Vol. XXIX, No. 1 March 2012 “…and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” ABRAHAM LINCOLN

FOUNDED BY THE VETERANS OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE

ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism Uncovering Atrocities, Bringing the Military to Justice: Honor the Activists!

Fredy Peccerelli

This year’s Human Rights Award goes to Fredy Peccerelli, Director of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation, and Kate Doyle, Senior Analyst of U.S. policy at the National Security Archives. Their work led to the prosecution of military generals and dictator Ríos Montt. Photos are from the film “Granito: How to Nail Kate Doyle a Dictator” by Skylight Pictures. See page 3.

Teaching Human Rights, page 5 | Savage Coast, page 6 | San Pedro de Cardeña, page 10 Dear Editors, In the December issue, in an article on “Nick” Carter, the writer Judge Baltasar Garzón Disbarred makes what seems to me some shame- ful and unwarranted remarks. He says Despite International Protests Carter’s death fighting in the British On February 9, as The Volunteerwent to press, Judge Baltasar Garzón, the win- International Brigade was “especially ner of the 2011 ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism, was sentenced tragic because of what he might have by the Spanish Supreme Court to an 11-year disbarment. This decision, which become.” He then says Carter’s decision cannot be appealed before the Supreme Court, effectively ends his career and has to enlist in the brigade was “clearly the sparked outrage worldwide. It is widely thought that the judge is the victim of a worst decision of his young life.” politically motivated persecution—motivated in part by his decision to investi- The deaths of all those who joined gate Francoist crimes. Judicial experts, human-rights activists, and public opinion the Internationals to fight fascism were leaders worldwide—including the New York Times—had called for an acquittal. equally heroic. No exceptions! All, not His conviction strikes a blow against judicial independence and the global fight some, were “might have becomes.” against impunity—but also casts serious doubts on the credibility of the Spanish Carter was no special case…. judiciary. Garzón’s defense has said they will appeal the decision before Spain’s Nick Carter’s motives behind his Constitutional Court and, if need be, the European Court of Human Rights. decision to risk his life fighting fas- cism …cannot be attributed to a case For all the latest news on Garzón’s fate and the of “bad judgment,” and that at a dis- struggle for human rights in Spain and elsewhere, tance of 70 years! In that light the read ALBA’s blog at albavolunteer.org. Forensic anthropologists, led by ALBA/Puffin Human Rights Award winner Fredy Peccerelli. The team is exhuming mass graves and motives of all those who died might be gathering evidence to indict dictator Ríos Montt. The photo is from the film “Granito: How to Nail a Dictator” by Skylight Pictures. questioned. And equally reprehensible is a uffin ward uman ights ctivism kind of creeping anti-communism in ALBA/P A for H R A remarks such as, “his [Carter’s] under- Perhaps I should correct the man- Uncovering Atrocities, Bringing the Military to Justice: standing grew without any evidence of ner in which I phrased it above: No The Volunteer Communist Party dogma.” Communists one who died for the Republic in Spain founded by the Honor the Activists! in all the International Brigades were the was a “might have become.” All were as Veterans of the backbone of their commitment to fight, great in their deaths there as they could By Sebastiaan Faber and if necessary, to die fighting fascism. have become later if they had survived. Abraham Lincoln Brigade Nick’s life was ennobled by his decision That is their triumph! an ALBA publication wo winners share the honors of Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism, mass graves of victims of Guatemala’s to join with thousands of others in that Pete Gourfain 799 Broadway, Suite 341 this year’s ALBA/Puffin Award for one of the largest human rights awards in civil war. great struggle. Brooklyn, NY New York, NY 10003 THuman Rights Activism, splitting the world, is given jointly by ALBA and Doyle and Peccerelli were both (212) 674-5398 $100,000 to continue their fight for justice the Puffin Foundation, which provides an recently featured in the award-winning www.alba-valb.org in Latin America. endowed fund exclusively for this annual documentary Granito, produced and Both Fredy Peccerelli, Executive honor. directed by Pam Yates and Paco de Onís, Editorial Board Director of the Guatemalan Forensic Kate Doyle, a dogged and creative which narrates their involvement in the Peter N. Carroll • Gina Herrmann Anthropology Foundation, and Kate researcher-activist, has spent twenty years effort to indict former Guatemalan dicta- The Future of ALBA Fraser Ottanelli • Sebastiaan Faber Doyle, Senior Analyst of U.S. policy in working tirelessly with Latin American tor Efraín Ríos Montt for crimes against Latin America at the National Security human rights organizations and truth humanity. “During their extensive Planning for your will and your legacy? The Veterans of the Art Director-Graphic Designer Richard Bermack Archive, have shown tenacity, courage, commissions—in Mexico, Guatemala, careers, both have amassed impressive Abraham Lincoln Brigade established their legacy with the care, and acuity in vindicating victims of El Salvador and Honduras—advocating records of human rights advocacy,” said Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives. Now you can continue their Editorial Assistance government violence and pursuing the for the declassification of U.S. govern- Marina Garde, ALBA’s executive direc- “good fight” by establishing a legacy gift to ALBA in your will. As Nancy Van Zwalenburg perpetrators of criminal activity. ment archives in support of their criminal tor, who administered the nomination a non-profit educational organization, 501(c)(3), ALBA can accept Submission of Manuscripts The awards will be presented at investigations. process. ALBA’s annual event on May 13, at Fredy Peccerelli, a brave and inno- In 1994, Doyle co-authored the legacy gifts in any amount, large or small. Please help us continue Please send manuscripts by email or on disk. Museum of the City of New York, starting vative forensic anthropologist, has made report of the Washington Task Force on to expand our horizons, and your beliefs, and help us to teach the Email: [email protected] Lincoln Brigade’s legacy to the next generation and beyond. at 4:30 p.m. crucial contributions to the first-ever con- Salvadoran Death Squads, produced for www.albavolunteer.org The three-person award committee viction of Guatemalan military forces the United Nations-appointed Grupo For more information, call us at 212-674-5398 or email selected the two awardees from among for crimes against humanity. As found- Conjunto, which examined the resurgence [email protected]. more than forty nominations. The ALBA/ ing director of the Guatemalan Forensic of death squads in El Salvador after the Anthropology Foundation (FAFG), signing of the peace accords. She published Sebastiaan Faber is chair of ALBA’s Board Peccerelli leads a team that, over the past the Guatemalan death squad dossier in of Governors. fifteen years, has exhumed hundreds of Harper’s Magazine. She also edited two ALBA Annual Celebrations Lincoln Brigade and Human Rights New York May 13 | Bay Area May 27 | www.alba-valb.org 2 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 3 a unique range of functions: investigative journalism center, research institute on international affairs, library and archive of declassified U.S. documents, leading non-profit user of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act, public interest law firm defending and expanding public access to government information, global advo- cate of open government, and indexer and publisher of former secrets. The NSA is housed at George Washington University. The Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation (www.fafg. org) is an autonomous, non-profit, tech- nical and scientific NGO. Its aim is to strengthen the administration of justice Archivos Históricos de la Policia Nacional investigative team, of which Kate Doyle is and respect for human rights by investi- part (above). Kate Doyle with colleagues (below). All photos are from “Granito: How gating, documenting, and raising to Nail a Dictator” by Skylight Pictures. awareness about past instances of human rights violations, par- collections of National Security Archive’s ticularly unresolved declassified record—Death Squads, murders, that occurred Guerrilla War, Covert Operations, and during Guatemala’s Genocide: Guatemala and the United 30-year-long civil war. States, 1954-1999 and El Salvador: War, Its main tool in pursu- Peace and Human Rights, 1980-1994. ing this goal is the In 2002, Doyle appeared as an expert application of forensic witness in the trial of senior military anthropology tech- officers in Guatemala for the assassina- niques in exhumations

Photos by Lisa Oppenheim tion of Myrna Mack. Doyle also works of clandestine mass with citizens’ groups throughout the graves. Its endeavors region on their campaigns for govern- in this regard allow the ment transparency, accountability, and encouragement to individuals or groups relatives of the disappeared to recuperate Teaching Human Rights freedom of information, and she has whose work has an exceptionally pos- the remains of their missing family written about the right to information itive impact on the advancement and/ members and to proceed with burials in and the Spanish Civil War in Latin America and the United States. or defense of human rights,” said Puffin accordance with their beliefs and enable By Peter N. Carroll Peccerelli brings the scientific tools Foundation President Perry Rosenstein. criminal prosecutions to be brought teacher expressed much greater con- we’ll announce other sites for teaching of forensic medicine to the task of human “They are intended to help educate stu- against the perpetrators. s we begin the fifth year of ALBA’s fidence, saying “very likely” he’d be opportunities following the success in rights. Among his achievements has dents and the general public teaching programs for high school teaching it soon. “The revisionist con- 2011 in New York City; Bergen County, been the identification of specific vic- about the importance of defend- Ainstructors, we are detecting cept that World War II began with the New Jersey; and Chicago. Other semi- tims of Guatemalan genocide, gathering ing human rights against positive patterns in the anonymous evalu- Spanish Civil War is particularly compel- nars have been held in Tampa, Florida, evidence for use in court and providing arbitrary powers that violate ations each teacher is asked to complete at ling and provocative,” he wrote, “and I and Alameda County, California. Veteran closure to family members. He also cre- democratic principles.” the end of the program. plan to incorporate it into my teaching.” teachers not only introduce young people ated a national DNA database of those The ALBA/Puffin Award Last December in Chicago, for exam- He was one of nearly twenty teachers in to the subject, but often go on to teach it who lost loved ones. His own family was is part of a program connect- ple, a male world history teacher indicated the Chicago public schools who rated the for years to come. forced to flee Guatemala for the Bronx ing the inspiring legacy of the that he had begun the session with slight ALBA program “Excellent.” Like the students they teach, U.S. after his father received death threats International Brigades to inter- familiarity with the Spanish Civil War We hear that type of response fre- high school teachers of social studies and when Fredy was twelve. Internationally national activist causes today. and admitted he would have been “very quently, and this year ALBA expects to Spanish seldom have an understand- renowned, Peccerelli has also led inves- The first annual award was uncomfortable” if asked to teach it. After expand the project into additional dis- ing of the Spanish Civil War as a run-up tigations of mass graves in the former granted to the Spanish Judge six hours in our seminar, which included tricts around the country. In January, the to World War II. Few have ever heard Yugoslavia. Peccerelli was named by Baltasar Garzón in May 2011. reading documents scanned from the Ohio Humanities Council awarded ALBA about the U.S. volunteers who formed the Time Magazine and CNN as one of the The National Security Archive Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives in a matching grant of $14,000 for a week- Lincoln Brigade or know that they fought fifty Latin American Leaders for the New (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/) the Tamiment Library at NYU, the same long teaching institute at Oberlin College in a racially integrated army over a decade Millennium. was founded in 1985 by journal- that will accommodate twenty Ohio before President Harry Truman ordered “These awards are designed to ists and scholars to check rising Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation Peter N. Carroll chairs ALBA’s committee teachers of Spanish, English and social the desegregation of the U.S. Army. The give public recognition, support, and government secrecy. It combines team at La Verbena Exhumation on teaching. studies. During the coming months, Continued on page 12

4 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 5 hey were speaking with difficulty, as shouting to women leaning from Helen’s face flared. “I want to go if they had been drinking for a long windows. back,” she insisted. “I want to tell Hans.” Ttime. As they paid for the food, lit- Helen looked at her hand. On it was “Yes,” said Peter. “This is all right.” tle coins rolled and fell, and they slapped printed, in a violent after-image, the bul- “Now I’d like to get to Barcelona,” their hands on the money drunkenly to lethole and glassy light. Helen pushed out. “This is what it meant. keep it still. They were surprised at the But the crowd was backing, to clear I’d like to see a city like that,” shifting darkness in the dim room, the the street. A car cruised down and guns “It’s not like France, is it, Peter? You immense rolling distance from the table stood out from every window. know,” said Olive, abruptly, “it’s the first The to the door, the faces (like weird fish shin- The man in the road raised his time this has seemed at all real to me. It’s ing deepseas down) of the girls. clenched fist. the only thing I’ve felt, really—except for In the street, the elastic waves of sun- He wore a red band around his arm. that moment when they shut the door this light arrived in a flood, shocking them, The driver’s fist was already held out morning.” Civil War beating at the temples, insistent. of the window, his elbow resting on the The hurrah of gunfires started in the They looked up toward the church. windowframe. And all the other men, in hills, and ran for a minute. Butcher’s closed; fruit store, closed; gro- the car and on the streetcorner, raised One of the bitches, the sickly one, ran cer’s closed; a block away, though, a crowd clenched fists. up the station street wagging her hand in Begins: had gathered, filling the street-corner. In a wonder, as if the car had come to the other direction. “Probably opening houses,” said save them, as if this were her dream that “Down there,” she panted, wagging. Olive. she was dreaming now, Helen raised her “The Swiss are leaving—” Helen wanted to go up. She remem- arm and shut her fist. They started to run down the street. bered their retreat from the church the “The first we’ve seen!” Said Olive. The Peter was alongside the bitch, he could Savage Coast night before. All these houses must be tears rose to Helen’s eyes, sprung; and see the sad bruised eyes were swollen, the opened now, she thought. “They must stopped. wrinkles were almost erased. have started this section, last night,” she “Long live soviet Spain,” Peter “Upset?” Peter ran alongside. reminded Olive. “The boys were ramming answered, completing her thought, all his “Well,” she said, and the fret and (Costa Brava) in the door.” wish clear in the words. suffering obscured her voice, “it’s They passed the door on their way up. Order, like a steady finger, cov- the Swiss—they’re getting out of this It was broken, half-open, lettered C.N.T., ered the street. The crowd looped back, hellhole.” By Muriel Rukeyser F.A.I. Through one smashed shutter they remaining on the sidewalk. The sec- Helen slowed down with them. The could see the overturned tables, ransacked ond car came, lettered P.C.—Partit words fell icy on her, she had moved so Edited by Rowena Kennedy-Epstein shelves, broken crucifixes of the parochial Communista—and the shouts and fists far from that state. Now, with a shock, she school. came up as it passed. The long black car saw the sick, pathetic woman plain, and On July 18, 1936, at the age of 22, the the military coup, the fascists escap- the war. The novel, which remained The crowd was standing still. It was was full of men, and the driver and a behind her a whole intelligible world she American poet Muriel Rukeyser (1913-1980) ing through the hills surrounding them. unfinished in her lifetime, with her last not carrying guns. Only two men at the woman sat in front, smiling and holding melted into, like a weak animal protec- traveled to Barcelona, on assignment for the Rukeyser arrived in Barcelona just as the editorial choices in pen, will be available corner, and one who stood in the middle their tight hands to the people. tively colored. And with a counter-shock, British magazine Life and Letters Today, to city established “revolutionary order” and for the first time from the Feminist Press of the crossing, had rifles in their hands. Helen turned to Peter, “How beauti- Helen remembered her own impatience, a report on the People’s Olympiad (Olimpiada witnessed the first militias marching to the in January 2013. Across the street, a long robin’seggblue ful it is now!” she said. She looked as if she tourist spasm, when the train had for the Popular). An anti-fascist alternative to Zaragoza front. Though she was evacuated The passage below is the first excerpt bus stood surrounded by people who put had just slept. She found the same safety first time stood interminably long in the Hitler’s Berlin Olympics, the popular games only a few days later, Spain would prove of the novel to be published. The scene their hands on the bullet-scratches, traced in his face. way stations. The words had wiped that were canceled when the outbreak of the to be a profoundly radicalizing and trans- begins after two precarious days in the long roads cut in the enamel with their “Now it’s all right,” he answered, and frantic itch for comfort away. But she was, Spanish Civil War interrupted the opening formational experience, one she would Moncada, all communication cut off by fingers. Two boys with a can of white paint took her arm and Olive’s. They walked to in mood at least, prepared for GENERAL ceremonies. Rukeyser was on a train with describe as the place where “I began to the general strike and the fighting. For the were daubing large letters on the snub the edge of the crowd, and cars kept pass- STRIKE, and it could change her effec- the Swiss and Hungarian Olympic teams, as say what I believed,” and as “the end of foreigners stranded on the train, the only hood and on the rear of the bus. ing like shouts, with lifted fists. Another tively at once. The bad leg was all that well as tourists and Catalans, when it was confusion.” sign that the government still stands is the GOBIERNA. man stood on the curb, stopping the cars stood of the past now. There was no time stopped in the small town of Moncada as Rukeyser would write about the intermittent radio. Helen, the protagonist, “That must be the Government bus for passwords. The last one started in sec- for it. It was later than that. Nothing but the civil war began and a general strike was Spanish Civil War for over forty years, in her lover Hans, a long distance runner for the Swiss,” said Helen. There was a ond, clashing its gears, hurrying down the knot of Swiss, waiting on the corner, called in support of the government. nearly every poetry collection, in numer- and political exile from Nazi Germany, spick round hole in the windshield. The the road. He stepped back and smiled at their battered suitcases and knapsacks The passengers were stranded for two ous essays, and in fiction, weaving the and an American communist couple, Peter heavy glass caught sunlight on the hole- the Americans. His eyes were the absolute heaped ready. nights as the people of Catalonia defended events of the war and the history of anti- and Olive, whom she befriended on the rim; bright stripes of light ran outward in of black, night tunnels of distance. They . . . . themselves and their government from fascist resistance into an interconnected, train, have watched the collectivization a sunburst. smiled. The truck was ready, full of Swiss, multi-genre, and radical 20th-century and defense of the republic with solidarity Peter followed her startle, calculating. Peter stopped. “Communistos hoy?” backed to the station, engine running. Rowena Kennedy-Epstein, editor of history. The most complete rendering of and excitement, hoping to get to Barcelona “That couldn’t have missed the driver,” he he asked. The automobiles were lined up. The cho- Savage Coast (Costa Brava) (Feminist Press, her experience is her unpublished, auto- with the Olympic teams. remarked. The man’s eyes slid smiling. “Si, com- rus filled one and left room in the other 2013), is a Ph.D. candidate in English at biographical novel Savage Coast (Costa I have made the changes indicated by The boys went soberly ahead with pañero,” his proud singing voice rose. for the French delegate and his secretary. the CUNY Graduate Center, where she Brava), which she wrote immediately Rukeyser in pen. Other than that, the text their lettering, and the crowd, pressing “Today and Tomorrow.” Another open truck stood empty. is completing her dissertation on Muriel upon her return to New York City in the is printed as the author left it. about the truck, commented, told stories “It’s later than we think,” Peter A tall yellow-faced man stood beside Rukeyser and the Spanish Civil War. autumn of 1936 and edited throughout —Rowena Kennedy-Epstein about the road, crossed and re-crossed, quoted. it. “This is for anyone connected with the

6 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 7 Olympics, and then for anyone who They are very good friends to have, she Olive howled and the athletes turned To those faces, upon those eyes, it was fear passes, the faces clear and become The flaring trees at the top. The cares to try the drive with us,” he said, thought. The space left between the walls in surprise. The yellow man looked up the land racing, the world, high, visionary, fresh and happy, filled with this youth deathly bushes, yard-fences, a man sliding in French and English. His long face was of suitcases was narrow. as he finished speaking to the drivers; unknown. that speed gives, the windy excitement of down, his legs braced stiff, come down to like intellectual metal, yellow and refined The truck started, blowing its horn. he crossed to the space in front of the They were tense, held high, the eyes fear, the exploration opening new worlds take the pass. sharp; and further lengthened by the high As it turned down the main street, Helen trucks, and held up his hand. The thin seemed wider set, like the abstract wide with a lifted arm. And another clear run, the road V of baldness which ate into the fair hair, could see the women who had listened to lavender mark was streaked, distinct on eyes of dancers. All the faces looked up A quarter of a mile down the road, straight, the country-side changing, baring the skullridges. the yodeling, standing in the same place. his temple. the road. they saw the men waiting for them. farm giving way to smaller garden, large “Who is coming?” he asked. The Hans’s fist was up, saluting the town. “We are starting now,” he said in a On either side, the long grass, the wide And all the sky drawn colored toward estates replaced by factories, closed and truck began to fill. Olive was on its floor She clenched her fist, and the women in direct, high voice. “We know we can rely farm-swathes, the walls of farmhouses. the sun. empty, but well-kept and waiting as on as the suitcases were thrown in. “Is there the street replied. There was a flash of on you to work with us, so that every- The truck stopped where a car was The men grew larger. holidays. much danger?” vivas, and the little tunnel blacked out thing will go well. From our reports, the headed across the road. The driver showed Racing down the stretch, the fields So many windows. The tall man looked up. “There is the street. road should be well-guarded and quiet his pass-slip to the guard, a woman in slanted away from them, precious and Watched the walls as they had watched steady fighting; but we have a guard.” Their truck led the way to the top of now; but you must remember to watch overalls and rope sandals. A band about quickly lost, the pastures gleamed under the bushes. Each thought: guns! There is A thin boy with a white handkerchief the hill. Halfway up, at a sharp curve, the constantly for snipers, and to duck if the his forehead meant a suffering wound or rich lights like grass-green jewels, the no way to watch, raking a wall of win- around his head climbed in. He smiled town petered out in a ravel of old houses truck is fired at. a badge or a notion to keep the hair back, house stood lovely and forbidden. dows, for a narrow bore. Instinct, the pure with all his teeth, he patted his rifle. Olive and meat-stores. The truck made a half- “Above all, we count on you to main- it matched the band that was around the The floor of Europe leaped shaking ruler quality, wipes away remembrance, made room for him, and he took his place turn, backed, and stopped. tain with us discipline and proletarian head of the young guard standing in the beneath their feet. the countryside of the mind replaced from at the front of the truck, leaning on the “God!” said Peter fiercely, “what’s the order. If there is too much trouble, we truck. The men stood before them, signal- a moving car. In a shock of speed. roof over the driver. matter?” will stop on the way; but, whatever hap- Then they knew they had They watched; waited “Then it can’t be like this,” she said, and “He’s just turning,” Olive suggested. pens, the strictest order must be kept. The not reached their full speed. for city. called to Peter and Hans to stop loading. “He could make the turn—” said guards are not to fire until it is necessary; That barrier marked the town A nightmare gun-bore Helen climbed in. She pulled the suit- Helen. until they see”—he pointed to his own— limits; now they were entering stood black and round in cases over from the center of the floor. The street was barred by children; “the whites of their eyes.” He looked at the contested country. the brain. Olive was busy. She was sure now. She they leaned against the walls, dodged passengers, and raised his fist. The guard sitting with the They had expected city. up-ended all the bags. across the road, sat on the curb. Their “To Barcelona!” He was in his car, driver leaned out and shouted They saw nothing but “Stack them around the outside,” said streaked faces were full of curiosity, and leading the way down the cryptic road. up a word of encouragement. street: a passage, impos- Olive, setting them straight and close. all their heads turned together like news- Their fists came up. Peter danced Then they let the motor out. sibly long, bending from “We’ve got to have some walls. We’ve got reel heads of tennis-match spectators, as from one foot to the other in an anguish The illusion of great speed was country road, where the to have some order.” Her face was clear horns began to blow. The two cars and the of excitement. He laughed and exclaimed, partly the product of a fierce barriers were far placed and active at last. other truck pulled up the hill. pompously and dramatically, in the dream, standing on the leap- and long dashes could They built a wall of baggage for the “We probably all have to start voice of Groucho Marx: “Of course they ing floor, holding to each other be made, to an avenue truck on both sides. In front, valises and together,” said Peter. know this means War!” Olive and Helen and the walls, receiving the through glimpsed sub- the driver’s box reached breast high. Olive The yellow man got out and called the laughed with him in one long shriek. The iced wind on skin, used to the urbs, and now this, which was in charge, she moved everywhere, drivers together. other truck was starting. stagnant heat of the trains. must be city, if the mind quickly, with Helen. His face was the most disciplined face Everyone stopped laughing and But the truck itself was were free to look, but “All right,” she said. The tall man Helen had ever seen, one end of civiliza- looked down the road. The red hill stood moving fast. which seemed only street, nodded, and helped the others in. The tion. Down one temple the skin was thin, above them, the pylons marched over it; At the right, the blue- broken by barricades at bitches came running. Mme. Porcelan, as if an old burn had left it fragile, and it was a different view of the cliff, and the and-white Ford sign was a which the truck stopped, attended by the pock-marked Swiss, the blood showed dark beneath. He was profile of the red sand-cut was clear for grotesque. And here, along the and the fringes could not brought baggage. They climbed in. speaking to the drivers in an extreme of the first time. The hill looked entirely new. farmwalls, bales of hay, stacked solid for ing. Guards. be noticed, the faces, the piled chairs, “Ready?” asked the tall man in a conviction. This was unknown country. The truck got protection. “Slowly, now. Watch closely.” corpses of horses. Then a spurt of speed, father’s voice. Peter pulled her elbow. His face had underway, shifting high immediately, rac- The overturned wagon at the door, its Air relented on the cheeks. wind, and tight hands; and immediately, The driver was ready. Another guard knotted with the delay, and he was con- ing full-speed and roaring into the open front near wheel still spinning. Everything was displayed clearly and a gap in the road, blind; after that sec- climbed into the seat, holding his gun out tagiously wound tight. The three of them road. The black bush on the hill. minutely, even during speed, standing so ond, recognized. the window. From the truck, the muzzle felt undercut and excited by the same . . . . Barricades. high; and now, the dust on the roadgrass, At such moments, the sides of the could be seen, and the oily gleam of the shock of drunkenness they had felt in the Far down the hill the tracks extended, And all these rushing past, the speed the purpleflowered fields, farmhouses, road may be discerned. barrel. café. minute and vulnerable. The train stood of fear, the hands in the doorway, the fists mules, were rotated past methodi- The sidewalks, the rows of houses, “Slowly, through the town,” the tall “Look at the baby,” he said, as if he grotesque, stiff, the only motion being the on the hill all raised, clenched, saluting. cally. The railway tracks slanted across blocks of lowlying buildings man said. were telling a joke. thin black fume above the waiting engine. Put on coats, they thought, the cold their view again, and the ominous cul- And ahead? A wall. Hans and Helen were beside the She followed his finger. The little boy The fume rose straight and sacrificial in will strike you dead! Watch the road, the vert reared above them, broad and solid The passengers drew in their breath guard. He reached out behind the guard was no more than two years old, and was the still air. black eyes are wild concern, the fingers stone. as the men before it turned, the levers held and took her hand for a moment. sitting on the curb. He was staring at the But up here, faces were whipped by loose the trigger to point to the wild eyes, The guard raised his gun to his shoul- in their hands, and the man with the gun The boy smiled and looked at his gun. trucks and masturbating absentmindedly. wind, beaten with the speed of flying. The crying with that pointed gesture: Watch der. He pushed the handkerchief tight came forward. For the levers chopped the “Everyone is safe,” he said. He was very “Infantile—Infantile—” open truck ran out into wide country. for guns! around his head. street. The street was lifted to make this handsome. “Auto-eroticism,” Helen supplied. The high significant hills stood: the farms On exposed rides, passing the pale Darkness ran over the truck safely. wall. The cobblestones were built high. Peter and Olive were crushed against “Not at all,” he said gravely. “Vive le waited: only the truck raced checkless on houses, the tiled roofs, red now, now They were on the other side, where the On the barricade, the red flag. them. Helen was glad to feel their weight. sport!” the roads. darker, shadowdark against the low sun, road was fenced with steep sandslides. Continued on page 12

8 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 9 Families of the assassinated and disappeared of Burgos at the exhibit.

15th century wooden pews contrasted that defined the day, stopping just long Steck was dubbed with a Spanish transla- Location of Lincoln prisoners at San Pedro: top row, corner. Photos by Nancy Wallach. with the filthy cells the prisoners had enough for the duration of the program. tion. A crowd of about 250 people listened endured. The first speaker, Luis Castro, cited the raptly to the voices of these Lincolns. Back in Burgos, we saw the headquar- address of former Irish battalion pris- The program con- ters from which Franco proclaimed his oner Bob Doyle, who stated during cluded with my remarks, San Pedro de Cardeña Concentration Camp victory, as well as the street plaque from his visit in 1996 that translated by Nacho which activists in Burgos had success- the sacrifice of García. I thanked the 75th Anniversary at Burgos fully campaigned to have Franco’s name his comrades Tribute Committee “for removed. We visited the trade union hall for the noblest reclaiming this chapter By Nancy Wallach come to Burgos to represent the families pristinely restored scriptorium, gleaming to see the exhibit of letters, photographs, of causes, the of the history of the of former San Pedro prisoners. My father, marble passageways, and highly polished music, and brief biographies of the inter- freedom of all Brigades at this com- here are believed to be 9,000 to Lincoln Brigade veteran Hy Wallach, national prisoners. Here we got our first humanity, was memoration at San 10,000 bodies in mass graves had been incarcerated there from 1938 look at the monument “Roots of Memory,” not in vain. Pedro. By doing so,” “T in the community of Castile, to 1939. created for this tribute by local sculptor Sculptor I continued, “you 3,200 executed in the Burgos region. So The conference opened with a Susana Rioseras. When official permission Susana Rioseras, are alerting people far 154 bodies in Burgos have been identi- Francoist documentary, “Prisoners is secured, it will be permanently installed creator of the to the nature and fied and re-interred by family members.” of War.” Luis Castro, professor of his- on the lawn outside San Pedro, facing monument, paid dangers of fas- These were the shocking figures revealed tory and author of Burgos: Capital of the the statue of El Cid. An organic form, a tribute to the cism, just as the to me by the Families of the Assassinated Crusade, and Nacho García, blogger of branch or perhaps a root, whose fragil- acclaimed English International and Disappeared of Burgos, with whom “Jaily News,” described Burgos and the ity suggests the passage of time, sits atop artist Clive Branson, Brigades did 75 I met last November during the three- San Pedro camp in sharp contrast to the stone panels. The panels are inscribed who was imprisoned at years ago…. By day 75th Anniversary Commemoration idyllic conditions depicted in the intro- with the various points of national origin the monastery in 1938. shining a light of the Concentration Camp at San Pedro ductory film. Nacho named the blog “The of the prisoners, alongside figures indicat- Branson, whose works on their his- de Cardeña, which housed the prisoners Jaily News” after the underground news- ing how far they had traveled from their were exhibited in the Tate tory today, you from the International Brigades during paper published by the prisoners at San respective homes: “New York 5,695 km… Gallery, was part of the are keeping alive their exam- the Spanish Civil War. Pedro, which was an example to him of Buenos Aires 10,029 km…Habana 7,440 “faculty” at the prisoner- ple for future generations. In spite of the Statistics soon translated into dis- the “discipline, self respect and morale” of km.” The internationalism and antifas- organized “University” o f S a n subsequent hardships, loss of life and tinct faces and heart-wrenching stories the prisoners. cism of the Brigades were still traveling Pedro. The program was punctuated by even exile from their respective coun- of individuals who suffered repression The next day we visited mass graves through Susana’s artistry. selections from former Lincoln Brigade tries in some cases, the prisoners of the and terror during the Franco years. I had of former International Brigade pris- The weekend’s events culminated in prisoner Max Parker’s “Al Tocar Dianne: International Brigades at San Pedro left oners and Spaniards. Family members a tribute outside the monastery, site of the Songs From a Spanish Prison” album and a legacy of inspiration not only to their Teacher Nancy Wallach serves on the and I placed wreaths in the colors of the Memorial to the International Brigades at former concentration camp. Even the rain a message from son Tim Parker. A tape immediate families, but for the entire ALBA Board. Republic alongside the graves. Inside, the San Pedro de Cardeña. seemed to reflect the spirit of cooperation made by Lincoln Brigade ex-prisoner Bob family of humankind.”

10 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 11 Savage Coast Continued from page 9 Again, as the guard stopped them of dread, Helen looked up to Hans’s a public square, mastered by two tall pil- with his fist, their fists came up. unmoved head, either risen immediately lars, holding subway stations, statues, Book Reviews From then on, the fists remained or never changed. overturned wrecks of cars, candycolored high. The truck wheeled sharp, on two posters, full-rounded walls, cafés, the The streets were those of an outly- wheels, to the left, and they caught at arms guarded front of an immense building out helped him blend in with diverse social ing district. Every man on them raised and hands in confusion, straightening of which streamed warmth and talk, files Memoir of Survivor circles. Even among the Portuguese Left, his fist, timed to come up as the truck now, recovered. of young people streaming. he found himself eloquently defending the Fugitive from Spanish Fascism. A passed. Avenues opened wider and wider, The truck circled, slowing. Miguel Domínguez Soler’s story Republic as the only democratic option. Memoir. By Miguel Domínguez Soler. The guard kept his gun up. the plane-trees, the oranges, the palms. It stopped at the building’s entrance. begins in Ayamonte, Huelva, when the He quotes himself: “The military insur- Translated and with an Introduction by Now, from the windows, white Cars passed them now, and each time they The travelers jumped one by one. governor asks for supporters to defend gents have three essential things they need: Richard Baker. Cornerstone Press, 2010. patches flew, hanging truceflags of white, blew, One-two-three, stopping to race the Hans dropped catquick down, this border town, “since the most imme- arms, foreign support and lies. They claim lining this street which was taller as they cars loaded with guns, spiked with guns. and swung his arms up for Helen. She diate danger would come from Portugal, to be leading an anti-Communist crusade, raced deeper into the city. Each car carried the white letters of its placed her hands on his cable wrists, and By Cecilia Enjuto Rangel ruled by the dictator Oliveira Salazar.” He which is absurd because there had only been The barricades, were up. organization: U.G.T., C.N.T., F.A.I. jumped. It was then that the four pains in recounts how, twelve days later, he was four Communist deputies in the parlia- The barricades, recurring every The chopping of pavingstones was the right palm were noticeable, and, look- iguel Domínguez Soler, a young woken up, astonished by the news that the ment. Their only aim is to end democracy. hundred yards. Here, a young soldier, loud at the streetcorners. ing down, the four blood-dark crescents Spanish Socialist worker, com- authorities had fled, and that he needed to Germany and Italy want to extend their eco- helmeted, behind a machine gun, trained And now, down the long Rambla, were seen, the mark of the clenched fist, Mmitted to republican and become a fugitive in order to survive. A nomic control over Europe.” on the highway. past riddled barracks, shell-torn carnivals, clutched during the voyage. democratic ideals, had to flee his home- Portuguese smuggler, “The Pope,” helped In 1939 Miguel escaped to Morocco Speed, two minutes, blindness, the bomb-pocked hotels. The dead cafés, their A guard in a blue uniform, rifle slung town of Huelva at the beginning of the him in different moments throughout his to start a new life running a factory in the road. chairs piled on the sidewalk, before the at his back, was standing with them. Spanish Civil War in July 1936, after the journey, but he mainly gave him the tools sardine-packing industry. But with the Another stop; another wall, a drawn steel curtains. He smiled at the hand. Fascists took over the town. This memoir to subsist and to flee. Nazi occupation of France and General glimpse of street-corners. Wind, fast wind increasing; the long They answered. is based on the diaries he wrote through- After a few days in the forest, Miguel Pétain’s political alliances, the French And the children who played, the view of a brick-orange fortress, impreg- She asked, “and this?” out the turbulent and terrible years that returned to town and hid in various gendarmes targeted Spanish refugees, and families who passed walking, all their nable and high. The high column, the long The building was large. It streamed followed the Fascists’ coup, from 1936 houses. There he learned about the hun- many were taken as slave laborers, forced fists lifted. The movie house on one side; blue stripe of sea. warmth. until the end of World War II. dreds of executions without trial of many to build the Trans-Saharan railroad in the the sudden heat blown from the church And the truck turning. He looked at the travelers. Fugitive from Spanish Fascism is of his friends: “It’s the town’s ‘rich kids’… middle of the desert. The operation was burning on a square. The piles of fire- Avenues opened into a great circle, “Hotel Olimpiada.” one of those books you just cannot put who break into the houses of the poor like a concentration camp, where discipline wood heightened in flame: vestments, down. It is a riveting tale of survival in with their blue overalls…smelling of dried was enforced through the cruelest punish- statues, gaudy cloth, images to be carried the midst of dangerous conditions. Based blood and gunpowder. They are in league ments. Months later, he was saved from head-high. Teaching on autobiographical writings, this mem- with the priests and military men, in that nightmare by Monsieur Mallein, who The truck swung down a wide ave- Continued from page 5 oir truly reads like a historical novel, other words, the cross and sword….” despite technically “owning” him, had nue, and far to one side, the quadruple full of adventures and close encounters Throughout the memoir, Miguel become his friend, enabling Miguel to black-and-white spires of the Sagrada role of women volunteers like Evelyn The Spanish Civil War also illumi- with death. The narrative takes us from stresses how the war was caused by an work under better conditions. Familia rose intact. Hutchins, Salaria Kea, and Ruth Davidow nates issues of human rights. Picasso’s the atrocities of the Spanish Civil War, anti-democratic alliance of the upper Miguel frequently expresses the Stores, promenades, evening. invariably ignites interest in these for- Guernica symbolizes a form of terror tac- escape across the river to Portugal, years classes, many of them from the Falange wishes of many Spanish exiles that the And everywhere, the million white, gotten feminists. And discussions of the tics that democratic people abhorred, even trying to evade deportation, experiences Española, with the Catholic Church liberation from Fascism in Europe would the flags pendant from the windowsills, Jewish volunteers link the soldiers of the before air attacks on civilians became as a slave worker during the Nazi occu- and the military. He pays homage to mean the end of Franco’s dictatorship. the walker in the street who lifts his International Brigades to the failure to common practice in World War II and pation of French Morocco, and exiled life all the victims of the Fascist regime Like many others, he would be bitterly hand. stop Hitler and prevent the Holocaust. subsequent wars. as a worker in sardine-packing factories by remembering the tragic stories of disappointed. The hands lifted from the truck, held Teaching the Spanish Civil War, in Besides classroom activities, ALBA in Morocco. Miguel constantly voices a few: the schoolteacher, the anticleri- Miguel also managed to find a part- tight and unfamiliar in perpetual sign. other words, brings a fresh outlook to also encourages our teachers to teach a passionate critique of fascism and its cal Freemason, the builder, the mothers ner, a lover, and a wife in a Moroccan girl They lost themselves, travelers subjects that are already in the existing other teachers by attending regional multiple injustices, and his story offers who were shaved and humiliated pub- named Abouch, laughing “at all religions” exposed in this way, totally unforeseen, curricula: the origins of World War II, conferences of professional educators, an exemplary tale of struggle for free- licly. Besides being a fascinating text, this and defying all the racial prejudices they strange. This was a city they had read on totalitarian threats to democracy, U.S. contributing articles, and creating origi- dom and preservation of one’s integrity book could be used as an excellent teach- had to endure. It is thanks to Abouch that pages in libraries and quiet rooms, leav- isolationism vs. internationalism, and the nal lesson plans and curricula that can against all odds. As he puts it towards the ing tool for students. we are able to read his memoir, as the ing the books to find a hard street, bitter unexpected consequences that led to the be published both in print and online. end of the book: “I have always been and Miguel survives because he crosses excellent introduction by Richard Baker faces, closed silent lips at home. Cold War, anti-communist campaigns, ALBA’s website provides numerous always will be a free man until death…. the frontier and lives in Portugal during explains. But there the boy stood, his face and the acceptance of General Franco’s sources and samples. One thing is the appearance of liberty, most of the war. Portuguese leftists, fighting Fugitive from Spanish Fascism is well raised in recognition, his hand, like all dictatorship as part of the western alliance These programs are supported by a and another is the freedom one forges Salazar’s dictatorship, had formed a strong edited and well documented, with useful theirs raised. in the postwar era. Teachers of English grant from the Puffin Foundation and and maintains in one’s heart.” net of support for Spanish Republican and illuminating footnotes. The text is The car swung ahead. and Spanish literature can find a wealth from additional contributions that make refugees. Throughout his many perilous lovingly and carefully translated into The bullet cracked. of sources in the writings of Hemingway, future expansion possible. For informa- Cecilia Enjuto Rangel teaches in the adventures in Portugal, Miguel’s ingenuity English, breathing life into Miguel’s voice. From the confusion as they all Lorca, Neruda, and many other less tion on how you can support our work, Spanish department at the University of as an “intellectual worker,” as he called him- I recommend it to anyone interested in bent, head and shoulders low in a reflex famous writers. contact [email protected]. Oregon. self, and his talent for learning languages reading a poignant tribute to freedom.

12 THE VOLUNTEER March 2012 March 2012 THE VOLUNTEER 13 • Earl Harju • Joseph Harris • Roger D. Harris • Chester Hartman • Ann Hoffman • Dale C. Hopper in memory of these aviation veterans: Albert John “Ajax” Baumler, Harold “Whitey” Dahl, Frank Glasgow Tinker, Jr. • Joan Intrator • Gabriel Jackson • Martin Contributions Jacobs • Katherine R. Judd • Cora E. (Betty) Kallo • Lawrence Kaplan in memory of Hy Greenfield • Melinda Kaplan • Ruby Stephen Katz • Anne Katz-Jacobson in memory of Max Katz • Ruth Kavesh in honor of Ellyn Polshek • Carol Keeran • Charlotte Irene Kemp • Sponsor ($1,000-$4,999) Thomas Kennedy • David Kern in memory of Saul Wellman • Roberta Kershaw • Marlin R. Keshishian • John M. 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2012 ANNUAL CELEBRATIONS HONORING THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN BRIGADE: New York Presenting the ALBA/Puffin Award For Human Rights Activism MAY Sunday, May 13, 2012 13-2012 4:30 p.m. - 6:30 p.m. Reception to follow. Annual celebration commemorating the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Museum of the City of New York & Second ALBA/Puffin Award for Human Rights Activism 1220 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10029 For tickets/information: www.alba-valb.org [email protected] Tel. (212) 674 5398 Bay Area Sunday, May 27, 2012 Photo: Skylight Pictures, from the film "Granito: How to Nail a Dictator" 2:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. Please join us as we honor two indefatigable activists Freight & Salvage for their unflagging dedication to human rights: Sunday, May 13 2020 Addison Street Fredy Peccerelli, Executive Director of the 4:30pm – 6:30pm Berkeley, California Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation Reception to follow For tickets/information: Kate Doyle, Senior Analyst of U.S. policy Museum of the City of New York http://www.thefreight.org/event in Latin America at the National For tickets/reservations: www.alba-valb.org Security Archive. [email protected] www.alba-valb.org [email protected] Tel. (212) 674 5398 DONATE TO ALBA • WWW.ALBA-VALB.ORG GET THE LATEST INFO AT WWW.ALBAVOLUNTEER.ORG JOIN THE ALBA EMAIL LIST • [email protected]