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1 Heidelberg As the Birthplace of Marx's Method Notes 1 Heidelberg as the Birthplace of Marx’s Method 1. My book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel offers a more complete analysis of Marx’s methodology than I set forth in this present work. For the reader who wishes to pursue the methodological foundations of Marx’s theory of explanation I recommend they consult Chapter Five, “Marx’s Method” in my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). A line of continuity connects Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin . Marx’s Discourse with Hegel is a deeper probe into the genesis of his methodology of social explanation and how this theory of explanation devolved from Hegel. Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin is a study of the 18th century precursors of Marx. It is an inquiry into how 18th century break- throughs in the fields of history, anthropology, political economy and the psychology of ethics prepared the way for the advent of Marx. Just as Marx could not exist without Hegel so Marx could not exist without these 18th century innovations in the social sciences. Reading Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin will thus inform the reader with both the historical precursors of Marx and the philosophical antecedents of Marx. 2. Frederick C. Beiser isolated some of the major features of German Historicism. Beiser’s main goal is to identify the major explanatory strategies of German Historicism and in so doing draws attention to the impact which the Historicist tradition exerted upon Marx. See Beiser’s book The German Historicist Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). 3. Hegel, G.W. F, The Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827 , ed. Peter C. Hodgson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 252, 280, 307, 312, 319, 324, 336, 337. 4. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, trans. T.M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942), p. 131. 5. Pinkard, Terry, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 359–374. 6. Reill, Hans Peter, The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). 7. Hegel, The Philosophy of Mind , Trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). In particular see pages 40–51. 8. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (New York: Dover Publication, 1956), pp. 79–102. 9. Ibid., pp. 111–457. 10. I use the phrase the “Parmenides of Berlin” as a synonym for Hegel. I first used this appellation in my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel . I repeat it here as a means of underlining the continuity between Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin . In addition, I use this appellation here to emphasize the high esteem in which Marx regarded Hegel: Marx considered Hegel his most important teacher. 214 Notes 215 11. Hegel, The Philosophy of Nature , trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 415. 12. Ibid., p. 311 13. Ibid., p. 328 14. Pinkard, pp. 465–466. 15. Hegel, The Philosophy of Nature , p. 315. 16. Ibid., pp. 356–357. 17. Ibid., p. 422. 18. Ibid., p. 419 19. Friedrich, Karl J., The Philosophy of Kant (New York: The Modern Library, 1949), pp. 326–327. 20. Ibid., pp. 332–333. 21. Ibid., pp. 314–315. 22. Ibid., p. 317. 23. Ibid., pp.318–319. 24. Fichte, Johann G., Foundations of Natural Right , trans. Michael Baur (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 72–74. 25. Ibid., pp. 176–179. 26. Fichte, “The Characteristics of the Present Age,” in The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte , trans. William Smith (London: Trubner and Co., 1889), pp. 5–6. 27. Ibid., pp. 159–240. 28. Herder, J.G., Ideas of the Philosophy of History of Humanity , trans. T. Churchill (New York: Bergman Publishers, 1966), pp. 2–35, 282–283. 29. Ibid., pp. 288–289, 348, 352–356. 30. Ibid., pp.286–287, 330. 31. Ibid., p. 144. 32. Ibid., pp. 209–210, 227. 33. Ibid., p. 233. 34. Ibid., p. 207 35. Ibid., pp. 405–421. 36. Ibid., pp. 294–430. 37. Ibid., p. 315. 38. Kant, Immanuel, “Idea for a Universal History With Cosmopolitan Intent,” in The Philosophy of Kant , ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), p. 129. 39. Hegel, The Philosophy of History , p. 14. 40. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 154. 41. See the important essay by Danga Vileisis, “Der Unbekannte Beitrag Adam Ferguson’s Zum Materialistische Geschichtsverstandnis von Karl Marx,” Beitrage Zum Marx-Engels- Forschung (Neue Folge, 2009), pp. 7–60. 42. Marx, Karl, The Poverty of Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1963), p. 130. 43. Ferguson, Adam, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 203–219. 44. Ibid., pp. 10–14. 45. Ibid., pp. 118–119. 46. Ibid. 47. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right , pp. 122–160. 216 Notes 48. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” in Marx–Engels Collected Works (MECW) (New York: International Publishers, 1975), Vol. 3, pp. 118–121. 49. Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations , (New York: The Modern Library, 1937), p. 356. 50. Ibid., pp. 356–360. 51. Ibid., p. 360. 52. Robertson, William, A View of the Progress of Society in Europe (London: C. Whittingham, 1824). 53. Ibid., pp. 36–42. 54. Millar, John, An Historical View of the English Government (London; J. Mawman, 1818), 4 Vols. 55. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 14. 56. Hume, David, A History of England (Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1849–1858), 6 Vols. 57. Ibid., Vol. 6., p. 485. 58. Hume, David, Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects (Edinburgh: T. Cadell, 1793). 59. Marx–Engels Gesamtausgabe (2) (MEGA 2) (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009), Abteilung 1, Band. 2. 60. Smith, The Wealth of Nations , pp. 653–660. 61. MEGA(2), Abteilung 1, Band II, pp. 327–351. 62. Smith, Adam, Lectures on Jurisprudence , ed. R. L. Meek (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 22. 63. Ibid., p. 21. 64. Ibid., pp. 6–22. 65. Ibid., pp. 6–27. 66. Ibid., p. 202. 67. Ibid., p. 208. 68. Ibid., pp. 347–349. 69. Smith, Adam, Theory of Moral Sentiments , eds D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), p. 350. 70. Ibid., pp. 129, 132. 71. Ibid., pp. 80, 85. 72. Ibid., pp. 355–356. 73. Marx, The Holy Family, trans. R. Dixon (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), p. 176. 74. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments , p. 84. 75. Ibid., p. 424. 76. Ibid. 77. Steuart, James, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). 78. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy , p. 153. 79. Steuart, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, p. 18. 80. Ibid., p. 1. 81. Ibid., p. 44. 82. Ibid., p.19 83 . Ibid., p. 30. Notes 217 84. Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1924). 85. Marx, The German Ideology , trans. S. Ryazanskaya (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1965), p. 464. 86. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. S.W. Ryazanskaya (New York: International Publishers, 1970), p. 161. 87. Hume, David, Writings on Economics , ed. Eugene Rotwein (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1955), pp. 7–8. 88. Ibid., p. 81. 89. Ibid., pp. 109–183. 90. Marx, The German Ideology , P. 464. 91. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , p. 354. 92. Marx, The German Ideology , pp. 460–465. 93. Marx, Critique of Political Economy , p. 165. 94. Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. David Wallace Carrithers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 96–181. 95. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , trans. E.S. Haldane (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), Vol. 3, pp. 378–379. 96. Stewart, Dugald, Lectures on Political Economy , ed. Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable and Co., 1855), Vol. 2, pp. 254–350. 97. Stewart, Dugald, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith (Edinburgh: Transactions of the Royal Society, 1793). 98. Kames, Lord, Historical Tracts (Edinburgh: T. Cadell, 1742); Sketches of the History of Man (Edinburgh: Thomas Duncan, 1819), 3 Vols. 99. Hans Medick, Manfred Reidel, Hans Dieter Kittsteiner and George McCarthy all wrote exceptionally insightful studies of Marx’s political theory. All detach Marx from the natural law tradition and all emphasize the influ- ence of the German Historicist tradition on Marx. The work of George McCarthy, in particular, highlights the influence of Classical Greek ethics on Marx’s theory of politics and I am in agreement with McCarthy on his Marx–Aristotle fusion. I take this moment to express my indebtedness to all these creative and innovative scholars. In relation to Hans Medick see his book Naturstand und Naturgeschichte der Burgerlich Gesellschaft (Bonn: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1973): for Manfred Riedel see the following books: Materialen zu Hegels Rechtsphilosophie , (Frankfurt-am-Main, Suhrkamp, 1975); System und Geschichte (Frankfurt-am-Main, Suhrkamp, 1973); Naturrecht und Universalrechtsgeschichte (Hamburg: Klett-Cotta, 1990); Burgerlich Gesellschafte und Staat (Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand, 1970): for Heinz-Dieter Kittsteiner see his Natur-Absicht und Unsichtbare Hand (Frankfurt-am-Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1980): for George McCarthy see: Marx and Aristotle (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992); Marx’s Critique of Science and Positivism (Boston: Kleuwer, 1988); Marx and the Ancients (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990). 100. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” MECW, Vol. 3, pp. 3–129. 101. Marx to Ruge, March 5, 1843 Marx–Engels Werke (MEW) (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1988), p. 338. 218 Notes 102. Hegel, Natural Law , trans T.M. Knox (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975).
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