1 Heidelberg As the Birthplace of Marx's Method

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Notes

1 Heidelberg as the Birthplace of Marx’s Method

1. My book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel offers a more complete analysis of Marx’s methodology than I set forth in this present work. For the reader who wishes to pursue the methodological foundations of Marx’s theory of explanation I recommend they consult Chapter Five, “Marx’s Method” in my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). A line of continuity connects Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin. Marx’s Discourse with Hegel is a deeper probe into the genesis of his methodology of social explanation and how this theory of explanation devolved from Hegel. Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin is a study of the 18th century precursors of Marx. It is an inquiry into how 18th century break- throughs in the fields of history, anthropology, political economy and the psychology of ethics prepared the way for the advent of Marx. Just as Marx could not exist without Hegel so Marx could not exist without these 18th century innovations in the social sciences. Reading Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin will thus inform the reader with both the historical precursors of Marx and the philosophical antecedents of Marx. 2. Frederick C. Beiser isolated some of the major features of German Historicism. Beiser’s main goal is to identify the major explanatory strategies of German Historicism and in so doing draws attention to the impact which the Historicist tradition exerted upon Marx. See Beiser’s book The German Historicist Tradition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). 3. Hegel, G.W. F, The Philosophy of Religion: The Lectures of 1827, ed. Peter C. Hodgson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 252, 280, 307, 312, 319, 324, 336, 337. 4. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, trans. T.M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942), p. 131. 5. Pinkard, Terry, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 359–374. 6. Reill, Hans Peter, The German Enlightenment and the Rise of Historicism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). 7. Hegel, The Philosophy of Mind , Trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). In particular see pages 40–51. 8. Hegel, The Philosophy of History, trans. J. Sibree (New York: Dover Publication, 1956), pp. 79–102. 9. Ibid., pp. 111–457. 10. I use the phrase the “Parmenides of Berlin” as a synonym for Hegel. I first used this appellation in my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel . I repeat it here as a means of underlining the continuity between Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin . In addition, I use this appellation here to emphasize the high esteem in which Marx regarded Hegel: Marx considered Hegel his most important teacher.

214 Notes 215

11. Hegel, The Philosophy of Nature, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 415. 12. Ibid., p. 311 13. Ibid., p. 328 14. Pinkard, pp. 465–466. 15. Hegel, The Philosophy of Nature , p. 315. 16. Ibid., pp. 356–357. 17. Ibid., p. 422. 18. Ibid., p. 419 19. Friedrich, Karl J., The Philosophy of Kant (New York: The Modern Library, 1949), pp. 326–327. 20. Ibid., pp. 332–333. 21. Ibid., pp. 314–315. 22. Ibid., p. 317. 23. Ibid., pp.318–319. 24. Fichte, Johann G., Foundations of Natural Right, trans. Michael Baur (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 72–74. 25. Ibid., pp. 176–179. 26. Fichte, “The Characteristics of the Present Age,” in The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte , trans. William Smith (London: Trubner and Co., 1889), pp. 5–6. 27. Ibid., pp. 159–240. 28. Herder, J.G., Ideas of the Philosophy of History of Humanity , trans. T. Churchill (New York: Bergman Publishers, 1966), pp. 2–35, 282–283. 29. Ibid., pp. 288–289, 348, 352–356. 30. Ibid., pp.286–287, 330. 31. Ibid., p. 144. 32. Ibid., pp. 209–210, 227. 33. Ibid., p. 233. 34. Ibid., p. 207 35. Ibid., pp. 405–421. 36. Ibid., pp. 294–430. 37. Ibid., p. 315. 38. Kant, Immanuel, “Idea for a Universal History With Cosmopolitan Intent,” in The Philosophy of Kant, ed. Carl J. Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), p. 129. 39. Hegel, The Philosophy of History , p. 14. 40. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 154. 41. See the important essay by Danga Vileisis, “Der Unbekannte Beitrag Adam Ferguson’s Zum Materialistische Geschichtsverstandnis von Karl Marx,” Beitrage Zum Marx-Engels- Forschung (Neue Folge, 2009), pp. 7–60. 42. Marx, Karl, The Poverty of Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1963), p. 130. 43. Ferguson, Adam, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 203–219. 44. Ibid., pp. 10–14. 45. Ibid., pp. 118–119. 46. Ibid. 47. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right , pp. 122–160. 216 Notes

48. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” in Marx–Engels Collected Works (MECW) (New York: International Publishers, 1975), Vol. 3, pp. 118–121. 49. Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations , (New York: The Modern Library, 1937), p. 356. 50. Ibid., pp. 356–360. 51. Ibid., p. 360. 52. Robertson, William, A View of the Progress of Society in Europe (London: C. Whittingham, 1824). 53. Ibid., pp. 36–42. 54. Millar, John, An Historical View of the English Government (London; J. Mawman, 1818), 4 Vols. 55. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 14. 56. Hume, David, A History of England (Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1849–1858), 6 Vols. 57. Ibid., Vol. 6., p. 485. 58. Hume, David, Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects (Edinburgh: T. Cadell, 1793). 59. Marx–Engels Gesamtausgabe (2) (MEGA 2) (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2009), Abteilung 1, Band. 2. 60. Smith, The Wealth of Nations , pp. 653–660. 61. MEGA(2), Abteilung 1, Band II, pp. 327–351. 62. Smith, Adam, Lectures on Jurisprudence , ed. R. L. Meek (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 22. 63. Ibid., p. 21. 64. Ibid., pp. 6–22. 65. Ibid., pp. 6–27. 66. Ibid., p. 202. 67. Ibid., p. 208. 68. Ibid., pp. 347–349. 69. Smith, Adam, Theory of Moral Sentiments, eds D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), p. 350. 70. Ibid., pp. 129, 132. 71. Ibid., pp. 80, 85. 72. Ibid., pp. 355–356. 73. Marx, The Holy Family, trans. R. Dixon (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), p. 176. 74. Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments , p. 84. 75. Ibid., p. 424. 76. Ibid. 77. Steuart, James, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966). 78. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy , p. 153. 79. Steuart, An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy , p. 18. 80. Ibid., p. 1. 81. Ibid., p. 44. 82. Ibid., p.19 83 . Ibid., p. 30. Notes 217

84. Mandeville, Bernard, The Fable of the Bees (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1924). 85. Marx, The German Ideology, trans. S. Ryazanskaya (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1965), p. 464. 86. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, trans. S.W. Ryazanskaya (New York: International Publishers, 1970), p. 161. 87. Hume, David, Writings on Economics , ed. Eugene Rotwein (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1955), pp. 7–8. 88. Ibid., p. 81. 89. Ibid., pp. 109–183. 90. Marx, The German Ideology , P. 464. 91. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , p. 354. 92. Marx, The German Ideology , pp. 460–465. 93. Marx, Critique of Political Economy , p. 165. 94. Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. David Wallace Carrithers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 96–181. 95. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , trans. E.S. Haldane (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), Vol. 3, pp. 378–379. 96. Stewart, Dugald, Lectures on Political Economy, ed. Sir William Hamilton (Edinburgh: Thomas Constable and Co., 1855), Vol. 2, pp. 254–350. 97. Stewart, Dugald, Account of the Life and Writings of Adam Smith (Edinburgh: Transactions of the Royal Society, 1793). 98. Kames, Lord, Historical Tracts (Edinburgh: T. Cadell, 1742); Sketches of the History of Man (Edinburgh: Thomas Duncan, 1819), 3 Vols. 99. Hans Medick, Manfred Reidel, Hans Dieter Kittsteiner and George McCarthy all wrote exceptionally insightful studies of Marx’s political theory. All detach Marx from the natural law tradition and all emphasize the influence of the German Historicist tradition on Marx. The work of George McCarthy, in particular, highlights the influence of Classical Greek ethics on Marx’s theory of politics and I am in agreement with McCarthy on his Marx–Aristotle fusion. I take this moment to express my indebtedness to all these creative and innovative scholars. In relation to Hans Medick see his book Naturstand und Naturgeschichte der Burgerlich Gesellschaft (Bonn: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1973): for Manfred Riedel see the following books: Materialen zu Hegels Rechtsphilosophie , (Frankfurt-am-Main, Suhrkamp, 1975); System und Geschichte (Frankfurt-am-Main, Suhrkamp, 1973); Naturrecht und Universalrechtsgeschichte (Hamburg: Klett-Cotta, 1990); Burgerlich Gesellschafte und Staat (Berlin: Hermann Luchterhand, 1970): for Heinz-Dieter Kittsteiner see his Natur-Absicht und Unsichtbare Hand (Frankfurt-am-Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1980): for George McCarthy see: Marx and Aristotle (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1992); Marx’s Critique of Science and Positivism (Boston: Kleuwer, 1988); Marx and the Ancients (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990). 100. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” MECW, Vol. 3, pp. 3–129. 101. Marx to Ruge, March 5, 1843 Marx–Engels Werke (MEW) (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1988), p. 338. 218 Notes

102. Hegel, Natural Law , trans T.M. Knox (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975). 103. Ibid., pp. 102–106. 104. Ibid., pp. 95–97. 105. Ibid., p. 94. 106. Marx, “Das Philosophische Manifest der Historischen Rechtsschule,” MEW, Vol. I, pp. 78–85. 107. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right , pp. 145–155. 108. Ibid., pp. 122–155. 109. See my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel, pages 47–48. I repeat his assertion here for two reasons: 1) as a means to demonstrate that Marx’s Economic– Philosophic Manuscripts Of 1844 was initially inspired by Marx’s desire to critique the civil society chapters of Hegel’s The Philosophy of Right: 2) As a means of emphasizing the continuity between Marx’s Discourse with Hegel and Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin. Marx’s Discourse with Hegel is a study of Marx’s relation to Hegel, while Marx’s Rebellion against Lenin is a study of the 18th century antecedents of Marx. Taken together these two books investigate the origins of Marx’s method of explanation and the 18th century background which eventuated in Marx. 110. Marx, “Debates Over the Law Regarding the Theft of Wood,” in MEW, Vol. 1, p. 112. 111. Levine, Marx’s Discourse with Hegel , pp. 48–49. 112. Marx to Ruge, May, 1843, MEGA(2), Abteilung I, Band II, p. 479. 113. Ibid., p. 488. 114. Levine, Marx’s Discourse with Hegel , pp. 47–48. 115. Marx, “Vorrede,” MEGA (2), Abteilung I, Band II, p. 325. 116. Levine, Marx’s Discourse with Hegel . 117. Ibid., pp. 298–313. 118. Henning, Leopold von, Principien der Ethik in Historischer Entwicklung (Berlin: Friedrich August Herbig, 1824). 119. Ibid., p. 196. 120. Marx, “Letter to His Father 1837” in Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society, eds Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (New York: Doubleday and Co, 1967), p. 47. 121. Feuerbach, Anselm, Naturrecht und Positive Recht , ed. Gerhard Haney (Berlin: Rudolf Haufer Verlag, 1993), pp. 7–12. 122. Ibid., pp. 41–47. 123. Ibid., Marx’s 1837 Letter to His Father, p. 42. 124. Ibid., p. 43. 125. Ibid. 126. Ibid., p. 46. 127. Marx, “Das Philosophische Manifest der historische Rechtsschule,” MEW, Vol. I, pp. 78–85. 128. Thibaut, Anton, Versuch uber Einzelne Theile der Theorie des Rechts (Jena: J.M. Mauke und Son, 1817), p. 174. 129. Thibaut, Anton, System der Pandekten Recht (Jena: Friedrich Mauke, 1834), pp. 2–8. Notes 219

130. Thibaut, Anton, “Uber die Notwendigkeit eine allgemeine burgerlich Rechts fur Deutschland” in Thibaut und Savigny , heraus. Hans Hattenhauer (Munchen: Franz Vahlem, 1973), pp. 64–94. 131. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion , ed. Peter C. Hodgson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 252, 307, 308, 312, 319, 324, 336, 337. 132. Creuzer, Friedrich, Symbolik und Mythologie der Alten Volker (Leipzig: Verlag Carl Wilhelm Leske, 1837), p. XVI. 133. Ibid., p. XV. 134. Ibid., p. 366. 135. Ibid., p. 214–215. 136. Ibid., p. 103. 137. Ibid., p. 58. 138. Ibid., p. 60 139. Ibid., p. 64. 140. Gans, Eduard, Das Erbrecht in Weltgeschichtlicher Entwicklung (Berlin: Mauerschen Buchhandlung, 1824–1835). 141. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” MECW, Vol. 3, p. 108. 142. Ibid., p. 110. 143. Gans, Eduard, Naturrecht und Universalrechtgeschichte, ed. Johann Braun (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), pp. 9–10. 144. Ibid., pp. 78–81. 145. Gans, “Vorwort,” Grundlinien Der Philosophie Des Rechts, Hegel’s Gamtlicher Werke, ed. Hermann Glockner (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstaat: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1965), Band. V. pp. 1–13. 146. Gans, “Vorwort,” Vorlesungen Der Philosophie Der Geschichte, Hegel Gamtliche Werke; Ibid, Band. II, pp. 1–16. 147. Gans, “Introduction” to Hegel’s The Philosophy of Right , pp. 4–9. 148. Gans, Naturrecht und Universalrechtsgeschichte , p. 14. 149. Ibid., p. 8. 150. Gans, Eduard, Das Erbrecht in Weltgeschichtlicher Entwicklung , p. 260). 151. Ibid., pp. XXVII–XVIII. 152. Ibid., p. 2. 153. Ibid., pp. 239–240. 154. Ibid., p. 99. 155. Ibid., p. 242. 156. Ibid., p. 2 157. Stuhr, Peter F., Die Staaten den Altertums und die Christlicher Zeit in Ihren Gegensatze (Heidelberg: Mohr und Zimmer, 1811). 158. Stuhr, Peter F., Der Untergang der Naturstaaten (Berlin: Verlag der E. Salfeldschen Buchhandlung, 1812). 159. Ibid., pp. 14–19. 160. Marx, Karl, The Grundrisse , trans. Martin Nicolaus (New York: Random House, 1973), pp. 476, 478. 161. Marx, Das Kapital , MEW, p. 250. 162. Niebuhr, Lectures on the History of Rome . 163. Marx, “Letter to His Father 1837,” pp. 42–43. 164. Ibid., pp. 44–45. 165. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” p. 110. 220 Notes

166. However, a second reason exists for investigating Marx’s pre-Niebuhr knowledge of the gens. The second reason for returning to the young Marx, the 1837–1845 Marx, is to demonstrate Engels’ distortion of Marx. The history of law research that the young Marx conducted acquainted him with the gens. Marx’s reading of Gans, Thibaut, Heineccius, the Pandects, Savigny, Hugo, Niebuhr contained direct and indirect references to the gens. The article “The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law” drew attention to the historiography of property. Engels did not know any of these writings or studies by the young Marx. Marx’s “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” was the deepest expres- sion of Marx’s awareness of the history of property and his assignment of public and private property to Rome. Engels did not read this critical essay by Marx. This essay and other previously mentioned articles by Marx were manuscripts that were never published during the lifetime of Engels. The legal studies of the young Marx were invisible to Engels. A consequence of Engels’ ignorance regarding the legal studies of the young Marx was the distortion of Marx in Engels’ 1844 The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State . In this work Engels deceived the reader because he presented The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State as the culmination of Marx’s reading and excerpts from Lewis Henry Morgan’s Ancient Society, published in 1877. Marx did read Morgan’s book, Marx did take excerpts from Morgan’s book which Engels did find among the dead Marx’s manuscripts and Engels did use these Marx excerpts as well as other sources upon which to construct The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State . The misconception Engels introduced in the study of Marx was the belief that Marx began his probe into ancient societies and property, in 1877 and the impetus for these Marx anthropological studies was his acquaintance with Morgan. When Engels perpetuated this misrepresentation he opened the door to the falsification of the young Marx. Engels directed attention away from the legal studies of the young Marx. By failing to demonstrate that Marx’s knowledge of property, the gens, the historiography of property, was the outgrowth of the young Marx’s legal studies in Bonn and Berlin, Engels was primarily responsible for reducing the young Marx to a Black Hole. The disappearance of this crucial stage in the development of the young Marx led to three vital consequences: 1) the interpretation of Marx was distorted; 2) Engels was the primary cause for the misrepresentation of Marx; 3) it drew attention away from the young Marx’s legal research and how these legal studies prepared the way for his later embrace of his method of social explanation. 167. Niebuhr, Bartold, Lectures on the History of Rome from the First Punic War to the Death of Constantine, trans. Dr Leonard Schmitz (London: Taylor and Waller, 1844), pp. 323–325. 168. Ibid., pp. 325–326. 169. Ibid., p. 329. 170. Ibid. 171. Niebuhr, Bartold, Lectures of the History of Rome , trans. Dr. Leonard Schmitz (London: Taylor and Walton, 1814), p.162. Notes 221

172. Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, trans. E.P. Dutt (New York: International Publishers, 1966), p. 24. 173. Niebuhr, Bartold, Lectures on the History Of Rome from the First Punic War to the Death of Constantine , p. 352. 174. Niebuhr, Bartold, Lectures on the History of Rome , p. 158.s

2 Marx and the Civic Humanist Tradition

1. Aristotle, The Politics , ed. and trans. Ernest Baker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962). 2. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , trans. F. H. Peters (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2004). 3. Aristotle, The Politics , pp. 119–120. 4. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , pp. 2–3. 5. Aristotle, The Politics , p. 118. 6. Ibid., p. 119. 7. Ibid., p. 120. 8. Ibid., p. 5. 9. Ibid., pp. 16–18. 10. Ibid., p. 8. 11. Hegel, G. W. F., The Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), pp. 111–119. 12. Aristotle, The Politics , p. 182. 13. Ibid., pp. 203–254. 14. Ibid., pp. 138–139. 15. Ibid., pp. 224–234. 16. Ibid., p. 204. 17. Ibid., p. 117. 18. Ibid., p. 8. 19. Ibid., p. 266. 20. Ibid., p. 265. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 185. 24. Ibid., p. 263. 25. Ibid., p. 265. 26. Ibid., p. 185. 27. Ibid., pp. 268–269. 28. Ibid., p. 269. 29. Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Discourses, ed. Bernard Crick (London: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 106. 30. Ibid., pp. 246–247. 31. Ibid., p. 115. 32. Ibid., p. 116. 33. Ibid., p. 202. 34. Ibid., p. 203. 35. Ibid., pp. 244–245. 36. Ibid., pp. 234–235. 222 Notes

37. Ibid., pp. 117, 193, 195. 38. Marx, Karl, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1967), p. 16. 39. Locke, John Two Treatises of Government ,ed. Ian Shapiro (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), pp. 7–99. 40. Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan , ed. K. R. Minogue (New York: Everyman Library, 1976), p. 70. 41. Locke, John, “Second Treatise of Government,” pp. 101–102. 42. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, “Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,” in Jean- Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and the Discourses (New York: Everyman Library, 1973), p. 55. 43. Smith, Adam, The Theory of Moral Sentiments , ed. D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). 44. Ferguson, Adam, Principles of Moral and Political Science (Edinburgh: A. Straham and T. Cadell, 1792). 45. Owen, Robert, “Address to the Inhabitants of New Lanark” in A New View of Society , ed. G.D.E. Cole (New York: Everyman Library, 1963), pp. 23–36. 46. Marx, Karl, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law: Introduction,” in Writings of the Young Marx on Philosophy and Society, ed. Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat (New York: Anchor Books, 1967), pp. 249–264. 47. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” p. 48. 48. Ibid., p. 43. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid., p. 46. 51. Marx, “Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood,” Marx–Engels Collected Works (MECW) (New York: International Publishers, 1975), Vol. I, pp. 224–263. 52. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 12. 53. “Documents,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 680.For a more comprehensive discussion of the Thibaut–Hegel–Gans–Marx interconnection see my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel . 54. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” MECW, Vol. I, pp. 15, 19. 55. Marx, “The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law,” MECW, Vol. I, pp. 203–210. 56. “Documents,” MECW, Vol. I, pp. 699, 703. 57. Marx, “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, ” MECW, Vol. I, p. 30. 58. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , Vol. I, pp. 298–310. 59. Marx, “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.” 60. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , Vol. II, pp. 276–281. 61. Marx, “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 84. 62. Marx, “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,” pp. 84–87. 63. Ibid., p. 84. 64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , Vol. I, pp. 20–28. Notes 223

67. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 12. 68. Marx, “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,” p. 86. 69. Ibid., p. 85. 70. Ibid. 71. Ibid. 72. Ibid., p. 86. 73. Marx, “The Sixth Notebook” in “The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature,” p. 491. 74. Hegel, The Philosophy of Nature, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), pp. 416–422. 75. Marx, “Plan of Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature,” MECW, Vol. I, pp. 510–514. 76. Ibid., p. 510. 77. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , Vol. II, pp. 271–300. 78. Hegel, The Scientific Ways of Treating Natural Law , trans. T. M. Knox (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975). 79. Marx, “The Philosophical Manifesto of the Historical School of Law,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 206. 80. Ibid., p. 205. 81. Levine, Norman, Marx’s Discourse with Hegel (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). 82. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 18. 83. Ibid., p. 12. 84. Marx, The Holy Family, trans. R. Dixon (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), p. 186. 85. Marx, “Book of Verse,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 577. 86. “Documents,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 704. 87. Marx, “1837 Letter to His Father,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 20. 88. Aristotle, “The Rhetoric,” The Basic Works of Aristotle , ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Modern Library, 2001), p. 1330. 89. Ibid., p. 1335. 90. Marx, “Exzerpte,” MEGA (2), Abteilung IV, Band I, pp. 540–570. 91. Aristotle, “The Soul,” The Basic Works of Aristotle , pp. 555–556. 92. Ibid., pp. 550–553. 93. Hegel, The Philosophy of Mind , trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 3. 94. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , pp. 89–115. 95. Marx, “Communism and the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 220. 96. Marx, “Marx to Ruge: March, 1843,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 398–400. 97. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction,” MECW, Vol. III, pp. 186–187. 98. Marx, “Preface” to “The Manuscripts,” MECW, Vol. III, p. 232. 99. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, “A Discourse on the Origins of Inequality,” in The Social Contract and the Discourses , trans. G. D. H. Cole (New York: Everyman Library, 1973), p. 46. 100. Ibid., p. 47. 101. Ibid., pp. 90–110. 102. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , p. 111. 224 Notes

103. Rousseau, “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences,” in The Social Contract and the Discourses , pp. 13–14. 104. Hobbes, Thomas, De Cive , pp. 5–20. 105. Rousseau, “The Social Contract,” in The Social Contract and the Discourses , pp. 196–198. 106. Rousseau, “Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,” in The Social Contract and the Discourses , pp. 110–111. 107. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics , pp. 92–95. 108. Rousseau, “The Social Contract” in The Social Contract and the Discourses , pp. 265–271. 109. Rousseau, “Discourse on Political Economy,” p. 131. 110. Ibid., pp. 127–168. 111. Ibid., pp. 160–161. 112. Ibid., pp. 149–151. 113. Ibid., pp. 155–156. 114. Rousseau, “Discourse on the Arts and Sciences,” pp. 1–30. 115. Ibid., pp. 13–14. 116. Ibid., p. 17. 117. Ibid., p. 19. 118. Marx, The Holy Family , pp. 167–178. 119. Stein, Lorenz von, The History of the Social Movement in France , trans. Kathe Mengelberg (New Jersey: The Bedminster Press, 1964), pp. 93–96, 103–110. 120. Marx, “Communism and the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 108. 121. Marx, “March, 1843 Letter to Arnold Ruge,” MECW, Vol. I, p. 143. 122. Marx, The Holy Family , p. 177. 123. Marx, “Preface” to “The Manuscripts,” MECW, Vol. III, p. 232. 124. Babeuf, Gracchus, The Defense of Gracchus Babeuf, trans. John Anthony Scott (Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts, 1967), pp. 56–62. 125. Buonarroti, Phillip, Babeuf’s Conspiracy for Equality (London: H. Hetherington, 1836). 126. Ibid., p. 320. 127. Ibid., p. 323. 128. Ibid., p. 303. 129. Ibid., p. 22. 130. Ibid., p. 23. 131. Ibid. 132. Ibid. 133. Linguet, Simon, Theorie des Loix Civiles (London: 1767). 134. Marechal, Sylvan, “Manifesto of the Equals,” in Socialist Thought , ed. Albert Fried and Ronald Sanders (New York: Anchor Books, 1964), pp. 51–55. 135. Heine, Heinrich, Religion and Philosophy in Germany, ed. Terry Pinkard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 136. Hess, Moses, “The One and Only Freedom,” in Philosophische und Sozialistische Schriften , ed. Wolfgang Monke (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1980), pp. 50–70. Notes 225

137. Hess, Moses, “The European Triarchy,” pp. 100–130. 138. Hess, Moses, “The Philosophy of the Act,” pp. 150–168. 139. Hess, Moses, “Socialism and Communism,” in The Holy History of Mankind and Other Essays , ed. Shlomo Avineri (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 97–115. 140. Hess, Moses, “Briefe aus Paris,” in Deutsch- Franzosische Jahrbucher , ed. Joachim Hoffner (Leipzig: Verlag Philipp Reclam, 1981), pp. 196–207. 141. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit , pp. 298, 318. 142. Hegel, The History of Philosophy , Vol. I, pp. 319–340. 143. Feuerbach, Ludwig, The Essence of Christianity, trans. George Eliot (New York: Harper & Row, 1957). 144. Feuerbach, Ludwig, Principles of the Philosophy of the Future, trans. Manfred H. Vogel (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1980). 145. Feuerbach, Ludwig, Samtliche Werke , ed. Wilhelm Bolin and Friedrick Jodl (Stuttgart: Frommann, 1980), Vol. III, pp. 18–54. 146. Marx, “Preface,” to “The Manuscripts,” MECW, Vol. III, p. 232. 147. Weitling, Wilhelm, Garantieen der Harmonie und Freiheit , ed. Bernhard Kaufhold (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1955). 148. Marx, “Letter to Arnold Ruge, Sept. 1843,” in The Marx–Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), pp. 7–10. 149. Marx, (“‘Exzerpte’ Rene Levasseur Memoires ,” MEGA (2), Abteilung IV, Band II, pp. 276–286. 150. Wachsmuth, Wilhelm, Geschichte Frankreich im Revolutionszeitalters , “Exzerpte,” Abteilung IV, Band II, pp. 163–174. 151. Marx, The Holy Family , p. 159. 152. Ibid., p. 161. 153. Ibid., p. 177. 154. Ibid., p. 161. 155. Buonarroti, Phillip, Babeuf’s Conspiracy for Equality , p. 23. 156. Ibid., p. 8. 157. Dezamy, Theodore, Code de la Communaute (Paris: Prevost, 1842), pp. 259–260. 158. Ibid., pp. 122–138. 159. Helvetius, Claude, A Treatise on Man, trans. W. Hooper (London: Vernon, Hood and Sharpe, 1810), p. 478. 160. Marx, MEGA (2), Abteilung I, Band II, p. 325. 161. Weitling, Wilhelm, Garantien der Harmonie und Freiheit , pp. 4–5. 162. Ibid., p. 6. 163. Ibid., p. 144. 164. Ibid., p. 166. 165. Marx, “The Leipzig Council” (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1968), p. 247. 166. Ibid., pp. 513–545. 167. Marx, “Civil War in France,” MECW, Vol. 22, pp. 307–357, 435–546. 168. Ibid., p. 483. 169. Ibid., p. 490. 170. Pocock, J. G. A., The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); Hont, Istvan, Jealousy of Trade (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005). 226 Notes

3 The Disappearance of Marx in Lenin

1. Levine, Norman, The Tragic Deception: Marx Contra Engels (Santa Barbera: Clio Books, 1975); Dialogue within the Dialectic (London: George Allen Unwin, 1984); Divergent Paths: Hegel in Marxism and Engelsism (Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). 2. Karl Marx–Freidrich Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA 2) (Amsterdam: International Marx–Engels Stiftung, 2009). Erste Abteilung, Band II, p. 317. 3. Ibid., p. 326. 4. Ibid., p. 400. 5. Lenin, V. I., “Conspectus of The Holy Family by Marx and Engels,” in V. I. Philosophical Notebooks, Collected Works, Vol. 38 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972), p. 45. 6. Lenin, “Lectures on the Essence of Religion,” pp. 63–83. 7. Lenin, “Conspectus of Feuerbach’s Book Exposition, Analysis and Critique of the Philosophy of Leibnitz,” pp. 377–389. 8. Lenin, “Note on the Collected Works of Feuerbach and Hegel,” pp. 375–376. 9. Marx, Karl, “Critique of Hegel’s Dialectic and Philosophy as a Whole,” in Marx–Engels Collected Works (MECW), (New York: International Publishers, 1975), Vol 3, p. 336. 10. Lenin, V. I. “State and Revolution”, in Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974), Vol. 25, pages 461–473. 11. Marx, “Private Property and Communism,” in MECW, Vol 3, p. 295. 12. Ibid., p. 296. 13. Ibid., pp. 399–418. 14. Lenin, V. I., “Conspectus of The Holy Family by Marx and Engels,” Philosophical Notebooks, Vol. 38, p. 37 15. Marx, K., Engels, F., The Holy Family (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), p. 173. 16. Ibid., p. 175. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., pp. 176–177. 19. Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, p. 30. 20. Ibid., p. 40. 21. Ibid., p. 44. 22. Ibid., pp. 403–408. 23. In the Philosophical Notebooks see in particular Lenin’s “Conspectus to Hegel’s Book The Science of Logic ,” “Conspectus of Hegel’s Book Lectures on the History of Philosophy” and Lenin’s “On the Question of Dialectics”. 24. Lenin, “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism,” in Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977) Vol. 14, p. 232. 25. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1963), pp. 129–130. 26. Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, Collected Works , Vol. 38, pp. 85–237, 45–302, 315–318. 27. Ibid., p. 395. 28. Marx, “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” MECW, Vol. 3, p. 30. 29. Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” MECW, Vol. 3, p. 156. 30. Ibid., pp. 164–167. Notes 227

31. Lenin, Philosophical Notebooks, Collected Works , Vol. 38, p. 40. 32. Ibid., p. 38. 33. Ibid., p. 43. 34. Lenin, “State and Revolution,” Selected Works , p. 345. 35. Ibid. 36. Marx, “Address to the General Council of the International Working Men’s Association,” in Kamenka, Eugene, The Portable Karl Marx (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), p. 514. 37. Ibid., p. 513. 38. Marx, “Letter to L. Kugelman, April 17, 1871,” in Marx–Engels Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1963), p. 480 39. Marx, “Address to the General Council of the International Working Men’s Association,” p. 512. 40. Lenin, “State and Revolution,” Selected Works , p. 341. 41. Engels, “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” in Marx–Engel Selected Works , p. 410. 42. Ibid., p. 418. 43. Marx, “Critique of the Gotha Program,” Marx–Engels Selected Works , p. 331. 44. Engels, Letter to Bebel, March 18–28, 1875, Marx–Engels Selected Works , p. 339 . 45. Draper, Hal, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Marx to Lenin (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987), p. 317. 46. Engels “Preface” to the 1891 “Civil War in France,” in Engels: Selected Works , ed. W.B. Henderson (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967), p. 310. 47. Engels, Anti-Duhring , trans. Emile Burns (New York: International Publishers, 1966), p. 308. 48. Ibid., p. 321. 49. Ibid., p. 323. 50. Ibid., p. 307. 51. Lenin, “State and Revolution,” in Selected Works , p. 340. 52. Ibid., p. 340. 53. Ibid., p. 345. 54. Ibid., p. 304. 55. Ibid., p. 344. 56. Ibid., pp. 303–304, 345. 57. Marx, MEGA (2) Band IV, Abteilung I and II. 58. For a more detailed discussion of the phrase “Marx’s method of social explanation” see the chapter “Marx’s Method” in my book Marx’s Discourse with Hegel , pp. 299–313.

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Index

Abstract-concrete, 53 dialectical materialism, 2, 3, 183, 203 Adoretskii, V.V., 4, 6, 177–178 dictatorship, 94 Agrarian Laws, 95 Diderot, Denis, 151–152 anatomy, 12 distributive justice, 32, 90–91, anthropology, 53, 97, 126, 131–132, 134–135, 158–159, 173 181, 201 division of labor, 171–172 Aristotle, 3, 9, 31, 38, 81–92, 119–121 dictatorship, 86 egalitarianism, 159 distributive justice, 91, 134–135 Engels, Friedrich, 143, 175, 191 “Nicomachean Ethics”, 81–82, “Anti-Duhring”, 175, 205–206, 209 120–121, 173 Bakunin, Mikhail, 204–205 “The Politics”, 81–92, 173 behavrioral psychology, 205–206 “The Rhetoric”, 119 civil society, 204 “The Soul”, 119–122 communism, 204–209 zoon oikonikon, 83, 173 “Critique of the Erfurt Program”, zoon politikon, 83, 173 205 dictatorship of the proletariat, 205 Babeuf, Gracchus, 3, 102, 143–149, division of labor, 207 164–165 Engelsian Co-Option of Lenin, 200, Bebel, August, 204 201–202 Blanqui, August, 79 Engelsian Pre-Emption 0f Marx, Bounarroti, Phillip, 102, 146–149, 201–202 164–166 Gotha Program, 205 “The Housing Question”, 175 Cabet, Etenne, 122, 143 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 204–205 Carver, Terrell, 6 Letter to August Bebel 1875, 204 civic humanism, 81, 86, 91, 96–101, “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of 119–121, 140–141, 173–174, 191, Classical German Philosophy”, 176 194–195 materialism, 203, 205–206 civil society, 48, 50–51, 133–134, naturalism, 204 192–196, 200–201 “The Origin of the Family, Private class warfare, 93–95 Property and the State”, 175 Classical Humanism, 2, 3, 44 “Outline of a Critique of Political commercial Revolution, 97–98 Economy”, 124 commune, 172–173, 200–201 Paris Commune, 204–205 communism, 142–143, 181–183, 201, “Preface 1891 to Civil War in 203–204 France”, 205 Creuzer, Friedrich, 6, 60–64 “Socialism: Utopian and critique, 48–51, 124 Scientific”, 175 species being, 204 Democritus, 114–116, 119 Enlightenment Center, 35–36, 43–44, Dezamy, Theodor, 3, 10–12, 122, 143, 96, 101–102, 116–117, 164–167, 173 125–127, 131

241 242 Index

Enlightenment Left, 2, 3, 36, 102, 104, Gracchi Brothers, 78–79, 92–95 121, 124, 131, 141–142, 173 Enlightenment Left in France, Hebert, Jacques, 202 142–150 Hegel, G.W.F., 6, 10–11, 104–118, 151 Enlightenment Left in Germany, civil society, 45, 47 150–157 dialectic, 46–47 Epicurus, 114–116, 119 “Encyclopedia of the Philosophical equality, 28, 95, 127–128, 165 Sciences”, 8, 113–116 equity, 95 Enlightenment Left in Germany, essence-appearance, 53 150–154 ethics, 99 Hegelian Left, 116, 157–158 European Enlightenment, 118 “History of Philosophy”, 152 explorations, 8–9 master-slave, 129, 152 natural law, 46–47 Ferguson, Adam, 21–24, 102–103 natural rights, 46–47 “An Essay on the History of Civil “The Phenomenology of Spirit”, 20, Society”, 21 129, 151–152 four Stage Theory, 22–23 “The Philosophy of History”, 8, society and civil society, 23–24 18–21 Feuerbach, Anton, 56–57 “The Philosophy of Mind”, 9, Feuerbach, Ludwig, 143, 154, 181–182 113–116 “The Essence of Christianity”, 154 “The Philosophy of Nature”, 9, I and Thou, 155 113–116 “Preliminary Thesis for the Reform “The Philosophy of Right”, 24 of Philosophy”, 154–155 political economy, 47 “Principles of the Philosophy of the “The Scientific Ways of Treating Future”, 154–155 Natural Law”, 46–47 species being, 154–155 state, 45 Fichte, Johann, 117–118 utilitarianism, 37 “Characterisics of the Present Heidelberg University, 6, 21, 51, 53 Age”, 14 Heine, Heinrich, 123, 142 “Foundations of Natural Right”, 13 Helvetius, Claude, 166–168 organic model, 13–15 Henning, Leopold von, 7, 53–56 French Revolution 1789, 79, Herder, Gottfried 122–124, 195 “Idea of the Philosophy of History of Humanity”, 15–18 Gans, Eduard, 7, 52–53, 64–70, Hess, Moses, 102, 143, 150–151, 106–107 155–156 Gay, Jules, 102 “European Triarchy”, 151 German Historical School of Law, “Philosophy of the Act”, 151 58–60, 106–107, 117 “Socialism and Communism”, 151 German Historicism, 6, 7, 21, 51–52, 57 higher stage of communism, 199 German Idealism, 117–118 “Conspectus on the book The Holy German Left, 157–160 Family by Marx and Engels”, German Social Democratic Workers 179–180, 184, 186–189 Party, 204 “Critical Marginal Notes on the German Workers Union, 204 Article ‘The King of Prussia and Goethe, W., 10 Social Reform’: By a Prussian”, 192 Gotha Program, 204 “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of governance, 3, 150, 199–201 Right”, 192 Index 243 higher stage of communism Levine, Norman – continued “Marx’s Discourse with Hegel”, 1, democratic revolution, 198 3, 4, 117 Engelsian Leninism, 175 Liberal, 101 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 179–180 Linguet, Simone, 3, 102 four stage revolutionary Locke, John, 96–97, 102 process, 198 lower stage of communism, 199 German philosophy, 192 Ludwig, Feuerbach, 180 Invisibiliy of Marx, 176–179, “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of 192–193 Classical German Philosophy”, 192 “Karl Marx”, 179 “The Housing Question”, 192 historical Materialism, 2, 3 Marxist Leninism, 175 Historicism, 7–8, 53 Marx’s “The Manuscripts”, 179, Hobbes, Thomas, 16, 102–103, 125, 180–181 132, 193 materialism, 183, 189, 191, 197, 211 Hont, Istvan, 174 “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, Hugo, Gustav, 107–108, 117 191 Hume, David, 102 naturalism, 181, 183, 189, 191, 197 “Essays and Treatise on Several “On James Mill”, 192 Subjects”, 26, 36–37 “The Origin of he Family, Private “A History of England”, 26 Property and the State”, 192 “The Leipzig Council”, 36 Paris Commune, 187, 200 utilitarianism, 36 permanent revolution, 196, 197–199 inequality, 127–128 “Philosophical Notebooks”, 180 “Socialism: Utopian and Jacobin Left, 164–168, 173 Scientific”, 192 Jacobin Revolution, 163–164, 195 Socialist revolution, 198 state, 199 Kames, Lord “State and Revolution”, 198, “Historical Law Tracts”, 41 209–211 “Sketches of the History of Man”, 41–43 Mably, Gabriel Bonnet de, 3, 102, 173 Kant, Immanuel Mach, Ernst, 190–191 “Critique of Judgement”, 12 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 35, 91 “Idea of a Universal History with dictatorship, 94 a Cosmopolitan Intent”, 18–20, welfare state, 92–95 117–118 Mandeville, Bernard, 34 organic model, 12–13 Marechal, Sylvan, 150 Marx, Karl labor, 118 Aristotle’s “The Rhetoric”, 119 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 204 Aristotle’s “The Soul”, 120–121 Lenin, Nicolai, 175–178 civic humanist tradition, 119–121 “Anti-Duhring”, 192 civil society, 49–53 civil society, 193–194, “Civil War in France: 1871”, 196–197, 200 170–172, 199–201 communism, 196 commune, 200–201 Lenin’s Black Hole, 192–193 communism, 143, 199–201, 203 Lenin’s Entrapment, 189, 211 “Communism and the Augsburg Levasseur, Rene, 161 Allgemeine Zeitung”, 121–122, 142 244 Index

Marx, Karl – continued “List of Socialist Writers”, 176, 213 “A Contribution to the Critique of Machiavelli, Niccolo, 91 Political Economy”, 26, 176 “The Manuscripts”, 4, 26, 50–51, “Critical Battle against French 143, 176 Materialism”, 43, 184–186 Marx and Hegel, 47–52 “Critical Battle against French Marx and the French Revolution, Revolution”, 186 160–161 “Critical Marginal Notes on the “Marx’s Discourse with Hegel”, Article ‘The King of Prussia and 51, 117 Social Reform’: By a Prussian”, materialism, 43, 186, 202 176, 192 method of social explanation, critique, 49–53 51–53 “Critique of Hegel’s Dialectic and natural law and natural right, Philosophy as a Whole”, 4, 108, 117 43, 181 naturalism, 43, 120, 183, 185, 202 “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of “On James Mill”, 176, 192 Right”, 24, 50, 76, 192 “On The Jewish Question”, 177 “Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of “Outline for a History of the Right: Introduction”, 123–124, State” 176 142–143, 167 Paris Commune 1871, 170–171, 201 “Critique of the Gotha Program”, 205 “Philosophical Manifesto of the Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher, 122 Historical School of Law”, development, 104–105 117–118 “The Dissertation”, 108–116 Plebians and patricians, 94–95 distributive justice, 32 Political economy, 124 division of labor, 172–173 “Private Property and “Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Communism”, 4 Bonaparte”, 201 “Profit of Capital”, 26 Enlightenment Center, 116–117 property, 105–107 Enlightenment Left, 104–125 Rheinische Zeitung, 121 “An Essay on the History of Civil theory of the state, 44 Society”, 21 utilitarianism, 37 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 181–182 “Wages of Labor”, 26 French Revolution 1789, 95, 171, Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe, 4 122–123, 194 Mega (1), 177, 211–213 “General Differences in Principle Mega(2), 177, 211–213 Between the Democritean and master-slave, 129 Epicurean Philosophy of Nature”, materialism, 2, 43–44, 18 108–116 Meek, Roland, 2 “The German Ideology”, 4, 6 Mehring, Franz Gracchi Brothers, 95 “Aus dem Literarischen Nachlass “The Holy Family”, 106 von Karl marx, Friedrich Engels Idealism, 117–119 und Ferdinand Lassalle”, legal positivism, 107–108 176–178 “The Leipzig Council”, 6 Millar, John “Letter to Arnold Ruge 1843”, 122, “An Historical View of the English 142–143 Government”, 25–26 “Letter to His Father 1837”, 57–59, Montesquieu, Charles, Baron de 76, 110–111, 118–119 “Spirit of the Laws”, 37–39 Index 245

Morelly, Abbe de, 3, 102, 173 “A Discourse on Political Economy”, 136–137 natural law, 44, 97–101, 124 “Discourse on the Arts and natural rights, 45–46, 97–101, 124 Sciences”, 130, 138–139 naturalism, 2, 43–44, 169, “Discourse on the Origins of 181–183, 185 Inequality”, 128, 144–145 needs and abilities, 159 distributive justice, 134 Niebuhr, Bartold, 74–80 Enlightenment Center, 125–127 nominalism, 53 Enlightenment Left, 1217–141 Enlightenment Left in France, 142 oligarchies, 90–94 equality, 127–128, 165 organicism, 8–11, 21, 53 government, 135–136 Owen, Robert, 102–103, 168 historical sages, 137–138 homme and citoyen, 174 Paris Commune 1871, 147, 159–160, inequality, 127–128 163–164, 170–171 master-slave, 129 patricians, 94–95 natural man, 126 Pelger, Hans, 6 political economy, 136–137 Plebeians, 94–95 popular sovereingty, 174 Plekhanov, Georgii, 190–191 progress and decline, 129–131 Pocock, John, 174 property, 126, 128 polis, 48, 82–83 psychology, 132–133 political economy, 48–51, 101, social contract, 127 136–137 “The Social Contract”, 174 political theory, 99, 101 species being, 132–133 proletariat, 169–171 state, 133–135 property, 28, 49–50, 106–107, 128 substructure and superstructure, Proudhon, Pierre, 122 138–140 psychology, 102, 168 Roux, Jacques, 102 Ryasanov, David, 4, 177–178 revolution permanent revolution, 195 St. Just, 102 political revolution, 158, 195 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 53, 58–59, social revolution, 158, 168, 195 107–108 rights of nature, 45–46 Scepticism, 114–115 Robertson, William Schultz, C. H., 7, 10–11 “A View of the Progress of Society in Scientific Revolution, 96–103 Europe”, 25 Scottish Enlightenment, 2, 21 Robespierre, Maximilien de, 78, 102, sense perception, 132 124, 143, 147–149, 195 Smith, Adam, 26–32, 102 Jacobin Left, 163–164 distributive justice, 31 Reign of Terror, 164 “Lectures on Jurisprudence”, 26–28 Robespierre as failure, 163–164 natural law, 28 Robespierre as success, 161–163 reciprocal interdependence, 30 Rojahn, Jurgen, 4 “Theory of Moral Sentiments”, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 27–29, 102–103 anthropology, 126, 131–132 utilitarianism, 30 civic humanism, 140–141 “The Wealh of Nations”, 24–25 civil society, 126–127, 133–134 species being, 132–133 246 Index

Spinoza, Benedit, 118 theory and practice, 123 stages, 53 theory of the state, 44 Stalinism, 3 Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, 7, State, 50, 133–136, 201 57–60, 106–107 “smash” the state, 202 “withering away” of state, 202 universal comparative history, 53 Stein, Lorenz von, 142 universal-particular, 53 Steuart, James utilitarianism, 35–36 “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy”, 32–35, 36 Wachsmuth, Wilhelm, 161 Stewart, Dugard, 39–41 Weitling, Wilhelm, 102, 122, 143, “Account of the Life and Writings of 156–157, 167, 169, 173 Adam Smith”, 40 distributive justice, 170 “Lectures on Political Economy”, 40 “Guarantees of Harmony and Stoics, 114–116 Freedom”, 156–157, 167–168 Stuhr, Peter Feddersen, 7, 70–74, 79–80 zoon oikonikon, 94, 140–141, 173–174 Taubert, Inge, 6, 52 zoon politikon, 94, 140–141, 173–174