As Guest Some Pages Are Restricted

J ER U SA L EM

— 1 9 1 8 1 9 2 0

Being the Records of t he P ro -Jerusalem Council during the period of the British Military A dmini stration

R . SH B E EDITED BY C. A E

LONDON R R W N R LBEM LE S T EET . JOH MU RAY, A A ,

Published for

TH E COU NCIL OF TH E P RO-JER USALEM SOCIETY 1 9 2 1

PR EFACE

H E Pro-Jerusalem Society was founded in fa ct though not , ’ o All n on paper, in the spring foll wing Lord e by s libera tion of a T w Jerus lem . here were, and will al ays remain m any aspects , of ci vic life, more especially in this unique city, in which no Milita ry no Administration , Civil Government even , could, without thwarting civic ' eﬁo rt ca and individual , occupy itself, however sympatheti lly inclined . And in the h a rd and continuo us pressure of the ﬁrst weeks of the o ccupation it w a s clearly impo ssible fo r the Military Autho rities t o execute themselves or guarantee execution of even such primal necessities as are indi cated by the following Public Notice

“ o o m o r N pers n shall de olish , erect, alter, repair the structure of , any building in the city of Jerus alem or its environs within a radius of metres from the Damascus Gate (Bab al Amud) until he has obtained a written permit from the Military

Governor .

Any person contravening the orders contained in this p rocla o r mation, any term or terms contained in a licence issued to a him under this proclamation, will be li ble upon convictio n to a

ﬁne not exceeding £E. 200 .

R . T R R . O S C (Sgd ) S , olonel ,

Jerusalem . Military Governor .

8 1 1 8 . April th , 9

a or another, issued about the s me time, forbidding the use of stucco a an and corrugated iron within the ncient city walls , d thus respecting

the tradition of stone vaulting , the heritage in Jerusalem of an a immemoria l and a h llowed past .

The issue of these two o rders ensured the temporary and pro visional Military Administration aga inst the charge of enco uraging or I t o permitting vandalism . is, however, no less imp ssible than it would be improper to attempt the preservatio n a nd extension of the amenities of the Holy City without due consultation with the Hea ds a Th e of the R eligious and L y Communities which inhabit it . Pro Jerusalem Society was then the Military Governor civically and aes theti ff cally in Council , and the political e ect of such a reunion round one table o s f differing, and very often actively discordant, element bound together n C - here by their commo love for the Holy ity is not to be under estimated . From the ﬁrst the venture enjoyed the active patronage and support of

- - the Comm ander in Chief, who never failed to encourage and stimulate our endeavours .

1 1 8 Later in the year 9 , hearing of the presence in Egyp t of the

R . a . W o architect Mr . C Ashbee, a friend and disciple of illi m M rris a , B member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient uildings , and of a T a nd the N tional rust , well known for his skill and enthusiasm C I for civic development with its kindred Arts and rafts , wrote to him requesting him to visit Jerus alem and write a report on its T o a possibilities in this respect . hat rep rt is the germ of m ny of c a o t the undertakings whi h h ve since been carried u . Mr . Ashbee was appointed Civi c Advisor and Secretary to the Pro-Jerusalem

C . 000 c c o ouncil . Some LE 5 were olle ted by direct appeal t those a o likely to be interested in Jerus lem , and the vari us projects and

a . o r m a ctivities , a list of which is set forth by Mr Ashbee, y be referred

I I I . o to in Appendix , were set in motion A great impulse was given t the scope and status of the Society by the arrival of Sir Herbert S amuel as o E h ad High C mmissioner . His xcellency , during his visit in the spring 1 20 C of 9 , attended a meeting of the ouncil , of which he had been un animously elected a member, and signiﬁed his approval of our a ims by a a most encouraging speech s well as a generous subscriptio n . Amongst causes of c o t o C many other _ gratitude the So iety wes him its harter and an arrangement whereby the Government affords it a very considerable annual subvention . I t o nly remains for me to convey my personal thanks once again to all those benefactors and supporters whose names appear in the list 2- a o given on pages 7 74. of this public tion , to call attenti n to the generosity o a of the gifts, and to invite all wh m these pages may re ch to forge in their lives a link with Jerus alem the living .

and A reference indeed , to the list of subscribers , that is to say , members of the Society, will show how wide the net is spread . R ever en ce for Jerusalem and what it stands for in the life of man has been I o the motive that has inspired these gifts , and make b ld to hope that ’ this record of two years wo rk in the safegu a rding of the Holy City may gather i n many hundreds of subscribers among the three grea t religions for which it stands as a beacon on a hill . Under the new Charter anyone who subscribes not less than £5 a a o of £2 ye r t the Society, or makes a donation not less than 5 towards its great work of preserving what is old and ennobling what is new in the

vi C - Holy ity, becomes a member of the Pro Jerusalem Society ; and the “ objects of the Society, as deﬁned in the Charter, are the preservation inhabi and advancement of the interests of Jerusalem , its district and tants more especially

1 The . protection of and the addition to the amenities of Jerusalem

and its district .

2 . The provision and maintenance of parks , gardens , and open

spaces in Jerusalem and its district . Th . e 3 establishment in the district of Jerus alem of Museums , s E a Librarie , Art Galleries , xhibitions , Music l and Dramatic C entres, or other institutions of a similar nature for the

beneﬁt of the Public .

The 4 . protection and preservation , with the consent of the Govern a ment, of the Antiquities in the district of Jerus lem .

The 5 . encouragement in the district of Jerusalem of arts , handi a cr fts , and industries in consonance with the general objects of the Society . Th 6 . e administratio n of any immovable property in the district of Jerusalem which is acquired by the Society or entrusted to it by any perso n o r co rporation with a view to securing the improvement of the property and the welfare of its tenants a or occup nts .

To co- a E c 7 . operate with the Dep rtment of ducation , Agri ulture, W Public Health , Public orks , so far as may be in harmony ” with the general objects of the Society .

- Th e This, then , is the aim of the Pro Jerusalem Society . Palestine Administration gives t o the Society pound fo r pound of what it collects o two from private membership contributi ns . I make here an appeal for thousand additional members . xs R ONALD Sr oa ,

1 c 1 2 1 o . 5 Mar h 9 . G vernor of Jerusalem

CON TEN TS

' artn ers. B R t onn o P y ONALD S s , G vernor of J erusalem

Lrsr or I nt usm n ons

- u Couucu. or r m: P ao a usu e Socum r

' t. R s vraw or m e a n ous W nx Or r rcm V o s unne au xzn BY m e Socre rv.

C. R . As nne s Cv c dv so o h , i i A i r t t e City of J erusalem

The ld 1 . O City

2. The New Town Plan

3 . The Archz ologicalNeeds of the H oly City .

The a s em 4 . P rk Sy t

" The Markets

9 New I ndus tries

1 7 Tech nicalEducati on

0 9 Civi c R egulations

9 SocialWork

F nance 1 0. i

“ ' u éu r a P n é é n Ls s R s sr s s o n LA CrvrmsArxon Is or c s ra LA Socxér é .

D. o nne NAH SLous cn L. bo P ar DR . UM , S r

2 ” 9 P a é p n r Les Mouw enrs on 1 53 00113 R osan ne or éc s a LA Soci ér é . P a ’ ‘ - Vma r o . i lEcole b bl ue et a c olo i ue de a n Et e e L . H . Pr f i iq r hé g q S i t i nn , Jerus alem

- - s Cnorsamss Pxor é ﬁs r an cxér ﬁ. P ar T. . B Momm as rs nrz c LA So M A EL, ’ cole b bl ue et archeolo i ue de a n - enne e usalem Prof. i lE i iq g q S i t Eti , J r

cns n or r un Socrzr v. B . . . Mus u n Wonx Tou y K A C CRESWELL, s ecto of onuments M WB E , Late I n p r M ,

Ar r ennrcas

I nna:

LI ST O F I LLUSTR AT ION S

r E ADEL r i r iece . 1 . PLAN o TH C1T GARDENS (F ont p )

2 TH E C1TADEL OUTe E . . OF JERUSALEM , SEEN FROM THE JAFFA GATE

o r M1 NAR ET. 3 . SEEN FROM THE TOP THE - ' . w 1TH . w 4 TH E RAMPART WALK , GUARD HOUSE NEAR ST STEPHEN S GATE , S H o 1NG

GANGS or LADOU R ER S AT WORK .

CLEAR1 NGs 1N . 5 . RAMPART WALK, PROGRESS

6 R ACH H EN . . MODERN EN C O TS ON THE WALLS

TH E . 7 . DAMASCUS GATE ’

TEP H EN . 8 . ST . S s GATE

TH E D X . 9 . A U L1Y PLAYGROUND : PLAN

1 0 . TH E ADU L1 YK A As . PL YGROUND , AT PRESENT AND AS SUGGESTED

LD w1 ND w . 1 1 . O WOODEN o ‘ ? 1 2. R 001 SO I SH ow rNG 1 o r r ALLi . SYSTEM or THE O EL ATTAR N , LOUVRES N DANGER NG

. V 1 Ew r SH w . 1 3 ANOTHER o THE SAME , o G FALLEN LOU VRES ‘ TH E 8 0 ATrARi N oo r Loo e G To o r R 1 4 . 0 EL R THE DOME THE OCK AND THE MOUNT

o r OL1V Es .

‘ TH ATTAR i N E H De Low EN . B 1 5 E SOO EL SEEN RO WHERE THE VAULTS HAVE E SHORED UP . ‘ A AR i N E H e m N n N . 1 . H E SU TT Loo G 6 T Q EL RO , NORTH

80 ATTANi N . 1 7 . PLAN OF THE 0 EL Q

' H E SO A r rANlN MA1N . 1 8 . T O EL Q ARCADE

H E or R . 1 9 . T DOME THE OCK

TH E SH OWTN G 1 . 20 . SAME , THE T LE SURFACE

TH E . 2 1 . MCLEAN PLAN

2 H E . 2 . T GEDDES PLAN

H AMH AM BATR AE C H . 23 . T E H EL ENTRAL VAULTED ALL

ELEVAT1ON . 24 . PLAN AND

TH E SY STEH . 25 . JERUSALEM PARK

K EY o r R . 26 . PLAN THE JERUSALEM AMPART WALK

E 1T DEL T EOSSE . 27 . TH C A GARDENS SOUTH ERRACE (CONVERTED )

To C1TADEL. 28 . AT THE ENTRANCE THE E or T D SH om EAS or DAV 1 . 29 . THE THE OWER

DRAWDR1DGE. 30. NEAR THE

FOSSB . 3 1 . CONVERTED E RAu rART : SH ow rNG H ow B EEN EU 1LT E 3 2. TH WALK A ROOF HAS OVER THE WAL D - D BAD NED1 A U . 3 3 . NEAR THE ILLU STR ATION S

T SH OW1N G CLEAR 1N . 34 . H E RAMPART WALK A WOMAN G AWAY AN ENCROACHMENT “ ” BY 1 2 PT. OP T1 P E 1 3 5 . COVERED , AND A NEW WALL U LT ON

THE TOP or 1T. SH 1NG H OW ow THE ENCROACHMENT HAS B EEN TU NNELLED . TH E SAME POINT SEEN NEARER AND SH OW1NG TH E GIRLS AT

WORK .

SH W1 NG DES i r C1TY . 3 8 . O THE GRADUAL TR U CT ON o THE WALL

EL . 3 9 . AT THE AQ SA MOSQ UE “ ' 0 TH E AEP A As 1T K A13 ER S B EErN G 4 . J GATE WAS WHEN THE REACH WAS MADE , AND

B EFORE THE DU 1LD1NG OR THE TU e s H CLOCK TOWER . SHOWING TH E SUGGESTED RECONSTRUCTION OF TH E FOSSE AND

THE WALL .

2. V 1EW SH OW1N OESTR U CT10N S . 4 PROM THE JAPPA GATE , G THE PRESENT UNSIGHTLY

SH OW1NG P LAC1N G or MAR 4 3 . THE PROPOSED NEW THE

KET AFTER THE CLEAR rNG OR THE O B STRUCTIONS .

1 EW OK 1NG H OW1 H ow U NSi GH TLY EU 1LD 44 . V LO TOWARDS THE JAPPA GATE S NG THE 1 NGS OEL1TERATE THE LxN E OF THE

WALL . AFTER THE R EMOVAL OP THESE EU 1 LD

1 NGS AND THE MAK 1NG or THE PARK .

TH E P1CE ELEVATo N ow 1 N . 4 6 . POST OP SQ UARE PLAN AND OF THE WORK PROGRESS SH OW1N G S 4 7 . PHOTOGRAPH THE DERELICT STATE E PORE

THE WORK WAS EEGU N .

DxAGRAM SH OW1 NG THE WORK WHEN COMPLETED . JAFFA R OAD (H A1M VALERO OR MAHANNA YUDAH ) MARKET

SH OW1 NG THE MARKET ENCLOSURE PROPOSED .

PLAN AND SECTroN S OP THE PROPOSED MAR KET.

D D E To T B AV1 STR ET MARKET THE NORTH , AS AT PRESEN , LOCKED UP

W1TH DEERi s . As 1T W1 LL S E WHEN THE DEER18 i s REMOV ED AND

THE ARCHES OPENED OUT . A As AT PRESENT AND s PROPOSED .

FALLEN ARCADE 1N THE MAU Ri STAN .

TH E 860 EL Q ATTANi N THE ENTRANCE PROM THE STREET.

THE GR EAT CHAM B ER .

A SY Ri AN POTTER AT WORK . - GROU P OF H EER ON GLASS ELOWERS .

- A H E BRON GLASS WORKER 1 H H rs SHOP 1N JERUSALEM .

A H EB RON GLASS . ’ TH E Soc TY s WEAVi NG APPRENTICES 1N TH 21R UN 1P 0RM. ILLU STR ATION S

TH E AP P R E 63 . WEAVING ENT1 C SH 1P CEREMONY OP ENxNG o r THE JERUSALEM LOOMS

m 1 9 1 9 .

6 . Co N R 4 DOME ST UCTi ON 1N JERUSALEM . ’ 6 . 1 D 5 A JERUSALEM CARPENTER S W N ow .

T . 66 . I S MODERN SU BST1TUTE

6 . R EL1 EP 7 LA BOUR AT WORK ON THE C1TADEL CLEAR 1N GS .

68 . R i E D P s ON R S SH 1PT1NG LARGE STONES AT THE C1TA EL.

TH A1 H W1 N ER ODi A EL K 6 . O N P 9 E W L1NG WALL S G THE LOWER , OR H , OC S O STONE . - 0. H OW1 NG Tx S 7 S THE UPPER, POST TU , COURSES THAT HAVE D S EEN RECENTLY R EPA1R E . ” TH E T OR TH E K 1NGS. 7 1 . OMES

- SH W1N G DER EL1CT OP OP . 72. PHOTOGRAPH O THE PRESENT STATE ONE THE ROCK TOMES

1 ANC1 ENT . 73 . D AGRAM SH OW1NG THE DOORWAY

r WH 1CH 1 3 To 1NCOR P ORATE ANC1ENT 74 . PLAN o THE PROJ ECTED PARK AND GUARD THE

JEWISH ROCK TOMES . T P RACTU R E H B 75 . GAe NG OF AN ANC1 EN TOME WITH A MODERN AND A MODERN E REW C R 1CE 1NSCR 1PT10N ON THE O N .

TH E ANC1 ENT R STAi R CASE n ow . 76. OMAN AT S

. or R : . 77 DOME . THE OCK PLAN T 8 78 . EAST ENTRANCE o THE 00 EL C1TADEL 79 . I NSCR 1PT10N UNCOVERED AT THE .

CO UNCIL OF TH E P R O - JERUSA LEM SOCI ETY

u Fo nded S eptember 1 9 1 8 .

n e I corporat d October 1 920 (under the Palestine Adminis tration) .

R E E . H ON . P SID NT i The R H on IR H ER BE T i i s s one f ales i ne . ght . S R SAMUEL, H gh Comm i r o P t

PR ESIDENT.

T RR e RON O ove no of e usal m. ALD S S , G r r J r

COUNCIL . i H on embe The R H on . K . . B. . M r : ght VISCOUNT MILNER, C

B MEM ERS .

TH E MAYOR or JERUSALEM .

TH E DIRECTOR OF ANTIQ UITIES .

' H I S EMINENCE THE GRAND MUFTI . H R OP FRANCI SCAN the Cus odian o f I S EVERENCE THE PRESIDENT THE COMMUNITY , t

t he H oly Land .

H I S R EVERENCE THE PRESIDENT OP THE DOMINICAN COMMUNITY.

H I S BEATITUDE THE GREEK PATRIARCH .

H I S BEATITUDE THE ARMENIAN PATRIARCH . P TH E PRESIDENT O THE JEWISH COMMUNITY .

TH E CHAIRMAN o r THE ZIONIST COMMISSION . E le Bi u e i - R EV E B co bl e d a n E enne . LE . P RE A EL ( iq S t ti )

LE CAPITAINE BAR LUZZI .

BEN Y . M . AHUDA

C. C M . B. E. I ns ecto of o u en s G. S. CAPT . K . A. RESWELL, ( p r M n m t , ,

DR . . E . . M D DER

PROP . PATRICK GEDDES .

. H . R . A ARARI - a sal MUSA KAZEM PASHA EL H USSEINI (Ex M yor of Jeru em) .

C . H . COMMANDER . LUKE

C P . I ns ecto of onumen s G. S. A T MACKAY ( p r M t , ,

MR . ME H YU AS .

LE CAPITAINE P AR I B ENI .

R US PAUL (Acti ng R epresent at ive of the Armenian Patri arch) . - . L E. LT CO . L . POPHAM .

R . T R . M E. . ICHMOND E i e- a o of e us lem MR . . c a . . D G SALAMEH ( x V M y r J r )

DR . SLOU SCH NAHUM .

R B SP AP P ORD. M . JACO - E. E. L. T C. LT. CO WATERS AYLOR, mi i n on en E E o n ca C v . LE R V . P RE VINCENT (D t)

H on . T easu e . MR . J WHITING , r r r R 1) Y ELLI N i ce- a o of e us alem M . OAHVNID (V M y r J r ) .

Se i i e us alem. R B H on. c . Cvic d i so to th e C of C. . ASH EE , , A v r ty J r

e i as s o er ! Thou mark d w th an teri k are n long acti ve M M .

TH E OLD CITY protected from the ra ins ; there are d angerous cra cks at several points in a c o co and a the n ient mas nry, ping b ttlements in many pl aces need rep a ir . But no o r o a as money was is yet at its disp s l , the So ciety h as been a a c a and c a I t un ble to do nything beyond le ning the le ring of débris . is a o w as o of estim ted that ab ut spent in this w rk, but the bulk it a P ro- o o was p id , not out of Jerusalem funds , but ut f the va rious relief — — C at o funds Muslim , hristian, Armenian , and Jewish th were fr m time to time put at the dispos a l of the Milita ry Governor by the va rious reli IOu s o g c mmunities .

The a 3 . cle ning of the Citadel implied the cleaning of the fosse . The T h ad o a s a - urks used the f sse tipping pit for refuse . On the south and ea st were great cess- pits ; on the west their plan had been t o ﬁll it co a o up entirely, thus gradually vering the gl cis , and turning the fosse int o T r ad and building sites . hey had even at one time proposed to sell the a o o r mparts and level them w ith the f sse ; but this , f rtunately , pre ff w a c T sented insurmountable di iculties . As it s de ided to reverse urkish o a and meth ds , a new plan had to be dopted , this may be seen by refer Front i s iece ence to the p . The dotted line at A A indicates where the o The f sse had been obliterated a nd thrown into the road . plan shows the new ga rdens and terraces which the Society h as laid out . How is the po int of jun ction at A A to be treated ? This involves one of the most important civic improvements, which will be considered in its place (see Sect ion

Th e a o of 4 . cle ning of the f sse, which led to that method garden a nd planning just referred to, which will be more fully described in 20 a t o a Section , the Jerus lem Park system , led next the cle ning of the ’ c old o ramparts, the un overing of the sentinels walk r und the walls , and . o of o a — o c the pening s me of the an cient gu rd h uses , some of whi h were a Of — o covered with m ny feet of débris . these guard h uses four have been un covered in whole o r p a rt (see I llustration and of the R ampart Wa - and o a lk about one half has been opened out, inconspicuous ir n h nd a a a a r ils h ve been ﬁxed t the dangerous po ints . From the w lk itself o o c Th e c o c s me thirty encr a hments were removed . type of en r a hment o I I t most c mmon is best seen in llustration 6 . consists usually in an I n attempt to convert the ancient wa ll into p rivate property . the sketch a b of shown, is the Damascus Gate, is a block dwellings in private I n of i and a a nd . ownersh p , the w ll has been blocked at X Y this work clearing the R ampart Walk the Society h as had gangs of labourers

CR A

Modern encroachments that the

Soci ety i s cleari ng . TH E OLD CI TY

a a nd h a s a o a £ 00 employed for m ny months , spent lt gether bout 5 , in addi ’ tio n to the sums ea rm a rked fo r relief wo rk from the Go verno r s Speci al funds (see I llustra tio ns 4 a nd

o m a a a o a c a re s o c a a c 5 . A w rd y be s id b ut the g tes whi h h r cteristi The oc h a s a c a a featu re o f the Holy City . S iety been instrument l in le n ’ o o a e ing up o r d ing w rk to the D am a s cus G a te (I llustr tion St . Steph n s ’ a I o o a a nd aff a I a o G te ( llustrati n Her d s G te, the J Gate (see llustr ti ns 2 a nd At the Jaffa G ate it stopped the soldiers on one o ccasion fro m ’ a e ca c a a turning the g t into a mp kit hen . At St . Stephen s G te a b th co ntra cto r h ad appropriated the whole of the t op of the gate for b a king a The c h a e dung c kes . So iety d him clea red out, lik wise the breeding a c h ad he - o pl ce for ﬂies whi h he assisted in establishing . T guard h use a h e dj o ining the gate had been used a s a publi c l atrine . T Society cleaned and rep a ired this a t a co st of some £50; it w as subsequently ’ o c o c o o used by the city p li e . At Herod s Gate the S iety als did pr tective and a a - a o o f a o £ 20 work, rep ired the g te house t a c st b ut , turning it o fo r one a a c a a o into a h me of its g rdeners , to whom pie e of l nd dj ining w a The a o a w a s given . D mascus Gate is a bout t be h ndled in the same y, ’ a nd the approach from it to Herod s Gate is now being cleared .

’

6 . a a While work was in progress at the Zion or David s G te qu rter, a s o c where, djoining the Jewi h Ghett , is one of the worst slums in the ity, ’ The a propo s al was made for laying ou t a children s recreation ground . a co a Bentw i ch one Society entered into ntr ct with Mrs . Norman on the a a nd o a h nd , the Abu Liya Wa kf o n the o ther t t ke over a piece of , ’ a nd a o a a £ 1 0 a derelict very filthy l nd , n ten ye rs lease, at a rent of e a a o B twi ch oo y ar, to m ke playgr und of it . Mrs . en undert k the planting d a n a . The upkeep with the aid of a b a nd of Jewish girl g rdeners Society, a o f w ho a c a with the ssistance the Zio nist Co mmission , supplied spe i l a f a - he c e o the a . T g ng l bou rers , did l ying o u t and rebuilt the walls So i ty a o t h e o f £ 2 fo r o a t o a a ppr priated sum 5 this w rk , in ddition the nnu l c o rent, and ex lusive of the sum s disburs e d by the Zionist C mmission , a o whose l b u r it superintended . h ad o a Unfortunately, after the first work of pl a nting been d ne o f a w a a w as series nightly r ids s m ade upon the g rden , and it stripped o r o Th e c a t o neces of every tree, shrub, fl wer . poli e were un ble give the

r o and h ad fo . sa y pr tection, the work , r the time being, to be suspended The present population o f the Holy City has much to learn yet in the 4

TH E OLD CITY

a o f element ry duties citizenship . When the little playground is ﬁnished o I a it will c me somewhat as shown in llustr tions 9 and 1 0.

' Abu Li a P la r u y yg o nd .

I n the course of m a king the playground certain dis coveries of an cient work were made which a re referred to by P ére Vin cent in the chapter on Grae co-Rom a n remains tou ched by the Society (see Section

a 7 . On nother occasion a question of principle had to be decided c of a o ld no o a a which involved the destru tion n , if t very imp rt nt, l nd a o m rk . Am ng the mo st c haracteristic fea tures of Jeru s alem a re the o a oo h o f a ce a Wa had verh nging w den windo ws . T e o wners rt in kf applied to me fo r a building p ermit whi ch invo lved the destru ctio n o f o o I a o 1 1 no a a e a s the wind w sh wn in llustr ti n . I t is of gre t g , but it h , o a o c a a a a e t gether with the sm ll d med room of whi h it is p rt, ch ra ct r The . o a a s o c of its own wners ple ded th t, wood being difﬁ ult to get, it o co c o to a a w w uld st them mu h m re ret in and rep ir the window, whi ch as a o a e a d a f lling int the street, th n to r build the wall ﬂush n insert new

Window . They were willing to pay an extra £ 10 in order to save the 5 TH E OLD CITY

wa s a a a window, and it ﬁn lly greed th t the So ciety would contribute the a of a a v lue the m terial , estimated at £4 , provided the work of rep ir was ’ done to the Society s satisfaction .

8 a . Perh ps one of the most important pieces of work the Society has h ad t o do in the old city h as been the preservation of the a n cient

Sfi s a nd c . h as q overed ways Unfortunately, the necessary money not as o o do a c yet been f rthc ming to this wo rk as it should be done . Mere p t hing o and c of ancient ro fs vaults is not enough . Under the unique onditions of Jerus alem property ownership and tenure a speci al system of pro cedure o ou T now had to be w rked t as a prelim ina ry to rep a ir . his is being o a o r a ha s o d ne, and a gr nt lo n been pr mised by the Administration for a c - a the gradual rep ir, oupled with the condition of a pro rat levy to be o c a imp sed by the muni ip lity on all tenants and property owners . The 1 20 o a a blizzard of February 9 br ught m tters to a he d . As the o f 1 0 ii result it some 5 houses collapsed , and a large part of the S q ‘ el Attarin was in danger of falling ( see I llustrations 1 2 to I n a a The record of this is significant . J nu ry and Feb ruary 1 9 1 9 - c . E R P ére Vin ent, Mr rnest ichmond , then Secretary of the Pro Jerusalem a I C Society, Mr . Guini , the municip l engineer, and as ivic Advisor had , t o c o n a fi already reported the So iety the d ngerous condition of the S q . Ou r reports a dvised the immedia te expenditure of some But co the Administration had no money, and nothing uld be done . As a a o result of the blizzard the repair will now, it is estim ted, cost m re like All turns on the complexity of the roof system which covers the I 1 2 1 a a a streets . llustrations and 4 show the great re to be de lt with , ffi The o and some of the di culties . properties are all interl cked, and the streets a re lit and ventilated through stone louvres so designed as to o The a o ff screen the sun fr m the streets below . su rf ce water drains in a c o accordance with f ll , and if the roof or louvre is negle ted at one p int it a a I o 1 may lead to irrepar ble dam ge to neighbouring property . llustrati n 3 shows where one of these lo uvres has co llapsed after having been tem a I 1 2 o pora rily and badly p tched . llustration sh ws how the vaulting I 1 at o stones are disintegrating, and llustration 4 shows , the p int where of h a co the men are standing, how some twenty metres wall s llapsed to o o I 1 1 6 the danger of the th r ughfare below . llustrations 5 and Show the o condition of the vaults below . At the moment when rders were given

at wa . t o sho re, the whole street this point was in danger of giving y

’ Th e o a 1 1 9 . Society s m st import nt undertaking was the repair in 9 9 el att ani n I 1 T of the Sﬁq Q (see llustrations 7 and his, as will be 6

C R A S HB EE _

The S el att t Q ani n .

! tr Arc . s The Cen al ade Clas s room.

oot s w i c r ei n nd S inni n . B h h h have rooms over. Dy g a g - entr H all. y Res erved or las s wor . C al o f k ‘ - r - - - . t H a er H amméme s Shafiei ar m es Sh if. TH E OLD CITY C C ’ d seen by reference to aptain reswell s escription in Section 70, is one o Th e c a f the noblest streets in Jerusalem . So iety h s spent on this about H ad o not o o r had the w rk been d ne, the work been postponed, Sfi el at t ani n a as in the case of the q Q j ust referred to, l rge portions of the Sfiq would have collapsed in the snowstorm . Fu rther references are made to the Sii q elQ at tani n in connexion with s ee the weaving industry, of which it is now the centre ( Section T o I w ill a heref re refer here only to the general plan , which shows wh t

h a s . T been done structurally, and what is still intended his plan (see I a 1 o a of a llustr tion 7) is based up n th t the P lestine Survey, which , how

w a s to c a I t h as o co . ever, found be inac ur te . not been p ssible to rrect it a o f o and of M ny the sh ps are still walled up , since the date the Su rvey o o ld C a o p rtions of the buildings to which apt in Creswell alludes , th se a a t o a e on the north side of the pl n , appear to h ve been destroyed m k a w y for a modern house .

0 a of R o I a 1 a nd 1 . Of the rep irs to the Dome the ck ( llustr tions 9 ’ which the Society s a ssistance en abled the Wakf authorities at a c c t o a a o a riti al period undert ke, few w rds must now be said . C ptain ’ Creswell s notes in Section 68 should be co nsulted fo r the l atest his t a a o c ori cal data . For the initi l rep ir w rk the Society advan ed the sum 2 2 a a c o f a of £ and it h s since, at the inst n e the Administr tion , guaran 3 ,

an Wa a nd o . teed agreement between the kf their c ntractor, Mr David h anes s ian ha s o a c c O , who been app inted to m ke, in the old furna es , su h e o a nd o f Th tiles a s are ne ded f r the repair upkeep the building . e super vision of this importa nt work h a s been since the outset in the h a nds o f E R o o a c c Wa o s Mr . rnest ichm nd , the advis ry r hite t of the kf, fr m who e report of March 1 9 1 9 the following extra ct is given “ o co o a T ensure mplete immunity fr m dec y, especially in the case s The r o f of t ile of the more modern tile , is impossible . su face this kind (Of which there are very l a rge numbers) is bound t o dis appea r much a o f a e o c e sooner than th t the e rlier tiles , ther by seri usly in reasing t h a no t far h as not denuded are s ; and the time is distant, if indeed it t he o to : a lready arrived , when following questi n will have be answered ‘ I s the metho d ado pted in the sixteenth centu ry o f deco ra ting the o uter c w alls of this building with glazed tiles to be ontinued in the future, or is that system to be abando ned “ Effo rts h ave for the l a st 4 00 yea rs been m ade to mainta in th a t a ma R h a s a . W system . epair after repair been c rried out h tever we y think of the methods followed we must at least a cknowledge the eﬂo rt 8

TH E OLD CITY and admire the persevera nce with which it has been m a de through a and a many gener tions , in spite of the obvious difﬁculties c used by o a a uns a tisfactory metho ds f dministr tion . “ a a and c Tiles h ve decayed in the p st, tiles will de ay in the future ; o so a o a a some rapidly, s me less ; some by natur l and unav id ble c uses , I a others by reason of neglect or lack of skill . n the p st they have always o o a been repl a ced in some f rm or ther, though with v rying success a nd uneven skill . “ I f a o o 00 a , in the future, the gener l policy foll wed thr ughout 4 ye rs up till the present century of keeping the building endowed with a tiled o a a surface is t o be continued , those resp nsible will have t le st in one a o a a a s a p a rticul r to f llow the ex mple of the p st ; th t is to y, they Will

o . T co no t o h ave t provide new tiles his , of urse, does exempt them fr m a a s doing all th t can be done to preserve those th t still exist, and in thi matter th e future gu a rdians of the building may well do better th an some of their predecesso rs . “ f a s I a re to a a o I we admit, think we bound dmit, th t the D me of

‘ o c o f a rchwolo i al e bu t a the R k is not merely a building g c int rest , also a a o a symbol of something very much live, we must ls llow that there is something to be s a id for ma intaining the outwa rd and V isible Sign of

a V a . a s o a s th t it lity All skin dec ys , but long there is life in the body a re which it covers its tissues continua lly renewed . — So lo ng then a s the Dome o f the R o ck rem ains a live building a to s a a u building, that is y, which is an integr l part in the life that surro nds — o ha s for s o i t so l ng as it fulfils the functions it fulfilled years , o co a a o r l ng must its skin be ntinu lly renewed in some m nner other, by a o r c w alls m rble by mosai , by tiles or by cement ; for the have been too c o o ac mu h hacked ab ut, in rder to provi de a key by whi ch to fix su rf e co a o a de r ti n , to m ke it tolerable that they should become entirely denuded ; o c nor d es ement seem a satisfa ctory or a dequate covering t o this building . Within an appreci able number of yea rs the c hoi ce will lie between cement ” a s a o to co o o r . c vering a nsiderable pr po rtio n o f the building, new tiles ’ This extra ct may not inaptly be fo llowed by the Gra nd Mufti s

a a to I a . I t a r and a a eloquent ppe l sl m is tr nslated f om the Arabic, ppe red c on a nd 1 in the Arabi papers 4 5 December 1 9 8 . “ T a a nd a a d . Pe ce be upon you , the gr ce of God n His blessings his c c a a sa red Mosque, to whi h God tr nsl ted His Prophet one night from the s cca o ne o Mo que in Me , and in which prostrati n before God is counted — by him as ﬁve hundred is it not the Aqsa Mosque which God has o blessed ? Yet it is neglected , and for several decades was verlooked ,

B 9 TH E OLD CITY

a until decay has set in in its frame, and its ornamentation has f ded , and o a c the wh le ediﬁce st nds in peril of disruption, whi h may God avert . of c Who desires the loss this pre ious gem, unique in its grandeur, a its form , its architecture, the soundness of its found tion , and the per

—" fection of c o of ma its stru ture this w nderful building, the site which y not be seen on the face of the earth , which causes the greatest architects to sh ake their heads in wo nder and t o confess their incapa city to pro duce its like even were they all to put their heads together ? “ N ow O and a , when the men of the ccupying Power, , in p rticular, o of C s aw H . E. Colonel St rrs, Governor the Holy ity, the ruined state in and which stood the Mosque, learnt that the revenues derived from its

i e . o o a private wa kfs ( . with ut even taking int ccount the difﬁculty of obtaining rents at all in those d ays) do not exceed what is required by — way of expenditure fo r the m ainten a nce of religious rites when Colonel s w a n o and Storrs a that, it was eyes re to him, he expressed his deep o c — — regret, and set about at n e may God watch over him and applied fo r an able engineer of tho se who have specialized in the repairs of an cient pl aces of worship . “ His appeal met with prompt response, for very soon the British m Govern ent sent out from its capital , London , the most celebrated o engineer and the m st competent for this great work . This is Maj o r o o w E a R ichm nd , kn n to the greater part of ou r gypti n brethren for the o good work done by him in their own places of w rship . N o soo ner a a at - of a c rrived th n he set to work once, tucking up his shirt sleeves tivity, and displ aying the utmo st interest in minutely examining a nd investi

at in and o . g g , then reporting on what ought to be d ne Having examined r and eve ything bit by bit, with the utmost care, he drew up a report fully expl aining wh at wa s required for the restoration and preservation o c a of this n ble ediﬁce, and dwelt spe i lly on the necessity o f speedily an s etting to wo rk . He also showed in estimate tha t to get materi als , a a a and a c pp r tus , the skilled l bour whi h is required for such delicate o c a work, w uld ne essitate bout which is not much if the object be t o preserve such s acred precincts to which humanity ﬂocks from all — — a o not c G od p rts of the w rld mu h willing for those charitable, good people w ho wish to lend God a pious loan which He will repay to them

times over, to extend their generous hands towards Him from a ll parts o a and c Of the gl be, e st west, and answer His call , whi h is His by saying , ‘ ’ Lo Ou r ri ches we enta il unto Thee . For verily he erects the Mosques o of God who believes i n G d . Verily, also, God will not suffer goo d wo rks ” a to go unrew rded .

I O TH E N EW TOWN PLA N

’ a c a nd 1 1 . P ssing from the So iety s activities in the care upkeep of me t e a now co o N w . I ts o e the old city, we z the Jerus lem ﬁrst th ught h re a o a h as been the new Town Pl n . All m dern civic regul tio n points t o the - The o r o need of town pl a nning . plan is the index meth d o n whi ch t he B T a c a . ut c a orderliness of a ity is b sed a own Pl n , espe i lly in an Ea stern ' a nd city, implies much more than the mere laying out of streets “ ” The a t artib o alignments . Arabs h ve a word , formed fr m the verb “ ” to a a o r rat t ab , m ke tidy, and me ning the method scheme on whi ch “ ” t a rtib o of wo rk is to be undertaken ; this , or meth d how to m ake Th e o a a to . o a tidy, is wh t we h ve consider confusi n int which industri lism h as has thrown all the conditions of life, whether in east or west, m a de a fo r c a w a I t the Town Plan essenti l every ity th t is in any y alive . is o a c c as h a s s a doubly necessaryf r ity whi h has been threatened , Jeru lem, a -ﬁve a a nd h as a t a with violent changes in the l st twenty ye rs , the s me u c o f o c a nd time a uniq e re ord , an immense wealth hist ri building, a curious and romanti c beauty of its own . But a Town Pl an for such a city depends for its excellence on

(a) I ts grasp of certain principles, social as well as architectural ; (b) I ts power of adaptability ; (c) The administrative machinery that is set up to give i nt elli

gent effect to the plan .

—e If the principles are ignored g , the religious divisions of a com o a munity or the industrial needs , or the questi n of w ter supply or t he , — , observatio n of co ntours o r if the sanita ry needs a re over or under esti

' o o r mated , or the prevalent winds ign red, or the planting of the trees , ’ the education of the city s children , or if any of these things are i nsufﬁ

l a . Or a a a ci ent y considered, the whole plan may be imp ired , ag in, if pl n be so rigid in its con ception that it checks the norm a l development of e any of these things, it is like a panel that cracks . W get a different c a result from that of our anti ipation . A good pl n must have power of mo e vari ability, as a good bit of wainscoting must V with the Wind a nd a the sun and yet not give . To make this vari bility po ssible there must be an administrati ve machinery having power to mo dify the pl a n in ou t accordance with the principles on which it is being worked , for the a nd a prin ciples themselves may change, they cert inly need co nstant T c a o o study . his study is the concern of the politi i n and the s ci logist as quite as much of the draughtsman, the architect, or the engineer .

I I TH E NEW TOWN PLA N

1 2 . It follows from these considerations that a good plan cannot o of m an I t be the w rk one only . must be the study of m any minds , — imply a co o rdinated knowledge fo cused upon the c ity whi ch it is “ ” o t o o r t a rt ib of s ught ennoble, to which the , or system tidiness,

is to be applied . There have been many plans prepared for the Ho ly City during

c o o r a nd o . T re ent years in wh le part, by many different pe ple here have been the various pl a ns projected and in part carried out by Jemal a ca t o Pasha and the Germ n architects , who were lled in reconstruct portions of the city or make new roads befo re the British o ccupation .

T a a nd e hth emi s here were the pl ns the new stre ts of Ep u , the Greek a o a off c a priest ; there was the pl n of Mr . Vict r H mberg ; there is the i i l d s a . c a an pl n of Mr Guini , the muni ip l engineer, upon which he his taff — h a ve been working for over a yea r now the pl a n o f the c ity a s it a a re a of cLea I a o 2 1 ctually is ; there the pl ns Mr . M n (see llustr ti n ) a nd Professor Geddes (see I llustratio n and there are the vario us plans of portions of the c ity emanating now from the Public Wo rks a o c o r o ow n O f a s Dep rtment, now fr m the Muni ipality, fr m my f ice the need arises .

I t c a r s c a c t o 1 3 . is ne ess y here to make pe i l referen e the plans cLean o s ca a of Mr . M and Pr fe sor Geddes , be use they p rovide, fter the a o t he a T offi ci al pl an of Mr . Guini, the m in lines up n which ﬁn l own a out Pl a n is likely to be c rried . c a o f McLean a s The distin tive qu lity the plan , will be seen by o o a o a H refe rence to the repr duction (N . is th t it is l tes the oly City ; t o a c o f a a a sets it so spe k , in the entre park, thus reco nizing the ppe l it , g — — makes to the world the city of an idea tha t needs as su ch to be p ro The c o b e u McLean t ected . Geddes plan , whi h sh uld st died with the

s e o . a cc u c a o o pl a n ( e N epts this g iding prin iple, but p ys m re attenti n a a s u m o n e a on o c to contours , s ves a l rge roads , and b ing b sed m re pre ise data and with the exp e rience o f many mo re months o f Study than it w a s , a o s o f a o c u a o possible to give during the e rlier peri d the milit ry c p ti n, The e a a t he a ca rries us farther . Gedd s plan reve led the fact th t m ps and measure ments upo n which both the McLean a nd the Geddes pl a ns o t o I o a o o f were based pr ved be faulty . have myself n ted vari ti ns I n a a a c as a 1 0 . 5 feet sh rply undul ted distri t such Jerus lem , where a c and o o there are steep s ents deep valleys in cl se pr ximity, this brings o o I ot us immediately to the principle inv lved in c ntours . t is n as on the c n a c level plain, where you a , so to speak, dr g your net and yet a hieve

1 2

TH E N EW TOWN PLAN

a the same effect of checkers or di grams . Were we to do this across the undulations of Jerusalem we might ﬁnd ourselves pl a nning up in the sky, a or our level ro ad fa lling down steep incline . o a c c T The Guini su rvey, which is c rrecting the in cura ies of the urkish a t o s cient iﬁ and German m pping, will make it possible carry out more - cally th at co ordinatio n of the two pl ans upon which we are no w engaged . R Here again the direct assistan ce of the Society has been given . ealizing cc a e S c ha s tha t the su ess of the pl n d pended upon the u rvey, the So iety ’ Gu ini s o ffi h as a given a ctive suppo rt to Mr . ce ; it p id fo r the printing a a nd a £ 0 a o f the pl ns , set side some 7 for what is even more important,

' contour model towa rds which the America n Colony h ave kindly oﬂe red ,

a o . o h as to co ntribute in l b ur and supervision Further, the S ciety under taken to p ay for a series of aerial ph otographs which the R oyal Air

Fo rce is prep aring .

Lea a a no r 1 . But Mc n 4 neither the pl n , the Geddes pl n , the Guini su rvey provides one thing which is essenti a l to the future of the city . “ ” th e c This is zo ning system , by whi h the city will be divided into

a cc a a o c a c . c reas of o up tion , residence, menities , s i l servi e, etc Su h a syste m can o nly re s ult from the reasoned n e ed of the citizens them

To f e o o f c c . selves . e f ct it some s rt ivi commission is required You can o co t o ce o and ou nly mpel up a rtain p int, y must have the logic o f the ge neral need behind you before deciding how fa r compulsio n may be ca rried . T o c a a o T a hen p liti al and industri l consider ti ns enter . he two pl ns o a The cLean bef re us illustr te this ve ry nicely . M plan assumes the rail w ay station as the po int round whi ch the main growth of the c ity is t o h e a be . T Geddes pl n starts from the hypothesis o f a University develop o co u ho can c ment mainly towards M unt S p s . W yet say that the ity will e a o - a a s o s s u o r o spr d to the n rth e st, Pr fe or Geddes s ggests , t the so uth

as o a e r . cLea s west, p stul t d by M M n I there likely to be suffi cient indus tri al devel o pment t o w a rra nt bo th a ssumptio ns Other equ ally impo r ta nt co nsideratio ns enter : Will the Unive rsity be a Zio nist Univers ity a no - c a a a merely, or will it be fr nkly n se t ri n , University in whi c h all o a o e o e has o the w rld sh res Pr f ss r G ddes , in his report, thr wn down ‘ o o c a the gl ve t Jewry . Will the h llenge be taken up i I t is a questio n fo w a o f o r the Je s l ne, but the result o their decisi n will profo undly affect ’ the city s fut u reh may shift t he axis o f its development and revolutio niz e ca ea o the Town Pl a n . Until we n see a h d m re clearly we ca nnot zo ne , a nd ca To a until we zone we nnot make our wn Pl n effective .

I 3 TH E N EW TOWN PLAN

1 I 1 1 To a 5 . said above (Section ) that the wn Pl n depended for its T third requisite upo n the administrative machinery set up . hat so far a a a ffi has been met, r ther in dequ tely, by the o ce which it is my privilege o h a c to h ld as Civic Advisor . T e v rious decisions whi h the Milita ry Governor of Jerusalem h a s had to give on questio ns of civic development

t o N No . have been referred me, and no one under the Public otice 3 4 of “ ” 8 April 1 1 8 co uld demolish erect alter or rep air without ﬁrst obtain 9 , , ,

a a o a r . ing permit from the Milit ry Govern r . These e municipal functions I h ad nearly 500 applications through my hands between October 1 1 8 20 W 9 and June 1 9 . hen the permit is granted it becomes the Munici ’ ali t s o p y w rk to see that it is effectively carried out, and to collect the revenue under the conditions of Turkish law . I t of a is on the side the menities , of the ﬁner civic development, a ff of o P ro and of arch eology, that the o ice the Civic Advisor t uches the c Jerusalem Society . All important cases , su h as those referred to in 1 2 I c of C Sections 7 and 5 , submitted for the onsideration the ouncil before o taking action up n them . How immensely helpful this has been these I records will , trust, show .

I 4 TH E AR CH IEOLOGICAL N EEDS OF

TH E H OLY CITY

f 00 1 6 . O the 5 requests for building permits referred to in the pre

a o . ceding section perhaps 25 per cent . have involved questions of arch e logy o Many of the requests have been quite triﬂing, but sometimes the m st far- and a o triﬂing h ave had reaching civic arch eol gica l consequences . a o 2 The D vid Street Market, to which special reference is made in Secti n 5 So (see I llustration is a case in point . also is the Pa rk system (See

' a tio ns 1 9 to on a portion of which , in the are surrounding the J aﬂa a Gate, I have already refused some thirty pplications to build . Other 2 6 o f o cases again are those dealt with in Sections , 3 , 5 , , 7, 9 these rec rds , a nd those Wi th whi ch I deal in the ensuing section .

The o f 1 7 . system on which we work at present is that all cases archaeologi cal impo rtance are presented at the monthly Pro—Jerusalem meetings , and the opinion of the various experts is secured before actio n a R o is taken . Thus the m tter of the saving of the man stairca se at I P ére o 8 Siloam (see llustration dealt with by Vincent in Secti n 5 , was repo rted on befo re it was sent up t o the Chief Administrato r a s an a VI I infringement of his procl mation (see Appendix ) . n this case the So ciety conducted the prosecutio n against a building contractor who had

' of R stolen some twenty tons oman stonework, whi ch he ca rried ofl by Th e o n o . £ 0 night the backs of d nkeys man was fined 5 , and h ad t o o o c return the st nes ; but, of c urse, they ould never be put back aga in o o c a into the p siti ns from whi h they had been taken , nd in which the a Bliss and Di ckie excavations reve led them . Th e Sii s a case of the falling q has been alre dy dealt with in Section 8 . a I a This case led to a speci l report, which was sked to m ake for the a O a Chief Administr tor, with the bject of arr nging a loan or grant in aid U Sii s o to the Municipality for the permanent pkeep of the q , t gether wit h a property levy . A good illustration of how the system works is the H ammfim el “ ” o f c — Batrak , the Bath the Patriar h , an eighteenth centu ry Muslim a building . A permit h d been asked for to repair certain shops in Chris o b tian Street (see I llustrati n and at one of them ( ) , the old entra nce éi a a to the H amm m, the stone mast bahs were lready being removed and wa s broken up . I t appeared , on investigation, that it proposed to

I S TH E AR CH lEOLOGI CAL N EED S OF TH E H OLY CITY a a a nd c o o o I a bandon the b th constru t m dern sh ps up n it . t seemed to a t a o a o s c pity do this , le st with ut reserv ti n , in re pe t of tho se portions - c c a o s o of the eighteenth entury stru ture th t were m t w rth saving . A a o f Co c w a s o n a nd speci l meeting the un il therefore held the site, the e I t w as a c a va rious s chemes co nsider d . ﬁn lly de ided th t permissio n o no to o e o a a nd a sh uld t be given the wners to r m ve the b th , th t they should be a dvised to rep a ir the building fo r co ntinue d use as a b ath o a ac ca with sh ps djoining . I f th a t were found to be no longer pr ti ble it was intimated that the modiﬁed s cheme shown in I llustratio n 24 e a nd g might be approved for co nversio n into a café of that part of the building o o e I a i . e . a a m st w rth pres rving, the l rge v ulted room (see llustr tion This scheme postul ated t h e new shops shown a t a a a in the p a rt h a tched o a nd a a u Th e ruks ah s in the illustrati n , sm ll p blic ga rden g . were there ’ o o o a up n issued in the G vern r s n me .

1 8 e . How then sh all we d e termine in the future the arch aeologi cal ne ds of the Holy City On the hypo thesis th at we sh all co ntinu e t o a dminister T law o B s o ca a o to urkish , with p ssible riti h m diﬁ tion , wh t ught be done Th e Pro-Jeru s a lem Co un c il h as b een gra du ally shaping fo r itself the o o a I t a o o a f llowing pr gr mme . will be seen th t s me of the bjects imed at a re o o e a s a u o o bey nd its p w rs , and need dmini tr tive s pp rt ; thers , of a a o a c o necessity, h ve aw ited the c ming o f a perm nent ivil g vernment ( 1 ) Detailed a nd system ati c survey a nd registration o f a ll histo ric

m o numents in the Kaza of Jerus alem . (2) The esta blishment o n and through the Council of a body of o pinio n guide d by men w ho h ave not o nly the techni cal a nd a c a o o ca o a o ca o r h e l gi l kn wledge, but the uth rity to rry thr ugh e a o a dministratively any policy th at has b en greed up n . The co—o a o w aid of c a and c (3 ) rdin ti n , ith the the Muni ip lity su h a a a o f a u c servi ces s are still in milit ry h nds , the v rio s ivic

u c o s a a c aeo o — c a f n ti n th t tou ch r h l gy g , the gr nting of ruks ah s a o f a o r ac o f a , the l ying on w ter, the pl ing dr ins in o ld c u t o a c c a the ity ; the opening o f n ient streets , espe i lly where destro yed b y the blizza rd o f 1 9 20 ; the rep a ir o f the Sﬁ s a a s a a nd e o n q by me ns of dmini tr tive order, the l vy p ro perty o wners ; the m aking o f new roa ds in the suburbs of Jerus a lem e spec i all y where thes e a re o n the lines o f o ld , R o a oa m n r ds . T e s (4 ) h m a king of regul a tio ns a s t o movable a ntiquitie , their

a e a nd a o o r ﬁnding, s f gu a rding, o r s ale the un uth rized ,

illicit digging that may bring them to light.

1 6

TH E A R CH /EOLOGICAL N EEDS OF TH E H OLY CITY

I n regard to the survey, much has already been done . I t is o o o of a st red in the G vern rate files , which there are sever l thousand , or a t the Municipality . Large numbers of photographic reco rds h ave been a a nd a t ken , pl ns and drawings made . All this Should later on be sys t emat ized and , when the actual register of Jerusalem historic monuments l c a is made, it shou d, if ne ess ry, be incorporated . Such an ofli ci al survey “ ” o and a of Monuments hist riques is the first thing to be done, n admi ni s t rative a fo r gr nt should be made it . I n regard to the composition of the Co uncil is in itself a guarantee

for the careful consideration of questions as they arise . All the local a s o arch eologist , and th se appointed by the Milita ry Administration , have C from time to time served on the Council , and , further, the ouncil has on a a it men , such as the Gr nd Mufti , the Mayor, nd the heads of the religious

c . communities , who can give the necessary sanction to its de isions T t o — he a a hat brings us (3 ) co ordin ation . T we kness of any milit ry I regime in civil m a tters is its in ad aptability t o civil needs . t can guarantee no continuity its judgment in the appointment of offi cials is o co a ften determined by nsiderations not germane to the ppointment, and the pers o na l responsibility of those appointed rests of necessity with the

military superior and not with the man who has to do the job . A military ,

o a d o . regime, in other w rds , is concerned , n rightly, with ther things Th - o c o o t o rough the Pro Jerusalem C un il , however, it was ften p ssible ff co— a a a o e ect ordin tion , nd dr w together interests that c uld not in any other ways have been focused upon the amenities of the Holy City . h ad o La stly the Co un cil has , perf rce, while awaiting the arrival of , o to c o o a perm anent Administrati n , onsider and s lve pr blems of an a rchaeological cha ra cter whi ch would properly be within the province o f a The c ma a a c a Dep artment of Antiquities . Coun il y re son bly l im to have ea rned the gratitude of arch aeologists fo r the action it has taken in the I t best interests of the histo ri ca l monuments of Jerus alem . is now to be a nticipated that a permanent dep a rtment of Palestine antiquities will be and co- a instituted , deﬁnite ordin tion established between the activities The C c of the Society and those of the department . oun il will doubtless a V view this pro spect with the gre test satisfaction, especially in iew of the additio nal strength and effi cien cy which such a combinatio n would give them in their special ﬁeld .

1 8

TH E P A RK S YSTEM

1 . a a o 9 Perhaps the greatest need o f Jerus lem , fter the preservati n of o c a a rdens ' s hade its hist ry and the le ning of its streets , is g , , and aff a orest tion . I t is said that the city has never recovered the destru ction Of the 0 The o timber cut down by Titus in the siege of AD 7 . siege of G dfrey de B d T ouillon nearly fa iled for want of timber ; a n the urks , though c a a a a o f c a redit ble g rdeners , never m de good the wast ge the end of l ssic c a C h a s . o o iviliz tion Pr fessor Geddes , in his rep rt to the Zionist ommission , o a a co a o o of a a and s me v lu ble mments , with di grams , n the questi n r inf ll a o a a nd a o plant ti n in P lestine . Water plant ti n in Jerusalem go hand in

a . T e ac a a h nd h y re t on one nother . Pl nt trees and you get more rain ;

a ca a o . I store you r r infall in a thirsty l and a nd you n pl nt y u r trees ndeed , ffi o a nd far t oo a the di culties are enorm us ; , so , they have been gre t for us t o c T a nd a . a re a o a o a a do mu h hey l b ur, tr nsp rt, w ter storag e its pplic o a nd ti n through the long nine months of drought, protection from the goat . There are really only t wo months in e ach yea r when pl anting can a 1 8—1 - a be s fely do ne . I n the pl a nting sea so n of 1 9 9 the Pro Jerus lem — o a o 2 I n a o o f 1 1 20 a u S ciety pl nted ab ut 00 trees . the se s n 9 9 bo t With proper resources we hope to pl a nt in t h e city o r a bo ut it a a I t . no he ffi c nnu lly is t the planting that is t di ulty, but the tending (see Sectio n

20 . As the Cita del Gardens and the R amp a rt Walk will be the core f o a o a to a of . the Jerus lem Park system , this is the pr per pl ce spe k them

The a o I u 2 26 2 1 a nd 22 a . T pl ns sh wn in ll strations 5 , , , expl in this hey o e Th e a I a sh uld be studi d in relatio n to one a no the r . key pl n ( llustr

' o 26 R a of a ti n ) shows the mpart Walk a s the centre the P rk s ystem , the a co o n c i s o s a a spin l rd whi h to be built the wh le eries of p rks , g rdens , o o a nd o pen sp aces o f whi ch the new c ity will b e compo sed . T the s uth w of a T a I a o 2 o th e est this pl n is the Citadel . he l rge plan ( llustr ti n 5 ) sh ws - a f a Pa rk system as a whole . I t is an a ttempt to co o rdin te the di ferent are s H o C t o o o t o and c e o f c . it is pr p sed reserve, in the entr whi h the ly ity is be set — I n this pl a n the mo dern building a rea which l ies to the no rth east a nd south a no w a nd o a . T is left blank, nly few salient po ints are shown urning b ck Th e t o 1 Fronti s ie e a . C I llustration ( p c ) , we see the Citadel enl rged itadel

G a rdens (I llustrations 27 to 3 1 ) are to be the entran ce to the whole system . h a a now a a re a a o c T e eight re s being h ndled m rked r und the wall en einte , C a a I a nd at o a a I I I beginning at the it del are , ending the p int where re V I 9 of the Rampart

ome o the Roc . Citadel area . D f k

i urch o the H ol Se ulc re. Armen an Convent area . Ch f y p h

i r Z on Gate (Bab en Nebi Do sal) area . i Tyropa um. Pool of H an kah.

Bezetha .

i r i r . Damas cus Gate (Bab el Amati ) area . B ket Sin M iam l e i e New Gate (Bab e J d d) ar a. El Aqs a Mos que .

' a G B el K ali are J ﬁa ate ( ab h l) a.

TH E PA R K SYSTEM

' a r the o a line of the r mparts may be t aced to right, t w rds the Armenian a qu rter of the city . ’ I llustratio ns 3 2 and 3 3 show the wa lk by David s G ate and the a T encroachments m ade on it by a modern Turkish meat m rket . his the oc s o od o of S iety had cheduled for removal when the act f G , in the f rm ,

o . the blizzard , fortunately came t o our aid and br ke the roof in ’ I llustratio ns 4 and 5 sho w gangs of the So ciety s labourers at work

' ' c a a a ff le ring débris from the walk . Some ide of the m ss of stu to be removed may be seen by the height to which it was piled in relatio n t o ’

I o . the ﬁgures . n I llustra tion 5 i t comes up nearly to the w man s head I n I llustratio n 3 4 a wom an is seen at work picking oﬁ the grea t stones of an c a a encroa hment th t had been built o n the w lk . She is herself standing o n c the old ity wall .

' I llustratio ns 3 5 and 3 6 show a nother of these encroachments ; it is ’ a a s outside the Spanish Jews Hospital . Here, ag in, the photograph

s o o of a a . h ws (No . a new wall had been built on the t p the r mp rts Th A e a a 6 o how a . pen di gr m below (No . 3 ) sh ws this was h ndled is the B a new wall , the immense mass of tip on which the new w ll was built, a nd C which in pl a ce s w a s beginning to burst the ramp a rt wall . shows ’ ca ac w as not the unburied sentinels walk . I n this se the encro hment b acked a a o e c aw y , but tunnelled and an a rc h m de v r the steps whi h , a o I a o a the excav ti n revealed . llustr ti n 3 7 shows wh t the work looked o re a like when in pr gress . The girls a in the pit with their b skets c a T e a w a s s ubs e le ring déb ris . h ink line shows where the rch a d E o n quently built n the p a rapet made good . At , the inner side of the wall , where the walk adj o ins the public street, it is proposed a as o to pl nt sh wn . I llustratio n 3 8 i s i nt eres ti ng as showing the sort of destruction that Th e as . a is in progress old w lls of the city have been used quarries , and

a e o o - A c a re c ff . the m ssiv st nes , when loosened from negle t, arried few thous and pounds to m a ke goo d these p a rap e t rep a irs a round the city wa a re a lls gre tly needed . I a o l a o llustr ti n 39 shows the end of the walk at the E Aqs M sque . We a o o h ve not for the moment got beyo nd this p int, and it is p ssible that a way o ver the wa ll or on the outside m ay be better till the walk begins again at the point wh e re it ﬁ rst tou ches the Templ e area on the south side .

2 2 . o a s l c one o At this p int, it wi l when completed be ome of the m st a t a o m a import n features in the Jerus alem Pa rk system , few w rds y be

2 2.

C. . li . A

o . N g7 . e m r l howi n Th R a a t Wa k the s a me a s o . 6 s p , N 3 , g ella /i i r t r f t n g ls a w o k.

? ew b N wall uilt on the ti p . n Ti p.

o Ra mpar t lValh newly clea red . c ld w l 0 city a l. e w r i n de e N ga den be g ma .

TH E PAR K SYSTEM said about the Jaffa Gate improvement s cheme which the Society is a nxious to carry through . It involves

(a ) the removal of the unsightly clock tower and the replacement ’ of the low p a rapet wall removed shortly before the Kaiser s theatrica l entry into Jerusalem ; b a o ca ( ) the cle ring of the fosse, with a p ssible modiﬁ tion of the and levels at this point, the completing of the garden circuit a r nti i e The com round the Cit del (see F o s p ce) . suggested promise would be a line drawn between the old circuit

obliterated by the Turks and the modern ro ad b oundary AA . (c) The opening out of a roadway with a great meid an in front a nd of the Jaffa Gate, the removal of the market to the

other side of the road .

(d) The completion o f the R ampart Walk circuit .

I o 0 1 2 . llustrati ns 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 3 , 44 , 4 5 show the projected improvement 0 a 1 8 8 c w a s No . 4 is from a photogr ph taken in 9 when the brea h being I a o ma de . llustr tion 4 ! sh ws what the fosse may look like when the I t ga rden circuit is completed and the gla cis again clea red . is suggested t o tha t as mu ch o f the road a s is needed for traffi c be retained , and that he a do this the pa rapet wall when rebuilt be pierced by an arch . T g rden circuit would then be completed by a narrow entrance a rch at a lower level a o i Th e a c ae o o at the b se f the H ipp cus Tower . more r h ol gically c mplete w way wo uld be to build up the w all again exactly a s it as . All the a o lower portions of the w ll are still under the roadway ; but the pe ple, h aving been a ccustomed fo r so many years to the double way into the

city, might be unwilling to su rrender it .

I t as a 23 . is yet impo ssible to give pl ans of the projected P rk system an a and I e 2 o not t o b . T in y det il , llustration 5 d es profess complete his ,

it will be seen , agrees roughly with the part enclosed in the larger blue circuit of the McLean plan (I llustration But if it be compared with McLean a a the Geddes and the pl ns , it will be seen that it is an ttempt to co— ordinate the two . Most of the contour roads on the Geddes pl a n are

adopted , and the blue zoning o r en ceinte lines on the McLean plan are

shown dotted . All three plans, it will be seen, accept these as domin ating

. W I 2 2 factors here the Park system ( llustration 5 ) departs from Nos . 1 22 a o and is in the m tter of meth d . The co ntrolling feature here h as been a - ac a nd the tombs , buri l pl es , existing memorials which have been incor orated T a - p into the park . hus all the Jewish buri l places are shown in C r circles, the hristian in c osses , and the Muslim in crescents .

23 TH E PAR K SYSTEM

The layi ng out or reservation into park land does not necessarily

a a a a . The mean speci l or orn ment l plant tion bulk of the land will , it is a a a hoped, alw ys rem in under fell hin tillage or even in its present I t o o wildness . does, h wever, mean a certain amount f terracing, and “ eb ekh the removal of s or tip from the valleys t o the rock plateaux . Nor does the plan (I llustration 25 ) show all the parts it is hoped to plant a in the city building are s . Most of the streets will be fringed with trees . of o Some the p rtions of the Park system , besides those already c mentioned, to whi h the Society has turned its attention may be gi ven

' a aﬁa o ( ) Avenues along the J r ad , and the making good of trees destroyed in the war (h on Illustration (b) The Post Ofﬁce Square (see I llustration 25 i and I llustra tions 4 6 (c) Plantatio n around the roads that border the tw enty-three cR ae acres near the station , known as the M estate i 2 (Illustrat on 5 j) . (d) Plantation round the Muslim Cemetery by Herod ’ s Gate 2 (Illustration 5 k) . (e) The garden and district immediately round the R ashidi a o I 2 Scho l ( llustration 5 l) . The of E (f) Park projected with the assistance Dr . ttinger and olli o f I 2 d a b Mr . Y n to the north the city (see llustration 5 a nd I llustra tion The Park system will incorporate and so preserve from needless desecratio n the ancient Jewish or Greece - R oman rock-tombs of which it is proposed to make 2 a feature in the Park (see Illustrations 7 , 73 , a (g) V rious small gardens in the old city, some of them in I n c are private ownership . the latter ase the trees given on the understa nding that they are planted according to

the wishes of the Society and protected by the owners .

TH E M A RK ETS

a a i r The s u ene i s . I t 24 . question of the Jerus lem m rkets is one g o of o c law and involves considerati ns religi us ustom and , of hygiene, of

I n o c c o . archaeo logy . s me ases these are uri usly interwoven Th e Society wo rking in coll aboration with the Municip ality a nd the Department of Publi c Hea lth prep a red a report on the m a rket needs a w as of the c ity, in which cert in principles were drawn up which it I t o decided to apply t o six markets to begin with . is unnecessary here t a o go into the details , and the plan , if consistently c rried out, will inv lve the expenditu re of a l a rge sum of mo ney and the enfo rcement of s a nita ry c a of a c c and muni ip l orders gre t onsequen e to the city . a o f Of these six m rkets illustrations are given two, one in the old

d one o and 0 . e a c o . 2 a n N . W ity, N 5 and 54 , in the new, 4 9 5 will de l a e a a with the l tter ﬁrst , b c use it illustr tes the horrible conditions of dis a o c a a order slo venliness and squ l r with whi h the Administr tion has to de l . , , ’ a aff t o o - o I t is the m rket in the J a road the n rth east of the city, s metimes o a a u Th row c a a s Y dah . e known Haim Valer , or M h nna of orrug ted o and o c on of ir n shacks petr l tins , of which it is mostly onstructed , is e a I t the ﬁrst l andm a rks as we enter the Holy City from the J ffa side . expresses fo r the visito r the N ew Jerus a lem a s left us by the Turk . The drawing whi ch accomp anies the photograph shows wh at we hope t o

c o oa . a s o m ake of the market, s reened fr m the r d by trees Here in ther , ca of a a a co o a ses , the desire the s nit ry uthority is to ntr l the m rket in the a To ac c a interest of public he lth . hieve this ontrol it must h ve deﬁnite and so c c a s o c a bo undaries , be onstru ted to make the enf r ement of cert in regulatio ns possible .

h e a o I 2 . T 2 5 David Street M rket, sh wn in llustrations 5 , 53 , 54 , is a a a c c a the picturesque Veget ble M rket in the ncient ity, so mu h dmired o of o a c o a of c o f bv all l vers l c l ol ur, bec use the ri hness costume of the a a o w ho o o a pe s nt w men gather t gether here from the neighb uring vill ges , ou - a I t bri nging fruit in their col r pl a ited straw b skets . is held under the a rches of the medi aeval b u ildings th at once formed part of or a dj o ined the found ation of the Knig hts Ho spitallers in the M au ri s tan (see Sections 6 66 An application w as m ade to me on one occasio n for closing 5 , , a t o co t the a rcades with view nverting them in o storerooms . To gra nt this ru ks ah would h ave meant not o nly interfering with the structure of T o . he the buildings , but with the market rights of the c mmunity whole

l S O 70 80 lOO FGET. e

CR 7\S H BEE ,

h a r T a Road Ma ket N o. 1 e J f 5 . (H ai m Valera or Mahanna Yudah) r ed as p opos .

S o . d. Stalls u nder cover . a. h ps

entral Sibil or Fountai n. e . a a Road. b . C j ﬂ

c . Entrances . TH E M A R KETS

h the matter was gone into, with the result t at a larger scheme for develop ment of the market is now under consideration . This is best studied in I a c t llustration 54 . is David Street ; shows the Vege able Market, to the left as it is at present, to the right as we hope to make it . At present it has only two arches to the street, and at the back all the arches are w blocked up ith débris . Five arches will be opened out at the back, and m the ass of débris (d) will be cleared away, while two arches will be opened out into David Street (a) . Thus abundance of light and shade - will be given to the market, which is at present dark and ill ventilated . Under the newly opened arches between d and d will be seen th e little The garden at g, the planting of which has already been commenced . remaining bases of the old arcades, which are no longer standing, but for i the most part covered in déb ris, were located by the Palest ne Survey, h o . f h as shown in g and Some the arches in are still visible, though a portion of one of the northern arches collapsed in the blizzard of 1 920 (see Illustration

N EW I NDU STRI ES

26 e - h o . Th Pro Jerusalem Society has establis ed tw new industries in — and a a i - a and the city, is trying to start third we v ng, tile m king, , if the — o co t o . T present negotiati ns me fulﬁlment, glass work hese industries a a o a T are in the n ture of revivals r ther than f new undert kings . hey a t o do c a h ve each with local life, and are implicit in the an ient tr ditions

c c a nd . To of the ity, its stru ture, its crafts these three industries co o of co and en uraged by the S ciety must, urse, be added building o a planting ; for th ugh the two l tter ceased entirely during the war, for a o a a a had except milit ry purp ses , the tr ditions of loc l craftsm nship t o o c ca of not be laboriously rec nstru ted as in the se weaving, tile

- making, and glass work .

2 I . 7 . deal with the weaving industry ﬁrst During the war the Ameri can R ed Cross instituted so me admirable relief works among the a a o a refugees , m inly Armeni n, of wh m there were m ny hundreds in I a of a Jerus a lem . nste d giving doles it set up looms ; it st rted the refugees o c a a — at d ing useful work with whi h they were f mili r weaving, spinning , I t a o a a R d etc . seemed pity to break the rg niz tion up when the e Cro ss w as o o a demobilized , so the S ciety w rked out a scheme for t king this an for Bu ac over d running it as a permanent industry the city . t a pl e

o . I t o a o had t be found was decided , theref re, to t ke over and rest re Sﬁ el att ani n old Co c the ancient q Q (the tton Market) , to whi h reference

h a s a lready been made in Section 9 . When the P ro-Jerus alem So ciety sta rted upon this noble monument w as a a a o it , like many nother in the city, public l trine, the sh ps were a w as filled with o rdure, and the débris in some c ses lying five foot high . oo I s 1 8 The picturesque d rs shown in llu tration , the photograph for 1 1 h ad o a nd fo r oo which was taken in 9 3 , been br ken up used firew d by The oc the Turks . S iety remade them , and is at present engaged in I c repairing the great chamber, shown in llustration 57, in whi h is a fourteenth-centu ry inscription (see also Section I n and adjoining

- o f No . w as ﬂou r this portion the building, as will be seen in 57, a mill , u whose 20 hp . engine was grad ally shaking the ancient masonry out of

T . place . his the Society had removed W oo hen the building was put in order l ms were set up , and the weavers and spinners still at wo rk fo r the America n R ed Cross were engaged of a a and put under the charge the present m n ger of the industry, which “ ” 0 I n n is now kn wn as the Jerusalem Looms . this i dustry, at the close 3 0 N EW I N D U STR I ES

’ o of the ﬁrst year s working, about seventy people were empl yed directly

The - . o or indirectly industry is self supp rting, and not ﬁnanced by the £200 a c a t c Society ; was , however, adv n ed ﬁve per cent . by the So iety,

a re . oc and the looms its property Fu rther, the S iety has given assis a aid of tance, with the ﬁn ncial the Administratio n in the teaching of , c o who a re a their raft to the b ys , lmost entirely Muslim . I t has started a system of indentured apprenti ceship (see Appendix IV helps the l ads ) , c o a nd with apprenti e sch larships , p ays the wages o f their technica l instructor (see Illustratio n

The - a a o 28 . revived industry of tile m king st nds n a different footing I t to o from that of weaving . is interesting n te that wherea s in the industry of weaving it was originally Armenian relief money th at has o o a b c so resulted in empl ying Muslim w rkers to the gener l pu li beneﬁt, to the s ame end it is in the indust ry of tile-m a king and p ainting th a t Muslim Wakf funds have been the cause of employing Armenia n

. We o o a workers h pe that Muslim workers will f llow, but we must t ke as a nd o conditions we ﬁnd them , use skill , kn wledge, and sympa thy W o . a wherever we meet with them eaving is m re frequently Muslim , - T a a a a . o tile m king lmost entirely an Armeni n , cr ft here is no reas n why o r The either should be limited by race , religion , tradition . Armenian ea a t o a w vers h ve now for the most part returned Armeni , but owing to R c - a the great works on the Dome of the o k, further tile p inters have

asked leave to come from Armenia to Jerusalem . ’ E R o a a o R eference to Mr . rnest ichm nd s report lre dy qu ted (Sec 1 0 a a off of tion ) will show th t the dam ge in the mere falling tiles , and the disintegratio n of the wall surfa ce from soa kage of wa ter through the co o a building, uld be estimated at hundreds of p unds a ye r, and that in B wa Th ut s . e a i ncreas mg ratio . there no money W kf funds in 1 9 1 8 a wa t o The - were not available . Wh t s be done Pro Jerusalem Society the a c a nd a here again stepped into bre h , did wh t the Administratio n fo r w a s a t o I t a a c ou t of the moment un ble do . dv n ed funds which the p e rson al energy and enthusia sm o f the Military Governor h ad co llected ’

fo r a of M r . R c o the necessary money the prelimin ry needs i hm nd s repo rt . c ffo a o a o o a c a nd co Money for s a lding, l b ur p yments , ph t gr phi other re rds ’

at . R c o s a a were pl a ced Mr i hm nd dispos l , thus enabling him to cre te a a o a system of repair th t might bec me perm nent . ’ o f a a I n the course Mr . R ichmond s investig tions the original furn ces a - e s - s o w as c were redi s covered in the a rea of the H ram Sherif, it de ided The a a to reopen them and m ake trial firings . first firings were dism l

3 1 N EW IN DU STR I ES

rom failure, and the two expert potters , one from K utahi a and one f ff Th s Damascus , di ered as to the reasons for this . e Society had by thi a 2 time dvanced some £ 3 0, so the drastic course was taken of discharging f . One o han s s i a them both the potters, Mr . David O e n, then came ff r forward with the o er of partly capitalizing the indust y, provided he were a llowed the u se of the old fu rnaces and given facilities to go to his hi home in K uta a and bring back at his own charges his workpeople, T plant, and materials . his has been done ; the Administration found means for getting him through to Constantinople, and, later, of con ve in of - — m y g a body his workpeople men , women , and children fro K utahia o x to Jerusalem , and after some f ur months of fresh e periment and hard work, tiles were produced which compared very favourably of - with some the early tile work on the Dome, and certainly exceeded in beauty and skill the later European fa ctory production with which for the last fifty years the Dome has been repaired . I t o was rec mmended , therefore, that a contract should be entered hanes s i an into between the Wakf Administration and Mr . O for the a perm nent establishment of the industry . An agreement was drawn up Ohan ss i n a W . e a by the akf with Mr , wherein, subject to cert in conditions , ’ - the Pro Jerusalem Society guaranteed the latter s financial stability , and the Wakf found £700 to enable him to continue and develop his work . At the same time the Wakf repaid to the Society the original £2 0 a 3 it had advanced , thus enabling the money to be used gain in other c new and reative work . I t is the hope o f the Council that even as we have established out m of the weaving industry a little textile school for the city of Jerusale , - a so out of the tile work we shall in like m anner establish . school of The ceramics . All the necessary elements are now there . Syrian potter, with his fine skill and his immemorial tradition (see I llustration is of one the central facts of Eastern life . He needs encouragement, and will repay it .

We - 2 . w . There re . 9 will pass to the industry of glass blo ing a , in the a Jerus lem district, especially at Hebron, the remains of one of the most a beautiful and char cteristi c of Muslim crafts . Illustrations , 60 6 1 59 , ,

- show these glass blowers and their work . According to tradition this - c a for . i m raft of l mp making mosques, etc , was pract sed in ancient ti es , not only by Muslims , but also by Jewish workmen under protection of the Khalifs . Certain it is that there are many technical records and remains . The old man shown in Illustration 60 is himself a Hebron 3 2

N EW I N DU STR I ES

a d o c o a s rugs n carpets , and the vari us applian es for the h use, are just

a and o . T no a o necessary as textiles, gl ss , p ttery here is re s n why they should not also be m a de in Palestine and h ave on them the ch a racter of

o . I n of a a o h as a and the l cality the list desider t the S ciety dr wn up , I I I I o c o which give in Appendix , will be f und referen es t these new e o r Th e ca of oo c a a industries . W want help f them . de y g d r ftsm nship

and o 6 and o . 66 t c NO . N what it means the ity is aptly illustrated in 5 . ’ The fo rmer is a goo d bit of Jerus alem eighteenth- century ca rpenter s o work, the latter its m dern substitute . T re- a o o a t his est blishment f the crafts , even if lo ked merely from the o ca o f a a o a o c . p liti l p int view, is of vit l imp rtan e in Palestine As gre t “ o c c of W o Syrian n e put it, with the raftsmen Jerusalem in mind, ith ut a a o o a them sh ll no city be inh bited , and men shall not soj urn n r w lk up o T a no t of and d wn therein . hey sh ll be sought for in the council the o pe ple, and in the assembl y they shall not mount on high neither a e and a a shall they decl re instru ction and judgm nt, where p r bles are But a a a of t he shall they not be found . they sh ll m int in the fabric world ; ” and in the handiwork of their c raft is their prayer . W a a o a a ork with the h nds , the cre tive w rk, the work of the im gin ’ o ca tion applied to a man s personal labour, keeps men from empty p liti l c a Fo r c a a o . a spe ul tion every cr ftsman we re te, we create lso a p tential

c fo r a a o co ff . itizen ; every craftsm n we waste, we f shi n a dis ntented e endi

3 4 TECH N ICA L EDUCATION

The 3 1 . industry o r c raft brings us to Technical Education I n the c a Th e a r ft . Administration s regards the city has turned the technical education grant o ver to the So ciety ; £200 was gra nted fo r the yea r 1 1 8- 1 00 fo r — The o 9 9 , and £3 the year 1 9 1 9 20 . S ciety has supplemented a a o o c a d n s these gr nts , and l id d wn the p li y that shall guide their mi i i t rat on . The a a smallness of the gr nts has limited our ctivities , but this ma I t a fo r policy y be here deﬁned is ( ) to help the present, and until o a c c m re money is vailable, only su h te hnical teaching as is implicit with

o o a a a e . a the agricultural devel pment f the Jerus lem re , g . , pl nting a nd c a a a o n a b o a gardening, and the r fts th t go with life the l nd ; ( ) t te ch o of a a a fr m the point view of the industry or cr ft, r ther th n that o f the c a o o o a nd no t l ssroom ; in other words , to bring the scho l int the w rkshop , ,

o o c oo . as is usually done, the w rksh p into the s h l ’ The o ca a o to S ciety s work of techni l educ tion has , theref re, been appoint a skilled gardening instructo r and pla ce in his charge the pl a nting a d a of c o c of the trees n g rdens the ity, more especially th se from whi h

of a c oo ma . the boys a cert in number of s h ls y most beneﬁt Further, it has appointed a skilled weaving instru ctor in who se charge a re the looms in the Sii q elQ attani n a lready referred to (Sectio n weaving being a n integral part of the agri cultura l life of Pa lestine .

- 2 . I n a to a a to 3 reg rd the tree planting and g rdening, the ide is make ’

to c . the boys responsible, and teach them take a pride in the ity s upkeep

Each lad is given the ca re of a tree that he has helped t o pl a nt . A garden and a small nursery have been put at the dispos al of the instructor at ’ the R ashidi a Schoo l by Herod s G ate and some 200 Muslim boys a re ,

beneﬁtingby this arrangement .

. I n to a o a 3 3 regard the weaving cr ft, a meth d has been dopted t o To a even more conducive standard and quality . begin with , dozen — at the time of writing, eighteen boys have been bound as indentured ’ c a h e apprentices to the So iety s we ving industry . T indenture itself is IV i o given in Appendix , and should be studied as a useful work ng m del ca u I t o f a for new enterprise in techni l ed cation . is interest to note th t ’ it follows the S amuel Montagu (Lo rd Swayt hling s ) East Londo n Ap o f prenticeship Fund , under which many excellent craftsmen the Guild ’ of o Th e P ro- a Handicraft were b und in the late nineties . Jerus lem Society and the Military Governo r as its president take the pla ce o f 3 5 TECH N ICAL EDUCATI ON f a s s a O tw o o o . 62 Lord Swaythling third ign tory . the Illustrati ns , N and ho a c o . 6 o o a N 3 , the f rmer s ws the pprenti es in their unif rms , the l tter the i ceremo ny of apprenti ceship in the centra l arca de o f the Sﬁq c l Q at t an n . Th e e o a a a c and E Military Gov rn r is m king speech in Ar bi nglish , the a t o and o o ca and Gr nd Mufti is his right, the boys are ab ut t be lled up e a c fo r a a who a o co o f giv n e h , his p rent or guardi n , is ls present, a py the Th e c a c a of indenture . text o f the spee h is in the m in the ﬁrst l use the ' ind e nture ; a s our fo refathers in Western indentures would h ave had it ” T o a no u t o a h u sh lt t p t the craft Sh me .

CIV IC R EGULATI ON S

fo r o c a T of c mess others t le r up . here are a number su h sites in Jeru T a salem . here are likely, with the incre sing desire fo r histo ri cal dis ’ cover t o . y, be many more Nature s solution is simple . The derelict site is ﬁrst well dunged by children and animals ; it then breeds ﬂies and o h as o of F i cus mosquit es , after which, if it the sun upon it, f llow crops i ndi ca o o a a nd o of a and thistles . S me more rati n l civilized meth d recl

c a . mation seems desirable ; for, after all , the ity is live, not dead

I ’ 8 . n h fr o how 3 . Storrs preface it has already been p inted out the “ Pro-Jerus alem S o ciety in its initia tion w as the Military Governo r ” c ivically and aesthetically in Coun cil ; the origin al n ame under which the reco rds of the So ciety were ﬁled in the Governo rate archives w a s “ Th e o c T a City C un il . his quality of n Upper Chamber to the Muni ci alit e a a p y, a kind of S nate whose duty it has been to s fegu rd the ﬁner

of a . life the Holy City, it has tried consistently to m intain Many o a to t o e types of city regulati ns h ve had , and are likely continue hav , - their o rigin in the monthly dis cussions of the Pro Jerus alem Council . I t a a a The Co not c is pl ce where ide s are made . uncil does ne essarily I of put them into force . t serves the often more useful purpose inspiring them .

38 SOCI A L W ORK

I t a a 3 9 . is inevit ble that the Society in its m ny undertakings should a nd have touched the socia l life of the city, its labour problems , what a nd in Jerus alem is s o intima tely bound up with this , its religious

o to a . sectari a n structure . A w rd as these may not be out of pl ce here The Society has h ad for its public w o rks the use of three types of — a o on m - a a labour relief or refugee l b ur, paid a mini um w ge b sis ; prison o a nd o r a a a l ab ur, working under guard ; skilled p rti lly skilled l bour, working on contract or at market rates .

a 6 . I llustr tions 7, 4 , 5 , show the ﬁrst, the relief or refugee labour Mo st of the Citadel clearings a nd the wo rk on the R ampart Walk were I t a re o done by refugees . will be seen that they almost entirely w men , for in the East it is the women rather than the men who do work of this The of a ac o kind . women are mostly gre t strength, they are cust med to carrying weights upon their heads , and they are very skilful with the “

a o r . h a s o a r f ss pick Where, as ften been the case, they e mothers m o of o c with s all children , a s rt impr mptu reche has been formed in o T some adj ining ﬁeld or yard under one of their number . his relief o a of labou r has been f und to be very v riable, and , course, it is liable to stop suddenly when the desired moment comes fo r return to the “ ” beled, or when the husband , who has often been impressed by the

T . urk, returns from war or from captivity

No . 68 0. 4 Prison labour, of which an illustration is given in , is still T less satisfactory . his has always to be conducted under guard , and in addition a sympathetic foreman is needed . Prisoners have been used fo r out a cleaning uns vou ry sites, carrying and breaking stone, and water I . t a a a o ing trees is very extr v g nt, for it takes up so much f the highly ’ paid foreman s time, and the guard requires almost as much watching fo r f a - as the prisoners, it increases his di ﬁculties if he is a t sk master .

For him it is better and easier if the prisoners sleep . At present no pay to c a ment convi ts is llowed, and the theory is tha t their work shall be a made as unpleas nt as possible . But this raises an interesting point in o prison psych logy, and one that deserves greater attention than it I receives . have observed in watching these gangs under one o r other of o a my f remen that the men often re lly enjoy the work . I t is a change o f f from the boredom prison . I some system could be devised by which c a a some payment could be made to ea h gang, not as w ges for l bour, but c as a recognition for servi es rendered if the work is good, I believe that

3 9 F I N A N CE

’ a o to Milit ry G verno r . Much of the So ciety s early achievement is due ca and o a a o his re f rethought, and this is perh ps a ﬁtting pl ce for s me s light re cognitio n o f what he did for the Society in its most difﬁcult and nc a a u ert in d ys .

Th 4 6 . e ﬁnding of money for the future must depend on wh at form a The o the Society itself t kes in the new civil administration . questi n is a a a nd no o T o l rgely politic l , does t c ncern us here . his rec rd is one of a c a c tu l fa t of wh a t has been done under British Military Administration . Two o things , h wever, may be postulated

( 1 ) Future revenue is likely to be drawn fro m the tourist and t h e a s of ol Th of a o d . t pilgrim e fund ch rity, which a o 1 o The reference was m de in Secti n 4 , will c ntinue . test o f wise administration will be t o show how far it can be a a better employed to gener l rather th n sectari a n beneﬁts . Also tho se w ho love the Ho ly City enough t o give something towards its ennoblement have yet t o learn th at the Society, c a nd ac a fo r a being of all reeds r es , st nds a wider because non- a a c a sect ri n h rity . ’ 2 o o T a ( ) S me f the So ciety s revenue is alrea dy recurrent . h t is ’ t o o a s say, some f the Society s money h been invested in Fo r a o the amenities a nd bea rs return . ex mple, the S ciety

alrea dy draws rents from repaired buildings and shops , receives interest from the capital invested in the weaving and a a a o industry, t kes p yment for the educ ti n services it renders to the Administration ; also its trees will have c of c timber value in the future . All su h forms in ome o a re a c uld be increased . Fu rther, there m ny other of the ’ h e c a e . t So iety s undert kings , . g , the gardens , walk round c a the ity w lls , the historic monuments it preserves , which co o W a uld be made t yield revenue . hat is needed is a st ble d a a an . government, ﬁrmness , symp thy, im gination

R SH B E a C. . E . . C . A , M A ntab ,

of To Member the wn Planning I nstitute,

to o f Civic Advisor the City Jerusalem .

R ESTES DE LA CI V I LI SATI ON I S R AEL ITE

’ o a d e nvi ron o a e rdin ires m . de l ng ; elle ttest une o o a ou a v I o rigine r m ine byz ntine ( . llustra ti n a la a C. Q u nt a p rtie supérieure q u i compte en to ut 1 1 a ssises elle est construite de petites pierre s e t est postérieure e a u X I I i l a s éc e . Les r ngées supérieures d a tent meme du X " IX s iécle .

Le Mur des Pleurs est le centre préféré du pelerinage ’ juif de tous les pays et de tous les siecles jus q u au moyen ’ ﬁ e l c a g o plus re ulé . L us ge de venir pleurer sur les ruines du Temple est mentio nné par les Peres de Le “ Talmud conﬁrme la c royance que la Glo ire de Jehova ” bannie des S aints des S aints se sera it refugié sur le mur de ’ lOues t cc co n ca a a o a 2 , qui lui nfere u r ctere s cré t ut spéci l ( ) ’ en signe de deuil on ne devra it y rien ch anger jus q u au R o a o du jour de la est r ti n Temple . ’ C le le a et est Vendredi , S medi les jours des grandes me ’ fetes léga les et su rtout le 9 j ou r du mo is d Ab (d ate de la ’ destru ction du Temple) q u ont lieu pres du mur des ser La co u a le vices réguliers . tume, insi que rituel des prieres ’ d ‘ c a n ont as a u l X I iécle . spé i les , p v rié, moins depuis e I s (3 ) Sous le régime Turc la commun auté juive avait p a r t ici é au a du o a u p x fr is nett y ge des environs d mur . Aux débuts de 1 9 20 la So ciété a dem a ndé de lui présenter u m a o a a o a au r pp rt sur les rep r ti ns rel tives Mur des Pleurs .

r i I 8 La Tu d te de David a. o e t 4 . o ( llustrati ns 3 Le nettoyage et Ie débl a iement fa its par la So ciété comprennent également la Tour ’ ’ T c len e ble c dite de D avid . Cette our ave s m des onstructions qui l en ’ t e lem laceme d ér vi ronnen s trouve sur p nt u Palais de H ode .

n o o os é he O considere toutef is , étant d nnées les dimensions que J p ’ attribue a la To ur P hazael(90 coudées sur 4 0) que c est cette derniere a To recon tru qui se trouve dans la b se de la u r actuelle . La derniere s c o du do Soul iman I tio n de la T ur comme fort tout entier date e I .

’ n e s u s I I a n Na an o e t d autres . ( 1 ) S ai t Jerom , Di co r , , S i t zi z ’ (2) La Mi s hna interdit de modiﬁer laspect des s anctuaires en ruines et meme ’ es l e d en arracher les h erbes aﬁn de conserver leur état de ruin a re ev r. Ben ami n de Tudéle I in ai e c ve s (3) j , t ér r (é rit r

ue es des ui s . G rr J f , V, 4 4 4 LES R ESTES DE LA CI VILI SATI ON I S R AELITE

’ On co nstate d un cOté de la To u r de David des assises de blo cs no n ’ a lé d a 1 2 et a t illés qui s é ve nt u sol sur une h uteur de metres , qui ttestent ’ C a le o - une o rigine hérodienne peu mo diﬁée depuis . est d ns s us sol ’ ’ fo rmé de débris qu o n devra it chercher des fo ndements de la ntique ‘ ’ batiment comme a ussi lent rée principa le qui se trouve s a ns doute a ensevelie p rofondement so us le niveau a ctuel du s ol. Des trav ux de a a I l a f li débl iement en cet endro it seraient riches en résult ts . f ut é c iter la Société des nettoyages a uxquels elle ava it déjé procede et qui ’ a ugmentent lat t rai t de cet endro it si pittoresque de la Ville S ainte .

— Le Mont dc i 0. I a m . S a 4 9 on ( llustr tion 25 ) . Eu entrepren nt des travaux de nettoyage et de débl a iement pres de la Porte de Nebi- D aoud oc c res l o n a l la S iété tou hait de p o M nt de Sion . E outre, d ns e rapport a a le o o a a qui été présenté p r M . C nseiller Civique sur les d mm ges occ s ionnés p a r la Tempéte de 1 9 20 on a tenu compte du fait de la démolitio n c o des murs qui entourent c m nt . Loin de no us de chercher a engager une nouvelle dis cussion au sujet ’ de lau thent icité de la tradition qui consiste a pl acer le mont de Sio n de la ’ B -o la o s é he s ible sur la colline sud uest de ville, bien que J p semble y ’ r e r 1 C o C co p ét en quelque sorte . ( ) ette traditi n les hrétiens l ont nnue " ’ le IV s le a a m o le la n depuis iéc ; qu nt ux Juifs , u v yageur signale vers

Le voyage ur Benj amin de Tudéle (vers 1 1 60) do nne comme auteur de la découverte de la prétendue To mbe de D avid nu certa in ’ Abraham el Co nsta ntini q u i laurait retrouvé vers 1 1 4 5 . Les Juifs se rendent en pelerin a ge sur la Tombe dite de David le lendemain de la féte de Shabouoth (des Sem a ines) .

Tmbe d c 0 . o au c Si m on le e 5 jus t (0. I llustration Je considere que lo moyen lo plus eﬂi cace de préserver les hypogées qui sont vénérées par les Juifs sera it de les englober d ans le systeme des parcs propo sés par l . e C C M onseiller ivique, tout en respectant les traditions et les coutumes ’

a au a . d a a juives rel tives pelerin ge Voici , illeu rs l description de ces , tombeaux .

i ui s 1 n i . s u ve X VI 2 . v ( ) A t q té J , , 7 ( ) V . A H arka y .

4 S

TOM BEAUX JU I FS D U N OR D

f ch eu s e a o o cc I m ais cependent i mutil ti n s it meme Swim srael , qui a gravé son nom sur le listel juste au- dessous de la regrettable et a a o le a a a récente cassure, d ns la situ tion que m ntre somm ire di gr mme

I llustration 75 .

N o. 75 .

Co C le o le efﬁcace M . lo nseiller ivique estime que m yen plus de o a o protéger ces hypogées a pres les avo ir nett yées , ser it de les engl ber , ’ a d a ns le system e des parc s et j a rdins projetés po ur la ville . Le pl n qu il a bien vo ulu él ab orer sera certainement a ccueilli et s a réalis atio n appuyée ” par le Comité .

CENT. L . H . VI N

’ Une pl a ine plantée d olivi ers et au b o rd de laquelle se tro uve une 2 b colonie juive sert de centre 5 ces hypogées (I llustration 5 ) . Une grande o et a o a grotte béante po rte lo nom de la synag gue, des tr diti ns juives d tant b ’ e ’ d a illeu rs du moins du X I I I s iécle s y rattachent comme, , a une autre

4 8 TOM BEAUX JUI FS DU NOR D

’ caverne dite Les Caves des Rois (1 ) Parmi ces grottes, c est ’ ’ lhypogée dit de Siméon le Juste qui jouit d une célébrité toute p a rti au le ﬂanc culiere . Située nord de la plaine, dans des rochers qui sur ’ le a r el cc montent D Mufti , cette caverne n a rien de caractéristique si ’ ‘ a o le s iécle 2 le n est que la tr diti n juive y place, depuis XV surtout, ( ) ' le le et le du I I I lieu de sépulture de Simeon Juste, grand pretre docteur ’ ’ ’ - h o ée c e t a li ntéri eu r av . C. L siecle J . yp g ontient deux salles c est d ns ’ a qu o n mo ntre lo sépul cre de cette illustre personn age, a qui on dev it ’ ’ l a également lag randis sement et lembelis sement de Jerus lem . (3 ) ’ P 1 63 de lent rée de la grotte so nt inhumés les restes des ossements de a c la famille royale qui ont été découverts par M . de S ul y dans les sar o h a es c p g des Tombeaux des R ois . ’ Le To mbeau de Simeon le Juste jouit d une favou r toute spéci a le ’ au rés la I ls s a le 28 Ti s h ré p les Juifs de Ville . y rendent en m sse (en ’ O o lanni ers ai re le T I ! ct bre) , date de v de Simeon selon almud . (4 ) en est ’ t e a a c le o de meme pou r le lendemain de la fé des Sem ines . M is est j ur ’ dit Lag-Ba o mer (5) que presque toute la popula tio n juive de Jerus alem o - la c no m du se d nne rendez vous su r pla e qui porte le Saint . La grotte et la pl a ce environnante sont la propriété de la Com munau té Juive .

b a r e l r Tom e ux di ts des memb es du i t S n d i on 0. I 2 5 1 . p t y ( llustration ’ Q uelque minutes de marche vers loues t du Tombea u du Siméon on ren co ntre une grande gro tte avec plusieurs compartiments qui contiennent 2 - Et ant le c ff 2 3 locules ou bancs tombes . donné que hi re de 3 représente exactement celui des membres du petit Synedrion qui exercait la justi ce 5 a Jerusalem , une tr dition de date tres récente y place les tombeaux des ’ r o membres d un petit Synéd i n qui y seraient inhumés en bloc . Au po int de ’ c o o n offre a c i ntérét c a vue ar héol gique, cette gr tte u un spé i l .

I a 2 c — 2 Tombeaux des Roi s 0. 5 . ( llustr tion 5 ) . La Société ayant ’ été émue de lét at négligé pendant la guerre d a ns lequel se trouve a ctuellement le monument connu sous le nom de To mbeaux des R ois ’

0. I 1 a n u a cc ( llustration 7 ) s est f it adresser rapport spéci l sur sujet .

ie . ac a X IV 1 0. ( 1 ) V Z h r , , ’ (2) Elle es t menti onnée pour la pre mi ere fois dans un carnet de voyage d un pélerin ’ en e da n de lan de Flor c ta t 1 4 8 1 . ’ - lEcclés iasti ue de Ben i ac . (3) v. q S r h

Talm Bab l. T ait Y ma b . o . . (4 ) y r é , f 39 ° Le ou des se semai nes ui s a en la i ue de la féte des e (5) 33 j r pt q ép r t P q S maine s .

G 4 9 TOMBEAUX JUI FS DU N ORD

La grotte appelée les Tombeaux des R oi s (K obou r el Molouk) qui se trouve a moins de 800 metres de la Porte de D amas est u n des plus ’ o ai Ce m c e beaux m numents de l art jud que . de ier a été onnu t vénéré ’ o 1 a oc l ngtemps avant que M . de Saulcy ( ) n it pr édé a des travaux de ’ déblaiement qui ont abo uti a la découverte des s a rcophages et d aut res ’ ’ objets d art qui a uj ourd hui déco rent la Salle des antiquités ju daiqu es au

Musée de Louvre . C i c M . de hateaubriand en a donné la prem ere des ription détaillée , ’ ’ d ailleurs un len em ble cc Voici, , relevé sommaire de s tel que monument a : nous a été révélé par les fouilles de M . de S ulcy Un grand escalier taillé d ans le ro c large de 8 metres formé de 25 a c o a c I l ﬂan u é a m r hes c nduit d ns une our intérieure . est q de petits c naux ’ o On a qui c nduisent l eau vers une espe ce de bassin . entre par une rcade 8 a 0 . dans une vaste cour de 2 metres de longueur et de 25 m . 3 de l rgeur ’ ’ ’ C lo cOté l h o ée méme U n a est sur ouest de a cour que s ouvre l yp g . l rge ’ vestibule soutenu a utrefo is par deux colonnes do riques auj ourd hui dis

' d On parus est su rmonté par une frise de style ju a iq u e ﬁnement sculpté . ’ o nu t ri l he méto ée a y v it g yp , une p ornée d un anneau , puis une gr ppe a a a a er oit de r isins entre deux couronnes et deux p lmiers , illeurs on p c ’ o d ent rée c des feuillages mal conse rvés . La p rte ylindrique qui est ’ a et o o a on b sse étroite se tr uve a gauche aujourd hui uverte, m is voit ’ encore la gro sse pierre ronde dite lo Golei l (la roulante) qu o n fa isait o o a e t r uler a vol nté . On entre dans la salle centrale qui est c rrée ’ assez élevée e t su r l aquelle s ouvrent qu a tre chambres 013 on ap ercoit ’ des o o 2 C o fours a t mbeaux et des K chim . ( ) est dans la plus pr fonde c a a o de ces h mbres que M . de Saulcy av it découvert les sarc phages ’ a e t a roy ux des objets d rt . ’ Sur le cOté antérieur de l un de ces sarcoph ages on lit en ca ra cteres ’ dits estranghelo (syriens) et répétés en hébreu -araméen le nom d une reine

I 2 . unnbb m . nnahb my

T a o la a r ducti n La reine Sidonia (3 ) ou reine Sadd (en araméen) .

On a voulu chercher a reconnait re dans ces tombeaux les restes des ’ ’ o d él n ﬁl r is de Juda (4 ) puis ceux H é e d Adi abéne et de ses s . (5) Plus ’ ’ d ailleurs lo tard la découverte d une empreinte, tres suspecte qui porte

’

1 Cf. . de aul i e e udai ue c H s o d l a t . ( ) M S y , i t r r J q 2 ( ) Dite Arcosoli a .

(3 ) Le nom de Sidonia est freq uent en dialecte phénicien . de aulc (4 ) M . S y . R o ins n b o P ales ti ne . 1 8 . (5) , , p 3 5 0

TOMBEA UX JUI FS DE L’ EST

0 I a o 2 e . I nclu lo s s La Vallée de os a hat . 54 . j p ( llustr ti n 5 ) dans y ’ lo Co C a le o a teme des pa rcs propo sé p a r M . nseiller ivique d pres n uve u a pl n de la Ville . La Vallée de Cédron a été de tout temps Ie centre préféré des s épul Dé s a a c au o - ou o u n a tures juives . ja a a n iss n e, n rd ouest, elle p rte utre o n lo o T a R o e t nom , remarque sur ses rives gr upe des ombe ux des is des ’ o c le o Ca rai tes d Juges . Plus l in on ren ontre pitt resque cimetiere des u n ’ i nt é ét a c En c r tout p rti ulier . tournant vers l est , on ren ontre, entre la ’ a et au a o c u n o g re la Ville, milieu d un v ste gr upe des sépul res juifs , hyp gée qui est co nsidéré co mme celui de la fa mille de H érode et qui s e distingue a r la s a co o co a r lo a a o p solidité de nstructi n , mme p tr v il s ig né de deux ’ ’ s a rcoph ages ornés de sculptures juda i q u es qu on trouve d a ns li ntérieu r ’ c a 1 a du cOt é - c de c souterr in . ( ) M is c est sud est que ette va llée est co nsidérée sur toute s on étendue qui sép a re la ville du Mo nt des c a o a du Oliviers omme la V llée de J saph t, ou celle jugement dernier . Cette allégorie empruntée aux p rophetes provient surtout de cc que ’ cette vallée sert depuis la ntiqu ité de va ste nécropole aux Juifs de toutes a a a a les époques . Les Musulm ns y nt repris cette tr dition, inhument leu rs la a la c du T a morts sur pente orient le de olline emple, lors que tout le ’ vers a nt ouest entre la pente du Mo nt du Scandale et jus q u aux j a rdins ” de Gethsemani et aux Viri Galilei (en pass a nt par les vill ages de Siloé au sud et de la To ur au nord) on ren contre des tombeaux juifs a ntiques et récents , ces derniers étant caractérisés par des pierres tumul a ires disséminées sur les pentes en déso rdre . No mbreux sont les tombeaux des p rophetes et des docteurs que la o tra dition c r it pouvo ir identiﬁer d ans ces endroits . La su rviva nce de ’ ’ plusieurs mo numents datant de lant iqu ité et la découverte d i ns crip t ions ’ écrites de sa rcophages et d os su ai res peints donnent beaucoup de cousis a a a co d t nce a ces traditions . Ainsi on v it dé uvert sur la pente u Mont du Sca nd ale des nombreux hypogées do nt plusieurs contiennent des ’ épitaphes d o rigine juive écrites en hébreu ou en grec e t d atant des pre du c miers siecles h ristianisme . Du cOté sud au pied du village de Siloe on montre lo tombeau dit , du s i 2 prophete I a e . ( )

’ ’ le n e e a - - a o e om d R im c . . 1 es u la vall e ommence . d e ( ) C t prés d ici q e é c p rt r ph , 5 d g mo s c IV 2 etc . d s aces d s a ues . h . oel rt , r i p r C J , , ’ (2) Une inscripti on grecque conﬁrme lancienneté de cette tradition. 5 2 TOM BEAUX JUI FS DE L ’ EST

Dans une grotte située en face de la source de Siloe on montre la sépul " o r l 1 du s iécle ture de R abbi Obadi a de Ba rtan a, e docteur ( ) italien XV et le restaura teu r de la Commun auté Juive mo derne de la Ville S a inte . la o n o Au nord du Siloe sur la pente o ccidentale de colline, renc ntre , un mo nolithe détaché du roc e t dont une porte donne acces a une grotte double taillée d a ns le roc . C o -Ca a a un ca o c au la M . lerm nt nne u reconnu sur rt u he dessus de ’ po rte des lettres héb rai qu es phéniciennes qui d a tent de lépoq ue du pre ’ D aut re a le a u n ca ractére mier Temple . p rt, m usolée porte égyptien ’ ’ ’ c ce u i o o a Ca distin t pr uve qu il s agit d un hyp gée ntérieure a la ptivité , , q o du cOté du a o Plus au n rd , est versant se dét chent trois m numents ’ o té o c lo céléb res du fo nd de ce c hamp éternel de la m rt . Du cO n rd est ’ ’ roc ta illé dit la m a in d Ab s alon (lobéli s q u e) que je crois co nstituer un monument commémo ratif aya nt été elevé p a r le peuple de Jerus alem sur une pla ce qui a vait été cons acrée par la tra dition a ntérie ure . a la a a c o Q u nt a pyr mide dite de Zach rie, ette derniere p urrait bien ’ t r n d ex i ation o o a du du é e u monument p , en c mmém r tion meurtre pretre ’ a les rit e et prophete Zach a rie . Pareil acte ser it conformé a p piétist des ’ Pharisiens comme in u n pa ss age qu on ren co ntre d ans les Evangiles . ’ Derriere le m onument dit d Ab s alon on ap ercoi t a peine les vestiges ’ du o au o a a o . t mbe dit de J s ph t, auj urd hui invisible Heureusement que nous po ssédo ns une repro du ctio n fo rt bien faite de cc mo nument a insi ’ que d une frise qui représente um spécimen du plus h e! art ju dai qu e des derniers siecles de la Judee . ’ Cest entre ces deux monuments si originaux que se détache la grotte ’ la e a a a d h o dite de r tr ite de St . J cques , m is qui en réalité ouvre la série yp e a e t ﬁ On a er oit ge s jnifs d tés t iden i és . p c de loin les deux colonnes doriques ’ q u i sou tiennent larchit rave de cette caverne qu i est creusée dans les ’ ’ ﬂancs o a i ns i o n des rochers b rd nt la vallée . L cr p ti qu on lit au dessus de ’ la rchit rave me l a isse plus subsister des doutes con cern a nt lo caractere cet o a de hypogée, qu ique en dise la tr dition chrétienne ou ju i ve, cette a a a la a R i zie derniere y y nt pl cée retr ite de o U a tteint p a r la lepre . ’ Le texte est gravé en ca racteres héb raiq ue s a rch aiq u es et lo rt ho ’ a a de s c lexi s tence la gr phe d te derniers deux sie les de de Judee . - pnr mow n nm nun r um wi vhs h Innwmm nap m mm um nun on w hen qonbh 1: nor on

’ Traduction Ceci est le tombeau et lieu (de repos pour El a z a r ) ,

’ i eru 1 R . . be et ncen s al II . . ( ) P A l V t, j em, , p 68 5 3 TOM BEAUX JUI FS DE L ’ EST

’ H oniah Y o azar Y ehou dah o , , , Shime n , Yohanan les ﬁls de , ’ et et E ﬁls H oni ah ( pour Jo)seph l azar les de des Béné H ézi r . ’ ’ I l s agit de lhyp ogée de la famille sacerdotale des Béné Hezir men ‘ ’ ionné 1 C o t h . C I 1 . n par hr niques XX V, 5 O distingue en core a li nt érieu r loculi u a les o les fours destinés a recevoir les morts, m is tout le reste

avait disparu . ’ a lh t i r M lgré toutes les vicissitudes de i s o e, le vers ant ouest du Mont ’ O le c a des liviers n a guere cessé de demeurer entre des inhum tions juives . La plupart de monuments ou des pierres tomb ales aya nt disparu ou ayant été ensevelies ou détruites p a r la pluie on ne voit plus su r la su rfa ce que ’ o les pierres de ces derniers siecles qui couvrent t ut lespace . Chateau bria nd on a l a issé un tableau tres ﬁdéle : “ Les pierres du cimetiere des Juifs se montrent comme u n am a s de d au la a u le m. débris pied de mont gne Scandale, sous village de Siloa On a peine a distinguer les mésures de cc village des sépulcres dont elles T sont environnées . rois monuments antiques , les tombeaux de Zacharie, ’ o a et d Ab s alon o a a de J s phat , se f nt rem rquer d ns cc champ de des t ru c ’ o il me s l o tion . A la tristesse de Jerusalem , d nt é éve aucune fumée d nt , ’ il ne c la o o 013 You n a er oit sort au un b ruit, a s litude des m ntagnes , p c pas un ét re au o o ces e vivant, dés rdre de t utes tombes fracassées, brisé s , ’ - le o du dé a a demi ouvertes , on dirait que tr mpette Jugement s est j f it ” a la a o a entendre et que les morts vont se lever d ns v llée de J s phat . ’ Cette vision du grand romantique m ava it p a ru exa cte lors de ma l i a s i l a o éru s a em l u n éc e . E premiere visite a J , y quart de lle f rt peu ’ ’ c hangé meme auj ourd hui si bien qu il faudrait porter un remede e a quelconque a cette tristesse écrasante, j dir is meme blessante . Aussi ’ ’ ne s aura is-je s aluer qu avec joie l idec du Co nseiller Civique qui co nsiste a un o Ce a fa ire pl a nter sur les deux vers nts parc bien o rd nné . dernier ’ aurait a insi englobé les monuments de lant iq uité et dissimulé la nudité des pierres tombales parmi les arbres verdoyants . I lfaudrait seulement faire attention 5 la présence sur le sol comme d ans ’ la a lant i u it é le sein de terre de nombreux souvenirs qui se ratt chent a q . 11 en est de méme pour ce qui con cerne les tombes des rabbins et ’ a c le o des s ints de ces derniers sie les, telle sépulcre c uvert d un tas de pierres du pénitent K alonymos qui se trouve tout p res du Mo nument de e T a la o a b al s t e Za cha ri . res vénérée est ég lement t mbe du c b i Jebouda ha- hassid qui se tro uve en b as du ci metiere des Ashkenazim cc dernier étant situé au dessus de celui des Sepha rdim

ui . (1 ) Juif de Rite Européen . (2) J f de R ite Oriental 5 4

LES MON UMENTS DE L’ EP OQ UE R OMA INE

PROTEGES P AR LA SOCIETE

’ n ava 5 6 . Jerusalem it pas encore cessé d etre la capitale juive et , ‘ dé ci le o s a , vers début de n tre ere, physionomie esthétique dépouill ant j , ’ a a a luni s son gr duellement toute origin lité, se mett it a de la culture ’ ’ hellénistique prédominante a travers l orient, surtout depuis l ext ension ’ la a c le T du de puiss n e romaine . A peine emple auguste Dieu d I s raél marqu ait- il une certaine autonomic artistique d a ns la vieille cité ; ’ ’ lemp rei nt e hellénistique ven a it d ét re imprimée jusque sur le glorieux ’ a d H érode le sanctu ire par la restauration fastueuse Grand . ’ con uéte T Presque anéantie par la q des légions de itus, en l an

- 0 . C. a a apres , la ville essay v inement de se reconstituer dans le 7 J , a du o s i le du premier qu rt sec nd éc , comme centre mouvement nationaliste a o o a Bar- K okébas ut n me que dirige it . Cette tentative avortée consomma ’ ’ l a néa s emen H adrien nt i s t de la cité juive . L empereur en décréta 1a et lo c o a o suppression remplacement par une ville ol ni le r maine, dont lo ’ o a a s a éru s ale le vocable n uve u eff cerait ju qu u souvenir de J m . Su r plan ’ ’ o 1 6 ére a rituel d une c lonie, en l an 3 de notre , des rchitectes romains ’ c réerent c d Aeli a Ca a la jeune ité pitolin , avec son Forum , son Capitole et le a c t héfit res v ste ycle des temples, basiliques, , thermes , portiques , rues a colo nnades arcs commémo ratifs et autres édifices municip aux qui , fa isaient a toute colonie une image plus ou moins a tténuée de la loin o taine métr pole . Topographiquement la ville était désormais figée po u r de longs E n a s i ecles par la delimit at ion de la co lonie impériale . lle o dev it guere se ’ us u au a o co o modifier j q mouvement de subite exp nsi n ntemp raine, en ’ a ttendant que les plans aujourd hui en elaborat ion lui donnent une re art i t ion et u m développement mieux a daptés a son rOle nouveau p , t comme 5 nos modernes concepts esthétiques e sociaux . La ville chrétienne est dérivée s ans transition archéologique de la cité ’ ’ d Aeli a C o o las ect la rom a ine apit lina , d nt elle a seulement nuancé p par ’ d é li s es édifices du su bstitutio n g aux anciens religieux paganisme, mais en conservant dans toute leur intégrité les mo numents c ivils adaptés au ’ du o o . con u é t e o régime n uveau La q arabe, la fondati n r yaume latin, les o la o o o ne inva si ns ultérieures, l ngue d minati n turque , furent que des ’ modalités dans lévolut ion persévérante de la meme trame a rchéologique . ’ Aussi n est-o u point su rpris de rencontrer en m aint endroit de la ville ’ ou re arai t re dés moderne, de voir p fréquemment, qu on en remue quelque 56 LES M ON U M ENTS DE L’ EP OOUE R OMAI NE

le peu lo sol , des vestiges romains bien caractérisés pauvres épaves plus

o a et o o c c . s uvent, c la t utef is éléments gracieux de onstru tions Imposantes

’ B a i t o o re 5 7 . ien que l heure été tr p l ngtemps retardée des cherches systéma tiques pourront étre entreprises pour opérer le déblaie ’ s lattent ion du ment total et a ssurer la co n ervation de ces vestiges, ’ ’ Comité n a c essé d etre en éveil pour enregistrer e t sauvega rder tous les débris de Jérus alem rom a ine . la a - a o du A peine ville ét it elle libérée , par la brill nte vict ire Général ’ Allenby de len ou rdi s s ement so rdide o h la plongeait depuis ta nt de , g ’ s iécl s o o a et o ladmi nis t rat ion e une d min ati n déprim nte ppressive, que ’ milita ire a ngl a ise était a loeuvre pour amélio rer des conditions hygié a a rall l en a a a niques néf stes . P é em t aux admirables tr v ux qui all ient bientOt a o a a la o pprovisi nner Jerus lem en e ux vives , plus n table entre prise fut le nettoyage méthodique de la Cita delle prés de la porte occiden a o a le a édifice o ce t le u Po rte de J affa . Cha cun s it que v ste désigné s us no m quelque peu emph atique g ro upe des m a sures plus ou moins modernes avec de splendides co nstru ctions médiévales e t de s éléments rom ains e t ’ é u e ér c a o du juifs de l poq h odienne. Les préoc up ti ns urgentes moment, o co a r le a o non m ins que les nditions impo sées p st tut p litique temporaire, ’ ’ ne l a iss a ient p as la fa culté de s fou ill e s l aborieus e s q u efit exigé lexplo ration I l a a a rchéologiqu e fond amentale de ce t ensemble t rés enchevét ré . f ll it ’ se bo rner a ux mesures prélimin a ires d as s aini s s ement pa r levacuat ion e t co a a s de détritus de toute nature, des plus en mbr ntes m sse de dé ’ a d éner combres . Cette tache réalisée vec au ta nt gie que de p rudente circo nspection a po urtant révélé m a int déta il déja fo rt suggestif des ’ transfo rmatio ns que les a rchitectes rom ains firent subir a lantiq ue palais ’ ’ ’ fortifié d H érode po ur la dap te r a lO rdo nnance du camp 01 la légion ’ ’ dixiéme a ca o a le la n 0 et lh a rmonis e demeur nt nnée pres siege de 7 , pou r r ’ ar la 5 la c a o d Aelia a p suite stru ture génér le de la col nie C pitolina . Les co nstatations a rchéol ogiques rendues po ssibles p a r ces fructueux ’ a o u tr vaux seront féc ndes po r guider l explo rat ion fu ture . Sur le site du ’ T c le a a la c a la emple an ien , devenu H r m de ité musulm ne, mosquée de la ’ Roche dite commu nément mosquée d Oma r exigea it impérieusement ’ a a o s I a o Ta v. 1 a quelques rest ur ti n ( llustr ti ns 9 , ndis qu il les dirige it

a c c u et u a o o . lo a vec une scien e te hniq e n rt c ns mmés , M m jor architecte R c o a a du édiﬁce c i hm nd ccomplit, utour merveilleux , des re herches archéologiques discretos et habiles dont il lui appa rtient naturellement dc o a o divulguer en temps v ulu les précieux résult ts . Dis ns seulement que parmi les fa its a rchéologiques enregistrés clans cette investiga tion si 57 R oman Sta i rwa t i l a m y a S o .

P la n bas ed on the Bli s s a nd Di cki e e avati ons s howi n where the xc , g Sta i rwa ro er us o S r y f m j alem t iloam has been di s tu bed.

Pool o ilo f i o the er iod S am. . The south wall o the c t f f y, f p R oc - eron o o the E es s Eudoc a k h c ndui t. f mpr i - 2. Anci ent P ool nd th ce . I n erred li ne o wall a ﬁf ntury Church g f f .

d . Old Pool . h . Gate . he re e . Exi s ti n at s . T g at Roman Sta irway and s treet (wi th i . g p h dra n below ru The orti ons wi t i n the ci rcle are t os e i ) nni ng from jer us alem X X X . h h ed b contr t to Si loam. s tray y the ac or .

M ON U M ENTS DES CR OI SA DES

’ a c d Arabes T et né res g rde omposée , de urcs de g . Les nouveaux maitres a o nu c se g rder nt de négliger ouvrage militaire de ette impo rtance . I le c o mmédiatement comte Garnier de Gray en ac rut la f rce défensive,

1 1 00 . La o c o o en f rteresse omprenait, outre la tour d nt n vo it en co re le ’ ’ o a s ub ssement massif, toute une série d app art ement s et d ab ri s protégés a r a p des remparts , des fossés , des b rbacanes, des machicoulis . On y ’ ’ ’ d abondantes gardait réserves d eau et de bl é, en prévision d une alerte ’ ’ o a ét a qui bliger it les habitants de la ville a s y réfugier . C it veritable le le re s idi um ci vi tati s ment donjon de la cité, p , aux termes memes des ’ o contemp rains . La tour atteignait une ha uteur imposante p ui squ il le fallait gravir deux cents degrés pour en atteindre sommet . Une partie de cet escalier portant tres visiblement les caractéristiques de la taille a o a a c médiév le se retr uve en mont nt a la terr sse de la tour a tuelle . ’ L hi ouméne a exce t ionelle g russe Daniel obtint, comme une f veu r p , la o la 1 ffi - 1 06 . E di cile c il permissi n de visiter en lle est tres a prendre, é rit , et forme la princip a le défense de la ville ; on la garde soigneusement et on ’ d a c To i nfirme ne permet a personne y pénétrer s ns surveillan e . ut que ’ ’ e lacces I s deslav j suis , Dieu m a accordé de cette tour sacrée avec , qui ’ ” u a a été le seul que j ai p f ire entrer avec moi . o a a - S ri e o Cette Citadelle, d nt cert ins Chate ux forts de y nous d nnent ’ une idée était confiée a un officier qui porta d abo rd le titre de Gardien , c T on Chfitelain de la Tour de David , puis elui de Chatelain de la our, du o En E . de Jerusalem . lle était en somme la résidence g uverneur ’ ’ dépit de c erta ines revendi cations qui s agi térent entre les chefs de larmée a c a o et fi u ra co nquér nte, elle fit partit les dom ines r yaux g sur les sceaux ’ er — d Amau ry I ( 1 1 62 1 1 73 ) et sur les monnaies de son successeur ’ o li ndé endance et la Baudouin IV , symb le de p de pleine souveraineté des ru salem C - ci u n a a a ro is latins de Jé . eux y avaient annexé p l is f isant “ ” le cc du R o face a la tour principale vers midi ; manoir y , comme on ’ la elait était situé sur la rue des Arméniens dans le voisinage de la pp , -T co l . petite église encore tres re nnaissable, de Saint homas des A lemands , ’ 1 1 1 no a as Un déta il qui , quoique remontant a l an 5 , m nque p ’ ’ ’ u i s u en cc au d actualité est a relever ici , p q moment l on pense nom de ’ du 1a lesthét ique et de la protection monument, a soulager Porte de ' ’ Jah a du fardeau encombrant de lhorloge turque . ’ ’ Méli s s ende su ri I l s agit d un acte de la reine de Jerusalem , , pp ' mant un moulin qui génait la Tour de David et la porte de la ville qui y o - a tou che . En c mpensation les freres de Saint L zare, qui en étaient les , ' B a propriétaires re oivent u n champ pres de ethleem . Q u nd on con , c i c o i sidere que la part e lésée était la société hargée des lépr ser es , on

62 M ON U M ENTS DES CR OI SA DES

’ ’ constate qu en cc temps-lit lautori té no reculait devant aucune considéra ’ ’ ni ha tion mesure radicale pou r assurer 5. la ville de lai s ance et de l r o m nie .

C ’ 62 . Le omité a également eu a s occup er des Ba ins du Patriarche ’ nom o et de la piscine de meme , qui se tr uvent de p a rt et d aut re de la H dret Eu-Nas arh: o o rue des Chrétiens ( . I llustrati ns 2 R appelons a 3 , ’ ce u avant um O K hhn ah Salhht eh sujet q de devenir uaqf de la q y , cette ’ install ation balnéaire et la piscine qui laliment ait éta ient dej é en us age " au X I I s iécle sous les appellations de Balnea patri archae et de Larus r m a d a a balneo u . Les revenus en étaient réservés au p l ais u P tri rche a K ha n hh qui devait devenir ensuite l dite q . La rue des Chrétiens ’ s a elait d a B pp alors couramment soit rue u P triarche, soit rue des ains du Patriarche .

’ les ace le Bi rket H a mmdm el 63 . A cette époque, p compris entre ' atra le a et aﬁa B le (qui conserve, on voit, son nom médiév l) la Porte de J , ’ r n ét ait c nommée alors Po te de David , pas, comme de nos jours , en ombré ei dan des constructions hétéro clites . Le nom moderne de M qui désigne ’ ’ ’ la rue au no rd de la Citadelle n est q u u ne reminis cence de lantique l o c c a 13 au T a a e . place 0 , pied de la our de David , on f is it c mmer e des éré les ’ La po ssibilité d un dégagement au moins partiel de la Po rte de Jaffa a ’ lo C - u n o lét at été envisagée par omité Pro Jerusalem , ret ur a primitif I ne deva nt pas raisonnablement ét re pris en cons ideration (0. llustra tions 4 0

’ ’ 6 ou il d effectuer o 4 . Mais a été possible certaines améliorati ns , c est ’ a lensemble des bazars voﬁt és qui occupent le coeur de la ville a mi ’ s - i c hemin entre la Citadelle et la Porte du Haram dite Bbb e Si ls leh . ’ d oue N ous avons 1a trois rues para lleles actuellement dénommées, s t en est

1 Sou el Lahhhmi B Bo . . q n ( azar des uchers)

‘ I 1 2 n el ri a o. 2 . So g Atta n (Bazar des p rfumeurs llustrations

- h Ba a 3 . Song el K hawajht ou es Souyyag ( z r de négociants ou o des rfévres) .

’ ’ ’ Aux temps byzantins lemplacement de ces trois Soﬁq s n était q u une

la du au sectio n de la grande rue a colonnes qui traversait ville nord sud , la o du - de Porte de Damas a la Porte de Si n . La proximité Saint Sépulcre 63 M ON U M ENTS DES CR OI SA DES

’ nu comme r ant s e y avait sans doute attiré grand nombre de c , t lu n des m a rchés signalés par les ré cits de la prise de Jerus alem p ar les Perses en ’ ’ 6 1 a o 1a 4 , devait ssu rément se tr uver . L agora q u ils mentionn ent est a ’ lo caliser d a ut re part au Meiddn de la p o rte o ccidentale de la ville que ’ l on appelait a ussi Bdb er-Ra hbeh (Po rte de la pla ce) an temps de Moudji r cd- . au Din Pou r en revenir triple bazar, les Arabes a leur a rrivée , , a uraient l a issé aux Ch réticns le s deux rangées de b outiques qui longeaient ’ ’ ’ lo ccident et a a a la rue a a l orient , m is se ser ient pproprié le s p ace inter médi ai re qui co nstituait le m a rché du milieu .

6 . o c a a 5 P ur fa iliter les tr ns ctions , des c ha ngeu rs s e ta ient établis a " a a X I s i . I écle o n o a a ch que extrémité de ces h lles Au , tr uv it les ch ngeurs ’ au et a au o latins sud , les ch ngeurs syriens , c est a dire indigenes n rd , , ’ o c c o t ét e So ﬁ s us u a cc la c upant les premieres é h ppes en des q , j q que restaura tion de Mélis s ende les e ﬁt groupés en deux corps de logis dis

. e t Eudoci e a tincts Digne émule des Helene des , cette reine, insi que ’ o la rend ce ofli cie lle 1 1 2 a o a n us pp une pie de 5 , av it btenu l cessio n de “ ” divers locaux appa rten a nt au x deux Ch anges afin de p a rfa ire u ne o éru s alem a d er ci enda m nova m ru a m i n her u alem n uvelle rue a J , p fl g j s . ’ ’ Une rue ten ant aux deux groupes d échopp es des ch angeurs latins d un ’ ’ é et a ne ét re u u n o a a a cOt syriens de l utre, peut des tr is b zars p r lleles , q “ ” ’ ’ ’ C a dés cu au u s u ei en question . Les h nges furent lors re lés , l un midi j q ’ ’ la Ba chourah a uj ourd hui la café a colo nnes ; l autre celui des Syriens , ' ' — dans le co rps de b i timent en téte de H elret cd Da bbhghi n qui conduit au

- S a int Sépu l c re . Q ue la nouvelle rue créée par Méli s sende so it identique au Sohq cl ‘ tt r la u non a r lo y A a i n a ctuel , preuve en est fo rnie seulement p st le de cette a a a r o c a o a co nstru ction, m is ussi p les inscripti ns re ouvertes de b dige n , m is o —Ganneau a u a o s e t a Archeo que M . Clerm nt p relever utref i publier d ns ’ le Sa ncta Anna a l l rc e 1 1 . C o i ca Res ea h s I . g , , p 7 est titre gr vé plusieurs a o a et a a o a a fois a la n a iss a n ce des rcs d uble ux, m rqu nt les b utiques pp r ’ tenant a l abb aye de S a inte- Anne et do nt cette abb aye perceva it la

' Un di lOme 1 1 0 o u ne o la locatio n . p de 7 d nne pour mais n de rue des Drapiers contigu é $1 celle- Ci une boutique de S a inte-Anne co mme p oint de ’ ’ ‘ lon a du X I I Annae. repere uxta s tati onem S. Si songe qu u milieu , j - la o o de Méli s s ende siecle S a inte Anne ava it pour abbesse pr pre s eu r , , o a o a ait a Judith , on tr uver t ut n turel que cette reine ssigné une grosse ’ p a rtie des revenus de s a nouvelle rue a lent ret ien du dit monastere . “ ” A prendre la description de la Citez de Jerus alem au pi ed de la ’ ” cét t a elait R ue ne ue lo o ulair lettre, e rue centrale s pp de la cuisi q p p c 64

M ON U M ENTS DES CR OISADES

’ ’ lé o ue s a elait s ville qui, depuis p q byzantine, pp dans les milieux chrétien - c Porte Saint Etienne . Les do uments médiévaux signalent dans cette rue nu moulin a huile assez important pour avoir donné plus tard son ’ au il voﬁt es lhO ital nom bazar sur lequel se trouve, des appartenant a p Sa int-Jean et de nouvelles boutiques construites par lo chapitre du S aint ’ Soh el atta i 1 8 a n n v. I 1 Sépulcre . Le q Q ( llustrations 7, ) relevait de l abb ye T a a a de emple comme les b ins avoisinants, ainsi que plusieurs m g sins de ’ d T m li St ti o ce la ville marqués u signs S c est a dire Te a . Mais sur , p ’ ’ ’ ’ Q uartier d el Ouddy nous n au rons d amples déta ils que lo jou r ou l on ’ ’ et du T retrouvera que l on publiera les archives de l abbaye emple, comme ’ il a us u i ci le - s a été f it j q pour Saint Sépulcre, les Hospitalier , la Sainte et N Sion otre Dame de Josaphat .

. EL F . M AB ,

’ lEcole et o o Prof . a biblique arché l gique — m éru s ale . de Saint Etienne, J MU SL IM W ORK TOUCH ED BY TH E PR O -JERU SA LEM SOCIETY

Th R a 68 . e Dome of the ock has lready been referred to in Sec o o I ti ns 1 0 and 5 7 of these records . A gr und plan is here given ( llustra “ ” o The a s K ubbet ti n building is, its name es Sakhrah implies , o the covering or dome over the sacred rock, the rock with which traditi n

Me r e t s .

DO ME OF TH E ROCK

N o. 77 .

’ c The onnects the sacriﬁce of Isaac and Mohammed s heavenly jou rney . inscription on the inside of the d rum records its building in the yea r

2 H . A .D. 6 1 7 ( 9 ) by the Khalif Abd el Malek . One hundred and twenty years later the name of Abd elMalek was cut out and that of El Mamun, 67 MU SLIM WOR K TOUCH ED BY TH E SOCI ETY

The who repaired the building, inserted . plates of gilded copper with which the Dome wa s originally co vered were removed to p ay for the f a o 1 0 11 . A . D of damage of the earthqu ke 3 ( . 74 7 Much the material of a B R o r of the Dome is that e rlier buildings , yzantine or oman , on and around the city, doubtless destroyed at the time o f the invasio n of Chos roe s I I 6 1 , 4 , and shortly before the capture of the city by the D O A . . 6 . The Of Khalif mar, 39 story how Omar found the site derelict l a a of is we l attested ; but wh t the b se the existing building may be, and ’ whether it is that of Ha dri a n s Temple Of Aelia Capitolina can o nly be , veriﬁed when the found ations below the ﬂoor of the existing buildings o of a of are examined . Porti ns the e rlier mosaic skin the building, befo re ’ the sixteenth- centu ry ceramic skin with which Major R i chmond s repo rt ’ a o a de ls (see Secti n h ve been recently discovered in the Haram a rea .

The O 1 11 6 . A . D. 9 ﬁrst Aqsa mosque was built by mar in 4 . ( D and el 2 11 A . . T rebuilt by Abd Malek in . ( his building which 7 ,

a t o c a 1 0 11 A D. is s id have been wre ked by an e rthquake in 3 . ( . 74 7 D w a s o a 1 11 . A . rest red by Al M nsu r, probably in 54 ( . as he is known a to have visited Jerus lem in that year . A few years later it was again

D. o 1 6 H . A . restored by Al Mahdi , say ab ut 3 ( Th e ea rliest descriptio ns of the Aqs a which we po ssess are those of

s r A D. u adda s i A D 8 and N a K ho au . b i iildin M q ( . . 9 5 ) siri ( but the g c e no w a c o u des ribed by th m in y orresp nds with the present b ilding, its oo o o size, the number of its d rs , and the number of c lumns supp rting the o c a re roof being much greater . Fr m their des riptions , which in fa ir a and c o ct a o c greement, whi h in s me respe s supplement e ch ther, it is lear th at the Aqs a mosque of their day h ad ﬁfteen doo rs in the no rth side a 280 c a nd eleven in the east, and consisted internally of forest of olumns a I n c a rranged in twenty rows of eleven e ch . this respe t it must have resembled the great mo sque of Cordova (eighth t o tenth centu ry) ; in ac tw o a re a c a o o f t, these buildings tu lly menti ned t gether for purposes I A D Th e c a a o f compa riso n by drisi ( . . entr l isle was wider than a o o ac o mih b and r . the rest, there was big d me ver the sp e in fr nt of the ﬁ Bo o oo a A D The Crusaders under Godfrey de uill n t k Jerus lem . . 1 0 99 , e T a and the Ha ram ash Sh rif was handed over to the Knights empl rs . They do not appea r to have m a de any alterations to the Do me of the R ock (whi ch they imagined to be the Temple o f the time o f Christ) beyond the additio n of the beautiful grille whi ch they pl a ced between the columns of the inner aisle ; but they must have made w o consider able changes in the Aqsa , hich was kn wn to them as the 68

M U SLI M WOR K TOU CH ED BY TH E SOCIETY

A few words are now needed as to the Muslim work on the Citadel , the R oman and Crusading work having already been referred to by

P ére Vin cent and Pere Abel in Sections 57 and 6 1 . Th e ﬁrst known insta nce of Mohammedan work after the time of I s a the Crusaders is the restoration of Malik Muazzam , which is recorded by an inscription at present embedded in the inner wall of

61 0 H . the Citadel mosque . I t states that a tower was restored in The 1 0 11 mosque itself is dated 7 . but the minaret The must be much later . inner entrance of the Citadel , with the two - h as 1 0 11 . c right angled turns , was dated 7 also, but the ins ription slab

The o 8 11 . 1 2 long since disappeared . uter entrance is dated 93 ( 53 ) in a o the name of Sultan Suleiman, to whom the beautiful c rtouche sh wn in I I llustration 79 belongs . t was uncovered by the Society during the making of the garden .

SWE . E LL K . A . C CR ,

E. T. G. S. O. Late Inspector of Monuments, , APPEN DIX I

T F TH - CON STITU ION O E P RO JER USALEM SOCIETY .

ow (N embodied in the Charter . )

O E BJ CT.

The object of the Pro-Jerusalem Society shall be the preservation and safeguarding of the amenities of the Holy City without favour or c prejudi e to race or creed . Further the Society shall be empowered to hold property real or T and a a personal in rust to administer it, and such administr tion sh ll be o in the interest of all to whom the H ly City is sacred . As a p a rt of this trusteeship the Society may from time to time act in an adviso ry capacity to any public authority whose action may affect it . I t o a t o shall be one of the bjects of the Society, in view of the bove, give publicity, whether by bulletin , writings , or newspapers , to any a question affecting the public welf re of Jerusalem .

R H MEMBE S IP .

Th - e Pro Jerusalem Society shall consist of a Patron , an Honorary

President, a President an Honorary Treasurer, an Honorary Secretary , , and a Council whose membership shall be of such only as have special

o standing r q ualiﬁcations . The following shall be ex-ofﬁcio members of the Council : Th e Military Governo r of Jerusalem ; the Grand Mufti ; the Mayor of Jeru salem ; the Ortho dox Patria rch ; the Latin Patriarch ; the Head of the Armeni an Convent in Jerusalem ; the Custode di Terra Santa ; the Head of the Jewish Community .

PP NTM ENT METH OD OF A OI .

i n Th e appointment of members of the Council shall , in the ﬁrst

a er hi to st nce be by the President . Memb s p the Society shall be of all , _ ho t se who subscribe to its fu nds . In the event of either a new Government for Palesti ne being created or of the departure of the President the constitution of the Society shall be modiﬁed to suit the altered circumstan ces and modelled on the lines of the British “ N ational Trust for Places of Historic I nterest and N atural ” - B . eauty, or any similar quasi public body in France, Italy, or America 7 1 CON STITUTION OF TH E SOCI ETY

W R H O N E S IP OF PR OPER TY . “ o a o r o a a T s Pr perty, re l pers n l , sh ll be held in rust with the Pre i oc dent of the S iety .

FI NAN CE .

Th e Co mmittee shall h ave a n account with the Anglo-Egypti a n Ba r c a a a o - a nk in Je usalem , heques sh ll be m de p ay ble t the Pro Jerus lem

oc a nd a a a o o a o o S iety , p yments sh ll be m de nly n the uth rity f the

President .

r E R U LES o PR OCEDU R .

c o a o r Meetings shall be onvened monthly by the Hon r ry Secretary, a extr ordinary meetings , at the special request given to him in writing by any three members of the Council .

i vc a o a . F members , in addition to the President, sh ll f rm quorum No c o f o a ti e of the meeting, with minutes the previ us meeting, sh ll a be distributed beforeh nd .

R H FI R ST M EM B E S IP .

Th e Co c a as and ﬁrst membership of the un il sh ll be under, the members shall serve for one year certa in from the d ate of this cons t i tu m o o ma tion , subject, however, to such modiﬁcation as by com n c nsent y be deemed a dvis able in the event of any ch ange of Go vernment .

APPEN DIX 11

MEMBER S OF TH E P R O-JER USALEM SOCIETY AND CONTR I BUTOR S SINCE ITS INAUGUR ATION

Smouh a Co . Messrs .

B es h B o . Messrs . t r s Morums Oriental Store

Mr . Solomon Angel Ca iro Syrian Community

t o . Mr . Denham (for Mor on C ) Haj Yusuf Wafa Al Dajani

a B . Messrs . Mar sh ros American Colony 72

MEMBER S OF TH E SOCIETY Logan Pearsall Smith s h B o Bte r s . 5 l st Sikhs R egiment (For R epairs to the Mosque of Om a r) Th R t e . Hon . Sir Herbert Samuel Viscount Milner

M . de Picciotto E Dr . der

H . M . K alvares ky

Prof . P . Geddes E Mrs . lizabeth McQ u een

Mr . John H . Finley

Mrs . Elizabeth M cQ ueen (for seats in the Citadel) o Mr . Harris C hen (per Sir Herbert Samuel) Anglo-America n Society (for seats in the Citadel)

British School of Arch e ology (per Prof . Garstang) Miss Laudau (for repairs to the Citadel) R onald Storrs (for repairs to the Citadel) Norman Bentw ich Administration grant for TechnicalEducation Municipality of Jerusalem grant for City Tree-planting R abbi Ho rowitz R onald Storrs Canon Stacey Waddy a Dr . H rte Administration grant for Citadel repairs

per Antiquities Dept . — Eff . elB Sir Abbas Abd aha K . B . E. , B Sir Alfred Mond , art .

Mrs . Holman Hunt

L . A . Van Vri esland Administration grant for 1 920

D . Salameh By Special Concert Miss Blandy Anglo-Egypti an Bank Miss Lapin

r . H enna M y J . Paten APPENDIX I I I

LI ST OF TH E SOCIETY ’ S NEEDS

Scholarships for the Society ’ s weaving apprentices to enable them to go to the Mehalla Kebir weaving school in Egypt for one

o ne a year . For schol rship ’ o r fo r Seats , in Palestine marble other good stone, the Society s ’ The n w Parks and Gardens . do or s name ill be carved upon £20 £ 0 the seat . Some twenty are needed at a cost per seat of to 5 R W Seats in wood or iron , at convenient points in the ampa rt alk ’ or o cut in the gardens . The d nor s name will be or painted - 1 0 on the seat . Some twenty ﬁve are wanted ; to cost from £5 to £ Sections of the R ampart Walk to be repaired and cleaned together

a Th . with the p rapet adjoining . e Society provides the stone “ ” I n a The other words, to rep ir the walls of Jerusalem . work

' is apportioned i n s ectio ns at from £ 1 0 to £ 1 00 Sections of the Fosse clearing ; calculated for each gang o f women working for a month For the es tablishment of the Glass I ndustry For the establishment of the Carpet-weaving I ndustry For the establishment of Furniture- making Workshops For the establishment of Metal Workshops For the establishment of a School of Ceramics For the completion of the Sﬁq el Q attani n repairs C o n For repairs to the itadel , in sections its different towers , the

T H i i a 0 cus . I n t £ ower of David, the pp , etc sections from 5 to ’ For the starting of the Museum to house the Society s collections £500 For the Jaffa Gate improvement scheme and the removal of the Turkish clock tower Gifts of historical subjects (Palestine history) for the Society’ s

Museum . O Gifts of examples f Arts and Crafts, especially examples of

Oriental weaving and embroidery for the School of Textiles .

Gifts of trees fo r the Parks and Gardens . ’ Gifts of ﬂowers and seedlings for the Society s nursery .

‘ The gift of a membership stamp , to be specially designed, and sent

upon letters dispatched from Jerusalem.

75 APPENDIX IV

WEAVER ’ S APPR ENTICESHIP INDENTUR E

TH IS I N DENTU R E witnesses that M is this day bound a pprenti ce to Shukri Ba ta to o f the Jerus alem Looms upon the following terms p a rties to the agreement being N Fa ther o r Guardian of the s a id Shukri Batato of the Jerusalem Looms Major Tadman the Education Ofﬁcer a s rep re o- o senting and the President of the P r Jerusal em S ciety .

t o a B fo r 1 . M . undertakes serve the s id Shukri atato a period of one year to o bey his order and diligently apply himself to

a t o learning the c raft of weaving . He grees honour and obey the crafts men with whom he shall be pl a ced during his apprenticeship and at all a nd t o times , in speech action , bear himself towards them with respect .

2 a . N the F ther or Guardian of the said M . undertakes t o see that his son devotes attention to his work and attends such instruction a s is a rranged for by the Educatio n Officer and generally

a conform to the terms of this agreement, lso in the event of the cancella tion of this agreement due t o the negligence o r misconduct of the said - c M . to pay to the Pro Jerusalem So iety half of any sum that the Society shall have disbursed for him .

B o 3 . Shukri atat undertakes to teach the said M the craft of weaving to arrange for him to receive at the hours agreed to with the Education Ofﬁ cer such teaching other than weaving as may be deter mined, further to pay him

a a o a da . Fo r the ﬁrst three months w g e f 1 pt . y

second 2 pt . 2 third % pt .

g, fou rth 3 pt . thi s wage to be regarded as a minimum a nd to be increased a cco rding to the skill and the diligence of the said M . but in ca seof the non-observance of the agreement by the said M or of his pro ven incapacity the said Shukri Ba tato sh all be free to discha rge him - a o after due notice given to the P ro Jerus lem S ciety . 76

APPENDIX V I

ANTIQ UITI ES PR OCLAMATION

WH ER EAS it is convenient to make pro vision for the co nservatio n of ancient monuments and for the preservation of ancient objects of “ virtu and relics movable and immovable (hereinafter styled Antiqui ” ties ) in the Occupied Enemy Territory (South)

N ow TH ER EF OR E I A R — EN ER AL SI R R TH R W GRAM ON EY , M JO G A U I M , in exercise of the powers conferred upon me as Chief Administrator of Occupied Enemy Territory (South) by wa rrants dated 24 th April and 2 th Oc 1 1 8 of cer 9 tober 9 , under the hand the General Oﬂi Commanding in- C E E r hief the gyptian xpeditiona y Force,

H ER EBY OR D ER AS F OLLOW S

E T o 1 . Throughout the Occupied nemy erritory (South) the pr perty in allantiquities which were the property Of the Ottoman Government or which h ave been discovered since the Occupation or shall hereafter be discovered shall be deemed to be vested in the Occupied Enemy Territory

Administration (South) .

” 2 . Th e term ancient for the purpose of this Proclamation shall be deemed to signify antecedent to the year 1 600

O o o r a 3 . N alteration, restoration , m vement , dispos l of any anti uit o q y or of any site of religi us interest Whether in public, private, or ecclesi a stical custody may be made without the previous consent Of the o Occupied Enemy Territo ry Administrati n (South) .

who c Of 4 . Any person dis overs an antiquity or who is aware the discovery of an antiquity shall inform the Military Governor of th e district within a period of 3 0 days .

O s 5 . N per on who discovers an antiquity either on his own land or on the land Of another may appropriate it t o his own use or to the use of any c O public, private, or ec lesiastical body without the consent of the ccupied

Enemy Territory Administration (South) .

6 . NO person may negligently or maliciously destroy, deface, or in any way damage any ancient monument or any site which he has reason to believe to contain an antiquity or which is reputed to be of religious interest . 78 ANTIQ UITI ES PROCLAMATION ’ No t raﬁi c fﬁ 7 . person shall or abet the tra c in antiquities except under licence issued by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

o (S uth) .

8 . Any person who knowingly disobeys any direction of this Pro clamation shall be punishable on conviction by either a Civil or Milita ry Court with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or

E. 00 with a ﬁne which may extend to £ 5 or with both . Any antiquities found with t he person convi cted or disposed of in contravention of the terms of this Proclamation and any property implicated may be con

ﬁs cated .

a n o 9 . Any person who reports the discovery of antiquity ver which the Administration decides t o exercise its right of property shall be duly a i Adminis compensated , and when any such nt quity is relinquished by the t ration the Administration shall deliver the said antiquity to the person or corporation appearing to have the most proper claim thereto, together with a certiﬁcate authorizing the said a ntiquity to be transferred in accordance with the terms of this Proclamation .

1 0 The . powers vested in the Administration under this Proclama tion together with power to perform all necessary acts subsidiary thereto are hereby delegated to the Chief Administrator or such person or persons as he may appoint to act on his behalf .

The I I . provisions of this Proclamation shall be substituted, so far a as they pply, for the provisions of the Ottoman Law of Antiquities of

’ loth April 1 3 22 H . throughout the whole of the Occupied Enemy Territory (South) but all the provisions of the law shall be deemed to have been in force up to the date of this Proclamation .

- . . W. O E (Sgd ) A M N Y , Major General , C hief Administrator . r Headquarte s , (South)

I 1 1 8 . Jerusalem , December 9

79 APPENDIX V II ADVERTISEMENTS OR DINANCE

I . a a s e a S ve her in fter provided , no advertisement shall be exhibited

o o r a c upon any h arding similar structure, or on any w ll , tree, fen e, gate, o r s el ewhere in Palestine . I n a a 2 . town are the Muni cip ality with the consent of the District

o c o o Govern r, and elsewhere the Distri t G vern r, may auth o rize the erection in speciﬁed pl aces o f one o r more boards or hoardings for the Of exhibition notices and advertisements .

3 . Any person may exhibit upon his own premises advertisements o r cc o relating to the business o upati n carried on in those premises . — I I n 4 . ( ) a town a rea the Municip ality with the co nsent Of the

o c a b District Govern r, and elsewhere the Distri t Governor, may m ke y laws under this Ordinan ce (a ) fo r levy ing a ch a rge upo n the exhibitio n of no tices and advertisements exhibited in a ccord an ce with Section 2 of this Ordinan ce ; (b) fo r regulating the size a nd fo rm of no tices and adver t i s ement s exhibited in a ccord ance with Section 2 or Section 3 o f this O 2 —a a rdinance . ( ) Such by l ws sh ll be submitted for the consent of

C a o o . the High ommissioner, and sh ll not be valid with ut his c nsent No O a a a t o o 5 . thing in this rdin nce sh ll pply n tices or advertise of of o r ments exhibited by any Department the Government Palestine,

an o r N a o r o c c a by y Military val Air F r e Authority , or by any Judi i l

Authority, or by any Local Authority . 6 o a o f of . Any person c mmitting contravention the provisions this Ordina n ce or of any by-laws issued thereunder by a Muni cipality o r District Governor shall be liable to the penalties p res cribed by the O a C t o 3 rd Addendum o f Art . 99 of the ttoman Pen l ode, and further a of R I fo r c oﬂence co ntinuing penalty £ . every day during whi h the is c co o ontinued after his nvicti n . I f any person after co nvictio n fails t o remove any stru cture erected o r r o o f O c any adve tisement exhibited in contraventi n this rdinan e, the Th e o Poli ce sh all be entitled t o remove it at his expense . C u rt may awa rd an amount not exceeding one- h alf of the ﬁne imp os ed to any o person givi ng info rmatio n which leads t o a convicti n .

T la a co o c I s t Of No e 1 20 w . 7 . his sh ll me into f r e on the day v mber 9

ER B ER T M E (Sgd . ) H SA U L , o o o High C mmissi ner f r Palestine .

Government House Jerusalem . , 20— —20 7 .

INDEX

PAGE P AGE

Cafés Cres w ell (K . A. C. ) Candle-mak ers Cru s ades Captivity (the) Custode di Terra S ant a Carcaso nne Cypres s ’

a en e s wo 11. 6 C rp t r rk , 1 5

ee ed o n. Cédron. S K r Cement 9 D Ceme e es 24 t ri Dabbﬁghi n (H aret cd 64 Ce am cs c ool Of) r i (S h 75 D ab e er R i s c e Pa 2 6 7 h t h rk 4 , 4 , 4 C ambe of Comme ce e u s alem h r r (J r ) 3 7 amascus 2 6 D 3 , 9 C a e of t he P ro—e s alem oc e vi vii h rt r J ru S i ty , a a a e . 6 m s cus 111 . 2 20 0 D G t , 7 , 4 , , 5 , 3 , 77 C a eaub and 0 h t ri 5 , 54 an iel bbo 62 D , A t C es e 2I h t r Daoﬁd Prince de Kera k 6 1 C e dmi ni s a o v 1 hi f A tr t r , 5 , 79 avid ee 1 20 26 28 2 D Str t 5 , , , , 9 Cho s roes I I 68 Tow e of Fronti r i ece ( r ) , p C s i an ee 1 I 6 hri t Str t , 7, 3 6 1 62 5 44 , 4 s, , , 75 Chronicles (Boo k o f) 4 Tomb of 5 1 ) ( ) 4 5 ’ Church Fath ers 4 4 avid s a e 22 6 D G t 4 , , 3 C u c es h r h 20 Derbas (Sh eikh) 6 1

Ci adel 111. 2 6 68 2 2 1 1 , , 3 , 7, , , i c ie . C. 1 60 t I , 39 , 4 , D k (A ) 5 , 59 , Djamiﬁ Mawlana 6 1

a dens 111. I Fromir iece G r , ( p ) , ome of the R oc 1 8 20 1 2 D k , , 9 , . 3 , 3 , 1 21 22 9, , , 4 l 1 6 4 , 57, 7 C Counc l 8 ity i ome Cons uc ion I ll. 6 3 D tr t , 4 u ve S r y 1 r a e s 6 6 4 D p r 4 , 5 ee al S s o Town Plan. un 8 D g 4 , 3 Cv c dvi so vi 6 I 8 2 i i A r , , 4 , 37 , 4 5 , 4 , 5 , Dyei ng 7

54 , S9 R egulati ons 3 7 Civil ove nmen v g r t , 1 6 Cle mon - annos u 6 r t G 53 , 4 Earthqu a ke 68 Cloc owe Tu i s 62 k t r ( rk h) , 44 East London Apprenti ces hip Fund 3 5 Commande -i h - C e . r hi f vi Eccle siasticus 4 9 dui Con s 60 Educa ion 6 1 6 t t VII, 3 5 , 3 , 4 , 7 ' Cons an i ni b a am el t t (A r h ) 4 5 Eﬂendism 3 4 Cons an i no le ' t t p 3 2 Eﬂti khar Ed-D aule h 6 1 Cons i u ion of t he P - ’ t t t ro Jerus alem Society 7 1 Elazar 5 3 Coo -s o s 6 6 k h p Enc oac men s I ll. 6 4 , 5 r h t , 3 4 , 3 , 3 7 3 Co dova r 68 Es trangh elo 50 Co dw aine s 6 E i enne Ecole bibl ue de ain 66 r r 5 t ( iq S t 59, Co u a ed i on in . rr g t r 3 7 Ett ger, Dr Co n a e o . See atta tt M rk t Q ni n . Eucalyptus Council of t he P r — o Jeru s alem Society Eudocia (Empres s) xv x l6 , 4 , 65 Excavation Cec e r h 39 Exodus

8 2 PACE

Fi c us i ndica H airdres s ers Fig H amberg (Victor) Fi nance H ammi m el Ba a 1 1 6 tr k 5 , 7, 3 ' - - Florence (Pilgrimo f) . H a mmfim e s Sh aflei 7 Flou -mill H ammam H ammama 1 r , t 7 , 5 , H ar Fo s se I II. I 2 1 0 1 fim 1 6 , , 3 , 7, 3 , 4 , 4 7. 3 . 57 . 3 .

Foun ains H a a . 1 t r ri (R A. ) 4 i e-ma i n H a a Fu n t u . r r k g rk vy (V . A ) 4 5 Furriers H as mo neans (The) 5 1 e 60 6 2 H b on I ll. 1 r , 5 9 , , 3 , 3 3 H ele na (Empres s ) 64

H e odian wo I ll. 0 1 2 r rk , 7 4 3 , 4 5 , 5 , 5 ,

lle ies Ar ’ a t . G r ( ) H e od s ate 20 2 r G 4 , , 4 , 3 5 28— 1 a dens 111. I Fronti r iea ) G r , ( p , 3 , 3 7 Palace 4 4 vu r a 8 0 . . . 4 . 7 . 75 H ezekiah (Pool o f) 20 a nie de a 62 G r r Gr y H i Commi s s ione vi 80 — gh r , ates I II. 0 2 20 22 G , 7, 4 45 , 3 , 4 , , , H i icus Towe Fronti r i zce 2 pp r, ( p ) 3 , 75 H is toric monu ments (R egi ster of)

eddes i . 22 of. at c 111 G (Pr P r k) , H ol Ci v vi vi i 1 6 1 8 y ty , , , 4 , , , 1 2 1 1 2 . 3 a 9 . 3 1 26 8 1 2 6 1 1 9 . . 3 . 4 . 4 . 4 5 . 59 . . 7 e man c i ect s 1 2 2 G r Ar h t , 9 ol e ulc e C u c of 20 6 1 6 H y S p hr ( h r h ) , , 3 , Mappi ng 1 3 6 4 . e s emane 2 G th 5 , 5 5 H oniah S4 e o Gh tt 4 , 5 H ospitals 22 i l uides 0 G r G 4 H os i alle s 26 66 p t r , laci s 2 G H uldah t he prophetes s 5 5 las s-wo 60 61 0 G , 2 rk , 7 , 3 , 3 , 75 od e de Bouillon 1 68 G fr y 9 , Golds mith s 65 Goleil 50 ove no o f e us alem v vi vu 2 1 0 G r r J r , , , , 4 , , Idri si 68

i es i 6 I ndent u es of a ent c p, 3 5 , 7 Gove no a e 1 8 8 r ppr h r r t , 3 I ndus t ies new 0 -R oman emains I 0 r ( ) 3 , 3 3 Graeco I I . r , 7 I s aac 67 I s ai ah 5 2 and u i of e us alem 1 8 6 1 Gr M ft J r 9 , , 3 , 7 I slam ua d- ouses 2 9 , 3 3 G r h , 3 Guild of H andicraft 3 5 ui ni 6 1 2 G ,

Jackaranda 1 0 1 2 J affa Ga e 11 . . . . 43 . 4 . 4 5 t . 4 4 4 4

2 2 Jaffa R o ad 4 , 7 IN DEX

K ubbet es a a S khr h . See Dome of K utahi a

Labour difﬁculti es (meth ods of) (bureau) ’ La -Ba omer J ewellers g Latin Kingdom at i nes J ew s 1 22 L r 3 , ,

a a e St . o L z r ( ) J hn (St . ) e os Jos ephus L pr y Lib a i es J uda h (Kings of) r r ondon Ju dit h (the Abbes s) L

ooms ll. 2 6 L , I 6 , 3 Louvre (lVIusée du)

Luncz (A. M . )

Kai s er Wilh elm I I ’ ” a s e s B eac l 0 McLean I ll. 21 1 2 2 K i r r h , I l . 4 , , 3 Kalba Shaboua (grotto of) Macrae (Lady Margaret) 24 a e 26 2 K alonymos Ma h anna Y udah M rk t , 7 Karaites Mahdi (Al) 68

K atanin . ee alac i S Q att ani n. M h 5 5 Kaza of Jeru s alem 1 6 Malcuis inat 65 - - 6 1 Kedron 5 2 Malek e n Nﬁser Kerak 6 1 Malik Muazzam I s a 70 Kh alifs 3 2 Mamoun (El) 67 Kh alil (Bab el) 20 Mans ur (Al) 68

an ez ei a ets I ll. 1 22 28 2 6 Kh Z t 65 M rk , 43 5 , , , 9 , 3 7, 5 Kh anqah S alahiye h 63

ns B . 2 1 Kha 2 Mathieson (T. ) 9 ,

i n s Tomb s of e II. 26 6 th . e . s n I K g , Se Tombs Mauri ta , 55 , 3 3 , 5 i c en 1 8 1 K t h s Mayor of Jerusalem , 7 Knights H ospitallers 9 Knights Templars Mehalla Kebir 75 K o ou 62 6 b r cl K oudat Méli s sende (Q ueen) , 4 Kohour elMolouk Metalwork 3 3 Kochim Milita ry Adminis tration 1 8 K okhim Mimos a 2 1 2 1 6 Ko an Mina e s Frontis iece , 4 r r t , p l ’ Kotelha Ma a rabi Mis hna (The) 44 84

INDEX PAGE PAGE

R am a al Frontir i ece I ll 2 i p rt W k , , . , mon the us 1 p 3 , 3 3 3 4 , S J t 4 5 , 4 9 , S 6 8 r z 0 i 1 2 21 on a e . See ion 3 5 . 3 . 3 7. 3 . 3 9 . . 3 . 9 . . . S G t Z . i S rach (J es us s on of) 49 R as hidi a c ool 2 lau e ous e S h 4 , 3 5 S ght rh 65 R a mond of Toulouse Slous ch N a y 6 1 (Dr. h u m) 5 5 R ed Cross (American) 0 Socialw ork 0 3 39 , 4 R e fugees 3 9 Sor bonne 5 5 R egi s tration of monuments 4 1 Sp ani s h J ew s 22 (See 4 11 0 Monumen s his torI ues Spinni n 0 t q g 7 , 3 R elie l bo u l ai w a I l . 6 a f r, 7 S s 1 21 60 3 9 t r y , , 5 59 , R eph aim 5 2 Sto nework 1 5 R ic mond E nes 6 8 1 0 1 68 o s R o nald v 0 h ( r t) , , , , , S ( ) 1 8 , 1 3 57 t rr , VII , , 3 4 , 77 ’ R obi nson s Arc h 4 3 S ub scri b ers t o P ro-Jerus alem 72 ales i ne u leiman t he a niﬁcen 0 S M , I II. 8 0 P t 5 g t 3 , 79 7 R oc S : u ma e ome o he . c k . D f t S 2 1 T mb SfI cl a ni o s t ta n . e q Q Se Q at t ani n . ‘ ‘

R o man s t ai rcas e a i n . See Att r Attari n. roads Leh an 29 ‘ ca m Lahhami n a, p 63 R us s ian Ch urch Kh awaj at 63 Sﬁ s 111 8 I 6 8 I 1 6 2 q . 7 . . 7 . . 5 . . 9 .

Swaythling (Lord) 6 3 5 , 3 S i a 62 6 yr , 9 Syrian Orph anage 3 3

S adda (Q ueen) . ’

St . e n s a 8 S e G e I ll. t ph t , S treet S aladi n Salt (Es) S amuel (Si r H erbert) S anh edri n (Gre at) Tables s ervice 3 3 S anitation Tadman (Maj or) 76 ul de Tailo s 6 S a cy (M . ) r 5 an al oun f Talmud Sc d (M t o ) 44 , 4 9 S eats Talmud Thorah 5 ec nical Educa ion 6 1 Sebekh T h t 3 5 , 3 , 4 e a dim Tem le bbe or C u c o f t he 66 68 S ph r p (A y h r h ) , l e See l Te m le and Tem le a ea 2 2 2 e u c H o ulc . S p hr y Sep hre p p r , 4 3 , 44 , 5 , h ouot h fe e de 6 8 S ab ( t ) 4 5 53 . 5 . 57. 5 . Shiméo n 54 Tenkiz (Emir) 69 o s 1 2 Te aces 2 2 1 Sh p 7, 9 rr , Sibil 27 Textiles (SchoolOf) 75 i nia ueen as r 62 S do (Q ) 0 1 T om (S . ) 5 , 5 h a x l rk 0 Silo m . . 2. 60 Tiles Ti ewo 9 . 3 . 3 7 5 4 3 5 53 . 54 . 59 . , ‘ Sils ileh Bab es 6 6 Tilla e 2 ( 3 , 5 g 4 86 PAGE

ad oz I ll. 6 4 9 W y J , 73 4 , 4 7 ' (Q uartier d el) 66 iln all l a I l . 6 0 W i g W , 9 , 7 4 3 , 44 a Oua 8 1 2 8 6 W kf ( qf) 4 . 5 . . 3 . 3 . 5 . 3 w l alls f e us al To e ( ila e of) o J em I ll. 6 0 2 60 r V g 55 W r , 45 , 9 , 7 4 , 4 3 ,

Town P lan lll. 2 1 22 2 I al s 61 , , , 5 4 , W y T ans o a e la n on of 1 60 62 r p rt 1 9 W t r ( yi g ) 9, 57, ,

eavi n I ll. 62 1 6 1 W g, 3 , 3 5 , 3 , 4 , 75 Tru mpet-tree 21 Whiting (J oh n) 4 1 ’ Tudela Ben a i lson s c ( m n of) . Wi Ar h 4 3 j 4 4 , 4 5

ndow . u I ll 1 1 . T s adminis a on 1 2 1 1 6 1 Wi , rki h tr ti , , 3 , , 9 ,

T m aeum 20 y p . 4 3 . 59

Yaqoubiye h (el) Ye houdah Yellin (D avid) ’ Yo azar Uzzia h (Ki ng) Yoh anan Yoma

Yudah . ee a a a S M h nn .

ale o H a im V r ( ) 26, 27 l au s aul in I ll. 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 8 V t , V t g, , 3 , 4 , 5 , , Zech ariah Zion e e able ma e 28 2 V g t rk t , 9 Gate i ncen Pére I ll. V t ( ) , 73 6 ” 8 ° 5 , , 5 , 4 7, 4 , S3 , 59 , 7 Zioni st Commis s ion VI r I n Tomb of t he g ( ) 6 1 Univers ity i i alilei V r G 5 2 Zones and Zoni ng

8 7