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Validation of a Multiphase Cfd Model with Mass Transfer for Xenon Removal in Molten Salt Reactor

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Validation of a Multiphase Cfd Model with Mass Transfer for Xenon Removal in Molten Salt Reactor VALIDATION OF A MULTIPHASE CFD MODEL WITH MASS TRANSFER FOR XENON REMOVAL IN MOLTEN SALT REACTOR BY JIAQI CHEN THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2020 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Assistant Professor Caleb S. Brooks Professor Rizwan Uddin ABSTRACT Among the distinguishing features of molten salt reactors, the possibility of online fuel processing is especially promising. With removal of unfavorable fission products, the molten salt reactor could act as an effective converter reactor and could possibly operate in a load-following manner. The fuel life is also extended. This document is dedicated to developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model as a design tool for the xenon removal system in fueled salt reactors. Beginning with the review of gaseous fission product removal, the possibility and limitation of CFD with multiphase species transfer modeling are discussed. The necessity of experimental validation and sensitivity studies is explained. Following this discussion, the details about the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model and constitutive relations are presented. The detailed procedures and results of the three validation experiments are reported. Different phase interaction mechanisms, material properties, and constitutive relations are compared with each other and with the results from the experiments. These comparisons lead to a CFD model, which is further validated against different flow conditions. The CFD model can accurately predict the void fraction and velocity field in our experiment. The mass transfer model will be further developed and validated with the completion of the sparging experiments. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge these kind people for their support and assistance. My adviser, Prof. Cable Brooks, for the guidance in my research work, the opportunity to work on the interesting project and the patience for his struggling student, which is me. I also want to thank the other graduate students in our lab, Joe Bottini, Zhiee Jhia Ooi, Longxiang Zhu, Vineet Kumar and Taiyang Zhang, for the helpful discussion we had and the great work you have done, which also enlighten me in many ways. I would like to thank my family for their selfless support and the one who has always been there for me. The information, data, or work presented herein was funded in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR0000983. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction to Molten Salt Reactor .............................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: History of Fission Product Removal ............................................................................. 6 Chapter 3: Physical Model Description ........................................................................................ 16 Chapter 4: Validation Experiments ............................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5: Simulation Results and discussion .............................................................................. 64 Chapter 6: Summary and Future Work ......................................................................................... 96 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 100 APPENDIX A: Uncertainty Analysis ......................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX B: UDFs ..................................................................................................................114 Nomenclature .............................................................................................................................. 120 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Illustration of Two-Resistance Model ........................................................................ 24 Figure 3.2: Illustration of One-Resistance Model......................................................................... 24 Figure 3.3: Density of FLiNaK ..................................................................................................... 38 Figure 3.4: Viscosity of FLiNaK .................................................................................................. 38 Figure 3.5: Thermal Conductivity of FLiNaK .............................................................................. 40 Figure 3.6: Specific Heat Capacity of FLiNaK ............................................................................ 40 Figure 3.7: Solubility of Helium in FLiNaK with Pressure .......................................................... 43 Figure 3.8: Solubility of Noble Gases in FLiNaK ........................................................................ 43 Figure 4.1: Bubble Column with Water Box Used in Our Experiment. ....................................... 47 Figure 4.2: Bubble Column with Flange and the Molten Salt Xenon Experiment ....................... 48 Figure 4.3: Obtained Image and Bubble Identification. ............................................................... 50 Figure 4.4: The Convergence of Void Fraction with Increasing Frames. ..................................... 52 Figure 4.5: The Average Void Fraction at Different Superficial Gas Velocity. ............................. 52 Figure 4.6: Process of Obtaining the 2D Void Fraction Profile .................................................... 54 Figure 4.7: The Distribution Function 휂 and its Effect ................................................................. 54 Figure 4.8: A Pair of Images Taken0.002s apart ........................................................................... 55 Figure 4.9: The Masked Image and Instant Velocity Field. .......................................................... 58 Figure 4.10: Velocity Field and Axial Velocity from PIV Experiment at 푈푔=2.5푚푚/푠 ............... 58 Figure 4.11: Kinetic Energy of the Liquid Phase 푘푡 at 푈푔=2.5푚푚/푠 .......................................... 59 Figure 4.12: Dissolved Oxygen Concentration during Air Bubble Sparging ............................... 62 Figure 4.13: Relation between 푘푎 and 푈푔 .................................................................................... 63 Figure 5.1: Grid Independence Study – Void Fraction ................................................................. 65 Figure 5.2: Sensitivity of Interfacial Forces ................................................................................. 67 Figure 5.3: Comparison of Drag Models – Void Fraction ............................................................ 69 Figure 5.4: Comparison of Lift Models – Projected Void Fraction .............................................. 71 Figure 5.5: Comparison of Turbulence Model – Axial Velocity ................................................... 73 Figure 5.6: Comparison of Turbulence Model (L: RNG, R: Realizable) – Void Fraction ............ 74 Figure 5.7: Sensitivity of Bubble Induced Turbulence – Void Fraction ....................................... 74 v Figure 5.8: Sensitivity of Boundary Condition – Void Fraction ................................................... 76 Figure 5.9: Sensitivity of Boundary Condition – Liquid Velocity ................................................ 76 Figure 5.10: Sensitivity of Bubble Diameter – Void Fraction ...................................................... 78 Figure 5.11: Sensitivity of Viscosity ............................................................................................. 81 Figure 5.12: Sensitivity of Density ............................................................................................... 82 Figure 5.13: Sensitivity of Temperature ....................................................................................... 82 Figure 5.14: Comparison of Predicted Averaged Void Fraction with Experiment ....................... 84 Figure 5.15: Void Fraction Profile 6.8 cm Above the Inlet at 2.5mm/s 푈푔 ................................. 85 Figure 5.16: Void Fraction Profile 3.8 cm Above the Inlet at 2.5mm/s 푈푔 ................................. 85 Figure 5.17: Void Fraction Profile 9 cm above the Inlet at 2.5mm/s 푈푔 ..................................... 86 Figure 5.18: Comparison of Liquid Velocity Field at 2.5mm/s 푈푔 ............................................. 86 Figure 5.19: Comparison of Liquid Axial Velocity, Uz [m/s], at 2.5mm/s 푈푔 ............................ 88 Figure 5.20: Comparison of Liquid Axial Velocity at 3.8cm ........................................................ 88 Figure 5.21: Comparison of Liquid Axial Velocity at 6.8cm ........................................................ 89 Figure 5.22: Comparison of Liquid Axial Velocity at 9cm ........................................................... 89 Figure 5.23: Validation of Diffusion within Phases ...................................................................... 91 Figure 5.24: Comparison of Different Species Transport Model at Free Surface ........................ 92 Figure 5.25: Concentration Profile During the Simulation ........................................................... 94 Figure 5.26: Comparison of the Dissolved Oxygen
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