS cide applications to • WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT have maximum •FOREST TAXA nON PLANNING impact on the pest and minimal effect Ph. (716) 665-5477 on important Fax. (716) 664-5866 natural enemies. e-mail [email protected] 1894 CAMP ST. EXT. Figure 4 A parasitic wasp. JAMESTOWN. NY 14701

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 17 OIL & GAS OPPORTUNITIES For Tree Farmers

DAVID J. COLLIGAN

s a practicing lawyer, I have been thoroughly researched your title records at lease run to the lessee and give those getting calls from tree farmers the County Clerk's Office and ascertained people a superior right to you, the owner, Awho have advised that a person what interest you currently have that is provided they comply with the terms of knocked on their door and offered to lease available for leasing. Most likely, they are the lease, which may continue for decades their acreage for oil and gas production. following a geological formation that or longer. Usually, the landowners are presented exists in your area and are attempting to New York State has solved the with a pre-printed form with a few blanks lease up as much of the property sur- problem of old mineral and oil and gas filled in and asked to sign the form. rounding that geological formation as they leases which have fuzzy expiration dates Fortunately, my clients asked me before possibly can. being continuing clouds on title by they signed the lease! Knowing you are dealing with providing for a procedure whereby old The leasing of timber property for oil someone with superior knowledge should leases can be removed by the owner after and gas production can be a lucrative and immediately clue you into the fact that they stop receiving rentals and/or the worthwhile use of the property which is you need someone who can negotiate with lease otherwise expires. This procedure is not directly inconsistent with timber that person. Further, if you take one look found in General Obligations Law ss. 15- management and other woodland activi- at the pre-printed lease, you cannot 304. ties. However, there are some basic rules possibly begin to understand the ramifica- Most oil and gas leases have so many that must be kept in mind from the very tions of signing that lease without profes- clauses that are favorable to the oil and first contact with the representative of the sional advice. gas company that I cannot possibly review oil and gas company. The second rule to remember is that all the negotiating points in an article of The first rule to remember is that the those pre-printed leases are negotiable! this nature. I do want to highlight some of person who is seeking the oil and gas The third rule to remember is that the critically important points to guide leasing rights knows way more about your once you sign a lease and it is filed at the you in your discussions. property's title and previous leasing County Hall, that lease becomes a cloud The first point is the "delay rental," history than you do. In addition, that on your title and you have essentially which is usually described as a certain person has a very good understanding of leased one of your property rights to a number of dollars per acre per year, i.e., the geology and gas formation strata stranger just like you would if you leased $5.00 per acre each year is designed to under your property. Probably before he your home, your farm, or an apartment, pay the landowner for the granting of or she arrived at your house, he or she to a tenant. The lights contained in that what amounts to an option to drill for oil and gas on your property. This delay rental is just a "teaser" and is highly HALE FORESTRY COMPANY negotiable, and often times, in the first couple minutes of discussing it with the 610 East Main Street, Westfield, PA 16950 oil and gas company representative, you find that they are actually willing to pay Professional Forestry Consulting significantly more on a delay rental basis Forest Resource Management Services than what was initially offered. This delay rental should not be viewed as your , financial reward for entering into the lease APPRAISALS TIMBER SALES because it only is paid for a short period MANAGEMENT PLAN INVENTORIES of time, usually the length of the lease option. The real value of the lease is the Michael L. Hale royalty payments that you will receive if Toll Free (877)-HALEFOR or (814) 367-5915 an oil or gas well is drilled and is success- e-mail [email protected] ful in locating a large reservoir of oil or Fax (814) 367-5919 gas. The oil and gas royalty payment has generally been placed at approximately Society of American Foresters •Pennsylvania Forestry Association NY Cooperating Consulting Forester •Member NY Forest Owners Association one-eighth, or 12.5%, of the wellhead price of the oil and gas pumped out of the

18 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 well. This royalty payment is made to the storage will be permitted under the lease PONDS UNLIMITED landowner based on a "pooling" of and for what price. Many "production" surrounding acreage, which is set by New leases have been turned into "storage" INVITES yOU .... York State law, as a minimum of 40 acres leases much to the disgust of the land- to think of all of the benefits you and a maximum of 640 acres. Sometimes owner. Typically, storage leases contain a could enjoy from having a pond or the DEe sets a minimum pooling size $1.00 per acre price, but give the gas a lake on your own property. This based on well depth. company the right to come back for an idea could become a reality if the The pooling of acreage around a indefinite time period to retrieve this right conditions prevail. From our wellhead is designed to protect adjoining stored gas. In some areas, this means that experience it normally requires landowners from having the gas beneath the storage gas lease has been extended favorable watershed conditions, their property withdrawn by their immedi- for fifty or more years after the land good site conditions, owner- ate neighbor without proper compensa- produced gas and oil. commitment to stewardship for tion. However, it also allows the oil and The primary reason for entering into enhancement of forest land values, gas companies to lock-up large areas of the lease, the amount of royalty paid, property for their exploration, and not turns out not to be very negotiable. There appropriate engineering planning have any competitors come onto the are very few instances where oil and gas and design, and good construction property to "put another straw into their companies will pay more than the one- practices. drink."Therefore, you should negotiate eighth landowner royalty because the time the pooling acreage size very carefully to period necessary to recover the costs of PONDS UNLIMITED CAN reduce it to the lowest amount necessary drilling and developing the well, as well EVALUATE the site of your based upon the depth of the well, the size as the pipelines connecting the well to the choice. We can provide all ofthe of the property being leased, and other other area pipelines, would be lengthened engineering services needed to factors relevant to the pooling issue. to a degree that they would not be able to plan, design and oversee the Another common clause in oil and attract investors to fund the drilling. construction of a dam to create a gas leases is the right to place oil and gas Therefore, unless you have a very large handsome pond or lake on suitable transmission lines across your property. tract of land, or you are located in a very property. You can get additional You are not obligated to grant transmis- "hot" production area, it is highly information by calling 315/422- sion lines to transport other people's gas unlikely that you will be able to negotiate POND or sending a letter of and oil across your property, unless in much better than the typical one-eighth, inquiry to: fact, you have a producing well on your or 12.5%, royalty payment on gas or oil property, and therefore, you need to have produced. PONDS UNLIMITED some way to get your production off the Tax assessors sometimes increase 719 E. Genesee St. property. Many of the leases contain the taxes on the land or impose other penal- Syracuse, NY 13210 transmission rights whether or not the ties. The lease can provide that if such 315/422-7663 lease is in effect. The result of this is that increases occur, the oil and gas companies FAX/476-3635 many people currently have transmission must pay for the increased taxes and/or easements across their property and have penalties. Normally, the oil and gas never received a dime of royalty for the company is directly assessed for the value usual productive life of the well. This gas or oil produced that is running of the well once it is completed, but pays Trojan Horse often has substantial hidden through those lines. After the lease is no taxes on the lease until such time as the costs associated with it. Under New York signed, there is very little ability to well is drilled. law, all wells eventually must be change the terms of the lease that was Landowner use of the oil and gas "plugged." This very expensive proce- entered into. A properly negotiated lease from the well is usually permitted up to a dure would add a significant burden to the containing transmission line easements not specified quantity of the gas for the landowner's property value and may directly related to well production will landowner's own use. It might be expen- actually wipe out any gains received provide for separate compensation. sive, however, for the landowner to use during the productive phase of the lease. Another negotiable part of the lease is this gas because he or she might have to In fact, it may be cheaper in the long run the placement of the access roads, invest in a pipeline, separator, odorizer, to require the company to plug the well wellheads, and transmission line loca- regulator, and other heavy equipment. even though it cuts off your personal tions. Each lease should contain a The lease could require the drilling supply and you have to abandon the "mutual agreement" clause whereby the company to pay all the costs in making remaining gas or oil in the well. landowner and the lessee agree on the the gas usable by the landowner. At a Be careful of leases that provide that placement of all permanent access roads, minimum, the landowner should be aware the drilling company can utilize any water transmission lines, and wellhead loca- of any costs to be incurred, including the found on the property. If you have a pond tions. costs of equipment and maintenance. or stream that you do not want disturbed, Another critical issue that must be Don't be fooled into accepting the you must advise your negotiator. separately negotiated is whether or not offer of a free well towards the end of the continued on page 20

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 19 Oil & Gas Lease (Continued frompage 19)

Be aware that oil and gas drilling leases will have very little effect on your property until such time as an oil and gas well is drilled. At that time, a substantial interference with your use and enjoyment of the property will occur. The access road will be put in, and well site bulldozed. Every FORECON INC. drilIing operation has the appearance of people playing in the mud, usually knee-deep. Therefore, if you utilize your }YJrestry -Recreation -.&ology - CONservation property for things like recreation, hunting, or farming, you may wish to control the timing of the drilling so as not to be in direct conflict with your use of the property. This may affect the willingness of the oil and gas company to enter Forestry into a lease with you, and certainly will result in some loud Consulting complaining by them. Given the amount of disruption caused by an oil and gas drilling operation, you must be Services aware that agreeing to allow a company to drill at any time of the year will result in an aesthetically unpleasant experience, which should be cured by the cleanup at the end of the Timber Sales 2 Timber Management drilling project, much like a timber harvest cleanup. In conclusion, I want to emphasize that pre-printed Timber & Timberland Appraisals leases can be amended, negotiated, and beneficial to the Natural Resource Management landowner. Carefully drafted leases can be financially rewarding to the landowner, but the points contained in this 100 E. Second Street, Jamestown, NY 14701 (716) 664-5602 article must be carefully reviewed and the lease has to be II N.l\1ain St., Suite 202, Cortland, NY 13045 (607) 753-3113 negotiated. Don't sign a standard lease without professional Visit Our Website: www.foreconinc.com advice. 4. David 1. Colligan is a NYFOA member and partner in the firm of Watson, Bennett, Colligan, Hohnson & Schechter, LLP. He can be reached at (716) 852-3540.

LANDOWNERS Maples, Cherry & Red Oak are in strong demand, if you are interested in selling some of your standing Timber consider ... • Each tree to be sold is marked according to YOUR specifications. • We send noticesto reputable log producers & exporters • Sealed bid opening determines the highest bidder • Payment is made in advance to any harvest operation • All harvest operations are supervised by our foresters • We retain a security deposit until owner is completely satisfied. • Guaranteed to net YOU the highest price for your timber. Write or Call For A Free Pamphlet _~~. t Robert ~ Synowiez - Professional timbsfI\lond Forestry Consultants '\,\,~:;;'"J 117 W. Beecher Hill Rd., Owego, NY 13827 ..~ 607/687-0460

20 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 A Guide to Lyme Disease

JOAN KAPPEL

• Lyme disease has been identified in almost every county in New York State. In 1998, Dutchess County had more cases than any county in the US. • Lyme disease in the northeast and in the upper midwest is transmitted by deer ticks (Ioxides scapularus) infected with a bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) that causes Lyme disease. This tick can also carry the organism responsible for Erchlichiosis. The deer tick lives throughout the northeast on grass, shrubbery, and brush, generally within 3 feet of the ground. The ticks are picked up on clothing which brushes against vegetation. After landing upon a person or animal, they crawl until they find a feeding site. Not all ticks are infected. Ticks become infected after feeding upon infected white-footed mice, white-tailed deer, other mammals, and birds. • This asterisk (*) is larger than the nymph stage of the deer tick, which is the stage that causes most cases of Lyme disease. The nymphal stage is most active in May and June, and it can be difficult to see or feel because of its size (pin head or poppy-seed). In the late summer, it molts into the adult stage (about the size of a sesame seed) which is more visible (however, the adult does not cause most cases of Lyme disease). • Lyme disease can be treated easily and inexpensively with antibiotics if it is diagnosed early. • Untreated Lyme disease can result in Lyme arthritis and neurological and cardiac abnormalities. Treatment later in the disease can be costly, and is not always effective. • June, July, and August are the months with the highest onset of disease; February is the lowest. Children ages 5-9 years, and adults 45-54 years, have the highest reported incidences • Two-thirds of people diagnosed with Lyme disease do not recall a tick bite. • Almost 70% of Lyme disease victims show a characteristic "bull's-eye" rash at the bite area, usually about 7-10 days after infection. (This means that at least 30% of victims do not show the identifying rash!) • Flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache, stiff neck, muscle aches and pains, fatigue) are common at this stage. The NYS Department of Health recommends that anyone who has been in an area at risk for Lake George tick bites who notices flu-like symptoms should consult a physician immediately. • If an infected tick is removed within 24-36 hours of attachment, transmission of the Lyme disease- causing organism is unlikely. Forestry • To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers, grasp the tick as close as possible to the skin, and gently Complete Forestry Services pull it straight out. Do not squeeze the tick while removing it, or apply heat, oil, or anything else to the including: attached tick as this may cause it to inject the bacterium into the bite site. Then disinfect the bite site with antiseptic. • Detailed Management • Wear light-colored clothing (so that ticks can be more easily seen) with long sleeves and long pants. Plans Tuck pants into socks, and shirt into pants. Wear a hat. Stay in the middle of paths when possible. • Timber Trespass • DEET repellents offer some protection. They can be unsafe if misused. Use DEET sparingly and • Timber Sales carefully, and follow the directions. Do not allow children to apply DEET to themselves. • Appraisals • Permethrin can be applied to clothing but this must be done outdoors and the clothing allowed to dry • Deed Research for several hours before wearing. • Timber Inventory • Examine yourself, your children, your pets, and clothing, after being outdoors. Very common • Watershed Management feeding sites are at the back of the knee, near the hairline, or behind the ears. Check clothing for ticks frequently while outdoors. • Boundary Line Location • A vaccine, LYMErix, has been approved by the FDA. It has not been tested for very long, and it is • Tax Savings Plans not recommended for certain ages, nor even for all adults. Guidelines for the use of this vaccine do not No property is too small or too large to suggest its use by most people, but that people such as loggers, foresters, and others who are in outdoor benejitfrom experienced professional as- areas with brushy vegetation extensively might "consider" use of the vaccine. sistance when you are faced with im- • Precautions to avoid tick bites must still be taken by those who are vaccinated because a series of 3 portant decisions regarding its use. shots over a year's time is required before immunity is reached, and about 22% of people vaccinated do not become immune to Lyme disease. The vaccine does not protect against other tick-borne diseases. Contact Lake George Forestry today to arrange a free initial consultation. For additionalinformation: .:. American Lyme Disease Foundation, Inc., 9141277-6970, www.aldf.com Christian Gearwear, President .:. Arthritis Foundation, 8001283-7800 or call your local chapter LAKE GEORGE .:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov.This website is especially good and has the official guidelines for use of vaccine, and excellent illustrations of the deer tick in FORESTRY, INC. its various stages. Go to "Health Topics." 50 Hendrick Street .:. Cornell Cooperative Extension in your county Lake George, New York 12845 .:. County health department .:. New York State Department of Health website, www.health.state.ny.us Tel: 518-668-2623 .:. Consumer Reports, June 2000, pp 14-17, "Buzz Off - Insect Repellent Test" Fax: 518-668-2486 Joan Kappel is a member of NYFOA and chair of the NYFOA Editorial Committee.

The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 21 WOODSMEN·S FIELD DAYS he 53rd Annual Woodsmen's Field Days will an opportunity to see the latest in forest industry MAGAZINE Tbe held on August 18-20 this year in tools, technology and equipment at work. You Boonville, New York. This three-day event is will have an opportunity to purchase everything DEADLINE filled with exciting activities for the whole family from boots and chainsaws to tractors at reduced to enjoy. Every year thousands of people gather in prices. Boonville to enjoy the largest forestry promotional Other events being held throughout the Materials submitted for event in the Northeast designed to promote the entire festival include the Woodsmen's Parade forest industry and educate the public. and Lumberjack and Lumberjill contests. So the September/October Mini-seminars are held throughout the bring the whole family for an entertaining issue should be sent to weekend on topics such as "Marketing Your weekend. Advance tickets are available or they Timber Products" and "Working Safely in the may be purchased at the gate. For more Mary Beth Malmshe- Woods." These seminars are scheduled throughout information contact the Woodsmen's Field Days, imer,Editor, The New the day and all are welcome to attend at no extra Inc., PO Box 123, Boonville, NY 13309 or call charge. There are also many exhibits that provide (315) 942-4593. York Forest Owner, 134 Lincklaen Street, / 30+ Years Experience SUSAN J. KEISTER, L.L.C. " Cazenovia, NY 13035, Forestry Consulting Services ROBERT DEMEREE (315) 655-4110 or via Professional Forestry Consultant -480A & SIP Management Plans e-rnail at mmalmshe -Forestry Inventory and Appraisals Timber Sales· Management Planning @syr.edu -Timber Sales Tax Law· Tree Planting -Cost Basis and Real Estate Tax Articles, artwork and Management Advice 3987 Northway Drive Cortland, NY 13045-9317 photos are invited and if (716) 728-3044 requested, are returned 7025 Harpers Ferry Road, Wayland, Telephone: NY 14572 (607) 753-0497 after use. " ~ FOUNTAIN lo$t!~GtOJ~~r~~~N9 NO~dP ~M ~~ I~~~ r.,botenterCompony ~~~~il.Sl7fc!t~"-"""",,,, FORESTRY - Quality Management Custom of Land & Timber and Stock Signs (518) 359-3089 (518) 668-3237 for the Deadline for material is •Timber Sale Administration Forest Industry • Timber Sale Marking August 1, 2000. on Aluminum and Plastic • Forest Management Plans • 480a Management Plans Screen Printing Specialists • Wildlife Habitat Management •Timber Appraisals VOSS SIGNS, LLC • Expert Testimony Dept.TF, Box 553 • SAF Certified Foresters Manlius, NY I 3104-0553 Ph. 1-800-473-0698 FOUNTAIN FORESTRY, INC. or (315) 682-6418 21 Cliff Ave., P.O. Box 1002 Tupper Lake, NY 12986 Call for Catalog and Free Samples Please visit our Web site for complete information: ,A'iI! www.fountainforestry.com Custom Screen Printing (518) 943-9230 .. 5416 Cauttl'$kiU Road [email protected] . CatsklllN, Y12414 E-Mail: [email protected] for over 35years

22 The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 •.....•.------_._- _.-

~MARI(ETPLACE ADVERTISING NYFOA member Norman E. Murray has recorded a musical cassette, I'm a Tree and We're the Forest Families of this Country, which has been used RATES for enjoyment and teaching in elementary schools around the country. It is a Display Ads (per insert) non-profit undertaking, with any profits going to Project Learning Tree. For $7 per column inch more information or to request an order form, write U*C Music Division, PO Full page: Box 1066, Buffalo, NY 14215. Cost is $3.00 per tape (reduced rates avail- $2 10 (30 column inch) able for multiple tape orders). HaljPage: s I 05 (15 column inch) Quarter Page: NYFOA Merchandise $52.50 (7.5 column inch) Display your support of NYFOA-Purchase one of theseitems! Eighth page: $26.25 (3.75 column inch) Member Signs $4 Long Sleeve T-Shirts $15 Yellow Vinyl Ash or White Marketplace: MorXL $ 10 minimum for 25 words Pewter Pins $5 Each additional word: 10 cents Collared Short Sleeve Shirts $18 Patches $3 Ash or White MorXL For More Information Contact: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor All prices include Shipping and Handling (315) 655-4110 Send your orders to: NYFOA, P.O. Box 180, Fairport, NY 14450 [email protected]

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The New York Forest Owner 38:4 • July/August 2000 23 The New York Non-Profit Org. U.S. Postage PAID Forest Owner Utica, N.Y. A PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION 13504 Permit No. 566

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