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Ground Water in the Navajo Sandstone in the Black Mesa Area, Arizona E New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/24 Ground water in the Navajo sandstone in the Black Mesa area, Arizona E. H. McGavock and Gary W. Levings, 1973, pp. 150-156 in: Monument Valley (Arizona, Utah and New Mexico), James, H. L.; [ed.], New Mexico Geological Society 24th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 232 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 1973 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. GROUND WATER IN THE NAVAJO SANDSTONE IN THE BLACK MESA AREA, ARIZONA* by E. H. McGAVOCK and GARY W. LEVINGS U.S. Geological Survey Flagstaff, Arizona INTRODUCTION amount of artesian head ranges from zero in the areas of Black Mesa is in northeastern Arizona near the center of the outcrop to about 2,000 feet near the Peabody well field. The Navajo Indian Reservation (fig. 1). The Navajo Sandstone, of area where unconfined or water-table conditions prevail Triassic(?) and Jurassic age, is the main aquifer in the area and coincides approximately with the area of outcrop of the supplies water to domestic, stock and community wells along aquifer. the periphery of Black Mesa. Industrial wells that have been Recharge to the artesian part of the aquifer takes place only drilled on the mesa completely penetrate the aquifer at depths in the area between Black Mesa and Shonto (fig. 3), where of about 3,200 feet. The Navajo Sandstone contains water of the aquifer crops out at altitudes of between 6,000 and 7,000 good chemical quality and is the only aquifer in the area that feet above mean sea level. The outcrop area comprises about is capable of yielding more than 100 gpm (gallons per minute) 100 square miles and provides the only direct recharge to the of water to wells. Navajo Sandstone in the approximately 3,000 square miles underlying Black Mesa. GEOHYDROLOGIC SETTING Ground water moves southeastward from the recharge area toward the center of the mesa; there, the flow path diverges Black Mesa is a prominent topographic high that stands toward both the southwest and northeast, where the Navajo from 500 to 1,000 feet above the surrounding area; the mesa Sandstone crops out at an altitude of less than 5,500 feet. occupies the structural center of Black Mesa basin (fig. 1). Ground-water movement toward the southeast is retarded by Triassic and Jurassic rocks dip gently toward the mesa except the pinchout of the aquifer. Although some water may move along the west side, where several monoclines plunge 5° to 30° downward through the sandy facies of the Kayenta Formation beneath the mesa. The Navajo Sandstone crops out along the into the Wingate Sandstone along the line of pinchout, the periphery of the mesa and is buried as much as 3,000 feet contours of the potentiometric surface indicate that the below Upper Cretaceous rocks that crop out on the mesa. pinchout acts as a ground-water dam and retards ground-water- (Cooley and others, 1969) movement toward the southeast (fig. 3). In the Black Mesa area the Navajo Sandstone has a Near Black Mesa, natural discharge from the Navajo remarkably uniform lithology. The formation is composed of Sandstone is primarily in the form of seeps and small springs very fine to medium subrounded quartz grains bonded with a along the contact of the Navajo Sandstone with the Kayenta weak calcareous cement. Large-scale, high-angle eolian Formation or as evapotranspiration in the area of outcrop. cross-beds are the most conspicuous feature of the formation. Near Kayenta, discharge from the Navajo Sandstone may The Navajo Sandstone thins progressively from the northwest maintain the flow in several short perennial reaches of Laguna to the southeast. The sandstone is about 950 feet thick near Creek. Tonalea and pinches out along a line that extends from near The amount of water recharged to the Navajo Sandstone is Keams Canyon to about 10 miles southeast of Rough Rock. unknown, but the rate of ground-water movement is too slow The area of pinchout probably represents the original limit of for recharge to balance the withdrawal in the artesian part of deposition of the Navajo (Harshbarger and others, 1957, p. the aquifer. The rate of ground-water movement in the 21). recharge area is calculated to be from 2 to 4 feet per year; In the northern part of the area the Navajo Sandstone these rates are supported by an age of about 15,500 years for combines hydraulically with the underlying Triassic(?) water withdrawn from the aquifer about 40,000 feet Kayenta Formation and Triassic Wingate Sandstone to form a down-gradient from the recharge area (William Back, U.S. continuous aquifer system. In the southern part of the area the Geological Survey, written commun., 1972). Kayenta is primarily a siltstone, which separates the water The feasible rates and amounts of ground-water withdrawal in the Navajo from that in the Wingate Sandstone. The Navajo from an aquifer are dependent on the aquifer characteristics, Sandstone is unconformably overlain by the Jurassic Carmel such as transm issivity, saturated thickness, haydrau I ic Formation, which is predominantly a siltstone near Black conductivity and storage coefficient. Transmissivity is the rate Mesa. The Carmel acts as a confining bed and creates artesian at which water is transmitted through a unit width of the conditions in the Navajo Sandstone beneath Black Mesa. aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient and is the product of the saturated thickness and the hydraulic conductivity. GROUND WATER IN THE NAVAJO SANDSTONE Hydraulic conductivity is the volume of water that will move in Ground water in the Navajo Sandstone is under confined or unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area artesian conditions in most of the Black Mesa area (fig. 2). The of the aquifer at right angles to the direction of flow. The *Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. storage coefficient is dimensionless and is defined as the 150 volume of water an aquifer releases from or takes into storage are near Tonalea. The hydraulic conductivity was calculated per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head. for the same wells by dividing the transmissivity by the satura- The transmissivity of the Navajo Sandstone was calculated ted thickness of the aquifer. The hydraulic conductivity ranges using aquifer-test data from 12 wells around Black Mesa, and from about 0.40 foot per day on the northeast side of Black the values range from 75 to 350 feet squared per day (fig. 4). Mesa to about 0.70 foot per day in the southwestern part of The transmissivity is governed primarily by the saturated the area near the Hopi villages. Although there is considerable thickness of the aquifer; in the Black Mesa area the maximum variation in the computed hydraulic conductivity values, the saturated thickness and transmissivity of the Navajo Sandstone values tend to increase from northeast to southwest. The storage coefficient for the Navajo Sandstone has not amount of available drawdown from the static water level to been determined, but data from aquifer tests near Rough Rock the base of the aquifer. Along the periphery of Black Mesa, the and the performance of the Peabody well field on Black Mesa well depth required to penetrate the entire thickness of the indicate that the storage coefficient for the artesian part of the Navajo Sandstone ranges from about 500 to 1,000 feet below aquifer probably ranges from about 10-3 to 10-4. The storage the land surface; on the mesa, the required depth ranges from coefficient in the unconfined part of the aquifer is virtually about 2,500 to 4,000 feet below the land surface. The equal to the specific yield and is estimated to be between 0.10 estimated required well depth at a site may be calculated using and 0.15.
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