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Geographic and Political Boundaries in Upper Silesia Author(S): Richard Hartshorne Reviewed Work(S): Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol

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Geographic and Political Boundaries in Upper Silesia Author(S): Richard Hartshorne Reviewed Work(S): Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol Geographic and Political Boundaries in Upper Silesia Author(s): Richard Hartshorne Reviewed work(s): Source: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Dec., 1933), pp. 195-228 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographers Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560608 . Accessed: 25/08/2012 15:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Association of American Geographers are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Association of American Geographers. http://www.jstor.org ANNALS of the Associationof American Geographers VOLUME XXIII DECEMBER, 1933 No. 4 Geographicand Political Boundaries in UpperSilesia RICHARD HARTSHORNE* INTRODUCTION Problemsconnected with political boundaries have frequently elicitedthe interestof geographers.In all countrieswith chronic or acuteboundary problems the geographersare drawninto the generaldiscussion, more or less as experts,and in somecases the professionalgeographer has actuallybeen calledupon to assistin the determinationand demarcationof boundaries. The interest of the geographersin this subjectappears to be strikinglyprac- tical ratherthan academic. While almostevery geographer in Europe has concernedhimself at some time in the past twenty years with some particularboundary problem, very few have attemptedany systematictheoretical study of the problemas a whole.' It could easilybe shownthat the practicalcontributions 'The late Professor Sieger (Graz) stimulatedthe most valuable discussion of terminologyin political geography,particularly in referenceto boundaries, both in his teaching and in his scattered publications. The most important referencesin this discussionare listed below, togetherwith other recentstudies of significanceon this subject. An excellent brief analysis of the suggestions of various writers is given by S6lch; the fullest discussionand bibliographyby Maull. Sieger, R.: "Zur politisch-geographischenTerminologie," Zeitsch. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde (Berlin), 1917, pp. 497-529; 1918, pp. 40-70. Articles under various titles, on the same subject in: Oester. Rundschau, 1917, pp. 260-70; Deutsche Arbeit, Dec. 1921; Petermann's Mitteil., 1923, pp. 252-6; 1925, pp. 57ff; Verh. d. XXI Deutschen Georgr.-Tags., (Berlin), 1926. *The fieldwork on whichthis study is based was,made possibleby a Fellow- ship for the year 1931-32,from the Social Science Research Council. 195 196 HARTSHORNE-UPPER SILESIA [Dec. of geographersto the specificproblems have sufferedgreatly from this lack of academic preparation. For the most part theirwork shows the earmarks of knowledge expert but unorganized; lack of technique,no recognizedterminology, and no means of measure- ment. Hence the pursuit of such vague concepts as "natural boundaries," a term seldom definedand usually meaning some- thingdifferent to each writer,and which Sieger, Maull, and Sdlch have all admirablydemonstrated should be banned from,scientific literature. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a method and some terminologythat mightbe applicable for any borderstudy. Upper Silesia will serve as the specificcase studyto be treated fromthe laboratorypoint of view. This area is a part of the great border belt between Germans and Slavs, more specificallya bordercorner where Germans, Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks meet and mix. Divided politicallybefore the war among three empires: Germany,Austria-Hungary, and Russia, it is likewisedivided now, but with,different lines, between Germany,Poland, and Czecho-Slovakia (Fig. 1). Although in manyrespects geographically united, the area has never had politi- cal unitywithin itself, but rather was always a peripheral zone subject to the political expansion of neighboringstates. In the course of the latter Middle Ages the various feudal duchies into whichSilesia was divided were controlledsuccessively by the kings of Poland, Bohemia, and finally,Austria. The separation of Silesia from Poland dates, for practical purposes perhaps from 1163, formallycertainly from the renunciationof Silesia by Casimir the Great in 1335.2 Prussia entered the area firstin the early Penck, A.: Ueber politischeGrenzen. (Rektoratsrede,Berlin, 1917). Fawcett, C. B.: Frontiers. (Oxford, 1918). Vogel, W.: Politische Geographie. (Leipzig, 1922). - "Zur Lehre von den Grenzen und Raumen," Geogr. Zeits., 1926. Sidaritsch: "Landschaftseinheitenund Lebensraumein den Ostalpen," Peter- mann's Mitteil., 1923, pp. 256-61. S8lch, J.: Die 4uffassungder "natfirlichenGrenzen" in der wissenschaft- lichen Geographie. (Innsbruck, 1924). Maull, O.: Politische Geographie. (Berlin, 1925), pp. 133-45, 601-25. PolitischenGrenzen. (Berlin. 1928). Haushofer,K.: Grenzen in ihrergeographischen und politischenBedeutung. (Berlin-Gruenwald,1927). 2Laubert, Manfred: Die preussischePolenpolitik, 1772-1914. (Berlin, 1921), ch. ix. 19331 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 197 eighteenthcentury when Frederick the Great, by means of the SilesianWars, forcedMaria Theresa to cede him the richlowland of Lower Silesia, togetherwith the then unimportantlowland of Upper Silesia. The highlandareas, togetherwith the Moravian Gate betweenthem, remained however with Austria. Silesia there- fore has been separated fromPoland on the east for six or seven , .POZKXAN IE o $ s~~~~~I(ORM"FRERRLYRANPLAD 'a ~~~/ - ''_ FI. 1NPlace Map of the Area Symbols: 1. Present internationalboundary 2. Former internationalboundary 3. Provin~cialboundaries 4. County (Kreis) boundariesin Upper Silesia only (not shown in industrial district) 5-8. Cities and towns: 5. Nearly 100,000 populationor more 6. From 25,000to 75,000 7. From 10,000)to 25,000 8. Less than 10,000 Towns underlinedare centersof countiesof the same name 198 HARTSHORNE-UPPER SILESIA [Dec. centuriesand unitedmore or less.closely, to differentstates, chiefly German, on the south and west. It had no part in the historic divisionsof Poland of the eighteenthcentury, which gave Galicia to Austria, Posen to Prussia, and the area betweento Russia. NATURAL DEFENSE BOUNDARIES Perhaps because European boundariesare most commonlydeter- minedafter armed conflict,the firstconsideration in drawingthem has usuallybeen theirdefensive character. In the Upper Silesian border area, strongnatural lines or zones of defense are not to be found. The low mountainsof the Sudetes and the Beskides, brokenby manyvalleys, offer but minoraids to defense-in com- parison say, with the High Tatra farthereast between Poland and Slovakia. Far mere open is the plain on the north,continuous from Germany into Poland, for the most part sufficientlywell- drainedby theheadwaters of the Oder and theVistula, and offering no obstacles exceptingthe minorones presentedby those streams (Plate A). Likewise forthe purposes of peace-timecontrol of the boundaries -against smuggling,etc-little assistance is, offeredby nature. Only the rivers,where large enough to be uncrossableexcept by bridgeor boat, are of some aid to the borderpatrol, and smuggling flourishesas one of the ordinaryoccupations of the region. BOUNDARIES MARKED IN NATURE Internationalboundaries, particularlyin well-populatedareas, mustbe clearlyand accuratelymarked. In formertimes boundary commissionsdepended so far as possible on any natural lines that could be used. In some parts of the Sudetes and the Beskides the crest-lineis sufficientlywell-marked to furnishsuch a line, but more commonlyneither crest-line nor watershedis. readilyvisible. This is particularlytrue on the plain, so that thoughthe division therebetween Germany and Poland is roughlythat of the drainage basin of the upper Oder on the one hand, and the Vistula and the Warta on the other, the actual watershed,hardly visible in the landscape, has never functionedin boundarydrawing. Only the streamsoffer this second typeof naturalboundaries, which can betterbe called naturallymarked boundaries, or boundariesmarked in nature.' For thispurpose small streamsare as suitableas large WFromS6lch's "naturgemarkten"or "natur-marken,"corresponding to Sieger's "naturentlehnten." 1933] BOUNDARIES MARKED IN NATURE 199 ones, perhaps even more so because more accurate. The centuries- old boundary between Silesia and Poland utilized such smaller streamsthrough most of its course,whereas the most recentboun- daries largelyignore them. These were drawn in the age in which internationalboundaries are marked with lines of stones each visiblefrom the next. Even then,however, the carelesspedestrian, or child, may unwittinglyfind himself in the wrong countryand be arrestedunder suspicionof smugglingor espionage (Plate B). The discussionso far has treated boundaries from the point of view of the bounding states as space-organismsrequiring a defensive epidermis,so to speak, against undesirable invaders, whether armies, smugglers,or immigrants.4 But this point of view overlooks the original, primary function of boundaries, namely,to bound,i.e. to determinethe limitingline on the earth's surfaceon one side of whichall men and thingsare subjectto the jurisdictionof one state, whereas the momentthat
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