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Republic of Sierra Leone Country Review Report No AFRICAN PEER REVIEW MECHANISM REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE COUNTRY REVIEW REPORT NO. 15 JANUARY 2012 ii FOREWORD It gives me great pleasure to present the APRM Country Review Report together with the National Programme of Action of the Republic of Sierra Leone, the fifteenth African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) Member State to complete its self-assessment and peer review. Sierra Leone acceded to the APRM on 4 July 2004, soon after the consolidation of peace and the commencement of the national reconstruction process, at the end of the ten-year civil war that engulfed the country from 1991 to 2001. This laudable achievement underlines Sierra Leone’s commitment to improving governance and sharing experiences with other African countries to prevent a repetition of war and conflict elsewhere on the Continent. The Review Report of Sierra Leone will be launched in 2013, the year that also marks the 10th Anniversary of the APRM. It will be recalled that the APRM was established on 9 March 2003 at the 6th Summit Meeting of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee (HSGIC) Meeting in Abuja, Nigeria, where the Heads of State and Government adopted the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the APRM. As a voluntary instrument conceived by Africans for Africans, the APRM is an unequalled governance tool that has made considerable progress since its inception. Nevertheless, much remains to be done with regard to the execution of its mandate. In this context, more efforts have to be geared towards strengthening and revamping the national APRM organs such as the National Governing Councils, to ensure the inclusiveness of the APRM reviews, and secure inputs to national priorities from civil society and the private sector, in conformity with the APRM principles of broad-based national participation and consultation. For Sierra Leone, the challenge ahead includes successful implementation of the National Programme of Action (NPoA) emanating from the Peer Review and this Country Review Report. The Forum will receive Annual Progress Reports in this regard, and I look forward, with great interest, to the progress envisaged as Sierra Leone undertakes the implementation of its National Programme of Action. I would like to thank the Government and People of the Republic of Sierra Leone for the demonstration of national leadership, determination and commitment that have enabled us to reach this stage of implementation of the Mechanism. I extend the same gratitude to my Peers in the APR Forum, the Panel of Eminent Persons, the APRM Secretariat, and the Strategic Partners of the APRM - United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Africa (UNDP-RBA), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and African Development Bank (AfDB) - for their invaluable contribution to the success of this review. H.E. Hailemariam Desalegn Chairperson of the APR Forum ii iii COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING IN THE AFRICAN PEER REVIEW MECHANISM (APRM) APRM participating countries The countries participating in the APRM as of 28 January 2012 are: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. African Peer Review (APR) Panel of Eminent Persons Professor Mohammed-Séghir Babès from Algeria, representing North Africa (Chairperson) Barrister Julienne Ondziel Gnelenga from the Republic of Congo, representing Central Africa (Vice Chairperson) Barrister Akere Tabeng Muna from Cameroon, representing Central Africa (Lead Panel Member for the Sierra Leone Review Process) Professor Amos Sawyer from Liberia, representing West Africa (Member) APR Secretariat Mr. Assefa Shifa Chief Executive Officer APRM Secretariat P.O. Box 1234, Halfway House Midrand 1685 South Africa Tel: +2711 256 3401 www.aprm-international.org/aprm iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The APR Panel of Eminent Persons is pleased to present the APRM Country Review Report on Sierra Leone. This report is the result of the unfailing support of the authorities of Sierra Leone, led by His Excellency Dr. Ernest Bai Koroma, who launched the process and inaugurated a 23-member National Governing Council (NGC) to lead, direct and guide the APRM process in Sierra Leone in September 2008. The APR Panel acknowledges the important role played by the APRM National Focal Point and Minister of Presidential and Public Affairs, Alhaji Alpha Sahid Bakar Kanu, who assisted the NGC and its Chairperson, Dr. Osman Gbla, to ensure that the Country Self-Assessment Report (CSAR) was completed within the shortest possible time and with the highest quality standards. Dr. Gbla and his team at the NGC worked indefatigably to ensure that both the Country Self-Assessment Report and the Country Review Report faithfully reflected the diversity of domestic opinion about governance and socio-economic development in Sierra Leone. This Country Review Report is also the culmination of several months of dedicated effort deployed by a team of distinguished African experts who worked under the guidance of Barrister Akere Muna, the Lead Panel Member in charge of the Review Process of Sierra Leone, and the overall direction of the APR Panel. The team included individuals from twelve countries representing all the sub-regions of Africa, as well as members of the APR Secretariat, who provided technical and administrative support to the review process, and representatives from strategic partner institutions and independent experts, namely: Dr. Bernard Dasah, Prof. Adele Jinadu, Prof. Alex Gboyega, Ms. Jacinta Muteshi, Mr. Victor Brobbey, Prof. Nehemiah Osoro, Prof. Elsabé Loots, Mr. Donatien Bihute, Mr. Leo Kibirango, Dr. Winnie Tarinyeba-Kiryabwire, Mr. Pierre Demba, Ms. Zemenay Lakew, Mr. Lemma Marid, Dr. Kojo Busia, Ms. Amy Touré, Dr. Adam Elhiraika, Mr. Dawit Makonnen, Mr. Dalmar Jama and Ms. Arlette Yemek. The APR Panel noted, with satisfaction, the unstinting devotion demonstrated by the Strategic Partners of the APRM: the African Development Bank (AfDB), the United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Africa (UNDP-RBA) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). The Panel avails itself of this opportunity to express its sincere gratitude to the three institutions for the constant and unconditional support they have been providing to the APRM since the establishment of the continental Mechanism in 2003. The Panel also commends Messrs Donald Kaberuka, Tegegnework Gettu and Abdoulie Janneh - Heads of the strategic partner institutions respectively – for their able leadership. In conclusion, the APR Panel thanks Mr. Assefa Shifa, the Chief Executive Officer of the APRM Secretariat, for efficiently supervising the managerial, administrative and editorial staff involved in the revision, editorial, translation, and communication services that culminated in the production of this Review Report. Their dedication and efforts are warmly acknowledged. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v MAP OF SIERRA LEONE ix COUNTRY FACT SHEET x SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS xii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. THE AFRICAN PEER REVIEW MECHANISM (APRM) PROCESS IN SIERRA LEONE 1 2. country BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 4 3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS IN THE THEMATIC AREAS 7 4. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 21 5. COMMENDABLE PRACTICES 30 6. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS: CONSTRAINTS AND PERSPECTIVES 31 CHAPTER ONE 35 1. INTRODUCTION: THE APRM AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN SIERRA LEONE 35 1.1 The APRM and its implementation 35 1.2 The Implementation of the APRM Process in Sierra Leone 39 1.3 The Country Review Mission 42 CHAPTER TWO 46 2. HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CURRENT CHALLENGES 46 2.1 Historical Overview 46 2.2 Economic Performance and Prospects 54 CHAPTER THREE 56 3. DEMOCRACY AND GOOD POLITICAL GOVERNANCE 56 3.1 Overview 61 3.2 Standards and Codes 61 3.3 Assessment of Performance on APRM Objectives 71 CHAPTER FOUR 168 4. ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT 168 4.1 Overview: Challenges to Economic Governance and Management 168 4.2 Standards and Codes 170 4.3 Assessment of Performance on APRM Objectives 174 vi CHAPTER FIVE 222 5. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 222 5.1 Overview: Challenges for corporate governance 222 5.2 Standards and codes 224 5.3 Assessment of performance on APRM objectives 231 CHAPTER SIX 266 6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 266 6.1 Overview: Challenges to socio-economic development 266 6.2 Standards and codes 271 6.3 Assessment of Performance on APRM objectives 277 CHAPTER SEVEN 337 7. CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 337 7.1 Overview 337 7.2 Capacity Constraints 337 7.3 Corruption 241 7.4 Decentralisation 342 7.5 Ethnicity and Managing Diversity 345 7.6 Youth Unemployment 347 7.7 Blessing and Curse of Mining and Minerals 349 7.8 Gender and Women Empowerment 351 CHAPTER EIGHT 353 8. GENERAL CONCLUSION: CONSTRAINTS AND PERSPECTIVES 353 8.1 Overview 353 8.2 Constraints and risks 353 8.3 Strengths and prospects 359 ANNEXURE I: COMMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SIERRA LEONE TO THE COUNTRY REVIEW REPORT (APRM-CRR) 362 ANNEXURE II: National PROGRAMME OF ACTION (NPOA) SIERRA LEONE 385 BOXES 1.1 APRM Activity Report 36 2.1 Causes of the Civil War in Sierra Leone 50 3.1 Highlights of the Joint APC-SLPP Communiqué 83 3.2 Areas Not Yet Implemented Under the Joint APC-SLPP Communiqué of 2 April 2009 104 3.3 Traditional Courts 113 3.4 The Media and Freedom of Expression in Sierra Leone 115 3.5 The Independence of the
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