In Brief Integrative Medicine & Complementary / From Research to Practice

People with diabetes require multiple interventions to reach their glycemic goals. Energy therapies have been a useful aid in improving health and well- being. Clinical interventions involve energy exchange in some form. This arti- cle focuses on energy therapies that involve the presence of a therapist, whether local or long distance, to support and aid in the healing process. The literature on diabetes and healing therapies is sparse, but there is potential for energy therapy to assist individuals with diabetes in reaching goals for normo- glycemia and high quality of life.

Energy Therapies and Diabetes Mellitus

Energy is all around us, within us, these questions are pending. But before interacting internally and externally. reviewing the available research, let us The influence of disease on body ener- first summarize the theories related to Diana W. Guthrie, PhD, FAAN, gy fields and the influence of body the field of energy therapy. CDE, and Maureen Gamble, BSN, energy fields on disease are areas just MA, CHTP/I, CCAP, RM being explored in Western medicine. Theories of Energy Western allopathic medicine has typi- The concept that living matter is com- cally focused on illness, whereas ener- posed of energy fields is not new. getic healing focuses on the connec- Most Eastern philosophies and sys- tion of mind, body, and spirit. Energy tems of medicine are based on these medicine may be useful as a comple- ideas.1 mentary therapy and adjunct to stan- Western science and medicine, how- dard allopathic medical approaches. ever, is firmly rooted in Newtonian The influence of elevated or below- theory.2 Newton viewed the body as a normal blood glucose on perceived or machine composed of levers and pul- available energy is easy to surmise. leys, wherein every action had an equal Diabetes is a systemic condition that but opposite reaction. In Newtonian influences all body systems. A wide theory, matter is thought to physically range of symptoms, from lowered affect other matter in this way. cognitive function to irritability, However, many common experi- depression, and lethargy are all indi- ences do not seem to be governed by cations of altered energy responses. this mechanistic concept. Some objects Energy medicine is any interperson- seem to have an effect on other objects al, nonpharmacological intervention without even touching them. The that brings about changes in heat, newer science of quantum physics sup- cold, congestion, circulation, or senso- ports the idea of energy fields and ry processes. It may or may not what can be called the mind-body- involve the felt perceptions of the indi- spirit connection. Physicists today vidual client. The presence and/or describe a concept of “non-local reali- hands of the therapist initiate an alter- ty” that may explain distance healing. ation in heat, cold, or congestion and For example, Targ and Katra3 as well act in altering the client’s experience as Dossey4 in their books talk about of pain or other ailments that might distance healing as “non-local heal- deal with circulation. ing.” Byrd’s classic study5 relates the Do energy or healing therapies, such positive effects of intercessory prayer as Therapeutic Touch (TT), Reiki, offered not at a patient’s bedside, but massage, and acupuncture, have a from various locations. place in diabetes management? Can Observations of phenomena like energy therapies aid in restoring bal- these have given rise to a new concept ance, health, and normalized blood of energy fields that surround certain glucose levels? Definitive answers to types of materials. To illustrate this 149 concept, one could take a bar-shaped Others theorize that there may not chakras: the root (base of the spine), magnet, cover it with a piece of paper, always be a direct cause and effect or the sacral (over the genital area), the and then sprinkle fine metallic dust on that the interaction of energy forces solar plexus (upper abdomen), the the paper. Some “invisible” force and systems may be a manifestation heart, the throat, the “third eye” or would organize the dust into bowed of chaos theory. pituitary (middle of the forehead), and lines connecting the two ends at the Another concept of central impor- the crown or pineal (top of the head). poles of the magnet. Although the tance to energy therapies is the “code These same areas are each represented magnetic field could not be seen, its of the heart.” Electrical energy, deliv- by a specific color, from red (root presence could be detected and mea- ered through the nervous system, is chakra) to white or lavender (crown sured by its effect on the metallic dust. needed to keep the heart functioning. chakra), and by a single musical note Another, more common example is In his book The Heart’s Code,6 on the scale.9 the recognition of radio waves. One Pearsall discusses the amount of ener- Electromagnetic frequency mea- can tune into a local radio station and gy released and needed by the heart. If surements recorded at each chakra hear voices from all over the world. this energy is not present or blocked, vary in oscillations from 100 to 1,600 Thus, the concept of invisible force a myocardial infarction occurs. Often, cycles per second (each chakra func- fields has been added to classical people with cardiovascular disease, tions within a certain frequency range) physics theory. just as people with high blood glucose in a physically, mentally, and spiritual- Around the beginning of the 20th levels, are said to feel tired all of the ly healthy person.10 In an extremely ill century, a now-famous patent clerk time. Tiredness may indicate that person, there may be little oscillation provided a new way of perceiving the energy levels are lowered or depleted. detected at one or more of the chakra universe. Einstein stated that all mat- sites. The third chakra should hold the ter, energy, time, and space are relative Energy Systems most interest for people with diabetes to each other. His elegant formula, Our energy system is composed of our because it includes the area in which e=mc2, shows not only that energy can respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, the pancreas is found. be derived from matter, but also that nervous, reproductive, digestive, mus- The “aura,” defined as energy radi- matter is just very slow-moving energy. culoskeletal, lymphatic, and immune ating from the body, is a multi-layered Einstein also demonstrated that systems. Many other (non-Western) field found around the body. Dr. these elements were inextricably relat- systems of medicine view these systems Valerie Hunt, a respected neurophysi- ed to the observer. Because one has to as expressions of a life force energy ologist, has studied these fields over observe any change of time, space, or known as “chi,” or “Qi” (Chinese), many years at the University of matter through the senses, the observ- “ki” (Japanese), or “prana” (Hindu). California at Los Angeles. Aura layers er’s perspective is always part of any In traditional Eastern medicine sys- can contract or expand, change color, observation. This hypothesis is often tems, meridians are the energy path- and resonate with various types of referred to as the “experimenter ways or transportation systems that music or other influences depending effect”: any experiment is affected by connect and integrate the whole body. on the individual’s response and the the perceptions, limitations, attitudes, The points along the meridian are surrounding environment. For exam- expectations, and intentions of the thought to be reservoirs of energy, ple, in an environment that is per- experimenter. This new view offered from subtle (low) to heat (high) ener- ceived as stressful, the auric fields are some explanation for the vast differ- gy sources. The acupuncture points on known to diminish, whereas in a lov- ences noted between observers trained the skin are the surface representa- ing atmosphere, these fields have actu- in Western science and medicine and tions for the full energy system, and ally been photographed expanding.11 those steeped in Eastern traditions. associated meridians are found deep Einstein’s theories changed the inside the body. There are 12 major Healing Therapies world and our way of understanding meridians that connect to the skin sur- A meta-analysis of healing as a thera- it, and other scientists then delved fur- face in 12 locations. These represent py for disease found 59 randomized ther into the subatomic definition of 12 organs or systems of the body. clinical trials comparing healing with matter and energy. A group of these In research using radioisotopes traditional practices in a variety of theoretical physicists began studying injected into acupuncture points,7 the diseases. Forty-eight percent of the the effects of the smallest building extremely small ductile tubules of the completed trials reported a significant blocks of our atomic world—the body were found to follow the previ- effect of healing in comparison to quanta of single photons or packets of ously described meridian pathways. controls. Some of the other studies energy. These quantum physicists pro- The use of infrared photography has had small sample sizes or were not vided new insight into the interaction also shown the existence of these reported adequately. Because of these of fields at the lowest level of the ener- pathways.8 One can alter responses problems and others, the conclusion gy spectrum. along these meridians through the use reached by Abbot12 was that no firm There have been many interpreta- of acupuncture and acupressure, or by statements could be made as to tions of reality at the quantum level.1 tapping, exercising, stretching, or whether healing should be recognized Most interpreters agree that the physi- massaging the meridians. as a therapy. In the analysis, the skew- cal world is being constructed “Chakras” are found on the major ing of the statistics toward the thera- moment by moment through an inter- meridians and act as energy stations. peutic process gives encouragement action of energy forces and systems, The word “chakra” means disc- that might lead to solid evidence if including our own, that frame and shaped or circular (such as a wheel) adequate power and proper condi- guide the physical world we all share. and describes vortexes or centers for tions are designed into future studies. Some quantum theorists describe this major energy exchange with the envi- The use of alternative practices has interaction as defined and sequential. ronment. There are seven noted been discussed in the literature a num- 150 Diabetes Spectrum Volume 14, Number 3, 2001 ber of times, especially with the now Reiki (Table 1). TT is a scientifically the “universal life force” to facilitate Integrative Medicine & Complementary / From Research to Practice classic 1990 and 1998 articles of based nursing intervention that has healing. Eisenberg et al.13,14 Another report15 been used for more than 25 years to Unlike some of the other energy notes that an increasing number of support and comfort patients. Some practices that were developed within alternative health care practices are of the immediate benefits of TT are a the twentieth century medical commu- being carried out in traditional med- strong relaxation response and reduc- nity, Reiki retains a more spiritual fla- ical centers. In fact, the University of tions in stress and pain.18 TT has been vor and focuses on the development Michigan has received a research documented to manage pain, promote of the practitioner, rather than the grant from the National Institutes of sleep and rest, and relieve anxiety in a condition of the patient. Nervous sys- Health National Center for variety of settings, patients, and dis- tem tissue and other specific types of Complementary and Alternative ease states.19 cells may be more responsive to the Medicine (NIH NCCAM) to study a HT, a program to develop the somewhat higher (crown chakra) fre- number of issues, including the use of knowledgeable practice of energy- quencies of Reiki, in contrast to the Reiki in the treatment of neuropathic based skills, incorporates a variety of moderate and lower frequencies typi- pain. techniques including TT to promote cally used during TT or HT tech- Health care providers are rarely energetic balance and healing. Many niques. A proposal from the educated in the healing practices of of the individual therapeutic modali- University of Michigan that has been TT, Healing Touch (HT), or Reiki. ties included in HT were developed by accepted for funding by NCCAM Studies support the ability of such Western medical practitioners, where- includes research on Reiki as a treat- therapies to reduce stress levels, with as some have their roots in Eastern ment option for neuropathy. the potential to lower blood glucose and Native American philosophies.20 The use of Reiki or other energy levels16 and, in some studies, reduce A strong evidence-based approach has practices can be documented through the length of hospital stay.17 The NIH fostered the growth of HT in the nurs- sensitive instrumentation as noted in NCCAM and the Commission on ing and medical communities, and the following circumstances. Chang et Alternative Practices recognizes that research on the benefits of HT is al.22 reported an animal study using continuing research is needed and is expanding as evidenced by the length- electroacupuncture (an electric current funding centers and projects in line ening list of studies being encouraged applied to the end of an acupuncture with the more recent positive findings and collected by Healing Touch placed needle). Radioimmunoassay and in relation to past research that International.20 was used to determine the plasma was flawed by design or sampling Reiki (pronounced ray-kee) is an concentrations of insulin, glucagon, methodologies. (A list of currently Eastern form of natural healing that and beta-endorphin. It was noted that funded research sites can be found in may have been practiced by Buddhist there was no change in glucagon lev- Table 1 of the Preface to this From monks as many as 2,500 years ago.21 els, but there was an alteration in Research to Practice section [p. 129].) The name is Japanese, derived from beta-endorphin levels noted by two characters—“rei,” which means reduced plasma glucose concentra- Energy-Based Therapies universal, and “ki,” which means life tions through an indirect mechanism Among the most popular and preva- force or energy. Thus, Reiki is a in relation to insulin availability, but lent energy therapies are TT, HT, and modality in which practitioners access just in animals that had type 2 dia- betes (no effect was seen in the type 1 Table 1. Definition of Terms diabetic animals regardless of whether the diabetes was genetic or induced).22 Therapy* Definition Massage Therapy Massage Manipulation of body tissues to bring about increased More than 1,000 years ago, diabetes circulation, relaxation, and energy. was treated in various societies with Acupressure The stimulation of various points or meridians with the use of relaxation, massage, opium, and finger pressure. moderate exercise, as well as dietary Acupuncture The stimulation of various points or meridians with the use of alterations.23 Massage has continued needles. to be found useful, both for lowering Colored light The use of various frequencies of light to bring about a blood glucose levels24 and for putting therapeutic response. patients at ease.23 One might say that Healing Touch A program to develop the knowledge and professional practice massage therapy seeks to balance the of energy-based therapies. energy of the person. Shiatsu is a Magnetic A therapeutic approach using polarized energy that results in type of massage that works on the increased blood flow from ionic currents. energetic pathways or acupuncture points and has been described in Microwave The use of nonvisible frequencies that result in cellular changes. Traditional Chinese medicine as a Resonance useful tool to balance the body’s Reiki An ancient form of natural healing through the interaction with energy responses. a universal energy. Massage has also been used to alter Therapeutic A nursing-based technique for aiding relaxation and healing the perception of pain. In one study, Touch through the use of the hands (modulation of energy). Rusy and Weisman25 noted that chil- dren experienced less pain when given *Note: These are but a few of the therapies that may have potential therapeutic value to people with diabetes. a method of treatment involving mas- sage combined with education, relax- 151 ation training, hypnosis through guid- tests and the HbA1c were statistically treatment was not beneficial in acute ed imagery, biofeedback, or acupunc- unchanged. Researchers also found fracture repair.38 More recent studies ture. The authors described these that in individuals who had elevated reveal that such treatment does interventions as complementary to blood glucose levels as measured by appear to enhance the fracture 39 pharmacological pain management. In HbA1c, there was a greater chance of healing and is useful in the treatment another study, massage therapy was infection at the placement sites for the of arthritic conditions such as described as useful for “facilitating acupuncture needles.33 osteoarthritis.40 Static magnetic fields growth, reducing pain, increasing with locally applied magnets are used, alertness, diminishing depression, and Other Energy Therapies for example, in arthritis,41 fractures,42 enhancing immune function.”26 Light Microwave Resonance Therapy neuropathy (i.e., Charcot’s joint),43 massage has also been combined with (MRT), a combination of Traditional and back pain.44 Vallbona found them aromatherapy for treating chronic Chinese medicine and biophysics, has useful in a study involving post-polio pain, with positive results.27 Styles been found useful in surgery, trauma, patients.45 proposed that this valuable skill be cardiovascular problems, and certain In contrast to these beneficial uses, used in hospitals to put patients in a skin conditions, and there is a poten- there have also been concerns about condition conducive to healing.28 For tial that this list of uses will continue magnetic fields related to high-tension more information on this topic, look to grow. This type of intervention power lines, including reports of a for an article by Ezzo and associates, appears to aid in the balance of the higher incidence of childhood malig- which is scheduled to be published in energy processes in the body and nancies46,47 and changes in neu- the second half of this From Research improvement of health,34 with recog- ropolypeptide levels of the brain.48 to Practice section (Diabetes Spectrum nized precautions against its use in Precautions for magnetic therapy 19(4), 2001). people who are pregnant or who have include keeping magnets or electro- an operable abdominal situation such magnetic sources at least 6 inches Acupuncture as bile duct obstruction. In addition to away from pacemakers, not storing Acupuncture has been documented normalizing blood glucose levels, it is magnets together, and not using mag- (see Covington’s article on Traditional these authors’ opinion that therapies netic therapy while in surgery or dur- Chinese medicine, p. 154) to change such as MRT might be useful in alter- ing pregnancy. It is important not to the electrical flow in the body through ing the physiological imbalances that use magnetic therapy on the body meridians and may be measured by have occurred because of patients’ continuously for more than 8–10 electrical impedance. Acupressure, hyperglycemic status. hours. Certain strengths of magnetic which uses the same acupuncture Colored light therapy is another currents could interfere with the func- points, influences the same meridians intervention that, along with acupunc- tioning of insulin infusion pumps. through the use of manual or finger ture, may be useful in balancing the pressure rather than needles. Studies body’s energy field. Like acupuncture, Conclusion strongly supported the hypothesis that the use of color and light therapy has It is the opinion of the authors that this type of therapy can influence the a history dating from the early the potential for the use of energy- cardiovascular system by bringing Egyptian civilizations. More recently, based therapies in diabetes is great. about changes in systolic arterial pres- light therapy has been shown to have At present, these therapies have few sure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean a positive effect on seasonal affective known side effects and many potential arterial pressure, heart rate, and skin disorders. The potential uses of light benefits. However, as with all blood flow.29–31 for relaxation, stimulation, heat, treat- unproved therapies, they should be In a review article, Sims addressed ment (i.e., jaundiced babies), or other approached with caution. For exam- the neural (pertaining to nerve cells possible outcomes need to be studied ple, practitioners and patients consid- and their processes), humoral (per- further.35 ering the use of acupuncture for relief taining to lymph and blood), and bio- Magnetic field therapy appears to of painful diabetic neuropathy must magnetic (pertaining to the influence be becoming more popular, but it has consider the increased risk of of magnetic energy on the human not been consistently documented to acupuncture needle site infection with body) mechanisms that “may con- be effective.36 Magnetic field therapy high blood glucose levels.30 tribute to the production of acupunc- involves a variety of practices ranging Massage, TT, HT, Reiki, and other ture analgesia.”32 Analgesia is useful from wearing magnetic insoles to types of relaxation therapies, when for people who experience various using biomagnetic therapy (the influ- used in individuals with diabetes, types of painful neuropathy. It has the ence of magnetic energy on the body) should be accompanied by appropri- potential to improve the quality of life to electromagnetic therapy (magnet- ate blood glucose monitoring and for individuals with polyneuropathy. ism induced by an electrical current). with alterations in diabetes treatment This might be specifically helpful for Electromagnetic fields include gamma medication(s) when blood glucose lev- the person with dermatological rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and infrared els become lower as pain and discom- polyneuropathy.19 rays, microwaves, and radio waves.37 fort decrease. Catecholamines such as Another study demonstrated that Research is lacking in humans, but epinephrine and norepinephrine, 77% (33 subjects) of subjects had reports on animal studies are more when released by the body in response improvement of their symptoms, numerous. Pulsed electromagnetic to the use of an energy therapy, while 21% (7 subjects) noted their fields (i.e., intermittent electrically increase lipolysis and thermogenesis, symptoms to be completely gone after induced magnetic action) applied resulting in increasing energy expendi- using acupuncture. Although the externally have been used to treat ture and potential for weight change. symptoms diminished or were absent nonhealing fractures in animals, but Clearly, more studies are needed to by the end of the study, neurological this 1995 study suggested that such specifically address the effects of these 152 Diabetes Spectrum Volume 14, Number 3, 2001 various energy therapies on various understanding of unitary human be-ness. Coop shock-waves on the healing of fractured bone. Integrative Medicine & Complementary / From Research to Practice diabetic populations. Initial research Connect 12:1–4 1991 Clin Biomech 10:374-378, 1995 findings and a long history of use in 19Sierpina VS: Integrative Health Care: 39Hannouche D, Petite H, Sedel L: Current other cultures indicate some measure Complementary and Alternative Therapies for trends in the enhancement of fracture healing. J of safety and promise that energetic the Whole Person. Philadelphia, Pa., F.A. Davis, Bone Joint Surg 83:157-164, 2001 2001, p. 209 approaches may offer the potential for 40Trock DH, Bollet AJ, Markoll R: The effect of improved healing and for attaining 20Healing Touch International. Online. pulsed electromagnetic fields in the treatment of and maintaining a regimen that leads Available: www.healingtouch.net osteoarthritis of the knee and cervical spine. Report of randomized, double blind, placebo 21 to improved methods and support of Barnett L, Chambers M, Davidson S: Reiki controlled trials. J Rheumatol 21:1903-1911, glycemic control. 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