ANTHROPOLOGY MAGAZINE Compiled by N.P.Kishore • CASE STUDIES • SPECIAL FOCUS on PAPER-II • CHAPTER WISE and TOPIC WISE • MUST STUDY
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FIRST TIME IN INDIA ANTHROPOLOGY MAGAZINE Compiled by N.P.Kishore • CASE STUDIES • SPECIAL FOCUS ON PAPER-II • CHAPTER WISE AND TOPIC WISE • MUST STUDY Topic Wise Case Studies for Paper-I & Paper II and Current Affairs S. No Unit Paper-I Case Study No. 1. 5 Magico-Religious functionaries 1 2. 9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology 2-3 Paper-II 3. 6.1 Tribal situation in India-Bio-genetic 4-8 variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of tribal population and their distribution. 4. 6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities — land 9-16 alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition. 5. 6.3 Developmental projects and their impact on 17-22 tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribal’s. Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations 7. 7.1 Problems of exploitation and deprivation of 23 Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes 6. 7.2 Impact of modern democratic institutions, 24-32 development programmes and welfare measures on tribal’s and weaker sections. 7. 9.1 Primitive Tribal Groups 33 8. 9.3 Ethnic and political movements 34-38 9. Current 39-64 Affairs Paper-1 Case Study 1: Witchcraft in Jharkhand Eight people including two priests were arrested for allegedly lynching four tribals in Jharkhand’s Gumla district on the suspicion that they were practising witchcraft. This incident takes the total number of ‘witchcraft’ killings in Jharkhand since 2017. The victims were involved in “ojha-guni”. The latest incident occurred in July, 2019 after a boy died due to illness. The residents suspected that the victims had carried out “some sort of sorcery. Case Study 2: New cure for deadly strain of tuberculosis Case Study 3: Vector-borne diseases on the rise in New Delhi The number of vector-borne diseases in the Capital shot up with 20 cases of malaria and 18 cases of dengue, according to the latest report from the municipal corporations released on 26/08/19. As part of its effort to control mosquito-borne diseases, the South Delhi Municipal Corporation had carried out intensive drives and found that office complexes, markets and constructions sites were breeding sites of mosquitoes. To prevent the breeding of mosquitoes and transmission of such diseases, water stagnation and water storage spots should be kept covered especially during the monsoon season. Paper-2 Case Study 4:Toda-origins and physical characteristics Case Study 5: Toda embroidery duplicates threaten local artisans’ livelihood Artisans from the Toda tribe in the Nilgiris fear that duplication of their traditional handwoven textile designs may soon edge them out of the market, leading to the unemployment of more than 300 women who depend on the sale of traditional Toda- embroidered clothing items. Toda artisans are involved in embroidering the signature Toda designs on shawls, quilts, bags, jackets, bags, mufflers and even keychains and bookmarks. The demand for hand- embroidered traditional Toda goods has been on the decline over the last few years. In shops run by members of the community, including ones being operated with the help of the forest department near major tourist attractions, only 4-5 pieces of handwoven textiles are sold each day. Toda-embroidered textiles are protected by the Geographical Indication (GI) tag and the replication of the designs by non-tribals is illegal. Hence, Todas are requesting the government to assist them with marketing their products online, and to permit them that Toda-crafted textiles and goods be inserted with barcodes, which can be used to verify their authenticity when required. M. Alwas, Secretary of the Nilgiris Adivasi Welfare Association (NAWA), said that the handcrafted textiles were a part of the Todas tradition, with deep cultural roots, and that their duplication was causing much distress among members of the community. Todas with the help of NAWA have complained the collector, who in turn has directed the police to investigate the duplication of Toda embroidered goods . It is also declared that the private firms profiting from producing duplicates are liable to pay financial compensation to the community if found guilty. Case Study 6: The Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh The Apatani or simply Tanii, designate a tribal group of approximately 60,000 in Ziro in the Apatani plateau in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The Apatani, recognized by UNESCO as a potential World Heritage Site for their highly efficient agriculture without animals or machines, have been striving to protect their traditional ways in the face of modernization. They practice a form of shamanism, although Christianity has been making inroads recently. History:- Written records of the history of the Apatani tribe have never been discovered. Oral tradition reveals that throughout their history, the Apatani had a democratic system of running the society. The Tanii call their village council the Bulyang. One of their oral accounts speak of their migration from the extreme north of Subansiri and Siang areas following the rivers of Kurung and Kiimey. Those oral accounts usually have been transmitted in the form of folk tales such as the miji and migung. Frequently present day landmarks support the folk tales, marking the migratory paths of the Apatanis. The miji constitutes a collection of religious chants performed by priests who preside over the sacrifices of mithuns, cows, chickens and pigs during various rituals. Religion:- Most Apatanis follow of the Danyi-Piilo faith, praying to the Sun ( Ayo Danyii) and the Moon (Atoh Piilo). All Apatani and other tribes in the surrounding regions revere Abotani as the founder of their people. When a misfortune occurs, they believe certain spirits cause them, and thus they make appeasement sacrifices of chickens, cows and other domestic animals. They celebrate Myoko, the festival of friendship and prosperity, in a grand manner lasting an entire month in March each year. Dree, celebrated in July represents the main agricultural festival of the Apatanis. Currently about 1,000 Apatanis declare themselves Christians, the result of the missionary work by Mizos in recent years. The more orthodox Apatanis consider Christians socially inferior. The ongoing conversion in Ziro has led to the formation of a self-preservation organization among the older generation Apatanis, known as Danyii Piillo Meder Nello. That organization, located at Hari Lemba, Ziro, stands to give a properly organized form to the traditional beliefs and values, and to protect the locals against unquestioned and thoughtless conversion to foreign religions. Dress:- The Apatanis wear elaborate and colorful, yet simple in style, traditional dress. Tattooing and the stuffing of large nose plugs (Yaping hullo), once popular among the women, has gradually declined in recent years. That practice reportedly started because the women wanted to look unattractive to males from neighboring tribes. Traditionally, the men tie their hair in a knot just above the forehead (locally called as piiding) using a brass rod (Piiding Khotu) measuring twelve inches, placed horizontally. They wear strips of fine cane belt painted in red (Yari), and bent into the shape of a horse-collar with an elongated end. The women tattoo themselves with broad blue lines from the forehead to the tip of the nose, and five vertical stripes under the lower lip in the chin. The women bundle up their tresses, rolled into a ball (Dilling) on the top of the head. Customs and lifestyle:- Apatanis trace their descent patrilineally. While the status of men has been considered higher than that of women (he acts as the head of family), the sexes share responsibilities in the house and the family. Apatani women carry out the household chores of gathering both wild and kitchen garden vegetables, cooking, fetching of water, pounding of rice, cleaning of houses, washing of clothes and utensils, nursing, looking after infants and children, preparation of the tsampa, ginning and spinning of cotton and other jobs associated with the household. In the field, the Apatani woman carries out the tasks that include gardening, seeding, transplanting of paddy and millet, padding, weeding of fields and other activities. At home, women control the internal family income. The man also has his part in the farming work. Their wet rice cultivation system requires intensive labor, performed without farm animals or machines. UNESCO has the Apatani valley under consideration as a World Heritage Site for its "extremely high productivity" and "unique" way of preserving the ecology. In July, the Apatani celebrate the harvest festival of Dree with the harvest dance Pakhu-Itu. Case Study 7: Santhal penalty stalls cremation The villagers belonging to Santhal tribe at Kuchei village under the Kuliana police station in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district limits allegedly insisted that the husband, Kandra Soren, pay an old ‘society penalty’ before allowing anyone to assist him in the cremation of his wife. The penalty that included a goat, three chickens, 15 kg of rice and two pots of country liquor was imposed on the family of Kandra Soren because his father had married outside the clan decades ago. Mr. Soren had himself married Parbati allegedly defying the Santhal tribe’s tradition under which the groom’s family must gift a cow or bullock to the bride’s family at the time of marriage. Mr. Soren, a daily wager, had expressed his inability to pay the penalty to the community and to his in-laws. As a result, he received help from neither of them. Odisha police recover body; send it for post-mortem. Case Study 8: Ladakh MP calls for region to be declared as tribal area Case Study 9: Loans by money lenders to tribals in scheduled areas of Madhya Pradesh to be invalidated Madhya Pradesh CM Kamal Nath made the announcement that the loans given by moneylenders to tribals living in scheduled areas of the state will be invalidated.