We must say that one can find large differences in shape, different places depending on the use of "C", for size, finish, weight, thickness and even pattern, among combat (corresponding of current "palms"), or regular the several manufacturers that still produce them. This attribution. Regulations unfortunately changed the order means that it is actually impossible to define a War Cross of precedence of the War Cross to third place, after the as a "fake". There are, obviously, good specimens and Military Valor Medal, no matter that the Military Valor bad (Figures 47 and 48) that better interpret the designs Medal was not always awarded for combat reasons. In as they were legislated and have better finishes. spite of many changes, the War Cross has not regained its previous position and that is a shame in our point of Final Considerations view (Figure 49).

Since its creation the Portuguese War Cross has been one of that country’s most prestigious decorations and the only one to be awarded exclusively for valorous deeds in the face of the enemy. As a matter of fact, the Military Orders of the Tower and Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit, can also be awarded for brave deeds as well as for outstanding services to Portugal, which doesn’t have to be performed in battle. The same is true for the Military Valor Medal and that is why it can be awarded with or without "palms," and the palms are the indication for its award for combat action (the same applies to Distinguished Figure 49: The current four classes of the Portuguese War Cross. Service Medal). Endnotes: From early legislation, Circular No. 5.166 October 13, 1. Our friend and colleague, Paulo Estrela, to whom we extend all our 1917 (O.E. 14, 1917), it was established that the War gratitude for the support, help and critical review of this paper, is Cross was created by decree No. 2.870 from November preparing a book (to be published in both Portuguese and English) on those early Portuguese medals. 30, 1916 and regulated by Decree No. 3.259 of July 2. The Regulation of Portuguese Military Medals was established by 26, 1917, which states that the War Cross would be decree on October 2, 1863, by King Louis I. awarded for acts of valor and deeds of arms performed 3. On the occasion of a political revolution, Portugal became a in campaign. Further it states "that only acts and deeds republic on October 5, 1910 and the deposed king, Manuel II was performed in combat which demonstrate valor, courage, sent to exile. 4. Corpo Expediciondrio Portugu~s (Portuguese Expeditionary life and death decisions and other qualities that might Corps), was the name given to the troops mobilized by Portugal at contribute to distinguishing servicemen in the face of the a division level, integrated in to the British sector in the Flanders, enemy might be considered for this decoration." Current from 1917 until the end of the War. Portugal mobilized two divisions legislation, Decreto-Lei No. 316/2002 December 27, for a total of 55.000 men. 5. A reference book from Purves (1975: 69-70) says it was instituted 1917, establishes that it is a "condition for the attribution by Law 373 of 2 September 1915, but this law does not address of the War Cross that the deeds performed be in campaign medals and decorations. It’s a diploma granting supplementary facing the enemy and that one must demonstrate courage, capacity to the executive power to assure order. Likewise the decision, calm determination under fire, steadfast bravery also quoted March 1916 diploma doesn’t exist. There are several and other qualities deserving distinction." The War Cross diplomas in that month regarding preparations for war but none regarding awards. was always meant to be purely and exclusively a combat 6. This is not the place to discuss the precise date of the constitution medal unlike other Portuguese decorations that can also of Portugal as an independent State; therefore we will limit that be used for other purposes, not necessarily involving interesting discussion to an approximate date located on the first combat action facing the enemy. half of the 12th century. 7. Although not used by other Templars in Europe, this cross, with full mystical meanings, can be seen in an important number of con- Therefore we might consider that, apart from the Military temporary chapels, castles, churches, and gravestones as well as in Order of Tower and Sword - an order and not a medal written documents and is a common motif in Portuguese heraldry, - all the other medals should be of a lower rank in both civil and military. For further information on the subject see comparison with the War Cross. It is clear that legislation Gandra (2000), Lougfio (1999) and Paraschi (1993 ). 8. This pattern was a stone monument with the Portuguese shield of since 1919 indicates that the order of precedence of the arms and a cross on the top, used by Portuguese sailors to mark War Cross comes after the Military Order of Tower and their arrival to new lands which they claimed for the Portuguese Sword, and even in the same period both the Military crown. Medal and Distinguished Services Medal could assume 9. One of the greatest exhibitions ever held in Pol"mgal was in 1940 (June 23), in a Europe at war, it was meant to commemorate two

Vol. 59, No. 6 17 events: the foundation of the Portuguese State (1140) and the James Charles Risk died on October 23, 2005 in New Regaining of Independence (1640), showing the prosperity of the York City. He was born in Manhattan on May 5, 1913, regime as well in the several strands of history, economic activi- the only son of Frederick and Katherine (Grasmuk) ties, cultme and religious aspects both from continental Portugal as well as its overseas territories, including the distant Timor. In Risk, and spent his early childhood in Forest Hills, New a Portuguese world, Brazil was the only foreign country to be York and Upper Montclair, New Jersey. He is survived represented at the exhibition. by two cousins, Marian E. (Mrs. James) V. V. Goodrich 10. Casa Butmler (the Buttuler house) is one of the oldest remaining of Livermore, Colorado and Karl J. Van Valkenburgh military shops in Lisbon. It was founded in the early 20th century, near the central square of Rossio in Lisbon., and for many years it of West Granby, Connecticut, many second cousins, became a reference for military outfits and decorations in the capi- and a number of dear friends, among whom are John T. tal. Of the five old military shops in Lisbon (Casa Oliveira, Casa Dunlap, Esq., Jeffrey A. Ryan and Dr. Robert LaRocca Camacho, Casa Soares and Sousa, Casa Buttuler and Casa A. da of New York. Costa), only Casa Buttuler and Casa A. da Costa remain. 11. FourragOre is a French military award, instituted by Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, intended to distinguish military units as Mr. Risk graduated from Dartmouth College, cum laude, a whole. It was adopted among other nations to include Portugal. in 1937 with a BA in History, took graduate courses in In France thefourrag~re is awarded to all members of a military European History at Harvard, and also taught History unit if, as a whole, when the unit was mentioned in dispatches for at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. When heroic deeds. In France it should not be confused with the awards of particular decorations to a certain unit, where the medal itself is war clouds gathered, he enlisted in the active Naval hung on the flag of the unit (for example, in France there are many Reserve and was commissioned as an Ensign. In January, units wearing the fourragOre of the Mddaille Militaire, whereas 1940, he was assigned to active duty on the destroyer, only six units wore the medal itself on their flags). In Portugal the USS Dahlgren, an experimental ship engaged in anti- decoration of the flag determines the use of the fourragdre by the servicemen of that unit that took part of the events determining submarine patrol off the east coast. Subsequently, he the decoration. was reassigned to the USS Jeffers doing anti-submarine 12. The Minho Brigade corresponds to the 4th Portuguese Brigade of and convoy escort duty in the north Atlantic. In July the CEP which was constituted by effectives of four different regi- 1943 he participated (aboard the Jeffers) in the invasion ments of that northern region of Portugal, namely the 3rd Infantry of Sicily. Eventually, he was transferred to the staff of Regiment (Viana do Castelo), the 8th Infantry Regiment (Braga), the 20th Infantry Regiment (GuimarSes) and 29th Infantry Regi- the Commander, Destroyers, Atlantic Fleet at Casco Bay ment (Braga), this situation made impossible a clear inheritance (Portland), Maine. of the brigade standard. 13. It was meant to be an organic unit of the CEP nevertheless it was In mid-1945, he was ordered to report to Admiral never so constituted since its pilots were spread over several French and British units. The Air Force as an autonomous corps was only Glassford, the second-in-command of the Atlantic created in July 1, 1952. Fleet at Palermo, Italy, for the purpose of writing the administrative history of the United States Navy in the Mediterranean. Later he was sent to Rome to serve on IN MEMORY the Naval Subcommission of the Allied Commission on the Democratization of Italy. As Protocol Officer, he was the liaison with the Vatican as well as the Quirinal Palace. In connection with the latter services, the Lieutenant General of the Realm, later King Umberto II, granted him the title of Knight of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy. His life long association with the House of Savoy culminated in being awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus in 2001. He was the first American so honored since World War II. For services in regards to war relief he was created a Knight of Grace of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George and Commander of the Order of Merit of Malta with Swords.

He was discharged from the Navy with the rank of Lieutenant Commander, and then joined the United

(Continued on page 26) James Charles Risk, CVO, FSA

18 JOMSA THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE TOWER AND SWORD: 200 YEARS OLD

HUMBERTO NUNO DE OLIVEIRA AND PAULO JORGE ESTRELA

The Military Order of the Tower and Sword was created On the occasion of its foundation, the Order was linked to by Prince-Regent John (the future King John VI), in Rio an historical heritage of the ancient Order of the Sword, de Janeiro, Brazil, under the name Order of the Sword, which had been created in 1459 by King Alphonse V, by the Decree of May 13, 1808, two hundred years ago. "the African." That order was composed of 27 famous The reason for its creation was to specifically announce knights (the number 27 was chosen because it was the age the arrival of the royal family in Brazil, after the first of the king at the time of the order’s creation) who had French invasion of Portugal as ordered by Napoleon taken part in the conquest of northern Africa. The name and commanded by Jean-Andoche Junot. In addition, of the Order derived from an extremely well known and the Order was to reward the old English allies, who had feared legend in the Maghreb. According to the legend provided the necessary escort for the safety of the Prince there was a sword hidden in a tower of the town of Fez Regent’s maritime voyage. Since they were of Anglican and the discovery and capture of this sword by a Christian faith, the English could not receive any the old military- prince would cause the fall of Moslem Africa. religious Orders of Christ, of Saint Benedict of Avis, or Saint James of the Sword. The new Order was quickly regulated, its classes and insignia defined and the name of Order of the Tower The Order of the Sword had purely civil characteristics as and the Sword was adopted by the charter of law dated it did not posses any religious connotations or ceremony. November 29, 1808, and amended on July 5, 1809 and The Mesa da Consci~ncia e Ordens (Office of Conscience April 23, 1810. and Orders) required that the recipients had only to pledge "value and loyalty." The Order could be awarded regardless of the faith or the social background of the recipient.

Figure 2: Reverse of the Order of the Tower and Sword, Type 1.

The first awards (Figures 1 and 2) were to famous Figure 1: Obverse of the Order of the Tower servicemen, English statesmen who joined the court in and Sword, Type 1. Brazil and to many British officers who fought in the

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