The Arena Players, Inc.: the Oldest Continuously Operating African American Community Theatre in the United States

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Arena Players, Inc.: the Oldest Continuously Operating African American Community Theatre in the United States Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 3-30-2021 The Arena Players, Inc.: The Oldest Continuously Operating African American Community Theatre in the United States Alexis Michelle Skinner Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the African American Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Leadership Studies Commons, Oral History Commons, Other Theatre and Performance Studies Commons, Recreation, Parks and Tourism Administration Commons, Social Justice Commons, and the Theatre History Commons Recommended Citation Skinner, Alexis Michelle, "The Arena Players, Inc.: The Oldest Continuously Operating African American Community Theatre in the United States" (2021). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 5521. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/5521 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE ARENA PLAYERS, INC.: THE OLDEST CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY THEATRE IN THE UNITED STATES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Theatre by Alexis Michelle Skinner B.A., Temple University, 2002 M.A., Goldsmiths, University of London, 2005\ May 2021 © 2021 Alexis Michelle Skinner ii these pages are for my parents. Laura Anne Gibbs Skinner (12/13/1946-6/21/2020) & Michael William Skinner (11/4/1941-11/7/2013), & our ancestors that came before and beside us, known and unknown. Asé! iii Acknowledgements Much gratitude goes to my collaborators who shared their experiences with me as well as the potential collaborators who patiently waited. I appreciate my advisor and committee for their patience and encouragement these past years since we began this journey. But there are not enough pages to thank all those who believed in me along my journey as a creative ever since I was just wee idea. Many thanks! iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………………......iv NOMENCLATURE…………………………………………………………….……………....vii ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….……………..…....ix INTRODUCTION…………………………..…….……………………………………………....1 ARGUMENT ………………………………………………………………………..........2 SCHOLARSHIP…………………………………..………………………………….…...5 LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………..…………………………..…9 METHODOLOGY…………………………………..…………………………………..20 ARENA PLAYERS’ COLLABORATORS…………………………………..…………28 CHAPTERS…………………………………..………………………………………….29 CHAPTER 1. BLACK THEATRE IN BLACK COMMUNITIES……………………………...36 150+ YEARS OF BLACK THEATRE IN AMERICA…………………………..……...40 1900S…………………………………..……………………………………………...…43 1910S…………………………………..………………………………………………...46 1920S…………………………………..………………………………………………...52 1930S…………………………………..………………………………………………...62 1940S…………………………………..………………………………………………...68 1950S…………………………………..………………………………………………...72 BLACK COMMUNITY THEATRE…………………………………..………………...76 CHAPTER 2. BALTIMORE’S BLACK COMMUNITY THEATRE………………………….78 BLACK BALTIMORE HISTORY………….…………………………………..………79 AFRICAN AMERICAN SOCIAL CAPITAL…………………………………..………84 AFRICAN AMERICAN NETWORKS…………………………………..……………..89 BALTIMORE GEOGRAPHY IN BLACK AND WHITE……………………………...95 EARLY BALTIMORE THEATRE…………………………………..…………….…..106 COMMUNITY THEATRE IN BALTIMORE…………………………………...…….108 ARENA PLAYERS, INC.’S BEGINNINGS…………………………………..………111 ORAL HISTORY OF THE ARENA PLAYERS………………………………………112 CHAPTER 3. EDUCATING THE BLACK COMMUNITY………………………………….126 DRAMATURGY…………………………………..……………………………….…..128 STUDIO 801…………………………………..………………………………………..130 YOUTH THEATRE…………………………………..………………………………..132 ARENA PLAYERS ALUMNI IN THE ARTS WORLD……………………………...153 CHAPTER 4. BLACK LEADERSHIP AT THE PLAYHOUSE……………………………..156 ARENA PLAYERS, INC. OPERATIONS…………………………………..………...159 LOSING LEADERS…………………………………..…………………………….….166 PERSEVERANCE…………………………………..……………………………….…172 BLACK WOMEN WORKING…………………………………..…………………….176 v PASSING THE TORCH…………………………………..…………………………...179 NEW BLOOD…………………………………..………………………………………181 WORKING IN THE WINGS……..………………..…………………………………..184 CHAPTER 5. SURVIVAL NETWORKS…………………………………………………….186 CURRENT CONCERNS ………………………..………………………………….…189 CONTINUITY……………………………………………………………………...…..193 APPENDIX A. ARENA PLAYERS COLLABORATORS..……………………………...…...203 APPENDIX B. NOTES ON TRANSCRIPTION…………………………………..…………..208 APPENDIX C. RELEASE FORM FOR ACADEMIC WORK………………………………..210 APPENDIX D. MAPS………………………………………...………………………………..211 APPENDIX E. PRODUCTIONS………………………………………………………………214 APPENDIX F. IRB LETTER…..………………………………………………………………224 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………225 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………………242 vi Nomenclature AETA - American Educational Theatre Association AME – African Methodist Episcopal ANT- American Negro Theatre API- Arena Players, Inc. ASALH- Association for the Study of African American Life BCT- Black Community Theatre BNHP – Baltimore Neighborhood Heritage Project BROS- Baltimore Rock Opera Society BTC- Black Theatre Catalyst CSO/I- Culturally Specific Organization/Institution DEI- Diversity, Equity, Inclusion ETC- Experimental Theatre Company FTP- Federal Theatre Project HBCU- Historically Black Colleges and Universities KRIGWA- Crisis Guild of Writers and Artists LORT- League of Residential Theatres LT- Little Theatre MSAC- Maryland State Arts Council NA- Narcotics Anonymous NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NADSA- National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts NEA- National Endowment for the Arts NLT- Negro Little Theatre NIDA- Negro Intercollegiate Dramatic Association PWI- Primarily White Institution RFP- Request for Proposal vii SADSA- Southern Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts STEM- Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics US- United States VA- Department of Veterans Affairs WPA- Works Progress Administration WW II- World War Two viii Abstract Hay (1994) gave the Arena Players the moniker, “the oldest continuously operating African American community theatre company” in the U.S. But, if Black Theatre is increasingly found in mainstream venues in regional theatre and Broadway while Black Drama is relegated to syllabi, where is the living practice of African American, or black, community theatre? And what guarantees its survival? Craig (1980) and Fraden (1994) give voice to black critics, like Locke (1925), in co-creating objectives for black theatre during the FTP which took stage as the Negro Little Theatre continued. Hill & Hatch (2003) solidify the geographical and ideological connections between the black community theatre movement and Educational theatre with its professors at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Essays in Young (2013) widen the scope of black theatre history. But it is Du Bois’ (1926) Krigwa manifesto that declared black theatre must be about, by, for, and near African American audiences. Black community theatre expanded ideas of African American performative practice valuing the psychosocial well-being of black audiences while training novice practitioners. BCT fights against the U.S. mainstream practices that, sustained by a white folk culture, shut black people out from human and civil rights. In this Critical autoethnography, I establish a historical context for the self-determinative practices of black community theatre supplemented by oral histories from members of the Arena Players in Baltimore City, Maryland, founded in 1953. My Baltimore City roots provide me insider-outsider access to comment on the innerworkings of a company beset by loss and obsessed with survival. Refocusing on the culturally-specific practice of black community theatre also reassesses the U.S. theatre’s concentration on creating a hierarchy of theatre genres. Notably, for black theatre practitioners, this would mean claiming self-determination and community connectivity as their condition for creativity. ix Introduction Theatre, being one of the earliest forms of media, is oft considered the realm of the elite, and theatre companies led by white people are the mainstream, traditional, and historical face of American theatre. Dorothy Chansky (2004) writes that mainstream theatre “implies ‘legitimate’ theatre…[which] is accepted as universally American both in cultural histories and ‘in the ambient culture generally’” (Chasky 2004, 14). That which is mainstream, according to Chansky (2004), stems from the ideas, images, and values of the professional white middle class. Ignoring ideations of legitimacy in white markets, black theatre created its own acceptance, beyond the white gaze that cataloged African American theatre ventures and performances of blackness as “lesser.” This negative Othering derives from the indelible legacies of America’s racial project that created a binary hierarchy of representation based on skin color valuing European origins over the cosmologies, traditions, and humanity of descendants from the African diaspora (Omi & Winant 2015). While white criticism of black theatre often extends to critiques of audience behavior it encroaches upon African American generated theatre convention by presuming the white gaze is wanted or valid. This superficial evaluative perspective inflicts African American patrons with paternalistic
Recommended publications
  • The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry
    0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry The Black Arts Enterprise and the Production of African American Poetry Howard Rambsy II The University of Michigan Press • Ann Arbor First paperback edition 2013 Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2011 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2016 2015 2014 2013 5432 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rambsy, Howard. The black arts enterprise and the production of African American poetry / Howard Rambsy, II. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-472-11733-8 (cloth : acid-free paper) 1. American poetry—African American authors—History and criticism. 2. Poetry—Publishing—United States—History—20th century. 3. African Americans—Intellectual life—20th century. 4. African Americans in literature. I. Title. PS310.N4R35 2011 811'.509896073—dc22 2010043190 ISBN 978-0-472-03568-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12005-5 (e-book) Cover illustrations: photos of writers (1) Haki Madhubuti and (2) Askia M. Touré, Mari Evans, and Kalamu ya Salaam by Eugene B. Redmond; other images from Shutterstock.com: jazz player by Ian Tragen; African mask by Michael Wesemann; fist by Brad Collett.
    [Show full text]
  • The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing Writing Systems Using Orthography Profiles
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Moran, Steven ; Cysouw, Michael DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-135400 Monograph The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Moran, Steven; Cysouw, Michael (2017). The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles. CERN Data Centre: Zenodo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.290662 The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists Managing writing systems using orthography profiles Steven Moran & Michael Cysouw Change dedication in localmetadata.tex Preface This text is meant as a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, whowork with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together. The intersection of the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Al- phabet is often not met without frustration by users. Nevertheless, thetwo standards have provided language researchers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze data from many different languages. We bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls that researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Our research uses quantitative methods to compare languages and uncover and clarify their phylogenetic relations. However, the majority of lexical data available from the world’s languages is in author- or document-specific orthogra- phies.
    [Show full text]
  • Material on This Site May Be Quoted Or Reproduced for Personal and Educational Purposes Without Prior Permission, Provided Appropriate Credit Is Given
    COPYRIGHT / USAGE Material on this site may be quoted or reproduced for personal and educational purposes without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given. Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission from The Special Collections Department - Langsdale Library, University of Baltimore. Commercial requests for use of the transcript or related documentation must be submitted in writing to the address below. When crediting the use of portions from this site or materials within that are copyrighted by us please use the citation: Used with permission of the University of Baltimore. If you have any requests or questions regarding the use of the transcript or supporting documents, please contact us: Langsdale Library Special Collections Department 1420 Maryland Avenue Baltimore, MD 21201-5779 http://archives.ubalt.edu Saturday and Sunday. August 7 - 8. 1976 Charles Center and Hopkins Plaza AFRAM-EXPO 76 STEERING COMMITTEE The Honorable William Donald Schaefer Mrs. Marguerite Campbell Mrs. Lenora Johnson Mayor of the C ity of Baltimore Community Relations Specialist Urban Services Agency Mayor's Office Baltimore, Maryland Mr. Lenwood Ivey, General Chairman Baltimore, Maryland Executive Director Mrs. Louise Johnson Urban Services Agency Mr. Lou Cavallaro President City of Baltimore Department of Parks Black Women's City of Baltimore Consciousness Raising Mr. Norman E. Ross Baltimore, Maryland Project Director Dr. John Crew, Superintendent Cultural Arts Program Baltimore City Public Schools Mrs. Enolia McMillan, President Urban Services Agency Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore N.A.A.C . P. 1390 West North Avenue Mrs. Marie Henderson Mr. Dennis Ferrell Baltimore, Maryland Program Coordinator Baltimore Black Promotional Council Mayor's Coordinating Council Chairman, NAACP Community Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of African American Theatre Errol G
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-62472-5 - A History of African American Theatre Errol G. Hill and James V. Hatch Frontmatter More information AHistory of African American Theatre This is the first definitive history of African American theatre. The text embraces awidegeographyinvestigating companies from coast to coast as well as the anglo- phoneCaribbean and African American companies touring Europe, Australia, and Africa. This history represents a catholicity of styles – from African ritual born out of slavery to European forms, from amateur to professional. It covers nearly two and ahalf centuries of black performance and production with issues of gender, class, and race ever in attendance. The volume encompasses aspects of performance such as minstrel, vaudeville, cabaret acts, musicals, and opera. Shows by white playwrights that used black casts, particularly in music and dance, are included, as are produc- tions of western classics and a host of Shakespeare plays. The breadth and vitality of black theatre history, from the individual performance to large-scale company productions, from political nationalism to integration, are conveyed in this volume. errol g. hill was Professor Emeritus at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire before his death in September 2003.Hetaughtat the University of the West Indies and Ibadan University, Nigeria, before taking up a post at Dartmouth in 1968.His publications include The Trinidad Carnival (1972), The Theatre of Black Americans (1980), Shakespeare in Sable (1984), The Jamaican Stage, 1655–1900 (1992), and The Cambridge Guide to African and Caribbean Theatre (with Martin Banham and George Woodyard, 1994); and he was contributing editor of several collections of Caribbean plays.
    [Show full text]
  • HARLEM in SHAKESPEARE and SHAKESPEARE in HARLEM: the SONNETS of CLAUDE MCKAY, COUNTEE CULLEN, LANGSTON HUGHES, and GWENDOLYN BROOKS David J
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2015 HARLEM IN SHAKESPEARE AND SHAKESPEARE IN HARLEM: THE SONNETS OF CLAUDE MCKAY, COUNTEE CULLEN, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND GWENDOLYN BROOKS David J. Leitner Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Leitner, David J., "HARLEM IN SHAKESPEARE AND SHAKESPEARE IN HARLEM: THE SONNETS OF CLAUDE MCKAY, COUNTEE CULLEN, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND GWENDOLYN BROOKS" (2015). Dissertations. Paper 1012. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HARLEM IN SHAKESPEARE AND SHAKESPEARE IN HARLEM: THE SONNETS OF CLAUDE MCKAY, COUNTEE CULLEN, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND GWENDOLYN BROOKS by David Leitner B.A., University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana, 1999 M.A., Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2005 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Department of English in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2015 DISSERTATION APPROVAL HARLEM IN SHAKESPEARE AND SHAKESPEARE IN HARLEM: THE SONNETS OF CLAUDE MCKAY, COUNTEE CULLEN, LANGSTON HUGHES, AND GWENDOLYN BROOKS By David Leitner A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of English Approved by: Edward Brunner, Chair Robert Fox Mary Ellen Lamb Novotny Lawrence Ryan Netzley Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 10, 2015 AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF DAVID LEITNER, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in ENGLISH, presented on April 10, 2015, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.
    [Show full text]
  • How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2019 Music and the Presidency: How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates Gary M. Bogers University of Central Florida Part of the Music Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Bogers, Gary M., "Music and the Presidency: How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates" (2019). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 511. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/511 MUSIC AND THE PRESIDENCY: HOW CAMPAIGN SONGS SOLD THE IMAGE OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES by GARY MICHAEL BOGERS JR. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Music Performance in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term, 2019 Thesis Chair: Dr. Scott Warfield Co-chairs: Dr. Alexander Burtzos & Dr. Joe Gennaro ©2019 Gary Michael Bogers Jr. ii ABSTRACT In this thesis, I will discuss the importance of campaign songs and how they were used throughout three distinctly different U.S. presidential elections: the 1960 campaign of Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy against Vice President Richard Milhouse Nixon, the 1984 reelection campaign of President Ronald Wilson Reagan against Vice President Walter Frederick Mondale, and the 2008 campaign of Senator Barack Hussein Obama against Senator John Sidney McCain.
    [Show full text]
  • New Bebe Winans Musical 'BORN for THIS', Kathleen Turner and More Among Arena Stage's 2016-17 Lineup
    broadwayworld.com http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/New-BeBe-Winans-Musical-BORN-FOR-THIS-Kathleen-Turner-and-More-Among-Arena-Stages- 2016-17-Lineup-20160215 New BeBe Winans Musical 'BORN FOR THIS', Kathleen Turner and More Among Arena Stage's 2016-17 Lineup by BWW News Desk Arena Stage just announced an exciting, starry 2016/17 season, which will showcase the theater's mission of American voices and artists. Spurred by its role as one of the seven originating theaters of D.C.'s Women's Voices Theater Festival, Arena Stage has embraced a commitment to inclusion with a season featuring seven titles by women, six playwrights of color and five female directors. On assembling the lineup Smith shares, "Arena has such a smart and diverse audience, so it is always a challenge to ensure everyone is energized. This season we leaned into that challenge and are welcoming a host of extremely talented artists both returning and new. This season is a celebration of Arena's broad shoulders, from our Lillian Hellman Festival, a Lorraine Hansberry classic and the gold-standard musical to world-premiere political dramas, a comedy and a new musical. The Mead Center was designed to have these different audiences unite in our flowing lobby, and I'm eager to experience this throughout our dynamic season." The season kicks off in July with the original world-premiere musical Born for This: The BeBe Winans Story by six- time Grammy Award winner BeBe Winans and veteran Arena Stage playwright/director Charles Randolph-Wright. Featuring new music by BeBe, the musical chronicles the early days of his career with sister CeCe and will star their niece and nephew, siblings Deborah Joy Winans and Juan Winans.
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release for Immediate
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Renée Littleton/Lauren McMillen [email protected], 202-600-4055 December 15, 2020 For additional information, visit: arenastage.org/2021winterclasses ARENA STAGE ANNOUNCES NEW VIRTUAL CLASSES FOR WINTER SEASON *** Arena’s virtual series expands with family creativity workshops, classes for theater lovers, masterclasses and Voices of Now Mead Ensemble *** (Washington, D.C.) Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theater announces its lineup of Winter classes featuring classes catered to families, theater lovers, students, adults and emerging theater artists. The Voices of Now Mead Ensemble for young artists will begin this winter, meeting virtually to contribute to a new original film. Just in time for the holidays, this robust line of programming has something for everyone and makes the perfect unique gift for the theater lover in your family. “We are finding that people of all ages are responding with joy and energy to our virtual classes. There are so many ways to be engaged in these programs — whether you are a theater lover or a theater practitioner, there is something for you,” shares Director of Community Engagement and Senior Artistic Advisor Anita Maynard-Losh. Arena is excited to debut two new categories of classes: Family Creativity Workshops and Classes for Theater Lovers. Family Creativity Workshops are designed to connect family members through the means of theatrical games, visual art and imagination. These classes are led by Arena’s Director of Education, Ashley Forman and friends. These exhilarating classes are the perfect opportunity for families to engage and explore creative expression and collaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillm
    “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By: Thomas Anthony Gass, M.A. Department of History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Advisor Dr. Kevin Boyle Dr. Curtis Austin 1 Copyright by Thomas Anthony Gass 2014 2 Abstract “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975” traces the history and activities of the Baltimore branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from its revitalization during the Great Depression to the end of the Black Power Movement. The dissertation examines the NAACP’s efforts to eliminate racial discrimination and segregation in a city and state that was “neither North nor South” while carrying out the national directives of the parent body. In doing so, its ideas, tactics, strategies, and methods influenced the growth of the national civil rights movement. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the Jackson, Mitchell, and Murphy families and the countless number of African Americans and their white allies throughout Baltimore and Maryland that strove to make “The Free State” live up to its moniker. It is also dedicated to family members who have passed on but left their mark on this work and myself. They are my grandparents, Lucious and Mattie Gass, Barbara Johns Powell, William “Billy” Spencer, and Cynthia L. “Bunny” Jones. This victory is theirs as well. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation has certainly been a long time coming.
    [Show full text]
  • Front and Center: a 5-Year Equity Plan for Central Baltimore
    AUGUST 2017 A 5-year Equity Plan for Central Baltimore TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction A. Purpose of Plan B. Central Baltimore Partnership C. Homewood Community Partners Initiative D. Progress To Date E. Why a New Plan F. Making Equity Front and Center G. Planning Process: 1. Front and Center Plan Goal 2. Phase 1: Understanding Existing Conditions 3. Phase 2: Preliminary Recommendations 4. Phase 3: Finalizing the Front and Center Plan Chapter 2: Planning Context H. Central Baltimore History I. Existing Conditions Chapter 3: Recommendations and Implementation Plan J. Recommendations • Social Fabric: Youth and Families • Economic Mobility: Workforce Development and Opportunities • Community Health: Physical and Mental Health, Safety, Public Space • Housing Access: Preserving Affordability, Improving Quality, Expanding Choices 2 CREDITS Planning Team: Keswick Multi-Care Center Joe McNeely, Planning Consultant Lovely Lane United Methodist Church Neighborhood Design Center, Design Consultant Maryland Bay Construction Maryland New Directions Planning Partners: Mosaic Community Services, Inc. 29th Street Community Center Open Works AHC, Inc. Greater Baltimore - Workforce Program People’s Homesteading Group Annie E. Casey Foundation Strong City Baltimore Association of Baltimore Area Grantmakers Telesis Baltimore Corporation (ABAG) Wells Fargo Regional Foundation Baltimore City Department of Housing and Community Development Data Work Group Members: Baltimore City Department of Planning Assistant Commissioner, Maryland
    [Show full text]
  • The Prayer of Jabez by Bruce Wilkingson Lesson V
    1 The Prayer of Jabez By Bruce Wilkingson Lesson V “Keeping The Legacy Safe” “O That You Would Keep Me From Evil” 1 Chronicles 4:9-10 9) And Jabez was more honourable than his brethren: and his mother called his name Jabez, saying, Because I bare him with sorrow. 10) And Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that thou wouldest bless me indeed, and enlarge my coast, and that thine hand might be with me, and that thou wouldest keep me from evil, that it may not grieve me! And God granted him that which he requested. Introduction: 1. A caption read “Sometimes you can afford to come in second. Sometimes you cannot.” a. This was placed under a Roman Gladiator who was in trouble. b. Here is the picture i. The Gladiator has dropped his sword ii. The enraged lion is in mid lunge with his jaws wide iii. The crowd is on their feet watching in horror as the panic-stricken gladiator tries to flee. Note: This is a horrible time to come in second. 2. Jabez had asked for supernatural blessing, influence, and power. a. Many people think that they can jump into any arena with any lion, “and win.” b. Some people with the hand of God upon them might pray “Lord, Keep me through evil,” but not Jabez. i. Jabez prayed “Keep me from evil.” ii. The best way to defeat a roaring lion is to stay out of the arena. 2 iii. Therefore Jabez prayed “Keep me from evil” which was a prayer that is saying: “God, keep me out of the fight.” 3.
    [Show full text]
  • BROOKS ATKINSON THEATER (Originally Mansfield Theater), 256-262 West 47Th Street, Manhattan
    Landmarks Preservation Commission November 4, 1987; Designation List 194 LP-1311 BROOKS ATKINSON THEATER (originally Mansfield Theater), 256-262 West 47th Street, Manhattan. Built 1925-26; architect Herbert J. Krapp. Landmark Site: Borough of Manhattan Tax Map Block 1018, Lot 57. On June 14 and 15, 1982, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Brooks Atkinson Theater and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (I tern No. 7). The hearing was continued to October 19, 1982. Both hearings had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Eighty witnesses spoke or had statements read into the record in favor of designation. Two witnesses spoke in opposition to designation. The owner, with his representatives, appeared at the hearing, and indicated that he had not formulated an opinion regarding designation. The Commission has · received many letters and other expressions of support in favor of this designation. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS The Brooks Atkinson Theater survives today as one of the historic theaters that symbolize American theater for both New York and the nation. Built during the mid-1920s, the Brooks Atkinson was among the half-dozen theaters constructed by the Chanin Organization, to the designs of Herbert J. Krapp, that typified the development of the Times Square/Broadway theater district. Founded by Irwin S. Chanin, the Chanin organization was a major construction company in New York. During the 1920s, Chanin branched out into the building of theaters, and helped create much of the ambience of the heart of the theater district.
    [Show full text]