Growing research capability to meet the challenges faced by developing countries

July 2017 Research Councils UK (RCUK) is the The Global Challenges Research Fund strategic partnership of the UK’s seven (GCRF) is a £1.5 billion fund, which Research Councils. Each year the supports cutting-edge research and Research Councils invest around £3 billion innovation that addresses the global in research covering the full spectrum of issues faced by developing countries. academic disciplines from the medical It harnesses the expertise of the UK’s and biological sciences to astronomy, world-leading researchers, focusing on: physics, chemistry and engineering, social funding challenge-led disciplinary and sciences, economics, environmental interdisciplinary research; strengthening sciences and the arts and humanities. capability for research, innovation and knowledge exchange; and providing an The Research Councils have a variety of agile response to emergencies where there mechanisms through which they fund is an urgent research or on-the-ground research with an international development need. It forms part of UK Government’s focus, working in partnership with a broad Official Development Assistance (ODA) range of local, national, international and commitment and is overseen by the multilateral organisations and agencies. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), and delivered through 17 delivery partners including the Research Councils, the UK Academies, the UK Space Agency and funding bodies. Poverty is dropping around the Research Fund (GCRF) is a world – over a billion people have £1.5Bn fund announced by the been lifted from it since 1990. UK Government in late 2015. It Vaccines are saving more lives has been specially designed to than ever; child mortality continues stimulate research on the challenges to fall; and an unprecedented faced by developing countries. number of children are in school. Over the next four years, through Development works, but improving 17 delivery partners, including the lot of poor and disenfranchised the Research Councils, this new Research resulting people is getting harder. In 2016, challenge-led funding will be from these projects will nations agreed to pursue 17 invested in innovative research that Sustainable Development Goals that will strengthen capacity, provide not just find a place in a between them display the formidable an agile response to emergencies scientific journal, but will be challenges: population is growing, and ensure local communities’ deployed to address real-life resources are under pressure, voices are heard in outlining the challenges. climate change is pressing, inequality issues and shaping the solutions. is rising. All these challenges must be met while simultaneously The Research Councils have a strong delivering people from poverty. history of leveraging the UK’s world- leading research-base to help provide Such an enterprise calls for well long-term, sustainable solutions thought-out action, innovative to improve the life-long health insights, interventions that and wellbeing of the world’s most demonstrably work – and that’s vulnerable people and environments. where research has a crucial role Such research often brings direct and to play. The Global Challenges indirect benefit to the UK too.

1 The projects outlined in the pages of this booklet form part of the Research Councils’ GCRF Growing Research Capability call launched in 2016. Key figures The call was developed to grow Europe research capacity around the globe and to strengthen and broaden skills 1 and expertise to address specific 37 projects challenges of developing regions and countries. This booklet gives a £225M invested brief summary of the successful 37 over 4 years projects, which will be carried out over the next four years. 69 partner countries across the globe Middle East Each project is a collaboration and North Africa between institutions in developing Caribbean / countries and the UK. These 11 challenge Atlantic 4 collaborations will lead to areas addressed partnerships, ideas and knowledge 3 that will outlast the life of these four-year programmes.

South / Latin America 10

2 GCRF challenge areas

The GCRF delivery partners have developed a list of challenge areas, across three themes, in consultation with the UK Department Central Asia for International Development, with reference to the UK Aid Strategy 7 and the UN Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs):

Equitable access to sustainable 7. Resilience and action on short- development term environmental shocks 1. Secure and resilient food and long-term environmental systems supported by change. sustainable marine resources 8. Sustainable cities and and agriculture. communities. 2. Sustainable health and well- 9. Sustainable production and being. consumption of materials and Southern Asia 3. Inclusive and equitable quality other resources. 20 education. Human rights, good governance 4. Clean air, water and sanitation. and social justice Sub-Saharan Africa 5. Affordable, reliable, sustainable 10. Understand and respond energy. effectively to forced 24 displacement and multiple Sustainable economies and refugee crises. societies 11. Reduce conflict and 6. Sustainable livelihoods promote peace, justice and supported by strong humanitarian action. foundations for inclusive economic growth and 12. Reduce poverty and inequality, innovation. including gender inequalities.

3 Development Trade-offs Social and environmental trade-offs in African agriculture For the first time, a project “will look realistically at the trade- offs intrinsic in many development A major challenge with the A major issue is that there is a policies and strategies.” Sustainable Development Goals is huge gap between researchers Dr Moses Osiru, RUFORUM, Uganda that they are all interconnected – so trying to understand the complex pursuing one without taking the relationships between these goals, others into account could do more and governments, development harm than good overall. Nowhere is agencies and private firms trying to this more obvious than with the need implement plans on the ground. to cut hunger rates to zero (goal 2) whilst also keeping our ecosystems The SENTINEL team plans to close healthy so that they maintain the this gap in three African countries clean water, healthy soils and and help key decision makers – as biodiversity essential for humanity’s well as the civil groups that lobby The twin goals of food long-term welfare (goal 15). them – understand the different ways “self-sufficiency and protecting of developing agriculture without the natural environment are on Social and Environmental Trade-offs impacting negatively on the natural a collision course and we don’t in African Agriculture (SENTINEL) environment and depriving people of yet have the tools to effectively manage the trade-offs and partners have identified these the goods it has historically provided. synergies.” two goals, combined with a third Lessons learned will be useful for the – reducing social inequality (goal entire sub-Saharan Africa region. Dr Phil Franks, IIED, UK 10) – as particularly intractable.

4 Lead: Dr Barbara Adolph - International Institute for Environment and Development, London Forging new research networks Capacity-building in Eastern Neighbourhood and Central Asia

Academics in some of the former their unique strengths are so that Soviet states, such as Azerbaijan, they can create research and policy Belarus, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, niches internationally. can feel cut-off from the rest of the world. The work will involve efforts to improve the education systems in The COMPASS project will open up these countries, for example by communication with them by setting training staff and PhD students. up hubs of excellence in research UK academics will work with their in these countries, helping them to counterparts to find out where they link with UK researchers and the complement each other, research- European research community as wise, and how they could apply for “This initiative allows us well as with each other. grants together. to venture into a new territory – underexplored states of Central Asia and the eastern region. So, it The researchers have chosen It is hoped that building these is going to be both fascinating and three areas to work in: research links will also foster other types of challenging.” integration, policy impact and cooperation – economic, political Prof Elena Korosteleva, training, and working with the and diplomatic. University of Kent general public. They want to work with the institutions to identify what

5 Lead: Professor Elena Korosteleva - University of Kent Ensuring dams promote sustainable development Resilient and sustainable interventions in water-energy-food-environment mega-systems

Large dams are often controversial, UK research bodies and institutes and with 3,700 of them planned or in Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Jordan already under construction around and Myanmar, as well as some of the world, dam conflicts are likely to the most influential international grow. Most new dams are in low and environmental organisations. middle-income countries. The main outcome should be a DAMS 2.0 is a project that hopes software system which can be to improve the thinking around the used for dam design, training and construction of dams by considering operation management. It will be them as disturbances of an freely available online so that all “Engineers and social interacting system of water, energy, countries are able to make use of scientists will be able to pool their expertise in an effort to ensure that food and the environment. A dam’s it. By improving the approach to the next generation of global dams effect on all of these – including the dam-building, it is hoped to minimise do more to improve people’s lives.” way it changes how they interact their impact on poor people and to Prof David Hulme - University of with each other – needs to be taken avoid the environmental degradation Manchester, UK into account. and political instability that can accompany poorly thought-out dams. The programme will link leading

6 Lead: Professor David Hulme - The University of Manchester The science of the city

Building capacity for the future city We aim to grow a new generation“ of interdisciplinary in developing countries urbanists and a network of smarter cities working together across Africa, China, India, As people across the globe move On the one hand they will work with Colombia and the UK. ” to build new lives in the metropolis, the top institutions that form the Prof Michael Keith, cities are emerging as complex heart of this network, in China, India, University of Oxford organisms that can only be Colombia, South Africa and the UK. understood by considering them On the other, they will get involved through many lenses. Mathematics, hands-on with the people who medicine, transport, engineering, develop and manage cities, since it anthropology, geography, law and is only through fundamental changes history all have a role to play – and in our approach to cities that they will therefore the science of the city must be able to fulfil the multiple demands bring together humanities, science being made of them. and social science.

The PEAK programme plans to foster a generation of urban scholars who are comfortable with such interdisciplinary approaches. But they will also be educated to be versatile in another way – spanning the academic and the practical.

7 Lead: Professor Michael Keith - University of Oxford Marine robots to the rescue Sustainable oceans, livelihoods and food security in the Western Indian Ocean

When squid stocks collapsed in understanding the Chokka collapse – the valuable Chokka fishery in and how to avoid it elsewhere. South Africa in 2013 around 5,000 fishermen were left bereft of their Expensive research vessels are livelihoods. Some four years later, it’s not necessary if these cheaper still not clear why the fish vanished – technologies are made available. The yet millions of people who inhabit the results should help these nine coastal East African coast, and depend on countries to implement a Strategic fish, may face a similar disaster. Action Plan they have signed up to for managing their ocean resources. This sustainable oceans project aims to apply the high-tech world Following this regional plan is of UK marine science to the fishery crucial – but it’s hard to do this problems of the Western Indian when scientific capacity is low, Ocean. The UK has expertise in monitoring is inadequate and marine robots, ocean modelling and marine science and fishery policies the use of satellite data. Combined don’t interact. SOLSTICE hopes to with skills from the region in marine change this, and thus safeguard economics, fisheries and regional the livelihoods of millions of coastal policy, it’s a formidable machine for dwellers in East Africa.

8 Lead: Professor Michael John Roberts - National Oceanography Centre Getting a clearer picture of poor health Assisting Bangladesh in lifestyle and environmental risk reduction

Gathering a big group of people and CAPABLE (Cambridge Programme studying their health in the long- to Assist Bangladesh in Lifestyle term can uncover game-changing and Environmental risk reduction) facts. The British Doctors’ Study, has the ambitious goal of recruiting for example, which began in 1951, 100,000 people from landscapes revealed that smoking causes lung ranging from the green paddy fields cancer. Imagine if the same could be of rural Bangladesh to the slums done in a country facing a perfect of the densest city in the world – storm of chronic health problems. Dhaka. From their data, engineers, sociologists, health researchers and Bangladesh is admired worldwide for a host of other disciplines will try its success in cutting child mortality to understand how the risk factors We aim to help develop and fertility rate, yet it faces an interact – and build a model that can simple,“ scalable and effective onslaught of chronic diseases that be used to test interventions before solutions to control major arise from an interplay of factors they are implemented. environmental and lifestyle risk ranging from arsenic-contaminated factors in Bangladesh.” drinking water to iron-deficient foods Dr Rajiv Chowdhury, and from air pollution to the rise of University of Cambridge the western lifestyle.

9 Lead: Professor John Danesh - University of Cambridge Making cities fairer Knowledge in Action for Urban Equality

Cities are unequal places, home to Knowledge into Action for Urban immense prosperity but also extreme Equality will launch a programme, poverty that touches over a billion working with academics and people. Many government and civil community organisations in countries society networks have formed in as diverse as Peru, Uganda, recent years to try to do something Sierra Leone and Sri Lanka. All about this – from the United Cities face urban problems – some they and Local Governments to the World have in common and some are Urban Campaign, and from Shack/ unique to the cities concerned. This Slum Dwellers International to WIEGO research programme is structured – Women in Informal Employment to investigate these differences and Globalizing and Organizing. similarities, and feed the findings in at various levels, from urban planners to One challenge they all face in community groups – all in the cause “Jaipur is a remarkable working towards more equal cities of achieving the ambitious goal of historical city of three million is to ensure that different kinds cities that “leave no-one behind”. people. We aim to understand what of disparities are recognised and research capacity exists locally and measured, and then to develop then help build this capacity.” locally-led strategies to address them. Dr Aromar Revi, Indian Institute of Human Settlements, India

10 Lead: Professor Caren Levy - University College London Dementia care where they can least afford it Few low- or middle-income Strengthening responses to dementia countries“ are very prepared for the challenges dementia poses. Our project is ambitious and timely. ” It is easy to imagine that dementia They will assess the prevalence of Prof Martin Knapp, is only present in rich countries with dementia, its economic effects and London School of Economics, UK ageing populations but in reality the various options for dealing with it. it affects more people in low and They will build models to project middle income countries than it does future numbers – and the likely in their high income counterparts. effects of potential interventions. And numbers are growing, creating Researchers want to understand a challenge that these countries what’s working and what isn’t, both are ill-equipped to deal with. on a mass scale and down at the Dementia care often means a level of individual families. All this female family member giving up a work will support the creation of much-needed job to be the unpaid National Dementia Plans and, in the “STRiDE will generate carer, impoverishing herself and her process, local researchers will learn new evidence on the economic case for better dementia care In relations as she does it. the skills to continue this work into South Africa, where we have a the future. rapidly ageing population – this is Researchers from the UK and urgently needed.” South Africa are collaborating with Prof Crick Lund, University of Alzheimer’s organisations and Cape Town, South Africa researchers around the world to study this situation in seven countries.

11 Lead: Professor Martin Knapp - London School of Economics and Political Science Tests to diagnose diabetic eye disease Increasing eye research capacity and capabilities “This funding has provided to tackle the burden of blindness in India us with an unprecedented opportunity to revolutionise management of diabetic eye disease universally. ” An eye expert Prof Sobha Sivaprasad, could massively reduce the costs of wants to trial some cheap new tests testing. A second approach to be Prof Sobha Sivaprasad, that could prevent blindness in India trialled is a blood test that picks up NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, UK on a grand scale. signs that sight is threatened and can be performed at home. Some 69 million Indians suffer from diabetes, and the most common The number of sufferers attending complication is a deterioration of hospital for treatment is expected to the eye which, if it goes undetected, surge, and building the capacity to can lead to blindness. In India, deal with this is part of the research where many still live in poverty and plan. If it is successful, the kits will tests for diabetic retinopathy are be tested for use back in the UK A sensor to identify expensive, millions go untested, and globally as a replacement for “patients at risk of complications many of them working-age people expensive hospital-based cameras. due to diabetes will make a huge for whom blindness can plunge them global impact. Thanks to RCUK for into poverty. such a great opportunity to explore this avenue.” Researchers from institutes and eye Prof Uma Maheswari, SASTRA hospitals in the UK and India want to University, India roll out a new handheld camera that

12 Lead: Professor Sobha Sivaprasad - Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Protecting the land of poison frogs and orchids Preserving, restoring and managing Colombian biodiversity

It has river dolphins and poison also scrutinise the genetics of its frogs; it has 4,000 different orchids agricultural crops with a view to and a chart-topping 1,821 species making farming more efficient. Thirdly We are so privileged to of bird. Colombia’s biodiversity is not they will consider how biodiversity “work with our partners just to be wondered at – it needs can be harnessed for social and in Colombia, the second most to be understood, conserved and economic good. The researchers diverse country in the world, harnessed to benefit the country. will also help government agencies to understand much of their use the new information in guiding amazing biodiversity.” Colombia’s notorious, decades- their plans. Prof Federica Di Palma, long guerrilla war has just come Earlham Institute, UK to an end and now is the moment to get out there and study the country’s biodiversity. UK-based researchers will work with a network of scientists across Colombia to study the country’s genetic diversity, documenting its distribution and the threats it faces. They will

13 Lead: Professor Federica Di Palma - Earlham Institute Health roulette in sub-Sahara Africa Ensure value for money health care - developing “The UK has been at the theory, changing practice forefront of developing ways of allocating scarce resources in the NHS. Now, with international partners, we can do the same in Rich countries spend thousands of system, and then testing various southern and eastern Africa.” dollars per capita on health – and interventions within it. deciding how to allocate those sums Prof Mark Sculpher, University of York, UK is often fraught. In a poor country like The model will map not just the Malawi, however, that figure is under health of Malawians but also the US$50. There are numerous worthy resources the country has and how ways of investing that small sum – the health system operates. If a and there are many voices arguing vaccination campaign is proposed, for how it should be spent. So how this model will hopefully factor in the can a rational decision be made that real costs, the likelihood of getting takes account, for example, not just it done … and the losses to health of what is gained by spending the from not spending the money on money in one area but also what is something else. If this approach “This programme has lost by not spending it elsewhere? works in Malawi, there are plans to potentially transformative effects extend it to Uganda in the future. on the health of Malawians over the Thanzi la Onse, which means ‘Health longer-term.” of All’ in a Malawian language, aims Dr Benson Chilima, to guide such difficult decisions in Public Health Institute of Malawi sub-Sahara Africa by constructing a model of Malawi’s entire health

14 Lead: Professor Mark Sculpher - University of York A drought in water research Sustainable water and food security In drylands of sub-Saharan Africa

Relying on the rain to water crops food security In drylands of sub- is the reality for subsistence farmers Saharan Africa) aims to connect across Africa – and these farmers are scientists in these countries by the mainstay of national economies. linking them not just with UK “Hopefully this project will Rain is a fragile resource yet the researchers but also with each enhance the zeal of Kenyan researchers to grasp the concept availability of water underpins so other, so that they can compare of internationalising their ideas.” much – including peace, health and approaches across the three very prosperity. different nations. The programme Prof. John Obiri, Masinde Muliro University of Science and will target the weaknesses in Technology (MMUST), Kenya Research institutes in Kenya, Ghana the research pipeline and try to and Malawi want to do more work strengthen these areas; set in to understand how to improve water motion water and food research and food security in their countries. projects; and provide a route to But they often can’t do this because commercialisation should new water of a lack of funding, research technologies emerge. capacity and links to the international research community.

BRECcIA (Building Research Capacity for sustainable water and

15 Lead: Professor Justin Sheffield - University of Southampton Creating cultures of equality Using art, theatre and literature to support wellbeing

Stories, plays, songs and pictures and scholars based in Bangladesh, are often the most powerful way of Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines, getting across sensitive messages South Africa and the UK. The group “I want to make sure that about life’s difficulties, or for exploring will explore how people use their the younger generation to which how life could be different. creativity in dance, theatre, film, I belong will be more open and poetry and social media, to help accepting of Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender (LGBT) young people, The people behind GlobalGRACE people to share things about their and that’s why I support this will grow the capacity of the arts lives that may be too sensitive and research partnership.” and humanities to address unequal threatening to talk about directly. relationships and enhance the They want to find out whether such Kate Alyzon Ramil, YMCA San Pablo City, Philippines wellbeing of marginalised groups in a events could also become moments variety of poorer countries. Through when inequality can be challenged. art, GlobalGRACE will support people to talk about their lives and In the process, the group will also present alternative visions of the work with museums and art galleries. future in which women and men These are places not only to reflect have more equal relationships. on past lives, but also to think about issues of development and equality GlobalGRACE is a worldwide in the present and the future. partnership of community groups

16 Lead: Dr Mark Johnson - Goldsmiths College Keeping moisture in the soil Environmental physics, hydrology and statistics for conservation agriculture research

Conservation Agriculture makes big Does the soil store more water, promises: it claims to help farmers be helping crops to thrive when more productive while reducing some rains are delayed, and are there challenges such as lack of water. any knock-on effects on the vital groundwater below? It’s an attractive prospect for poor and drought-plagued regions of Africa, That’s what a network led by the and is based on three principles – British Geological Survey hopes don’t till the soil, which breaks up to find out. Scientists at research its precious structure and increases centres in Zambia, Zimbabwe and evaporation of water, add organic Malawi already collaborate to study “In many parts of Africa matter to the soil to boost its quality, other aspects of Conservation there is a fundamental lack of data and a dearth of groundwater and rotate the crops in a way that Agriculture. This project will develop monitoring and research activities. dodges patterns of pest infestation. research capacity to examine soil Any effort in that direction is an hydrology as well, and thus refine a important contribution. ” Yet the understanding of some technique that holds promise for 16 Prof Daniel Nkhuwa, aspects of this technique is poor. million food-insecure people. University of Zambia One big unanswered question is what happens to water in the soil under Conservation Agriculture?

17 Lead: Professor Murray Lark - NERC British Geological Survey Coastal competition and collaboration Sustainable interactions with marine ecosystems for health, wellbeing, food and livelihoods

Whether it is in fishing, aquaculture resources are increasing. Marine or tourism, in transport or renewable plans will try to reconcile competing energy, coastal seas are delivering demands, find ways of increasing prosperity to human communities prosperity, and always keep an eye as never before. But as coastal on the long term. resources deteriorate by the day, this cannot continue, and increasingly Blue Communities will work with marine users are coming into scientists and local communities in conflict. Our coasts are gradually Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam losing their capacity to provide and China, focussing on these services like storm mitigation, food countries’ UNESCO Biosphere security and climate regulation. Reserves, and marine protected “A particularly valuable areas in Malaysia. Supporting these and core aspect of Blue Communities is listening to and For the marine natural and human countries to expand their abilities to learning from the South East Asian worlds to flourish together in the long do research, and involving everyone partners and genuinely integrating term, there is a general realisation so that the different communities and sharing approaches for the that marine planning is needed – and have their say, it is hoped that marine benefit of all.” this applies most acutely in East and areas will be protected and used to Prof Mel Austen, Plymouth South-East Asia where population sustainably nourish human activity Marine Laboratory, UK pressures and conflicts over marine for generations to come.

18 Lead: Professor Mel Austen - Plymouth Marine Laboratory Encouraging sustainable growth East African Growth Corridors and the China to Africa connection

In sub-Saharan Africa, a host of one running east to west through grand ‘development corridors,’ central Tanzania and others through This project provides including roads, railroads, pipelines, Kenya Uganda, Ethiopia and fantastic“ opportunities to link and port facilities, are planned that Sudan. Researchers in East Africa, Chinese research community will boost agricultural production, China and the UK will feed their with UK and African counterparts commodity exports, and economic findings through existing bodies to address climate change as an integration. While the corridors and appropriate UN agencies to emergent challenge for growth have the potential to solve some of decision-makers working to plan and corridors in East Africa.” Africa’s acute problems – such as implement these corridor visions. Prof Xu Yinlong, Chinese food production – there are grave One of the key goals will be to Academy of Agricultural concerns that some will destroy increase the ability of researchers Sciences, China wildlife corridors, release carbon in Kenya and Tanzania to get the from natural storage, and undermine business case for natural capital biodiversity and ecosystems. – the often undocumented wealth provided by keeping our ecosystems A consortium led by the UN intact – taken into account in Environment World Conservation infrastructure projects. Monitoring Centre, plans to take a detailed look at some of the proposed corridors – including

19 Lead: Professor Neil Burgess – UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre How animal health affects humans

This partnership One Health Regional Network for the “supports the noble mission Horn of Africa of overcoming the educational isolation of Somalia following years of conflict. This is excellent news for the region which has Human health and wellbeing are Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea always had negative publicity.” intimately entwined with those of – training local scientists, conducting wild animals, pets and livestock. research, and taking advantage of Dr Fred Wesonga, IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School, Livestock sustain people by a state of the art biosciences hub Sheikh, Somalia providing them with food, draft in Nairobi (ILRI-BecA) that allows power and income. But they also African researchers to access a pose risks because they can transmit technology hitherto only found in infectious diseases. developed countries.

An approach to research has The hope is to understand better the emerged in recent years that focuses health links between people, animals on the interfaces between the and the environment. This should environment, animals and humans. lead to improved nutrition, less risk It’s called ‘One Health’, and in the of new diseases emerging from part of the world that is the most animals, and more prosperity… as heavily dependent on livestock – the well as a strong system in place for Horn of Africa – it needs a boost. conducting further research.

The leaders of HORN want to create a One Health regional network in

20 Lead: Professor Matthew Baylis - University of Liverpool Smoking and inequalities

Reducing tobacco-related harm in low and Smoking causes more preventable“ cancers worldwide middle income countries than anything else. This award will help achieve a step change in research capacity to prevent As smoking dwindles to a minority Working with researchers in South cancer in countries where the activity in the UK, it’s easy to forget Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, need is greatest. ” that it’s ballooning elsewhere. In fact, and offering training and research Alison Cox, Cancer Research UK it already kills more people every support, UK-based researchers hope year than HIV, tuberculosis and to partner with local academics to malaria combined. And by 2030, it’s develop and implement approaches predicted that more than 80 per cent to tackling Asian and African of tobacco-related deaths will occur nations’ tobacco consumption. in low and middle income countries. These will include finding ways to support tobacco taxation, Rich countries took decades to tackling the illicit trade in tobacco; This award will allow work out how to bring down and targeting tobacco company our“ team to conduct novel smoking rates – doing the right interference in governments’ research on the affordability of research, lobbying, getting effective attempts to reduce smoking. smokeless tobacco products in health messages out and dodging particular, which are widely used the machinations of the tobacco in Bangladesh and overlooked in current policies.” industry. Now a team from the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Prof Rumana Huque, Studies, led by the University of ARK Foundation, Bangladesh Stirling, wants to work with less well-off countries to do the same.

21 Lead: Professor Linda Bauld - University of Stirling Safe drinking water for all Low cost technologies for developing regions

In the developed world, we take it The SAFEWATER project is a for granted that our drinking water collaboration involving academics in Lack of investment is safe, yet nearly 25% of the global South America and – crucially – “in water infrastructure in population drink water that is not. NGOs that are already working in Mexico has resulted in more Water that has been contaminated Colombia and Mexico, and are than 20 million people drinking with faeces from animals and humans trusted by local people. contaminated water. We are thrilled may contain pathogens which cause to collaborate for the development deadly diseases such as polio, Through the NGOs, local people of low-cost water technologies.” typhoid, cholera and dysentery. will be involved in the development Dr. Fermín Reygadas Robles Gil, of clean water solutions from the Fundacion Cantaro Azul, Clean water saves lives and it means beginning of the project so the Mexico that children, mothers and bread- technologies will meet their needs. winners can get on with their lives The researchers also aim to develop instead of falling sick. smart devices which will quickly tell if their water is safe to drink. We know how to make water safe to drink but the cost of doing this may be too high as nearly half the world’s population live on less than £2 per day. Low-cost technologies do exist but the people don’t readily adopt these.

22 Lead: Professor John Byrne - University of Ulster Designing climate-smart policy for growth The ultimate objective is to “increase the resilience of Agricultural and food-system resilience smallholder farmers in the face of changing climate and weather patterns.” Extraordinary demands are being to understand how to do policy- Dr Lindiwe Majele Sibanda, made of the people who grow our related research. They also need African Food, Agriculture and food. They are to feed 2.5 billion strong channels to communicate Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network more of us by 2050 – and do this their results to the decision-makers. without exhausting the soil, depleting water supplies or robbing us of Learning from the ‘policy paralysis’ biodiversity. They are to cope with that prevented some African the extreme weather, heat and countries from achieving some of moisture changes brought by climate the Millennium Development Goals, change and also, since agriculture AFRICAP will pull experts together turns out to be a major carbon- from the UK and a variety of African emitter, cut greenhouse gases too. countries. It will help four African “This is about weather, In addition, in Africa at least, they are countries to build their research climate, agriculture, economic to propel the continent to economic capabilities. It will also tap into an growth, sustainability, livelihoods: with the end-game being how best development and prosperity. existing network of policy experts to design policy for growth that is across the continent so that research climate smart and sustainable.” To achieve this needs research done results really can lead to policy Prof Tim Benton, in countries that have few research changes, and a better-fed continent. University of Leeds, UK resources, by a wide range of disciplines whose practitioners need

23 Lead: Professor Timothy Benton - University of Leeds The elusive second Green Revolution Research and empowerment for sustainable Agriculture is feminizing. food supplies “We need to ensure that state resources and services, and knowledge resources, are equally Talk of a second Green Revolution has urbanisation, for example, which has accessible to women farmers.” been around for a while. The first – in drawn so many away from the land. Dr V. Selvam, M.S. Swaminathan India and other developing countries, Smallholder farmers- particularly Research Foundation, India in the 1960s – brought a massive women- need smart technologies increase in crop production that to sustain crop yields, and improve sustained the country’s mushrooming health and nutrition. population. But now there are new pressures – not just the need to The TIGR2ESS programme will produce even more food, but to assess these options, as well reduce the damage done by excessive as supporting basic research use of pesticides, fertiliser and water in programmes, and providing advice the face of climate change. to local communities. There will be My Institution is eager to many opportunities for academic “participate in the programme of TIGR2ESS, a collaboration between exchanges, mentoring and career academic exchanges, which will UK and Indian scientists, seeks development for scientists from both help to build research expertise to frame the big question – how countries. Links with the relevant and allow us to tackle important regional issues.” to bring about a second Green government ministries in India, plus revolution – in all its breadth and industrial connections built into the Prof AK Grover, depth. India is developing fast– programme, will hopefully turn the Panjab University, India agriculture needs to take account of best recommendations into reality.

24 Lead: Professor Howard Griffiths - University of Cambridge Making the solar dream a reality Combining solar expertise for communities and economies

Last year, India’s Prime Minister, In addition, technologies that harness Narendra Modi, announced he was the sun to purify water and gasify determined to leap-frog fossil fuels crop waste will also be demonstrated. and harness global solar expertise to turn his nation green. In India, it’s not just rural communities who will benefit: the aim is to kick- SUNRISE, a UK led collaborative start local industries to manufacture project, will help deliver this affordable prefabricated buildings challenge. Combining the best of that generate, store and release British and Indian solar expertise energy. These will use both Indian from leading institutions in both and British technologies, aligning SUNRISE is an incredible countries, the project will develop with the Government of India’s opportunity“ to deliver cheap, light- printed photovoltaic (PV) cells and ambitions for ‘make in India’. weight photovoltaics made in India. innovative manufacturing processes. It will grow the talent to support This will allow local production, at Technologies that prove to be Indo UK solar energy.” scale, of affordable solar energy successful will, it is hoped, then Prof David Worsley, products, which will be integrated be rolled out in buildings not just in Swansea University, UK into buildings in five large, off-grid India but also across other regions villages before the end of the project. including Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

25 Lead: Professor David Worsley, Swansea University Calling time on the kissing bugs

A Global Network for Neglected By enhancing the “capabilities of 14 world-wide Tropical Diseases partner institutes we are going to transform the way modern genetic and chemical technologies can They are known as ‘kissing bugs’ which are hard to administer and be focused on neglected tropical and they spread a disease that rarely have side effects that can be fatal. diseases.” makes the headlines but infects up Prof Graham Sandford, to seven million people worldwide. The researchers will work on new Durham University, UK It is Chagas Disease, which inflicts a chemical and genetic technologies huge burden in some of the poorest to help discover targets that new Latin American countries. drugs could act upon – a crucial bit of basic science that is often Now scientists are planning to set a critical factor in encouraging up a research network, spanning drug companies to develop and the developed and developing world, manufacture a drug. to work on finding new drugs for This initiative will lead to the disease. They will also target By the time the initiative ends there “an ‘army’ of highly trained young Leishmaniasis, a disease of the very should be hundreds of skilled new scientists to drive forward the poor, transmitted by sandfly bites with researchers who can then push search for alternatives to the drugs over 700,000 new cases per year. forward on research into other currently in use for Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease.” neglected tropical diseases. Some 500 researchers at 14 Prof Ariel Silber, University of São institutes around the world want to Paulo, Brazil improve on current drugs, some of

26 Lead: Professor Graham Sandford - Durham University Latin American genomes Capacity building for bioinformatics in Latin America

Although vast amounts of research The answer is a major boost for have been done on the human bioinformatics in Latin America. The CABANA will support genome there is a major gap in our region needs more scientists with the Latin American“ researchers to knowledge, which arises from the fundamental skills to generate, store, address some big challenges, fact that very few Latin American visualise, analyse and interpret huge from communicable diseases such genomes have been studied. As amounts of biological data. as Zika, through sustainable food production, to protection of their a result, our understanding of the rich and unique biodiversity.” vulnerability of people from these This ambitious project aims to regions to diseases is weaker than train and mentor scientists in the Dr Cath Brooksbank, that of other ethnic groups. This region to build a bioinformatics EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, UK inequality extends to other areas of infrastructure. Leading scientists in genetics, too. Latin America may be six Latin American countries will set home to magnificent biodiversity yet about growing communities of data our understanding of organisms in biologists, in collaboration with UK this region lags behind. scientists. And work will be done to enthuse university students about This matters if we want to do bioinformatics, to ensure a long-term important things like track diseases, supply of researchers. safeguard health and find ways to balance the demands of agriculture against biodiversity.

27 Lead: Dr Catherine Brooksbank - EMBL - European Bioinformatics Institute Beyond the slums Sustainable, healthy, and learning Cities

Films like Slumdog Millionaire institutions, will strengthen research and Favela Rising have brought capacity through training and vivid images of the slums of big, comparative studies of different developing world cities into the neighbourhoods in 14 cities in Africa public imagination. But what about and Asia. The researchers want to the other communities – they may consider what’s going on, not just be slightly less poor but they, too, physically and environmentally, but can have plenty of problems, lacking also socially and economically. What services and all the other ingredients makes a neighbourhood a sustainable of a productive urban life. and peaceful one whose residents have proper access to health and These neighbourhoods don’t just get educational services, for example? less publicity than slums: according to scholars, they receive much less The Centre hopes that, through This will help us to make “a significant contribution to research attention as well. careful social and spatial analysis of the global debate, policy and changes in neighbourhoods in those practice about the development The Centre for Sustainable, cities, it can uncover insights that will of sustainable cities and Healthy, and Learning Cities and inform urban planners, governments communities.” Neighbourhoods, which will spring and NGOs, helping to turn cities Prof Ya Ping Wang, out of the University of Glasgow into the drivers of sustainable University of Glasgow, UK with eight international partner development that they ought to be.

28 Lead: Professor Ya Ping Wang - University of Glasgow Research that locals want

Driving eco-innovation in Africa for a safe The continent faces huge challenges“ around water, food, circular water economy health and energy. RECIRCULATE provides a basis to start to deal with these challenges sustainably.” When it comes to issues such The RECIRCULATE project will Dr Odon Akanimo, Envirofly as water use in West Africa, it’s introduce these research methods Consulting, Lagos, Nigeria and especially important to talk to applied to questions about water Accra, Ghana local people who have first-hand – its use in sanitation, in food experience of water problems production and in energy generation. and ask them to get involved Working initially with universities and in framing the questions the research organisations in Ghana and researchers need to answer. Nigeria, it is hoped that the research will have high impact built into it from That is the view of Lancaster the start – something that is not University, the first UK university currently the case, they say. to have a campus in sub-Saharan “RECIRCULATE is an exciting Africa. They are particularly keen and unique opportunity to to pursue eco-innovation – the address serious issues around concept that the right ideas can water, food, health and energy that have been defined by our West both support economic growth African partners.” and help the environment at the same time. Lancaster has won Prof Roger Pickup, Lancaster University, UK prizes for its Centre for Global Eco-Innovation in the UK.

29 Lead: Professor Nigel Paul - Lancaster University Anti-violence computer games Research and evaluation of prosocial games for the prevention of gender-based violence

The effects of violent video games countries, as well as in the UK, how may focus on female genital mutilation are a contentious issue. In 2014 a to do this, and then promote them in or inheritance of wives. In China the ‘study of studies’ came to some communities and to governments. emphasis may be on sexual abuse, firm conclusions: when children in Jamaica, commercial sexual play aggressive computer games Video games are unique because they exploitation and in the UK, violence they behave more violently; but are based around a narrative as well within adolescent relationships. when they play more socially as audio and visual experiences, and conscientious games, their behaviour have rules and objectives regulating correspondingly improves. players’ behaviour. A recent study found that, if they are designed NONE IN THREE (Ni3) is a centre that ‘prosocially’, so that they enhance wants to harness these findings to children’s moral reasoning and foster My institution is eager to find new ways to address attitudes empathy, they reduce aggression. “participate in the programme of that fuel violence while they are being academic exchanges, which will formed. Ni3 will create games that Ni3 will work differently in each country help to build research expertise help children become more empathic because each has different problems and allow us to tackle important regional issues.” and, crucially, change negative gender in relation to gender-based violence. In attitudes. The researchers want to Pakistan, for example, the priority may Prof AK Grover, support social scientists and game be to tackle child marriage and honour Panjab University, India developers in low and middle income killings. In Uganda the researchers

30 Lead: Professor Adele Jones - University of Huddersfield Nurturing top African scientists GCRF-Crick African Network

Across Africa there are talented for the Continent; and mentoring via scientists who have achieved their an international network. PhDs and are poised to lead their countries into healthier places The scientists chosen for this via their expertise and research “African Career Accelerator” will be into the infections that blight the those with ideas about how to tackle “This grant responds directly to continent. However that ambition some of the big scourges of Africa – a critical need for us. Our postdocs is curtailed by lack of funding, poor such as HIV, affecting an estimated will have this fantastic opportunity research facilities and the absence 25 million people in the continent, TB to link up with top scientists at the Crick, and get access to some of the of mentoring. This is what the Crick and malaria. They will be empowered best research facilities in the World. African Network will ameliorate. to come up with the insights and The best part is that this fellowship ideas to roll back these economically will help keep our postdocs in The Francis Crick Institute in London, debilitating diseases. Africa and move them towards along with five leading African the establishment of independent partner institutions, will seek out the careers at leading research best and brightest post-doctoral institutions in this Continent. ” researchers and provide resource Dr. Gordon Awandare, to reach the next level: training at University of Ghana the Crick in the UK, linked to help establishing research programmes back home in institutes to strengthen them as hubs of scientific excellence

31 Lead: Professor Robert Wilkinson - The Francis Crick Institute Fighting the biters

I am particularly Partnership for increasing the impact of “excited about working with vector control both control programmes and research institutes to strengthen the use of evidence in national policy decisions on vector-borne Billions of tsetse flies, mosquitoes, For a start, anthropologists, disease.” sand flies and fleas bite humans economists and biologists need to every day, often depositing nasty pool their expertise. Then there’s Prof Hilary Ranson, Liverpool School of Tropical diseases such as sleeping sickness, the fact that expensive programmes Medicine, UK dengue, malaria or leishmaniasis in set up to eliminate one vector-borne return for their feed. Tackling these disease could easily be tackling diseases is always complicated. For others at the same time. a programme to work it needs to suit the setting, which might these Partnership for Increasing the days be a densely packed city; suit Impact of Vector Control (PIIVeC) the humans who live there and fit plans to train scientists in Bukina the pockets of the governments Faso, Cameroon Malawi and the The programme will play deploying the programmes. UK; conduct research and invest “an important role in improving in facilities; and bring different and maximizing the impact of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine disciplines together into advisory vector interventions for the control believes that greater collaboration groups that can help governments of the many vector-borne diseases in Cameroon.” is essential to make a dent in these plan sustainable attacks on these diseases, some of which have a diseases. Dr Charles Wondji, debilitating effect on the health and OCEAC, Cameroon economies of African countries.

32 Lead: Professor Hilary Ranson - Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine High tech drugs for Thailand “Having worked with Biopharmaceutical and animal vaccine UK and European biotech industries for many years, we are production in Thailand and beyond very excited to be working with South-East Asian collaborators to enhance core biotech industries in A revolution in biotechnology is is to join UK and Thai experts to that region.” bringing us new types of drugs for work towards state-of-the art protein Prof Colin Robinson, University of diseases ranging from diabetes production in Thailand. They will also Kent Consulting, Lagos, Nigeria to cancer. Recombinant Protein work on the associated downstream and Accra, Ghana Technology involves joining different activity, such as standards testing, pieces of DNA together in a cell such with the goal of making cheap, as a bacterium, inducing it to make widely available medicines. particular proteins that can form the basis for advanced medicines and Although the work will be in Thailand, vaccines. there are structures built in to spread the expertise to other countries in In Thailand it is thought that only South East Asia such as Vietnam and two per cent of cancer sufferers Myanmar. And biopharmaceutical Thanks to GCRF we’ll be able have access to medicines derived companies in the UK should to “bring science to the people who from this technology, even though also be able to benefit from the really need it the most.” the WHO lists them as “minimum insights learned from trying to drive Dr Panit Kitsubun, BIOTEC medicine needs for a basic health production costs as low as possible. organisation, Thailand system”. The Thai government has recently set up a biopharmaceutical facility. The goal of this GCRF project

33 Lead: Professor Colin Robinson - University of Kent Researching on the frontline Supporting preparedness and response to humanitarian crises and epidemics

In the thick of natural disasters or war, Lebanon, and the University of Sierra aid groups work through the chaos Leone. Working with Médecins san to bring basic services – and dignity Frontières, the International Rescue This project provides a – to the victims. In such a tough Committee, and the largest NGO in “unique opportunity to collaborate environment it’s hard to stand back the world – Bangladesh’s BRAC – across regions and sectors to and study what’s going on, collect they are going to build research skills help improve how decisions are data and assess whether and how aid and conduct studies in some of the made in the heat of humanitarian responses”. could be better delivered. Yet it’s vital world’s hotspots. to find a way of examining it critically, Prof Bayard Roberts, London if responses are to improve and the The result should be better research School of Hygiene and Tropical health of those caught up in crises is methods and strong links between Medicine, UK to be protected. all the organisations, leading, in turn, to improved humanitarian policies – RECAP will create a network to and, ultimately, the safeguarding of tackle this research problem – and victims’ health. it has some of the big players in humanitarian aid on board. The network will include leading organisations in the UK, as well as the American University of Beirut, in

34 Lead: Dr Bayard Roberts - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Reaching out to reduce self-harm and suicide South Asia self-harm research capability building initiative

The risk factors for deliberate self- The key to the project is to develop harm and suicide in European and methods of doing all this in rigorous, Deliberate self-harm American populations are well- sensitive and safe ways, creating a and suicide“ remain punishable understood, but much less is known platform of new methods and skills offences in Pakistan … Our about these behaviours in South that are relevant to South Asia. work will not only provide robust Asia, where rates are very high. evidence on their prevalence but It will then be possible to address also on what encourages people to The SASHI project will focus on India a range of important questions seek help. ” and Pakistan, with a strong emphasis about social stress, help-seeking, Dr. Nasim Chaudhry, on equipping local researchers with and effective intervention. Armed Pakistan Institute of Living the skills they need to develop long- with a greater understanding, the and Learning, Pakistan term programmes to reduce death, researchers hope to inform public disability and distress. The project health plans and health service will set up deliberate self-harm development, setting out an agenda registers; conduct household surveys; for future research – and using the and collect information from people findings to help high risk populations whose lives have been affected by in the UK. suicide and deliberate self-harm.

35 Lead: Professor Catherine Robinson - Bangor University Improving African weather forecasting Building science for weather information and The project will strongly forecasting techniques (SWIFT) “support our capacity as a major training hub for meteorology and climate science.” We take for granted the increasingly enhance scientists’ abilities to work Prof Jerome A. Omotosho, accurate weather forecasts that with complex model and satellite Federal University of Technology, enable us to plan our lives. In the data and explain it to others; and Akure, Nigeria tropics, the science and technology improve the communication and of weather-forecasting is far less exploitation of forecasts. This developed, and all sorts of sectors includes building links with the suffer as a result, from farming to sectors that need the forecasts – power generation and from fisheries so the latter can let meteorologists to disaster preparedness. know what they really need.

African SWIFT plans to boost African The UK will also benefit because weather forecasting by training by the end of the project it will meteorologists and giving them have better skills at making tropical what they need to give both short- weather forecasts too. range forecasts and more long-term seasonal ones.

For this it’s essential to improve fundamental scientific research in the physics of tropical weather systems;

36 Lead: Professor Alan Blyth - National Centre for Atmospheric Science Remedies for sick seaweed Safeguarding the future of seaweed aquaculture in developing countries

Seaweed farming has transformed Scientists there will learn from the the lives of millions of coastal people. UK’s algal biologists and aquatic Seaweed is grown to be eaten and pathologists, building their skills in to produce substances such as identifying diseases and pests. As a agar, which has many applications, result it’s hoped that these nations from cooking to microbiology. But will be able to detect diseases better; seaweed farming is under threat as develop early warning systems diseases strike, threatening people’s and draw up protocols that can livelihoods and reducing output by prevent disease spreading, as well 15 per cent globally. as recommending new legislation to prevent the spread of disease. Fantastic to see GlobalSeaweed is a programme Internationally the project will deliver seaweed,“ a much neglected that wants to fight back against a digital Atlas of Seaweed Diseases marine resource, being given seaweed disease, primarily by and Pests, and a rapid response serious attention as a sustainable strengthening seaweed science in network to deal with crises as soon means of helping lift people out of poverty and hunger.” three countries for whom it is of great as they emerge. economic significance – Indonesia, Malcolm Beveridge, the Philippines and Tanzania – and Food and Agriculture Organization possibly others. of the United Nations

37 Lead: Dr Elizabeth Cottier-Cook - Scottish Association for Marine Science Protecting women and babies Improving pregnancy care across sub-Saharan Africa

There are three complications drought have a role – does living far of pregnancy that inflict a from health facilities? disproportionate burden in sub- Saharan Africa: high blood pressure, The PRECISE project (PREgnancy babies who are small before birth – Care Integrating translational Science, and stillbirth. It is thought that about Everywhere) hopes to answer these I’ve been learning about high “blood pressure and small babies for half of the 46,000 women and two- questions by gathering information almost 30 years. This award provides and-a-half million babies who about 12,000 women in The Gambia an opportunity to study it where die from these problems each year and Senegal, Kenya and Mozambique. women and their babies are most at are in Africa. Millions more suffer They will provide their life stories, risk. Here we have an opportunity to damage to their health. pregnancy data and samples (which will build a team that will work together, remain in Africa). Junior investigators learn together and stay together We know these complications are will be trained and mentored in how to to reduce the burden of pregnancy complications in Africa, and beyond.” caused by problems with the do pregnancy research, which should placenta but in Sub-Saharan Africa, provide a lasting skill set in these Prof Peter von Dadelszen, we know very little about how and countries. The results will be shared St George’s University of London why it happens. Is there a role for with the networks PRECISE has built limited diet, chronic infection, the – local women and their families, women not having much say in what policy-makers, health care workers happens to them? Do flooding or and even infrastructure-planners.

38 Lead: Professor Peter von Dadelszen - St George’s University of London Refugees get cancer too This will enable us to Research for health in conflict advance“ various cancer care activities in Jordan and the Middle East especially in Across the Middle East, soaring By working with research palliative care, psychosocial numbers of refugees and displaced organisations across MENA and care and research.” people carry with them problems using novel ways of gathering health Prof Omar Shamieh, Department one doesn’t think to associate with intelligence in conflict, they hope to of Palliative Care & Home Care conflict. Gone are the days when help countries like Jordan, Lebanon Services, King Hussein the only humanitarian needs flowing and the Occupied Palestinian Cancer Centre, Jordan from a conflict related to clean Territories work out not just how to water and vaccinations. These days care for those within their borders the victims are suffering from non- but also how to research such issues communicable diseases too, such as in the first place. cancer and mental health. This will give our team But how is cancer treatment to be “in occupied Palestine the provided in a refugee camp? How benefit of comparison with other do medics give palliative care when MENA countries, important to their country is torn by violence? decrease our isolation and produce New ideas and new ways of working important knowledge. ” are called for… and these are what Prof Rita Giacaman, the Research For Health in Conflict Institute of Community and (R4HC)–Middle East and North Africa Public Health, Birzeit (MENA) partnership wants to find. University, Palestine

39 Lead: Professor Richard Sullivan - King’s College London Drug wars and wars on drugs

War and drugs have Building sustainable peacetime economies in “been chronic problems with the aftermath of war far-reaching impacts on the lives of the people in Northern Myanmar. This research project is an opportunity to find solutions Wars on drugs have been declared Researchers argue that a new based upon empirical data.” by leaders across countries who are approach is needed, that is based concerned about the impacts of illicit upon evidence about what works Dan Seng Lawn, Kachinland Research Centre drugs on security, development and and what doesn’t, that is defined (KRC), Myanmar health. But fighting drugs production by the drug producing countries and trafficking can also inflict deep themselves, and recognises what wounds – whether it’s on the poor the trade-offs are and who bears the who were growing the drugs and lose costs of such policies. their livelihoods or on public health campaigns to rehabilitate drug users. Working with researchers in Afghanistan, Colombia and Myanmar This research will build These policies are particularly - three of the world’s largest “ a new generation of Afghan contentious in countries recovering drug-producing countries – the researchers and an independent from war. They can threaten an collaboration aims to build a research evidence base on illicit drugs. uneasy peace and may lead to base that can help us get better at These are essential to develop a renewed conflict, when the lives and transforming illicit economies. new approach to the challenges of drugs and development in livelihoods of so many are tied to the Afghanistan.” drug economy. Navigating a path that reconciles peace-building with Orzala Nemat, tackling the illicit drugs trade is hard. AREU, Afghanistan

40 Lead: Professor Jonathan Goodhand - School of Oriental & African Studies GCRF and RCUK investment is contributing to realising the ambitions of the UK aid strategy and to progressing the global effort to address the UN Sustainable development goals. www.rcuk.ac.uk l Research_UK