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Home , Hallwyl Museum, Museology, Stockholm City Museum

Nordic Museology 2018 • 1, pp. 119–129

Museums, museology and studies in 1993–2017 Some experiences and effects

Eva Silvén

Abstract: In the last twenty-five years, the Swedish landscape has expanded and contains today several thousand , from the single local history museum to the merged governmental central museum, many of them organized in different networks. During the same period contemporary , diversity issues and difficult matters became both attractive and urgent topics for the public cultural history museums. Also, museology and cultural heritage studies were established at several universities, with professorships as well as basic educational programmes. As a consequence, the perception of museology as research done at museums was replaced by research on museums, often with a critical view of the history of collections and exhibitions. During the last few years, however, a polarized media debate reveals that there might still be a gap between the actual, contemporary museum and the more traditional concept of the museum in (some) people’s minds.

Keywords: Museums, museology, cultural heritage studies, Sweden, contempo- rary collecting, difficult heritage.

During the last decades of the twentieth of the public sorrow after the terror attack century, the public cultural history museums in in April 2017 coincided with a media debate Sweden definitely oriented themselves towards where some participants advocated a far more contemporary society. What in many respects traditional form of museum activities. For was new and perhaps unthinkable before, is many museum professionals, this worked as today standard procedure, although media a reminder of the gap that sometimes occurs from time to time love to call it out as news between the actual museum and the concept that: “Museums are collecting today’s objects!” of the museum in people’s minds – a gap But sometimes a wider crack opens up, as when that at best could be bridged by museological City Museum’s documentation research. Eva Silvén

120 Constituting a multidisciplinary on aspects such as meaning, context and social museological field relations. An early Swedish statement was the edited volume Människor och föremål (People In this particular context, the twenty-fifth and Things), a Festschrift for the retiring anniversary of the journal Nordic Museology, professor of ethnology at Umeå University, I have chosen to focus on some features that Phebe Fjellström (Arvidsson et al. 1990). distinguish a specific Swedish museological Beside archaeology and art history, ethnology experience and at the same time represent a was the main educational background for concurrent Nordic and international movement. at Swedish cultural history museums, But since I have been a part of these processes and material had always been a defining myself, my choices also rely on experiences of part of the discipline. Now the new views on being a practising and researcher.1 materiality reached the students and curators, In another article in this issue, the historian according to both methods and time focus. of ideas Mattias Bäckström examines the Regarding time, however, the museums were innovative and internationally oriented scholarly already on their way to considering their setting around Umeå University and the own society a subject for field research and Västerbotten Museum in the 1980s and 1990s – acquisitions. As early as in 1977, the network the home environment for the first Department Samdok had been established, organizing at of Museology in Sweden as well as the journal most eighty cultural history museums in the Nordic Museology (Bäckström 2018). This was study of contemporary life and work, including a response to a new international constructivist the production, consumption and use of objects paradigm that gained ground at that time, (Silvén 2004; Silvén & Gudmundsson 2006). when “museology”, “museum research” and The decisive impulse behind the whole “museum studies” step by step left its positivist enterprise was an examination of the focus on practical methods, factual object collections at the , conducted knowledge and research done at museums. for its centennial anniversary in 1973. The Instead, the museum itself became the object study revealed that both the lower social of study, not least in a critical perspective and classes and the twentieth century were clearly with diversity issues in the foreground (cf. underrepresented, and since this was the Karp et al. 1991; 1992). As Bäckström shows, situation at almost every cultural history the discussions among the museologists in museum, the conclusion was that they Umeå were shared with their colleagues in needed to solve this together. The subsequent ICOM, the International Council of Museums, debates about collecting methods, selection but also with other disciplines at the university, criteria, representation, ethics, “filling gaps”, mainly the history of ideas (Bäckström 2018). “type artefacts” and “contextual acquisition” However, I would like to emphasize the decisive developed museological knowledge from influence from yet another discipline in Umeå practice and deconstructed the process of – ethnology. Many ethnologists got attracted musealization of everyday objects. This by “ studies”, first developed promoted reflexive and critical thinking among American anthropologists, where the among the museum professionals about the previous “objects research” was replaced by curatorial task, which was further developed analyses of contemporary artefacts, focusing in methodological training courses and Museums, museology and cultural heritage studies in Sweden 1993–2017

explorative projects (e.g. Silvén 1992; Björklund collected around twenty-five members, 121 & Silvén 1996). The work was also shared with mainly from museums, cultural heritage Nordic colleagues, and networks like Samdok administrations and universities. It became were created in Denmark, Norway and Finland, a body for promoting museological research although varying in scope and permanence. For and education and was engaged in establishing the overall Nordic collaboration, the museum the professorship in Umeå and suggested network Norsam was built to organize joint that Stockholm University do the same. Also conferences and fieldwork. among the activities were the organization of These curatorial experiences helped to conferences and seminars and the editing of develop museology, when presented at lectures museological publications (e.g. Palmqvist & and seminars at the universities.2 As the head of Bohman 1997).5 the Samdok Secretariat at the Nordic Museum, From the 1990s on, the Swedish mu- I was frequently asked for such contributions, seological field was also strongly affected by the from the 1990s onwards when courses and international movement for preservation and programmes in museology – or under the research on the industrial cultural heritage, broader name of “cultural heritage studies” – with the Division of History of Science at the expanded all over the country (Olausson 2004; Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm Smeds 2006; 2007).3 Per-Uno Ågren, the first among the research institutions involved editor in chief of Nordisk Museologi and head (Alzén & Burell 2005; Geijerstam 2013). of the Department of Museology in Umeå, And at the beginning of the new millennium was awarded a personal professorship in 1995, the department Theme Q – Culture and the year before he retired. A permanent chair Society was established as a part of Linköping was set up in 1997, but the appointment was University/Campus Norrköping, with focus delayed until the position was taken by the on the construction of cultural heritage cultural historian Kerstin Smeds in the early and historiebruk (the uses of history) (e.g. 2000s. Also, the Department of Conservation Aronsson 2004; Aronsson & Elgenius 2015). at Gothenburg University got its first Campus Norrköping also saw the birth of an professorship in the 1990s, and a programme initiative regarding museum displays as subject for International Museum Studies was created for museological analysis, education and in collaboration with the Museum of World methodology, taken by exhibition designer Eva Culture in Gothenburg and the School of Persson (Persson 1994; cf. Bäckström 2016). Museum Studies in Leicester, UK. Today the digital journal Utställningsestetiskt Another expression of the growing interest in Forum (Forum for Exhibition Aesthetics), is museology was the formation of the independent still the main Swedish platform for reviews and Council for Museological Research, in 1995, reflections about museum exhibitions.6 on the initiative of Erik Hofrén, head of the Museum of Work in Norrköping.4 This was a The scholarly outcome – time when a discussion of “museum research” museological research and was growing, both inside and outside Sweden, education including research at museums as well as on museums, and the latter – museological In accordance with this multifaceted field of – point was still to be made. The Council research, museological knowledge in the form Eva Silvén

122 of doctoral dissertations has not only been Today’s museum landscape – produced within the formal discipline, in organization and practice Umeå. There, seven theses had been presented by April 2018, and beside these there is a Compared to twenty-five years ago, the range of dissertations from other disciplines number of museums in Sweden has increased, that have also dealt with issues relevant to but in a very rough view the organizational museology and cultural heritage studies. landscape looks almost the same. Firstly, Together all these works amount to at least we have the public municipal and regional forty, published during the years 1987–2017, museums, mostly cultural historical in recently at a faster pace than before. In addition character, but also including collections to the dissertations, there has of course been of art, archaeology and natural history. a lot of other research done, published in Secondly, there are the central or governmental monographs, edited volumes and journals, museums, mostly located in Stockholm, with which have further expanded the field. specific orientations, for example the Maritime In parallel, museology and heritage studies Museum, the Natural History Museum have become mainstream at many contempo- and the Museum of Ethnography. Also rary universities, albeit at a slightly different foundations with governmental support and pace in different countries (cf. Macdonald national missions belong here, like the Nordic 2006). One example is Stockholm University, Museum, the National Museum of Science and where the earlier BA Programme in Cultural Technology and Ájtte – the Swedish Mountain Studies has been replaced by BA Programme and Sami Museum. Thirdly, a wide “category” in Museums and Cultural Heritage.7 Another consists of museums all over the country with tendency is represented by the museologists specific orientations and varying ownership, in Umeå, who will change their current BA financing and professional standards, such as Programme for Museums and Cultural Heritage the Prison Museum, the Dance Museum, the to a new Sector Education for Museums and Jewish Museum, the Guitar Museum and some Cultural Heritage, in collaboration with the biographical museums and collections. Art Department of Ethnology. The focus will still be museums form a fourth growing type, mostly mainly on the museum field, but also include the privately owned, apart from the governmental growing cultural heritage sector with its small- and in scale, private-run companies in tourism and Stockholm and some others in the hands of consulting.8 A third tendency can be tracked municipal authorities. As a fifth kind, there down to Gothenburg, where the Department have long since been hundreds of voluntary of Conservation, giving practice-oriented small local museums all over the country, and BA programmes in object conservation and during the last few decades a parallel network urban preservation since the 1980s and a Ph.D. of small working life museums has exploded. programme since the 1990s, is now part of the Some local and regional museums also still cross-faculty research centre Critical Heritage contribute to the Swedish tradition of open-air Studies, run in partnership with University museums.10 College London.9 More courses at BA and The public museums in particular have Master levels are available at other universities, a history of working together in different run by different disciplines. organizational forms, with permanent collabora- Museums, museology and cultural heritage studies in Sweden 1993–2017

tive boards as well as temporary commitments, and cooperation among the museums, on 123 sometimes initiated by the government, such as behalf of the Department of Culture.14 Yet the Diversity Year in 2006. An organizational another result of the government bill is a new change, with consequences for the museums’ Museum Act, which states that any public cooperation and methodological development, museum, in accordance with its own mission, occurred when the Samdok Secretariat was shall contribute to society and its development closed in 2011. Today, the corresponding work by promoting knowledge, cultural experiences is carried out in the more sparse network DOSS and the freedom of opinion. In doing so, the – Documentation of Contemporary Sweden museums shall have a deciding influence upon and in COMCOL – the ICOM Committee for the content of its activities and not be governed Collecting, created in 2012 on the initiative of by political representatives on any level.15 Samdok.11 The museums’ actual practices during the The last twenty-five years have seen several period in question here have to a great extent museum inquiries, with suggested changes been focused on the professionalization of regarding aims and organization, but most management, digitization (for all of them with little effect on the museum purposes) and the visitors. Regarding the landscape, at least from the visitors’ point of featured content and direction of the museums’ view. Considering the framework, however, exhibitions, fieldwork and collecting during several governmental museums have been the 2000s, contemporary issues concerning merged into larger administrative authorities, diversity and public participation have and then often reorganized according to matrix engaged many, along with the representation models.12 As a result of the latest inquiry and of minorities, both ethnic and others. As the subsequent government bill (2015–2017), for many other European museums, the last two already amalgamated institutions – on the years’ migration situation has been mirrored, one hand the National Historical Museums for example with the Mediterranean refugees and on the other LSH (Royal Armoury and and their mobile phones as a topic for Skokloster Castle with the exhibitions and collecting – a survival tool Foundation) – have recently been mixed into and simultaneously a piece of contemporary one body, with a shared responsibility for material culture.16 In addition, testimonies supporting public knowledge and interest from the #metoo movement have been saved in Sweden’s history.13 Another result of the – yet another problematic current issue with bill is the closure of the Swedish Exhibition international coverage. (Fig. 1.) This kind of Agency (Riksutställningar), which since “difficult heritage” has in the 2000s become 1965 has produced hundreds of travelling a general term for the records of contested exhibitions, beside working as a hub and and problematic incidents and conditions in a driving force in the development of the contemporary society, as well as for memories exhibition medium (Broms & Göransson and remnants of historical abuse like war and 2012). Some parts of that task will now be genocide. In Sweden, the concept was introduced continued by the Swedish National Heritage around the millennium by the collaborative Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet), whose general exhibition and book project Svåra saker responsibility for cultural heritage issues now (Difficult Matters) (Silvén & Björklund 2006).17 has been expanded to supporting development (Fig. 2.) The project attracted international Eva Silvén

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Fig. 1. ”Does the woman even exist, who has never experienced that?” Bibbi Good in Arvidsjaur sent the first Swedish #metoo post. Her phone is now a part of the collections of the National Museum of Science and Technology. Photo Anna Gerdén. Museums, museology and cultural heritage studies in Sweden 1993–2017

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Fig. 2. The Difficult Matters travelling exhibition in Norrköping, December 1999. Photo: Mats Brunander. interest (e.g. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 2002) and among other subjects at universities and also inspired the corresponding Norwegian colleges – although not always among the museum project Brudd. Om det ubehagelige, funding bodies. A second consequence is tabubelagte, marginale, usynlige, kontroversielle that museum work today is a profession with (Break. About the Unpleasant, Taboo, Marginal, its own education and qualification. A third Invisible, Controversial) 2003–06.18 consequence is the critical eye that museology has given anybody who has encountered it, an eye that always looks for questions about The museological turn who, what and why, directed to the museums What can then be said to be the experiences themselves. Together with indigenous and and effects of the “museological turn”, or post-colonial methodologies, museology “cultural heritage turn”, since the 1990s? What thereby offers new possibilities to examine has museology contributed to the museums, the collections connected, for example, to the universities and the contemporary society the Sami, as well as other (cf. Brenna 2009)? A first consequence is that and minorities, in order to decolonize them museology has become a legitimate discipline, by clarifying their provenance and disclosing Eva Silvén

126 the power relations they still represent and continuously reproduce (cf. Silvén 2014). With the help of critical museology and critical heritage studies, questions have also been asked what museums, by routine, have either put in the forefront or in the background. Perhaps we are finally seeing a response to the repeated critique regarding the museums’ weak interest in social and contemporary issues – put forward in the 1940s as well as in the 1960s?19 On Friday 7 April 2017, a terror attack was carried out in the centre of Stockholm, and five people died. The public response Fig. 3. Screenshot from the web journal The Local, was immediate: spontaneous shrines were 18 April 2017.22 set up with flowers, memorabilia and written condolences along with tributes to the police (cf. Santino 2006). and heritage, run by leading researchers, also reacted promptly, documenting the shrines journalists and museum practitioners on by photographing and collecting items and by both sides. Starting from a concrete critique setting up a website for personal narratives. of organizational and economic aspects of (Fig. 3.) Twenty years ago, this was not the rule, the National Museums of World Culture, the as in 1998 when sixty-three youths were killed debate turned to more fundamental questions, by arson in a discotheque in Gothenburg. all related to the development described in Almost all parts of the local community were this article.21 One critic wished for a special involved – the police, social services, health “contemporary museum” where one could care, schools, as well as politicians and media. put all the stuff that didn’t belong to a “real” The project Difficult Matters had just started, – historical – museum. Another one wanted so I called the Gothenburg City Museum and the ethnographic museums just to present asked my colleagues how they were going to their outstanding collections – not discuss contribute. The answer was that they had no how they were created. A third one criticized plans at all, they didn’t see this as a part of the the museums’ quest for a dialogue with their museum’s assignment – a decision that was audiences and the desire to convey stories soon changed.20 Apparently, there have been of individual people – obviously without transformations over the last few decades; the insight that such contributions already today we can notice quite another way for constitute the base of the museums’ knowledge museums to react to “difficult” situations, resources. A fourth one arrogantly attacked the in Sweden as well as in other countries (e.g. idea of giving marginalized people back their Maynor 2016). rightful place in history as “identity politics” However, before and during the Stockholm and “particular interests”. A fifth critic argued City Museum’s documentation of the terror against the Minister of Culture’s wish for the attack in 2017, Sweden saw a major and museums to apply “norm criticism”, namely polarized media debate about museums to avoid and counteract stereotyping and Museums, museology and cultural heritage studies in Sweden 1993–2017

discriminatory norms regarding, for example, cultural heritage) and kritiska kulturarvsstudier 127 gender, ethnicity, sexuality and disability. (critical heritage studies). The debate was a useful reminder of what 4. Program... 1997. a contested subject cultural heritage is, and 5. In 2006, the Council closed down and prepared a how deeply different opinions can be hidden transformation to an Association for Museology, underneath a joint stance against fake news but this was not realized. and manipulated science. It was also a sign 6. http://www.ueforum.se. that museology still has work to do, to affect 7. https://www.erg.su.se/polopoly_ public opinion about the museums’ role in fs/1.167727.1392901705!/menu/standard/file/BA society. Several contributions revealed not programme in museums and cultural heritage. only a profound ignorance of how today’s pdf. museums work worldwide, but also a 8. https://museerochkulturarv.wordpress.com/ nationalist and conservative view of culture about/om. and history, including a wish for a return to 9. https://criticalheritagestudies.gu.se. Also at positivist – “objective” – artefact research. Stockholm University there is today a Critical With the current growth of nationalist and Heritage Studies Network, on a smaller scale and right-wing forces, the ideological fights ahead hosted by the Department of Ethnology, https:// will be even more about history and heritage. www.erg.su.se/english/critical-heritage-studies- And as a result, the pressure will increase network. on museums – as reliable and independent 10. The Swedish Museums Association (Riksför- knowledge institutions – to use their specific bundet Sveriges Museer) was established in 2004 tools in defence of historical truth, human and organizes 220 museums of different sizes, rights and fair representation. some public and some private. In 1906–2007 the Swedish Museum Organization (Svenska Museiföreningen) had the same role, for Notes both individual and (from 1977) institutional 1. I hold a Ph.D. in ethnology, and as a curator at members. According to the Association, there the Nordic Museum 1989–2016 I have taken part are in total more than 1,700 museums in Sweden, in several of the contexts described here, e.g. as including the very small ones. However, the the head of the Samdok Secretariat 1989–2003, Swedish National Heritage Board counts at least as a member of the Council for Museological 2,500 museums. http://www.sverigesmuseer.se; Research, and as a participant in some of the http://www.raa.se. projects mentioned. 11. http://www.sverigesmuseer.se/network/doss- 2. A parallel interaction between theory and practice dokumentation-av-samtida-sverige; http:// took place in the development of the history of network.icom.museum/comcol. built environments in the 1970s and 80s. See 12. The latest inquiry gives an overview over Holmberg 2010. the last fifty years of organizational changes, 3. The various courses and programmes were named museum politics and earlier inquiries, with museologi (museology), museikunskap (museum focus on the governmental museums: Ny knowledge), museivetenskap (museum studies) or museipolitik. Betänkande av Museiutredningen kulturarvsvetenskap (cultural heritage studies), 2014/15. SOU 2015:89. http://www. until today’s museer och kulturarv (museums and regeringen.se/4a957d/contentassets/ Eva Silvén

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