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Leave, Speak Up, Or Stay 1 Boston Schools Notes Introduction: Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Leave, Speak Up, or Stay 1. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge, 1963). 2. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty (Cambridge, 1969), p. 49. 3. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground (New York, 1986). 4. Ruth Batson, The Black Educational Movement in Boston (Boston, 2001). 1 Boston Schools: The Height of Loyalty and Ethnic Exits (1920–40) 1. Phillip Marson, Breeder of Democracy (Cambridge, 1970). 2. Walter Muir Whitehill, Boston in the Age of John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Norman, Oklahoma, 1966). 3. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York, 1945 edition), 95, 96. 4. David Tyack, George Ticknor and the Boston Brahmins (Cambridge, 1967), 205, 210. 5. Stephen and Paul Kendrick, Sarah’s Long Walk: The Free Blacks of Boston and How Their Struggle for Equality Changed America (Boston, 2004). 6. Samuel Eliot Morison, One Boy’s Boston (Cambridge, 1962), 41. 7. Thomas H. O’Connor, The Boston Irish (Boston, 1995), 188 and Jack Beatty, The Rascal King (Reading, 1992), 42–43, 48. 8. Beatty, The Rascal King, 230. 9. Joseph Dinneen, The Purple Shamrock (New York, 1949), 155. 10. Jonathan Sarna and Ellen Smith, The Jews of Boston (Boston, 1995), 215–216. 11. Theodore White, In Search of History (New York, 1978), 29, 34. 12. Ibid., 29. 13. Nat Hentoff, Boston Boy (New York, 1986), 11. 14. Ibid., 35. 15. Ibid., 34. 16. Ibid. 17. Sumner Redstone, A Passion to Win (New York, 2001), 44. 250 / notes 18. Marson, Breeder of Democracy, 147. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Harvard Alumni Association class of 1897 five-year reports, especially 1927, 1937. 22. Peter Schrag, Village School Downtown (Boston 1967), 51. 23. Marson, Breeder of Democracy, 148 24. Ibid., 174–176. 25. Joseph Gerard Brennan, The Education of a Prejudiced Man (New York, 1977), 16. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., 20–31. 28. Boston School Committee Annual Reports, 1920–35. 29. Richard Norton Smith, The Harvard Century (New York, 1986), 87–89 and Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale and Princeton (Boston, 2005). 30. Boston Latin and High Schools, Tercentenary Report (Boston, 1935). 31. U.S. Census Reports for Boston, 1922 and 1942. 32. The Boston Finance Commission, Report on Certain Phases of the Boston School System (Boston, 1930), 214. 33. Boston Public School Document Number 16, 1952, Report of the Boston School Committee. 34. Tercentenary Report, 345, 360. 35. Ibid. 36. Boston Finance Commission, Report on Certain Phases, 110. 37. Donna Merwick, Boston Priests 1848–1910 (Cambridge, 1959), 140 and Sanders in James W. Fraser, From Common School to Magnet School (Boston, 1979), 60–70. 38. William O’Connell, Recollections of Seventy Years (Boston, 1934), 5–8. 39. Report of the 1930 Survey (Boston: The Finance Commission, 1930). 215 and Robert Lord, Edward Sexton, and Edward Harrington, History of the Archdiocese of Boston (New York, 1944), Volume III, 347. 40. Boston School Committee Annual Reports 1915–40. 41. Thomas H. O’ Connor, South Boston, My Home Town (Boston, 1988). 42. William Foote Whyte, Street Corner Society (Chicago, 1943), xv. 43. Ibid., 54. 44. Ibid., 56. 45. Ibid., 27. 46. Interview with Larry DiCara, June 2002. 47. Patrick Loftus, That Old Gang of Mine (South Boston, 1991), 35. 48. Ibid., 220 and Charles Dickens, American Notes (New York, 2001), 61–68. 49. Loftus, That Old Gang of Mine, 46 and O’Connor, South Boston, 120, 121. 50. Sam Bass Warner, Street Car Suburbs (Cambridge, 1967) and The Way We Really Live: Social Change in Metropolitan Boston Since 1920 (Boston, 1977). 51. Henry A. Yeomans, A. Lawrence Lowell (Cambridge, 1948), 50. 52. Report of the 1930 Survey, 96. 53. Ibid., 215. notes / 251 54. Charles H. Trout, Boston: The Great Depression (New York, 1977), xi 55. Ibid., 228, 241, 250, 279. 56. Beatty, The Rascal King, 199. 57. Ibid., 266. 58. Dinneen, The Purple Shamrock, 322. 59. Trout, Boston, 182. 60. Dinneen, The Purple Shamrock, 251. 61. Beatty, The Rascal King, 486; Trout, Boston, 264. 62. Trout, Boston, 277. 63. David Tyack, Robert Lowe, and Elisabeth Hansot, Public Schools in Hard Times (Cambridge, 1984), 33. 64. Tyack, Public Schools in Hard Times, 150, 166. 65. Boston School Committee Annual Reports 1930s. 66. Hillel Levine and Lawrence Harmon, The Death of an American Jewish Community (New York, 1992). 67. Gerald H. Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Irish Stayed (Cambridge, 1999). 68. Ibid., 195. 69. Ibid., 206. 70. Ibid., 211. 71. Glazer and Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot, 30, 31. 72. Stephan Thernstrom, The Other Bostonians (Cambridge, 1973), 173. 73. See Robert C. Hayden, African Americans in Boston (Boston, 1991) and Mark Schneider, Boston Confronts Jim Crow (Boston, 1997), 351–372. 74. Trout, Boston, 264 and Hayden, African Americans in Boston, 25. 75. Lord et al., History of the Archdiocese of Boston, Volume III, 39. 2 Boston Teachers Express Their Voices (1920–65) 1. James W. Fraser, “Agents of Democracy,” in Donald Warren, editor, American Teachers: History of a Profession at Work (New York, 1989), 128–143. 2. Richard Freeland, Academia’s Golden Age (New York, 1992). 3. Sam Barnes in James W. Fraser, From Common School to Magnet School (Boston, 1979), 100. 4. Michael Sedlak, “Let Us Go Buy a School Master,” in Warren, American Teachers, 272. 5. Marjorie Murphey, Blackboard Unions (Ithaca, 1992), 34, 45 and Nancy Hoffman, Woman’s True Profession (Westbury, NY, 1981). 6. James W. Fraser, “Mayor John F. Fitzgerald and Boston’s Schools, 1905–1913,” Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. XII, June 1984, 2. 7. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 227–233. The 1993 Bigelow Society Genealogy lists twenty Cora Bigelows, clearly a favorite family name. The first Bigelow arrived in the 1630s, and had 33,000 descendants. 8. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 53. 9. The Boston Teachers Newsletter, June 1918. 10. Sarah Deutch, Women and the City (New York, 2000). 11. Richard Brown and Jack Tager, Massachusetts: A Concise History (Amherst, 2001), 256. 252 / notes 12. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 84. 13. Ibid., 198–207. 14. Ibid., 54. 15. John Dewey, The School in Society, 1899 excerpted in James W. Fraser, The School in the United States (Boston, 2001). Also see also Raymond Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago, 1962). 16. Ella Flagg Young quoted in Fraser, The School, 194. 17. Margaret Haley, quoted in Fraser, ibid., 190, 191. 18. Cora Bigelow in Fraser, ibid., 197. 19. Ibid., 197. 20. Ibid., 198. 21. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 188. 22. Boston School Committee Annual Report 1930. 23. Brown and Tager, Massachusetts, 246. 24. Boston Finance Commission, Report of the Committee to Investigate the Methods of Administration of the Boston Schools (Boston, 1931), 14, 15. 25. Brown and Tager, Massachusetts, 247. 26. Interview with Larry DiCara, former Boston city council president, quoting his mother Concetta employed in the 1930s as a music teacher. 27. The Boston Globe series from December 11, 1935 to January 2, 1936. 28. Lawrence W. O’Connell, “The Reform Group in Central City School Politics: The Boston Experience 1960–65,” unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, June 1968, 67, 68. 29. The Boston Globe, January 5, 1936. 30. Boston School Committee Proceedings 1936, 2, and reported in O’Connell, “The Reform Group in Central City School Politics,” 71. 31. Ibid. 32. Phillip Marson, A Teacher Speaks (New York, 1960), 131. 33. L. O’Connell, “The Reform Group in Central City School Politics,” 103–104. 34. George D. Strayer, “Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of Boston, Massachusetts.” (Boston, 1944), 76. 35. Ibid., 138–139. 36. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 146. 37. Ibid., 155. 38. Ibid., 223–224. 39. Ibid., 64. 40. Ibid., 60 and John A. Farrell, Tip O’Neil and the Democratic Century (Boston, 1999), 102, 114. 41. Boston Traveler, December 8 and 9, 1923, 10. 42. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 224. 43. L. O’Connell, “The Reform Group in Central City School Politics,” 84. 44. Ibid., 88. 45. Boston Teachers Alliance Bulletin, October 1949. 46. L. O’Connell, “The Reform Group in Central City School Politics,” 89. 47. Murphey, Blackboard Unions, 34. 48. Martha E. O’Neil, unpublished memoir of a retired Boston teacher, files of James W. Fraser, Northeastern University, 40. 49. Myron Lieberman, The Future of Public Education (Chicago, 1960), VIII. notes / 253 50. Alan Rosenthal, “Pedagogues and Power,” in Marilyn Gittell, editor, Educating an Urban Population (Beverly Hills, 1967), 204. 3 School Reform Postponed (1940–62) 1. Strayer, “Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of Boston,” 249. 2. Ibid., 425, 432, 489, 763. 3. Ibid., 76. 4. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Vital Statistics, Live Births, Marriages by City and Town, 1940, on file, Boston Public Library. 5. Boston City Health Reports, Annual City Reports for 1920, 1930, 1940, and 1945, Boston Public Library. 6. Brown and Tager, Massachusetts, 277. 7. Ibid., 90. 8. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier (New York, 1985), 190–211, 293–295. 9. O’Connor, Building a New Boston: Politics and Urban Renewal 1950–1970 (Boston, 1993), 123. 10. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 302. 11. Strayer, “Report of a Survey of the Public Schools of Boston,” 439. 12. Ibid., 416. 13. Ibid., 506–07. 14. Memo to the School Committee on the Strayer Survey, copy in the Boston Public School Administration Library, Dorchester, Massachusetts. 15. Letter of Alexander Sullivan, March 1945 in Boston Public School Administration Library. 16. Boston School Committee Report, February 1945. 17. O’Connor, Building a New Boston, 126. 18. Beatty, The Rascal King, 186. 19. Ibid., 188. 20. Howard Bryant, Shutout: A Story of Race and Baseball in Boston (New York, 2002). 21. O’ Connor, The Boston Irish (Boston, 1995), 221.
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