DOCSLIB.ORG

Decentralization and Local Governance in MENA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Decentralization and Local Governance in MENA Report No. 36516–MNA Decentralization and Local Governance in MENA: A Survey of Policies, Institutions and Practices Public Disclosure Authorized A Review of Decentralization Experience in Eight Middle East & North Africa Countries March 31, 2007 Sustainable Development Department Middle East and North Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Middle East & North Africa Region World Bank ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CVDB Cities and Villages Development Bank CEF Communal Equipment Fund CPSCL Fund for Loans and Support to Local Collectives EIJLMTWY Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza and Yemen FAFO The Norwegian Social Science research Institute FCCL Local Government Common Fund GNI Gross National Investment IMF International Monetary Fund IPA Index of Public Accountability IQA Index of Quality Administration IGQ Index of Governance Quality LG Local Government LAT Local Allocation Tax LMIC Lower Middle Income Countries MNA Middle East and North Africa MNA-8 Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, West Bank and Gaza and Yemen MDG Millennium Development Goals OED Operations Evaluation Department PA Palestinian Authority PM Participations Municipals SED Social and Economic Development Group SF Studio Fiscal SDS Service Delivery Surveys SNC Sistema Nacional de Con financiación UMIC Upper Middle Income Countries WDR World Development Report Vice President: Daniela Gressani Chief Economist: Mustapha Nabli Sector Director: Inger Andersen Sector Manager: Hedi Larbi Task Team Leader: Stephen Karam ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This document has benefited from the contributions of many different stakeholders, consultants and informed sources across the region and elsewhere. The Bank team was guided by Hedi Larbi, Sector Manager (MNSSD) and led by Stephen Karam (TTL). Significant contributions were made by a team comprised of Mihaly Kopanyi, Laura Vecvagare, Balakrishna Menon Parameswaran, Serdar Yilmaz, Caroline Bollini, Sameh Wahba, David Sewell, Rosanna Nitti, Francois Noisette, Nicolas Peltier, Ibrahim Dajani,and George Awwad. Peer reviewers Robert Ebel and Robert Beschel provided useful guidance to the team at various review stages. The assignment was implemented under the overall guidance of Hossein Razavi and Inger Andersen (Sector Director). This paper draws heavily on the outputs of a number of field-based consultants who prepared country studies and/or led the service delivery survey (SDS) work in their respective country, including: Najib Maktari (Yemen), Fuad Malkawi (Jordan), Khaled Amin (Egypt), Kian Tajbaksh (Iran), Lina Abdallah (West Bank and Gaza), Mohammed Sbihi (Morocco), Ahmed Basti (Tunisia) and Mona Harb (Lebanon). The Norwegian Social Science Research Institute (FAFO), and particularly Jon Petersen and Mark Taylor, oversaw the training of SDA Country Teams, as well as implementation of the SDS in the five countries where it was carried out. FAFO analysis of the SDS data generated a rich set of findings and observations based on end-user and provider feedback, which were produced separately under a report entitled: Municipal Management & Local Governance: A Service Delivery Perspective – Giving Voice to End User Perspectives on Public Service Provision in the MNA Region. Over the course of the two years of implementation, many government officials and government agency technical staff, too numerous to mention here, were consulted and provided valuable input and suggestions to the team in the eight countries surveyed, namely Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia. West Bank & Gaza, and Yemen. Their participation in the first regional consultative workshop held in Amman in December 2004 and subsequently through bilateral communications provided important feedback and impetus to the team in focusing its second phase work geared mainly at listening to what end-users had to say about a variety of government services delivered at the local level. Throughout the assignment, Government officials at many levels supported the team by making available documentation for review and analysis, enabling field-based teams to interview and collect information from key ministry and agency staff, and provided their approval for the SDS to be implemented in five of the surveyed countries – Egypt, Iran, Morocco, West Bank & Gaza, and Yemen. In working with local city officials, mayors and technical staff, the SDS teams relied upon the support and facilitation of the city officials to complete the survey work. For this support and partnership, the team wishes to express its gratitude. This Policy Note and the consultative workshops and numerous other activities organized under this initiative would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Norwegian Government through the World Bank-administered Norwegian Trust Fund for Private Sector and Infrastructure. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ i INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Decentralization and Local Governance in MNA Countries ................................................... 1 Decentralization and Service Delivery MNA Countries ......................................................... 3 Study Approach and Methodology .......................................................................................... 4 POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND PRACTICE........................................................................ 6 A. The Structure of Sub-National Government in MNA-8 Countries .................................... 6 B. Intergovernmental Systems .............................................................................................. 10 Administrative Decision-Making ................................................................................ 10 Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations ............................................................................. 12 Expenditure Assignments and Local Government Expenditures ................................ 14 Revenue Assignments and Local Government Revenues ........................................... 18 Own-source Revenues ................................................................................................. 21 Intergovernmental Transfers ....................................................................................... 23 Local Government Borrowing .................................................................................... 26 C. Governance and Accountability ....................................................................................... 28 LOOKING FORWARD .............................................................................................................. 34 ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................... 38 Annex 1 – Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................ 38 Annex 2 – Average Annual Exchange Rates (local currency / US$) .................................... 41 Annex 3 – Local Government Data in MNA-8 ..................................................................... 42 Annex 4 – Inter-governmental Relations in Countries around the World ............................. 45 Annex 5 – Governance Indicators ......................................................................................... 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 50 CHARTS Chart 1: MNA Local Government Expenditures ........................................................................... iii Chart 2: Municipal Revenues (US$ capita) .................................................................................. iii Chart 3: Municipal Investment Per Capita (US$) .......................................................................... iv FIGURES: Figure 1: Sub-national Structure in MNA-8 Countries .................................................................. 6 Figure 2: Population Served per Local Government Employee 2002 .......................................... 11 Figure 3: Share of Local Government Expenditures (% of total public expenditures) ................ 17 Figure 4: Composition of Local Government Expenditures......................................................... 18 Figure 5: Local Government Revenue Composition .................................................................... 21 Figure 6: Transfers and Local Government Expenditures (US$ per capita) ................................ 23 TABLES: Table 1: Mean Number of Tiers of Government, Mid-1990s ......................................................... 7 Table 2: Sub-national Governments in MNA-8 Countries .............................................................. 8 Table 3: Selection of Local Government (LG) Officials ................................................................ 9 Table 4: Decision-making Authority over LG Administrative Issues .......................................... 11 Table 5: Description of Select LG Training Program in Morocco ............................................... 12 Table 6: Central Control over Local Financial Decisions in MNA-8 Countries .......................... 13 Table 7: Formal Assignment of Local Services
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A/HRC/13/39/Add.1 General Assembly
    United Nations A/HRC/13/39/Add.1 General Assembly Distr.: General 25 February 2010 English/French/Spanish only Human Rights Council Thirteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak Addendum Summary of information, including individual cases, transmitted to Governments and replies received* * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.10-11514 A/HRC/13/39/Add.1 Contents Paragraphs Page List of abbreviations......................................................................................................................... 5 I. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–5 6 II. Summary of allegations transmitted and replies received....................................... 1–305 7 Algeria ............................................................................................................ 1 7 Angola ............................................................................................................ 2 7 Argentina ........................................................................................................ 3 8 Australia.........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Terra Bella Community Plan
    TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN 2015 UPDATE 1 TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN 2 TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN Terra Bella Community Plan 2015 Update Adopted Tulare County Board of Supervisors November 3, 2015 Resolution No. 2015-0909 RR County of Tulare Resource Management Agency 5961 S Mooney Boulevard Visalia, CA 93277-9394 (559) 624-7000 3 TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN 4 Tulare County Board of Supervisors Allen Ishida – District 1 Pete Vander Poel – District 2 Phillip Cox – District 3 Steve Worthley – District 4 (Chairman) Mike Ennis – District 5 (Vice Chairman) Tulare County Planning Commission John F. Elliott – District 1 Nancy Pitigliano – District 2 (Vice Chair) Bill Whitlatch – District 3 Melvin K. Gong – District 4 (Chair) Wayne O. Millies – District 5 Ed Dias – At Large Vacant – At Large Gil Aguilar – District 2 (Alternate) Tulare County Resource Management Agency Michael C. Spata, Director Michael Washam, Assistant Director of Planning Benjamin Ruiz, Jr., Assistant Director of Public Works Reed Schenke, Chief Engineer, Special Programs Eric Coyne, Economic Development Coordinator Aaron R. Bock, Chief Planner, Project Review Hector Guerra, Chief Planner, Environmental Planning David Bryant, Chief Planner, Special Projects Sung H. Kwon, Planner IV (Principal Author) Richard Walker, Planner IV Jessica Willis, Planner IV Chuck Przybylski, Planner III Susan Simon, Planner III Roberto Lujan, Geographic Information Systems Analyst I Tim Hood, Geographic Information Systems Analyst I Kyria Martinez, Economic Development Analyst II Jose A. Saenz, Planner II BOARD OF SUPERVISORS RESOLUTION No. 2015-0909 TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN TERRA BELLA COMMUNITY PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 9 LOCATION ............................................................................................ 10 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................................... 10 THE NEED FOR A COMMUNITY PLAN ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 5910 Pdf.Pdf
    Roderick Salenga et al. /JAASP 1(2012) 16-24 RESEARCH PAPER Prevalence, perceptions and predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use in selected communities in the Philippines Vina R.A. Dahilig1 and Roderick L. Salenga1,* 1College of Pharmacy, University of the Philippines, Philippines. Keywords Abstract complementary medicine alternative The study examines the use of complementary and medicine alternative medicine among residents of selected rural community rural and urban communities in the Philippines urban community using the CAM Healthcare Model. Interviews were conducted on 146 respondents in Batangas, Correspondence Caloocan and Paraňaque using a structured Roderick Layug Salenga questionnaire that applies the RAND Short Form R.Ph., M.P.H. (SF) 36 and the Brief Illness Perception College of Pharmacy Questionnaire as measures of self-perceived health University of the status. A higher prevalence was observed among Philippines Philippines the rural respondents (68.4%) as compared with E-mail: their urban counterparts (51.5%). Users in both [email protected]. rural and urban areas perceived CAM as beneficial. Significant predictors of use included the type of community, an annual income of less than USD 10,500, more than 10 years of residence in the community, self-perceived health status in the Energy/Fatigue, Emotional Well-being and Pain scales in the SF 36, presence of chronic illness, and consultations to traditional faith healer for health issues. Since only about 27% of the variability in the odds of using CAM can be explained by the model, further studies investigating other predictors of use are recommended. Introduction Complementary and alternative Alternative Medicine (NIH-NCCAM) in medicine (CAM), as defined by the the United States, is a term for a National Institutes of Health- National group of diverse medical and health Center for Complementary and care systems, practices, and products 16 Roderick Salenga et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Quality in Urban Settlement: the Role of Local Community Association in East Semarang Sub-District
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 135 ( 2014 ) 31 – 35 CITIES 2013 Environmental Quality in Urban Settlement: The Role of Local Community Association in East Semarang Sub-District Nany Yuliastutia*,Novi Saraswatib* aUrban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University; Indonesia bUrban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University; Indonesia Abstract Society is one of the influential stakeholders in shaping the quality of neighborhoods. Efforts to improve the quality of the environment with the involvement of community empowerment is one of the improvement process, extracting local resources, as well as giving a greater role to the public. This role can be seen from handling environment, such as village improvement, renovation and improvement of the quality environment.Local institutions communities in Indonesia known as the Neighborhood Unit (Rukun Tetangga called RT) drives the self-help community play a role in changes in the quality of residential environment.Priority is determined by the needs of the community programs that are approved by members. Kelurahan Karangturi implement environmental programs larger than the other program components. This paper is a quantitative approach with variable formulation and implementation role of local institutions in the quality of residential neighborhoods in the region in three urban locations.While in the Kelurahan Bugangan greater economic program. In the Kelurahan Kemijen, also dominates the implementation of environmental improvements. The role of local institutions as a stimulant and a reflection of the CBD (Community Base Development) with a group of people who will have a sense of community are good, such as the ability to take care of its interests in a responsible manner, free to choose and express their opinions, actively participate in the common interest, and community services closer to the interests of society itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Supreme Court Minutes Wednesday, March 28, 2018 San Francisco, California
    454 SUPREME COURT MINUTES WEDNESDAY, MARCH 28, 2018 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA S246255 STEWART (DYLAN) v. SAN LUIS AMBULANCE, INC. Request for certification granted The court grants the request, made pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.548, that this court decide a question of California law presented in a matter pending in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. For purpose of briefing and oral argument, appellant Dylan Stewart is deemed the petitioner in this court. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.520(a)(6).) Votes: Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Chin, Corrigan, Liu, Cuéllar, and Kruger, JJ. S246911 B278642 Second Appellate District, Div. 4 KIM (JUSTIN) v. REINS INTERNATIONAL CALIFORNIA, INC. Petition for review granted Votes: Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Chin, Corrigan, Liu, Cuéllar, and Kruger, JJ. S247095 A141913 First Appellate District, Div. 4 ALAMEDA COUNTY DEPUTY SHERIFF’S ASSOCIATION v. ALAMEDA COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT ASSN. AND BD. OF THE ALAMEDA COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT ASSN.; SERVICE EMPLOYEES INTERNATIONAL UNION, LOCAL 1021; BUILDING TRADES COUNCIL OF ALAMEDA COUNTY Petitions for review granted The request for an order directing depublication of the opinion is denied. Votes: Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Chin, Corrigan, Liu, Cuéllar, and Kruger, JJ. SAN FRANCISCO MARCH 28, 2018 455 S237460 A139610 First Appellate District, Div. 2 MARIN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC EMPLOYEES v. MARIN COUNTY EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION; STATE OF CALIFORNIA Order filed: case held pending decision in another case Further action in this matter is deferred pending consideration and disposition of a related issue in Alameda County Deputy Sheriffs’ Assn. v. Alameda County Employees’ Retirement Assn., S247095 (see Cal.
    [Show full text]
  • Konflik-Konflik Politik Dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam
    KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam i Sanksi Pelanggaran Pasal 72 Undang Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan per- buatan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 ayat (1) atau Pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling sedikit 1 (satu) bulan dan/ atau denda paling sedikit Rp 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/ atau denda paling banyak Rp5.000.0000.000,00 (lima miliar rupiah). 2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran hak cipta atau hak terkait sebagaima- na dimaksud pada ayat 1 (satu) dipidana dengan pidana pen- jara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/ atau denda paling banyak Rp500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah) ii Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag PROF. DR. H. SYAMRUDDIN NASUTION, M.Ag KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM Asa Riau Konflik-konflik Politik dalam Sejarah Peradaban Islam iii KONFLIK-KONFLIK POLITIK DALAM SEJARAH PERADABAN ISLAM ISBN: 978-602-6302-44-1 Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang Cetakan Pertama, Nopember 2017 Penyusun: Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag. Perwajahan/Cover: Katon Penerbit: Diterbitkan oleh: Asa Riau (CV. Asa Riau) Anggota IKAPI Jl. Kapas No 16 Rejosari, Kode Pos 28281 Pekanbaru - Riau e-mail: [email protected] Dicetak pada CV Mulia Indah Kemala Isi di luar tanggungjawab Percetakan iv Prof. Dr. H. Syamruddin Nasution, M.Ag KATA PENGANTAR Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Puji syukur disampaikan kepada Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala karena hanya dengan nikmat-Nya yang amat besar dan banyaklah roda perjalanan kehidupan ini dapat diputar dan dilaksanakan.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimensions of Community and Local Institutions' Support: Towards an Eco-Village Kelurahan in Indonesia
    sustainability Article Dimensions of Community and Local Institutions’ Support: Towards an Eco-Village Kelurahan in Indonesia Nany Yuliastuti 1,*, Hadi Wahyono 1, S. Syafrudin 2 and S. Sariffuddin 1 1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +62-811-276-602 Academic Editor: Tan Yigitcanlar Received: 17 October 2016; Accepted: 27 January 2017; Published: 11 February 2017 Abstract: The goal of the Global Eco-village Network (GEN) is to create and promote sustainable human settlements that allow people to live more comfortably. However, an eco-village cannot exist without the support of the local government and the community. A village (kelurahan) is expected to recognize and implement a settlement’s environmental management by maintaining environmentally friendly behavior in daily activities. Gayamsari is a kelurahan in Semarang City that has been implementing the eco-village concept. This study aims to explain, through quantitative descriptive analysis, the extent at which the eco-village aspects are achieved by local and institutional participation in Gayamsari. The idea of an eco-village is to bring harmony to the three pillars of sustainable development—the social, economic, and ecological components—to create a sustainable living environment. However, the results show that Gayamsari needs improvement, especially in terms of ensuring a safe and comfortable environment, which can be achieved through strengthening the participation of both the community and local institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 0 2 0 Annual Report
    2 0 2 0 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TOWN OF OFFICERS OF THE TOWN OF BLACKSTONE, MASSACHUSETTS TABLE OF CONTENTS This is Blackstone 1 Elected Officials 3 Appointed Officials 4 Resigned Officials 8 Report of Board of Selectmen 8 Town Counsel 10 Blackstone-Millville Regional School District 12-13 Superintendent of Schools 12-13 Blackstone-Millville Regional High School 14 Frederick W. Hartnett School 17 JFK/AF Maloney Elementary 21 Millville Elementary 23 Blackstone School District Gross Salary Listin 25 Blackstone Valley Vocational Regional School District 33 Blackstone Valley Vocational Gross Salary Listing 49 Board of Assessor’s 54 Building Commissioner/Inspectional Services 58 Electrical Inspector/Inspectional Services 59 Capital Outlay Committee 60 Collector/Treasurer 61 Municipal Center Salary Listin 64 Council on Aging 68 Fire Department 75 Board of Health 78 Historical Commission 79 Blackstone Public Library 81 Parks and Recreation Commission 86 Planning Board 88 Police Department 89 Public Works, Department of 92 Zoning Board of Appeal 93 Town Clerk 94 Warrant, Presidential Primary, March 3, 2020 96 Results, Presidential Primary, March 3, 2020 97 Warrant, Special Town Meeting, May 26, 2020 101 Results, Special Town Meeting, May 26, 2020 103 Warrant, Annual Town Meeting, May 26, 2020 105 Results, Annual Town Meeting, May 26, 2020 109 Warrant, Annual Town Election, April 6, 2020 120 Results, Annual Town Election, June 15, 2020 121 Warrant, State Primary, September 1, 2020 122 Reults, State Primary, September, 1, 2020 125 Warrant, State Election, November 3, 2020 128 Results, State Election, November 3, 2020 131 Warrant, Special Town Meeting, November 14, 2020 133 Results, Special Town Meeting, November 14, 2020 136 Town Accountant 145 THIS IS BLACKSTONE AREA: 10.97 square miles DATE OF INCORPORATION: 1845 COUNTY: Worcester POPULATION: 9046 ELEVATION: 200’ to 490’ above sea level The topography ranges in elevation of 200’ in the Elm and Mendon Streets areas to 490’ above sea level on "Southwick Hill" off Milk Street.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Shariʿa the Politics of Islamic Judicial Review by Shoaib
    Defining Shariʿa The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review By Shoaib A. Ghias A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Malcolm M. Feeley, Chair Professor Martin M. Shapiro Professor Asad Q. Ahmed Summer 2015 Defining Shariʿa The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review © 2015 By Shoaib A. Ghias Abstract Defining Shariʿa: The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review by Shoaib A. Ghias Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy University of California, Berkeley Professor Malcolm M. Feeley, Chair Since the Islamic resurgence of the 1970s, many Muslim postcolonial countries have established and empowered constitutional courts to declare laws conflicting with shariʿa as unconstitutional. The central question explored in this dissertation is whether and to what extent constitutional doctrine developed in shariʿa review is contingent on the ruling regime or represents lasting trends in interpretations of shariʿa. Using the case of Pakistan, this dissertation contends that the long-term discursive trends in shariʿa are determined in the religio-political space and only reflected in state law through the interaction of shariʿa politics, regime politics, and judicial politics. The research is based on materials gathered during fieldwork in Pakistan and datasets of Federal Shariat Court and Supreme Court cases and judges. In particular, the dissertation offers a political-institutional framework to study shariʿa review in a British postcolonial court system through exploring the role of professional and scholar judges, the discretion of the chief justice, the system of judicial appointments and tenure, and the political structure of appeal that combine to make courts agents of the political regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Mansfield-2008.Pdf (12.76Mb)
    I jjjl!; ROOZ pnuuV uAtol uodaH TABLE OF CONTENTS Mansfield at a Glance .............................. 1 Community Development Department ...................... 34 Town Officials ........ .............................. 2 Planning 35 Administrative Staff . .............................. 2 Planning Board ............................. Boards and Committees Membership ........... 3 Housing Rehabilitation Program ......... 37 General Government Conservation Commission ............... 39 Board of Appeals ................. 38 Board of Selectmen ............................ 5 Zoning Town Manager .... .............................. 6 Human Resources 39 Management Information System ............. 9 Health Department ........................ Geographic Information Systems ........... 10 Parks & Recreation ........................ 41 Southeastern Regional Services Group ... 11 Council on Aging .......................... 43 45 Public Safety Social Services ............................. Police Department ....................... 12 Public Library . ............................. 46 4848 Public Safety Dispatch .................. 14 Veteran' s Services ........................ Fire Department ........................ 15 Education Emergency Management Agency..... 17 Superintendent of Schools ............... 49 School District..... 51 Building Department ................... 20 Southeast Regional SPECIALIST COREY M. SHEA Department of Public Works Boards and Committees .................. 52 60 DPW Administration ... .............. 23 Town Clerk .... ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Local Elections in Iran
    AN INTRODUCTORY PRIMER ON Local Elections in Iran Structure of Local Government Local institutions resemble national ones in their dual nature. At almost every level of government, there are appointed, administrative councils headed by representatives of the central government. These institutions represent the top down hierarchy on the provincial, county, district, city and village level. There is also a parallel bottom up hierarchy of elected officials and councils, with local and village councils at its base. Village and city councils are the only local institutions whose members are directly elected. Once village councils are elected, councilors nominate members from their ranks to represent their village at district, or bakhsh, councils. Once bakhsh councils are formed, they nominate members to represent their bakhsh at county councils, and so on until the Supreme Council of the Provinces. The bottom-up, elected councils tend to play supervisory and consultative roles rather than legislative ones. City councils elect mayors, approve municipal budgets and supervise their implementation. They approve all city planning and development decisions. Conversely to elected bodies, central government and executive functions are largely managed through a top-down process of appointed heads of councils with the bulk of authority, although mayors are chosen by councils themselves. Mayors are in charge of implementing directives from city councils. They are nominated by the councils and approved by the Ministry of Interior, and serve as heads of the municipal administrations for four-year terms. The Ministry of the Interior also appoints the ostandars, who appoint the farmandars in their province with the Ministry’s approval and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Sufi Cult in Mirpur
    This is a repository copy of Ambiguous traditions and modern transformations of Islam: the waxing and waning of an ‘intoxicated’ Sufi cult in Mirpur. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/97211/ Version: Accepted Version Article: McLoughlin, S and Khan, M (2006) Ambiguous traditions and modern transformations of Islam: the waxing and waning of an ‘intoxicated’ Sufi cult in Mirpur. Contemporary South Asia, 15 (3). pp. 289-307. ISSN 0958-4935 https://doi.org/10.1080/09584930601098042 (c) 2006, Taylor and Francis. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Contemporary South Asia. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Seán McLoughlin & Muzamil Khan Ambiguous traditions and modern transformations of Islam: the waxing and waning of an S M Published in: Contemporary South Asia 15(3) September, 2006: 289307 Abstract: A I S A S shifting ambiguity and fixity of religious boundaries in colonial India, this article is an account of the cult of the Qadiriyya-Qalandariyya saints in the Mirpur district of Pakistan- administered Kashmir.
    [Show full text]