The Ceremonial Body

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The Ceremonial Body Lund University Department of History HISS33, VT2017 Ulf Zander (Examiner) Eva Helen Ulvros (Supervisor) THE CEREMONIAL BODY THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BODIES IN DYNASTIC CEREMONIES OF THE SWEDISH MONARCHY, 1782–18181 Alexander Isacsson 1 This essay has been modfied into an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Scandinavian Journal of History on 17/08/2018, available online: http://tandfonline.com/10.1080/03468755.2018.1501418 TABLE OF CONTENTS Sammanfattning i Abstract ii Abbreviations iii Note on Translations iii Glossary iii I. INTRODUCTION 1 Outline of the Essay 2 Research Questions 2 Approaching the Source Material 3 II. SCHOLARLY PERSPECTIVES ON ROYAL COURTS, CEREMONIES AND BODIES 6 Monarchy in the Late Eighteenth and the Early Nineteenth Century 6 Revisiting the Body in Court Society 8 Ceremony as Public Theatre 9 Ceremonial versus Everyday Life 11 Les Techniques du Corps 13 Body and Costume 16 Summary: A Specification of Theory and Method 17 III. DYNASTIC CEREMONIES IN THE GUSTAVIAN ERA 19 The Death of Louisa Ulrika in 1782 19 The Parental Rhetoric of Mourning 19 Various Attitudes in the Public Theatre 22 The Funeral 26 The Death of Gustav III in 1792 27 Deviation and Education 28 The Dress of the Royal Order of the Seraphim 29 The Issue of Crowding Bodies 30 Removal to the Chapel and Funeral 31 Gustav IV Adolf’s Assumption of Power in 1796 and Coronation in 1800 34 Errors and Oath-Taking 34 Detailing a Ceremonial Procession 36 The Coronation and Celebration Ceremonies 37 The Presence of a Russian Ambassador 41 Summary: Dynastic Ceremonies in the Gustavian Era 44 IV. DYNASTIC CEREMONIES IN THE POST-GUSTAVIAN ERA 46 The Coronation Ceremony of Charles XIII and Queen Charlotte in 1809 47 A Ceremony for the People and not the Monarch 47 The Coronation and Celebration Ceremonies 49 The Death of Sofia Magdalena in 1813 51 Precedents and Deviations 51 Lying in State 52 The Funeral 53 The Deaths of Charles XIII and Queen Dowager Charlotte in 1818 54 Deviations in Mourning Attire 54 The Funeral of Charles XIII 57 Grief and Gender 59 The Funeral of Queen Dowager Charlotte 61 The Coronation Ceremonies of Charles XIV John in 1818 63 A Body Technique of Walking? 63 Continuity and Discontinuity 66 The Public and the Private 73 Summary: Dynastic Ceremonies in the Post-Gustavian Era 76 V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 78 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 i SAMMANFATTNING Det sena 1700- och tidiga 1800-talet var en omvälvande tid för Europas monarkier, och så även för den svenska. Sedan statskuppen 1772 arbetade Gustav III idogt för att stärka kungamakten och ceremonier var centrala inslag i monarkins maktspråk och legitimitetssträvanden. 1792 avled dock kungen till följd av ett attentat provocerat av en utbredd adelsopposition. Gustav IV Adolf förde vidare faderns gustavianska arv men oförmågan att uppnå diskursiv auktoritet i kombination med det svåra politiska och ekonomiska läget resulterade i hans avsättning 1809. Riksdagen samlades och utarbetade en ny regeringsform, vilken markerade Sveriges övergång till en ny form av konstitutionell monarki under Karl XIII:s försyn. Som det nya men ålderstigna kungaparet saknade arvingar behövde en ny tronföljare utses och valet föll, efter missöden och politiska maktkamper, på en fransk marskalk. 1818 kröntes han till Karl XIV Johan och sålunda installerades den nya Bernadottedynastin på Sveriges och Norges tron. I föreliggande uppsats är det denna monarki som studeras. Mer specifikt analyseras dess dynastiska ceremonier, åsyftande kröningar och begravningar, vilka identifierats som väsentliga i monarkins språkbruk. Med utgångspunkt i det huvudsakligen undersökta källmaterialet är tidsavgränsningen satt till 1782–1818. Det innebär en djupdykning i Lovisa Ulrikas begravning 1782, Gustav III:s begravning 1792, Gustav IV Adolfs övertagande av riksstyrelsen 1796 och sedermera kröning 1800, Karl XIII:s och Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas kröningsceremoni 1809 och begravningar 1818, Sofia Magdalenas begravning 1813, samt Karl XIV Johans kröningar i Sverige och Norge 1818. Ceremonierna betraktas som en offentlig teater genom vilken monarker strävade efter att genomtränga människors medvetande i syftet att omvandla centrala myter och teman till verklighet. Den teoretiska ansatsen anknyter till ett perspektiv benämnt som ”den kroppsliga vändningen”. I centrum för undersökningen står således frågor om vilken betydelse kroppar hade i den offentliga teatern, vilka meningar som tillskrevs den ceremoniella kroppen samt hur det kroppsliga bruket i ceremonier relaterade till större politiska, sociala och kulturella kontexter. För att närma sig den ceremoniella kroppen har ämbetsjournalerna från hovets ceremonimästare och sedermera överceremonimästare studerats samt tryckta ceremoniel och utgivna dagböcker från den studerade tidsperioden. Studien visar att kroppar och deras tekniker var av stor betydelse i monarkins ceremonier och offentliga teater. Myter och teman som var viktiga att förmedla – dynastiska förbindelser, genus, en överordnad ställning men även maktdelningen mellan kung och medborgarsamhälle, en personlig relation mellan styrande och styrda, iakttagandet av rang och företrädesrätt, tradition men också modernitet och folkligt stöd – behövde inte bara uttalas utan manifesteras, produceras och reproduceras i ceremoniernas kroppar. Kontinuitet mellan den gustavianska och postgustavianska eran är slående. Skillnaderna i ceremoniell kroppsmanifestation relaterade till specifika kulturella, sociala och politiska förändringar men kropparnas funktion överensstämde på så sätt att de brukades för att förmedla och göra kännbar förlikningen mellan monarkins många och inneboende motsägelser. Det framgår dock tydligt att kroppslighet inte var den enda komponenten av stor betydelse i den offentliga teatern. Avslutningsvis konstateras således att kroppslighet inte kan förbises i hov- och monarkiforskning, men behovet av att vidare undersöka kroppens komplexa relation till materiell kultur och plats understryks. ii ABSTRACT The late eighteenth and the early nineteenth century was a turbulent time for the monarchies of Europe, the Swedish included. Since Gustav III’s coup in 1772, the king strove to enhance the royal prerogative. Ceremonies were crucial in the monarchy’s language of power and establishment of legitimacy but oppositional forces within the nobility nevertheless provoked the regicide of Gustav III in 1792. His heir, Gustav IV Adolf, managed the Gustavian legacy but a failure in attaining discursive authority and the disastrous economic and political circumstances resulted in his dethronement in 1809. The Riksdag gathered and elaborated a constitutional reform, marking Sweden’s transition to a new form of constitutional monarchy under Charles XIII. The elderly king and queen consort had no living heirs and a successor to the throne needed to be appointed. After several misadventures, power struggles and intrigues a French marshal was elected. In 1818 he was crowned Charles XIV John and a new dynasty was inaugurated on the throne in Sweden and Norway. The aforementioned monarchy is the subject of this thesis. More specifically, the analysis concerns a selection of royal dynastic ceremonies, i.e. coronations and funerals, apprehended as vital in the language of monarchy. Emanating from the manuscript sources, the scrutinised time period is set from 1782 to 1818. Consequently, the in-depth study concerns Louisa Ulrika’s funeral in 1782, Gustav III’s funeral in 1792, Gustav IV Adolf’s assumption of power in 1796 and subsequent coronation in 1800, the coronation ceremony of Charles XIII and Charlotte in 1809 and their respective funerals in 1818, Sofia Magdalena’s funeral in 1813 and, lastly, the coronations of Charles XIV John in Sweden and Norway in 1818. The ceremonies are comprehended in terms of public theatre, in which the monarchy strove to penetrate the perceptions of participants and turn myths and themes of kingship into reality. A theoretical perspective is applied, inspired by ‘the corporeal turn’, emphasising the role of bodies throughout history. The main questions thus regard the significance of bodies in ceremonies and the public theatre, the various meanings ascribed to the human body and the ceremonial body’s relation to greater political, social and cultural contexts. The advised source material mainly consists of official journals produced by the court’s Grand Master of Ceremonies, but the office journals are supplemented with printed ceremonial instructions and published diaries. The analysis shows that bodies and their techniques were of great significance. The myths and themes imperative to mediate – dynastic stability, gender, royal superiority and magnificence but also division of power between king and commonwealth, the personal relation between the ruler and the ruled, popular support, observance of rank and precedence, tradition as well as modernity – needed not only to be uttered but inhabited in the body, i.e., manifested, produced and reproduced through bodies. Continuity between the Gustavian era and post-Gustavian era is palpable. Discernible differences related to political, social and cultural transformations but the functions of ceremonial bodies corresponded. Thus, the body was employed to mediate the reconciliation of the many inherent contradictions of monarchy. However, it stands clear that bodies were not the sole components of importance in the public theatre. It is emphasised that court studies cannot neglect the significance of bodies, but at the same time further
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