THREE NEW SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

ß •OMAS D. BU•m• IX connectionwith a proposedreport on the distributionand abun- danceof the birds of Idaho, collectionsmade in the northwesternUnited Stateswere examinedcritically to determinethe geographicvariation in thosespecies breeding in that part of the country. Three werefound to representdistinct and undescdbedraces, with charactersthat readily separatedthem from otherbreeding populations. These are as follows: .4etitls maeu/•rla rava new subspecies. Characters.Breeding adults similar to •lctitis maculariarnacular•a but upperpartsdark gray rather than grayishbrown and with but a faint trace of the metallic glosscharacteristic of the nominaterace; underpartsless heavily spottedand the spottingless intenselyblack; winter adultsand youngof the year equallydistinct, the upperparts being brownishgray in contrastto the dark brown of macularia; no appreciablesize difference. Measurements.Adult male (6 breedingspecimens from Idaho): wing,96-106 (103.1) mm.; tail, 42-52 (47.2); exposedculmen, 21.5- 23.5 (22.4). Adult female(4 breedingspecimens from Idaho): wing, 97.5-103.5(101.5); tail, 49-53.5 (51.5); exposedculmen, 22.5-26.5 (25). Type. Adult male, No. 465960, United States National Museum (Fish and Wildlife Servicecollection), Lewiston, Nez Perce County, Idaho,21 June1958; ThomasD. Burleigh,original number 17651. Distribution. Breeds wherever suitable habitat occurs from north- westernAlaska, Yukon and westernMackenzie south through British Columbia,Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Winters in the West Indies (Puerto Rico) and CentralAmerica (Honduras) southwardto Venezuelaand Peru. In migrationeastward in the United Statesto Louisiana and South Carolina. Remarks. Extensivemountain ranges in the westernUnited States have been shown to be effective barriers in the distribution of birdlife in this part of the country,a sitnationthat apparentlyexists in the distributionof the northwesternrace of •lctitis macularia. Although occurringin southernOregon, the SiskiyouMountains of northern California would appear to limit the occurrenceof rava farther south, the breedingbirds of Californiabeing typical of macularia2 In the same way the Continental Divide marks the eastern limits of rava in

• I am indebtedto Dr. Alden H. Miller and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology for the loan of breeding specimensof •lct•tis mac.larVa from California. 210 'Sprill19601 Bt•RL•m•,Three New Subspecies 211 the northwesternUnited States,breeding specimens from Montana and Wyoming that were examined representingthe nominate race. A female taken at Glasgow,Montana, on 7 June 1919, was lotrod to be rava but was probablya transientfrom farther west, for 12 other speci- mens taken during Jtme in westernMontana east of the Continental Divide were referableto macularia. The westernsubspecies apparently crossesthe ContinentalDivide in Canada, and northeasternAlberta and easternMackenzie would appearto representan area of intergradation betweenthe two racesof Actiris macularia. Specimenstaken at Fort McMurray, Alberta (a female,7 May 1920), and at Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie(a female,12 June and a male, 15 Jtme 1908), are inter- mediatein their charactersbut closerto macularia. The upperpartsare noticeablygray but brownerthan in rava, and have the metallicgloss lackingin the westernrace. A malein immatureplumage taken at Big SalmonRiver, British .Columbia,on 17 ,is clearlymacu- laria and is probablyan early-falltransient from farther north. Specimensof Actiris maculariarava examined. Total number,80, from the following localities: Idaho--Boundary Cotmty, Bonner's Ferry, 22 June 1957, 9; BonnerCounty, Sandpoint, 19 August1958, 9 im.; ShoshoneCounty, Clarkia, 5 July 1948, 8; Clearwater Cotmty,Headquarters, 17 May 1953, 9; Latah Cotmty,Potlatch, 14 May 1950, 9; 30 July 1950, 8 im.; 18 August 1951, 9 im.; 24 August 1951, 8 im.; 8 September1953, 8 im.; 14 May 1954, 25 July 1954, 8; 12 May 1955, ½; 1 July 1955, 8; 4 July 1956, 8; 15 July 1956, 8 im.; 5 May 1957, 9; 7 October1957, 9 im.; PolouseRiver, 11 June1947, 9; Moscow,15 May 1949, 8; 5 May 1951, 9; 10 September1952, 9 im.; 17 July 1954, 8; Nez Perce County, Lewiston, 2 August 1949, 8 im.; 8 August 1949, 8 im.; 13 August1949, 8 im.; 19 August1949, 8 im.; 1 September1951, 8 im.; 8 July 1953, 9; 28 September1953, 8 im.; 4 November 1953, 8 im.; 24 July 1954, 8 im.; 4 August1955, 8; 21 June1958, 8; Adams County,New Meadows,23 July 1958, 8; Washington County,Weiser, 13 , 8; OwyheeCounty, Silver City, 4 , 9; Power .County,American Falls, 1 , OneidaCounty, Jtmiper, 29 May 1916, 9. l/gashington--Okanogan Cotmty,Pasayten River, 25 August1920, im.; ClallamCounty, Elwha River, 18 July 1921, 8; SpokaneCounty, Spokane, 21 July 1955, 8; AsotinCounty, Clarkston, 22 July 1956, 9. Oregon--Ft. Klamath, 10 September1882, 8 im.; Bend, 30 , 8; Pendleton,16 July 1955, 8. MontanaGlasgow, 7 June 1919, 9. AlaskanGus- tavusPoint, 10 June 1899, 8; AdmiralityIsland, 26 September1903, 8 im.; Aniak,11 August1912, 9; Bettles,Koyukuk River, 4 July 212 BwmG•, ThreeNew Subspecies Vol.Auk77

1950, e; Summit, 6 June 1952, e. Yukon--Old Crow Village, 8 June 1957, 8; 13 June 1957, 8 •. Mackenzie--HayRiver, Great Slave Lake, 30 May 1908, 8; Aklavik (near mouthof Mackenzie River), 13 June 1958, 8. British Col•mbia•Head of MooseRiver, 15 , e. Mexico--Sonora,Hermosillo, 30 April 1892, 8; Baja California,Gardner's Laguna, Salton River, 20 April 1894, 8 and 23 April 1894, e; ConcepcionBay, 8 , sex (?); PichilinqueIsland, 19 April 1911, e. Guatemala--PuertoBarrios, 7 April 1905, •; Peten:Remate,15 April 1923, 2 • • (1 in almost completedbreeding plumage, the other in full winter plumage). Hon- duras--Chamelicon,3 January 1891, e. Panama--RioIndio, 8 Febru- ary 1911, e; Lion Hill (Canal Zone), 1 , e; Miraflores, 13 May 1911, 8; Porto Bello, 23 May 1911, 8; San JoseIsland, Archipielagode las Perlas,6 April 1944, •; Jaque,25 March 1946, 8; Mandinga,31 January 1957, 8. Venezuela---Cubata,21 April 1903, 8. Peru--Calca,25 April 1917, 8. PuertoRico---Rio Piedras, 22 December1911, 8 im.; CulebraIsland, 9 , •. British West Indies--St. Vincent, Vermont, 12 March 1937, e; Mayreau, 16 April 1937, •; Montserrat,spring of 1938,sex (?). Louisiana,-- New Orleans,21 May 1935, •. Texas--PecosRiver, 4 August1902, 8 im.; CameronCounty, 8 May 1931, 8. South Carolina•Porcher's Bluff, ChristchurchParish, 24 April 1911, •; 3 May 1911, 8. Sitta canadensisclariterga new subspecies. Characters.Similar to Sitta canadensiscanadensis but upperparts lighter and more bluishand lackingto a large extentthe grayishwash characteristicof the nominaterace. There are no appreciablesize differences. Measurements. Adult male (9 breedingbirds): wing, 67-70 mm. (average67.8); tail, 36-39.5 (36.6); exposedculmen, 11.5-13 (11.1). Adult female (4 breedingbirds): wing, 65-6g.5 (67.1); tail, 36-37 (36.6); exposedculmen, 11-11.5 (11.1). Type. Adult male, No. 419620, United States National Museum (Fish and Wildlife Service collection), Headquarters,Clearwater County,Idaho, 15 June 1951; ThomasD. Burleigh,original number 13910. Distribution. Breedsin the CanadianZone from southeasternAlaska, British Columbia, and southern Alberta, south to southern California and southernArizona. Winters largely within its breeding range, althoughunrecorded during the winter monthsin Alaska,and occurring irregularly then at the higher altitudes. Wanders extensivelyduring occasionalwinters, but its movementsthen are erratic and unpredictable. Avril'l19•OJ Btsv,•tG•,Three New Subspecies 213

Remarks. Sitta canadensiswas originally describedby Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., ed. 12, Vol. 1, 1766, p. 177), with the type locality,if suchit couldbe called,as "Canada." There is little questionbut that his descriptionwas basedon Sitta canadensisof Brisson,whom he cites, and who, as in similar instances,used a specimenfrom the Museumof M. de Reaumur,taken in the generalvicinity of the city of Quebec. This limitsthe typelocality of the nominaterace to Quebec,and since there seemto be no availablenames for the westernpopulation, the abovename clariter#a is applicablefor this distinctsubspecies. It is in fresh plumagethat the charactersof this race are most evi- dent. Breedingbirds taken during the summermonths are invariably rather worn and appear darker than fall or winter specimens. How- ever,there is no difficultyin separatingthem from individualsin equally worn plumagefrom the easternpart of the country. A maletaken by A. H. Howell (field number2275) on Mr. Mitchell, North Carolina, on 3 June 1930, is distinctfrom all other easternbreeding specimens, as it has the charactersthat distinguishclariter#a. It is not improbable that this is a stragglerfrom the westernrange of this speciesthat came east during one of the sporadicinvasions that characterizethe seasonal movements of the Red-breasted Nuthatch, and failed to return to its normal breedinggrounds. Specimenso• Sitta canadensisclariter#a examinedare as •ollows. Total number,46, from the followinglocalities: British Uolumbia-- QueenCharlotte Islands, 18 June 1900, 9; 22 June 1900, 9. Alberta --Banff, 31 August1894, 8; MooseBranch of SmokyRiver, 5 , 8. Washington--Tacoma,22 August 1897, 2 8, •; Yakima Indian Reservation,27 July 1917, 8; Yakima, 31 August 1957, sex (?); Mt. St. Helens,11 June 1941, 8; Mt. Adams,15 August1943, 8; 17 August 1943, 8; 20 August 1943, 8. Idaho.--Coeur d'Alene, 8 January 1957, 9; Moscow,25 miles northeast,11 June 1947, 8; Moscow,20 milesnortheast, 17 June 1947, 9; Moscow,12 December 1956, 8; 16 December1956, 8; 28 November1957, 8; Lake Waha, Nez Perce County, 20 April 1950, 8; Potlatch, 4 April 1954, 8; Headquarters,Clearwater County, 15 June 1951, 8; 18 March 1956, 8; 25 December1956, 8; Shoup,5 June 1949, 8; Lardo, 27 , 8. Montana•Zortman, 29 , 8; Benton,5 August 1910, 8; 6 August 1910, 8; Crazy Mountains,19 June 1917, 8; Hilger, 3 August 1919, •; 4 August 1919, 2 •. Oregon--Ft. Klamath, 27 August 1882, 8; Bourne, 4 , 8; Disaster Peak, 11 , 9; SteenMountains, 22 August 1916, 8; Para- dise,3 July 1949, 8. Wyoming--TetonMountains, 27 August 1910, 8; Kendall, 31 July 1911, 8. Uolorado--Ft. Garland,3 June 1873, 214 Bum,•Ga,Three New Subspecies Vol.Auk77

9; SnakeRiver, 25 August1906, 3. California--Mt. Shasta,20 Jaly 1898, 3; LassenPeak, 24 August 1898, 3; Lyonsville,29 •4ay 1906, 3. Nevada--Ruby Mountains,21 June 1898, 3. New Mexico--Mr. Capitan,13 June 1899, ½. Vireo olivaeeuseaniviridis new subspecies. Characters. Similar to Vireo olivaceusolivaceus but the olive green of the upperpartspaler and with a gray wash,lacking in the nominate race; pileurnlighter, olive gray in contrastto the mousegray of oliva- ceus; the lateral narrow line of black faint and inconspicuous;under- parts clearer white, with little or no yellowisholive on the sidesand flanks. No appreciablesize difference. Measurements. Eight breedingmales from Idaho: wing, average 81.9 min. (extremes81-83); tail, 56.5 (53-58); exposedculmen, 11.7 (11-12.5). Four breedingfemales from Idaho: wing, average78.8 mm. (78-80); tail, 56.8 (54-58.5); exposedculmen, 11.6 (11-12). Type. Adult male, No. 420939, United StatesNational Museum (Fish and Wildlife Servicecollection), Moscow, Latah County,Idaho, 30 June 1952; ThomasD. Burleigh,original number 14763. Distribution. Breeds rather locally throughoutWashington, Idaho, and northern Oregon. Both during the breedingseason and in migra- tions this vireo is found in the larger deciduousgrowth along the streams,so there are wide areaswithin its breedingrange where it does not occur at any time of the year. Altitude is anotherlimiting factor, for despiteapparently optimum conditions at higher elevations,it has never beennoted above 2,500 feet. Winter range undetermined.Acci- dentalin Alaska (Middleton Island, 26 June 1956). Remarks. Despitea limitedrange, the Red-eyedVireos of the arid country of the northwesternUnited States are so uniform in their characters,and so distinctin appearance,that they justify recognition as a distinct race. Both in distribution and characters there is a marked parallelismwith the Veerys (Hylocichlafuscescens subpallidus) of this region, the grayish colorationand the habitat requirementsof both these speciesbeing much the same. An immaturefemale taken 21 September1951, at Clarkston,Washington, on the oppositeside of the Snake River from Lewiston, Idaho, and an immature male taken at Moscow,16 September1957, both in fresh fall plumage,differ from breedingspecimens in that they lack the gray washof the upperparts. However,the paler olive greenof the back and the olive-graypileurn readilyidentify them as caniviridis. A breedingmale taken at Puyallup, PierceCounty, Washington, west of the Cascades,is intermediatein its characterstoward olivaceus, which form apparentlyextends across the continentto the coastof British Columbianorth of the rangeof cani- A•ril]19601 BVv.J•EW, Z•, ThreeNew Subspecies 215

viridis. The olivegreen of the upperpartsis perceptiblypaler than in olivaceus,but there is onlya fainttrace of thegray wash characteristic of caniviridis. Specimensof Vireo olivaceuscaniviridis examined. Total number, 38, from the followinglocalities: Idaho--Bonner County, Hope, 13 June1903, $; Sandpoint,21 June1957, 8; KootenaiCounty, Coeur d'Alene,4 July 1949,2 8 8; BenewahCounty, St. Maries,22 June 1948, 8; Latah County,Princeton, 30 May 1949, 8; Potlatch,21 May 1948,8; 4 September1948, $; 19 July1950, $ ira.; 12 Sep- tember1951, •; Moscow,11 August1948, •; 27 August1949, 8; 7 September1949, 2 • 9; 11 July 1951, 8; 30 June 1952, 8; 16 September1957, 8 ira.; Nez PerceCounty, Lewiston, 24 July 1950, 8; 6 June 1951, 8; 21 August1956, •; Lapwai,12 July 1950, 8; Culdesac,30 June 1949, 8; ClearwaterCounty, Elk River, 25 June1951, 8; Orofino,12 June 1951, 8; WashingtonCounty, Cam- bridge,4 June1951, 8; 7 June1952, 8; BoiseCounty, Horseshoe Bend,21 June 1950, 8; Idaho County,Graves Creek, ¬ mile from the SalmonRiver, 17 June1951, 8; Whitebird,Lemhi County, 24 June 1958, 8; Shoup,5 June 1949, 8. Washington--Spokane,18 June 1948, 8; 3 August1948, 8; Uniontown,18 June 1950, •; Clarkston,21 September1951, • ira.; ColumbiaRiver, 10 July1897, 8; Wenatchee,29 July1955, 8; Puyallup,28 May 1954,8. Oregon --Homestead,31 May 1916, 8; Portland,7 August1957, 9. Bureauof Sport Fisheriesand Wildlife,Fish and WildlifeService, Departmentof the Interior, Washington25, D.C.