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Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (Emisi): Methodologies for Calculating Urban Transport Emissions and Tree Sequestration

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Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (Emisi): Methodologies for Calculating Urban Transport Emissions and Tree Sequestration TECHNICAL NOTE INDONESIA ZERO EMISSIONS APPLICATION (EMISI): METHODOLOGIES FOR CALCULATING URBAN TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND TREE SEQUESTRATION MUHAMAD RIZKI, DEWI SARI, NANDA NOOR, IMAM BASUKI, RINALDI IMANUDDIN, SENY DAMAYANTI, AND NADIA IRWANTO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent decades, greenhouse gases (GHGs) and CONTENTS air pollutant emissions have increased due to land transport activities. This substantial growth has Executive Summary .......................................... 1 accelerated climate change and the deterioration of Introduction ...................................................2 urban air quality, which have intensified serious hazards Methods �������������������������������������������������������3 and have increased public health risks. Therefore, Limitations ���������������������������������������������������14 significant environmental action is urgently needed to mitigate the impact of climate change and air pollution Appendix A: Examples of GHG and Air Pollutant on both the environment and human life. Globally, Emissions Calculations ��������������������������������������15 however, Indonesia has one of the largest populations Appendix B: Sequestered CO2 Calculation Details Using of climate change deniers. Hence, it is crucial to Five Approaches ��������������������������������������������18 establish a locally relevant platform—using Indonesia’s Appendix C: Number of Trees Calculated from Total emissions factors and profiles—that can educate and empower Indonesians to take action to mitigate their Emissions per Person ...................................... 23 transportation impact on climate change. Therefore, Abbreviations ............................................... 24 the Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (EMISI) was References .................................................. 25 developed to help users easily calculate and learn how Acknowledgments ������������������������������������������ 28 to sequester their GHGs emissions, starting with urban commuting and transport activities. About the Authors .......................................... 28 About WRI ................................................... 28 This Technical Note describes the method within EMISI for calculating individual-level GHGs and air WRI Technical Notes document methodology pollutant emissions from urban transport activities and underpinning research publications, interactive then determining the necessary carbon sequestration applications, and other tools. through reforestation and afforestation. The application uses the bottom-up approach to calculate carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, fine Suggested Citation: M. Rizki, D. Sari, N. Noor, I. Basuki, R. particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides emissions to Imanuddin, S. Damayanti, N. Irwanto. 2020. “Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (EMISI): Methodologies for Calculating make them personal, science driven, and trackable; Urban Transport Emissions and Tree Sequestration.” Technical this helps users understand how their travel activities Note. Jakarta, Indonesia: WRI Indonesia. Available online at contribute to GHGs and air pollutant emissions. For www.wri-indonesia.org/en/publication/technical-note-emisi- app-urban-transport-tree. emissions sequestration, EMISI uses guidelines and methodologies adopted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Clean Development Mechanism. This shows users how they can sequester their GHGs emissions by planting trees; it also provides the required number of trees for a specific species planted in a specific location. TECHNICAL NOTE | October 2020 | 1 Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (EMISI): Methodologies for Calculating Urban Transport Emissions and Tree Sequestration This methodology could be adopted by various System also built a CO2 calculator for air transport stakeholders in Indonesia—including government, (ICAO 2016; SAS 2019). Most of these existing calcula- nongovernmental and private organizations, tors are relevant for developed countries, but none communities, scientific experts, and the general public— reflects developing countries, specifically Indonesia. A helping them to embed it in their systems, develop proper Indonesia-specific emissions calculator would their own calculators, and improve Indonesia’s carbon add value to relevant Indonesian environmental policies sequestration knowledge as well as add value to other by considering the country’s unique sociodemographic research and development purposes. Despite utilizing and economic characteristics and its scientific numbers the best available data and models, the methodologies (e.g., emissions factors) (Brander et al. 2011; Hasan et in this Technical Note have several limitations and room al. 2012; MoEF 2010). for future improvement. Therefore, the Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (EMISI) was developed to fill that gap, providing an INTRODUCTION easy-to-access educational tool for Indonesians to Rapid motorization, low public transport use, excessive calculate their emissions and learn about their carbon travel, and massive congestion are among the main footprint and its impact on their environment and com- reasons why the transport sector has become one of munities. EMISI is mainly a mobile application because the major producers of emissions and air pollution in cell phones are one of the most accessible device types Indonesia (Erou and Fadillah 2019; World Bank 2019). for Indonesians. As a result, it can facilitate a direct, The proportion of total emissions from land transport quick call to action. As a platform, EMISI enables more sectors increased from 9 percent in 2010 to 12 percent individuals to track their personal emissions and then in 2017 (MoEF 2019). Meanwhile, Indonesia has the act to reduce them. The application also promotes highest percentage of climate change deniers among carbon sequestration as a last resort, allowing users to 23 nations, with 18 percent of its population still not calculate the total number of trees that would need to be convinced that human behavior plays a role in climate planted. Although EMISI comprehensively provides the change (Hilman and Harvey 2019). This indicates that tools and mechanism of the calculation, reduction, and public understanding and responses to climate change sequestration of an individual’s transport emissions, issues are still limited in Indonesia. Failing to act on this Technical Note specifically explains the scientific these issues will cause an irreversible chain reaction methodologies for all calculations in the application. that results in ecosystem losses, food security risks, The analysis follows the bottom-up approach used by economic losses, and other potential disasters. At the the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) same time, the increasing air pollution from urban com- to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant muting in Indonesian cities also leads to serious public emissions (IPCC 2006). To calculate the emissions health risks as well as declining productivity (Amalia et sequestration, EMISI uses the Clean Development al. 2013). Thus, it is important to instill the Indonesian Mechanism (CDM) methodology booklet (UNFCCC people with a stronger awareness of their transporta- 2019) and the IPCC guideline (Aalde et al. 2006) for tion impact on the climate crisis and the sustainability CO2 removal. of cities as well as to provide them with opportunities to conduct wider climate action. This Technical Note focuses on calculating CO2 as GHG emissions and carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides Around the world, various government agencies and (NOx), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide multinational companies have implemented programs (SO2) as air pollutants, considering their substantial to increase public awareness about transport emissions. implication to climate change and air pollution. To These programs have used statistical measurements to make the solutions more locally relevant, reforestation personalize individual-level emissions. For instance, (including afforestation and forest restoration) was the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority of chosen from various alternatives for sequestering CO2 New Zealand developed a carbon dioxide (CO2) emis- emissions because it is one of the most accessible and sions calculator for transport by using fuel consump- cost-efficient CO2 removal strategies in Indonesia (Gra- tion and fuel type data (EECA 2019). The International ham et al. 2016, 2017). Hence, the sequestration calcula- Civil Aviation Organization and Scandinavian Airlines tion in this Technical Note focuses on reforestation and 2 | Indonesia Zero Emissions Application (EMISI): Methodologies for Calculating Urban Transport Emissions and Tree Sequestration analyzes a limited number of tree species and locations The third part collects user input data to determine in Indonesia that have ongoing tree-planting activities. their tree-planting activities. EMISI considers tree The tree biomass (aboveground and belowground) used species and locations or ecosystems that are relevant to in the sequestration estimation is based on Indonesia’s Indonesia’s landscape and will be feasible for reforesta- best available data, latest possible model, and assump- tion activities and sequestration calculations. Only CO2 tions provided in national and international scientific emissions are included in the sequestration calculation, publications. By including this calculation, EMISI following the natural ability of trees to
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