Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social

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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Letras E Ciências Humanas Departamento De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História Social UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL GABRIEL CABRAL BERNARDO Honra e Philotimía na Esparta do Século IV a.C. São Paulo 2018 GABRIEL CABRAL BERNARDO Honra e Philotimía na Esparta do Século IV a.C. Versão Corrigida Dissertação apresentado à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Área de Concentração: História Social Orientador: Prof. Dr. Norberto Luiz Guarinello De acordo (03/08/2018): São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Bernardo, Gabriel B112h Honra e Philotimía na Esparta do Século IV a.C. / Gabriel Cabral Bernardo; orientador Norberto Luiz Guarinello. - São Paulo, 2018. 356 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de História. Área de concentração: História Social. 1. Honra. 2. Esparta. 3. Philotimía. I. Guarinello, Norberto Luiz, orient. II. Título. Nome: BERNARDO, Gabriel Cabral Título: Honra e Philotimía na Esparta do Século IV a.C. Dissertação apresentado à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr.: Fábio Augusto Morales Soares Instituição: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Julgamento: Aprovado Profa. Dra.: Marta Mega de Andrade Instituição: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Julgamento: Aprovado Prof. Dr.: Gustavo Junqueira Duarte Oliveira Instituição: Pontíficia Universidade Católica de Campinas Julgamento: Aprovado Aos meus pais, por seus duradouros amor, carinho e paciência; assim como pelo apoio que sempre me dedicaram em todos os passos de todos os caminhos que decidi trilhar. Agradecimentos Primeiramente, agradeço à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, processo nº 2015/05504-2),1 cujo apoio financeiro e institucional tornou possível a realização dessa pesquisa. Em segundo lugar, agradeço ao professor Norberto Luiz Guarinello, que nesses três anos de pesquisa teve a paciência de lidar com minhas megalomanias e a habilidade de me trazer de volta ao chão (na maioria das vezes) quando necessário. Em terceiro lugar, declaro minha gratidão a todos os membros do LEIR-MA USP, colegas e amigos cujas conversas (tanto as acadêmicas quanto as não tanto), leituras e críticas com certeza ajudaram a formar não só uma dissertação, mas também um pesquisador e uma pessoa melhor. I must also give special thanks to all the colleagues and friends I made as a visiting student at the University of Nottingham, especially to Stephen Hodkinson, David Lewis, Chrisanthiy Gallou, Jason Porter, Peter Davies, Stephanos Apostolou, and Thomas Sims. I hope one day I could reciprocate not only the kindness and helpfulness you showed to me, but also the historical tips, the suggestions and the inspiration you gave me (either interntionally or not). Por fim, agradeço à minha outra metade, à Bella, pelas longas conversas (sobre temas que dificilmente atrairiam a atenção de outra pessoa) e por me ajudar a descobrir minhas próprias opiniões sobre diversos elementos dessa pesquisa. 1 As opiniões, hipóteses e conclusões ou recomendações expressas neste material são de responsabilidade do autor e não necessariamente refletem a visão da FAPESP. Resumo BERNARDO, Gabriel Cabral. Honra e Philotimía na Esparta do século IV a.C. 2018. 356 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Social) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. Os estudos sobre a Esparta do Período Clássico realizaram avanços significativos nas últimas décadas, inclusive no sentido de analisar o efeito que construções historiográficas de autores contemporâneos a ela possuem no modo como a vemos hoje. Entretanto, uma caracterização recorrente dos espartanos não recebeu a devida atenção até o momento – me refiro, mais especificamente, à descrição do coletivo espartano como philótimos, “amante da honra”. O objetivo dessa dissertação é justamente questionar tal caracterização, de modo a revelar, no sistema social espartano (aquele observável por meio das fontes), um possível fundo histórico para tal ou identificar as razões pelas quais ele é assim descrito a partir do século IV a.C. Isso é aqui realizado por meio de uma análise abrangente da influência não só da honra, mas também de todos os outros elementos relacionados a ela (vergonha, reputação, desonra etc.) no sistema social da Esparta do século IV a.C., desde a concepção à morte de um espartano. Descobriu-se que, apesar de o que sabemos sobre o sistema social espartano dar indícios de que a honra e a busca ela eram usadas como ferramentas para manter um status quo nada igualitário (algo funcional apenas quando associado à uma fachada meritocrática), a descrição dos espartanos como philótimoi serve a objetivos políticos específicos do século IV a.C., mais especificamente como crítica da hegemonia espartana e como justificativa de seu desmantelamento. Tais conclusões, assim como os argumentos que as baseiam, servem não só para compreendermos uma tática discursiva específica do século IV a.C., mas também as armadilhas do sistema da honra, especificamente como sua construção meritocrática usa o valor social de um indivíduo (i.e. honra) para manter um grupo específico no monopólio de certos privilégios, isso com total aceitação dos indivíduos deles excluídos. Tal sistema existia na Esparta do Período Clássico, com o mesmo discurso frequentemente ressuscitado em diversos contextos contemporâneos. Abstract BERNARDO, Gabriel Cabral. Honour and Philotimía in Fourth Century Sparta. 2018. 356 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História Social) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. The studies on Classical Sparta have made significant progress in recent decades, including in the sense of analyzing the effect that historiographical constructions of its contemporary authors have on the way we view it today. However, a recurring characterization of the Spartans has not received the proper attention so far – I refer, more specifically, to the description of the Spartan collective as philótimos, "lover of honor." The purpose of this dissertation is precisely to question this characterization, revealing, in the Spartan social system (that observable through the sources), a historical background for this or to identify the reasons why it is described likewise from the fourth century BC onwards. This is done here through a comprehensive analysis of the influence that not only honour, but also all other elements related to it (shame, reputation, dishonour, etc.) had in the social system of fourth century Sparta, from the conceiving to the death of a Spartan. It has been found that, on the one hand, what we know about the Spartan social system indicates that honor and the crave for it were tools used to maintain an unequal status quo (something functional only when associated with a meritocratic façade), but on the other hand the description of the Spartans as philótimoi served specific political goals of the fourth century BC, specifically as a criticism of Spartan hegemony and as a justification for its dismantling. These conclusions, as well as their basing arguments, serve not only to understand a specific discursive tactic of the fourth century BC, but also the pitfalls of the honor system, specially how its meritocratic form uses the individual's social value (i.e. honor) to maintain a specific group in the monopoly of certain privileges, this with the full acceptance of the excluded individuals. This system existed in Classical Sparta, with the same discourse often resurrected in several contemporary contexts. Lista de Figuras Figura 1 – Estatueta de bronze de uma jovem dançando (c. 525-500) – Londres, British Museum 1876,0519.1 ............................................................................................................ 177 Figura 2 – Placas de marfim esculpidas em alto relevo, representando uma cena de próthesis (c. 740). Escavadas no santuário de Ártemis Orthia em Esparta ............................................. 274 Figura 3 – Cálice de figuras negras em estilo lacônio, representando dois jovens guerreiros carregando o corpo de um terceiro mais velho (c. 550-500). Encontrado em Traquínia (Itália), atribuído ao Pintor da Caça. Berlim, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin 3404 ................................ 275 Nota sobre Abreviações, Traduções e Transliterações Em relação às citações referentes às obras dos autores da Antiguidade, por questão de conveniência preferi adotar aqui as abreviações sugeridas pela 4ª edição do Oxford Classical Dictionary. A única exceção corresponde às citações da Constituição dos Lacedemônios de Xenofonte que, por conta de sua recorrência, será citada apenas pelo acrônimo “CL”. Em relação aos textos em grego, dado o contexto acadêmico nacional preferi apresenta-los traduzidos para o português, com traduções minhas – exceto as indicadas. Ainda assim, caso o leitor possua algum interesse mais específico nos textos originais, os disponibilizei nas notas de rodapé. Em relação aos termos gregos mencionados
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