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Legal Reforms and Dystopian Discourse Between the Ancient and Modern World: a Comparative Study of Political Change, Law, and Rhetoric

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Legal Reforms and Dystopian Discourse Between the Ancient and Modern World: a Comparative Study of Political Change, Law, and Rhetoric Fall 08 LEGAL REFORMS AND DYSTOPIAN DISCOURSE BETWEEN THE ANCIENT AND MODERN WORLD: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLITICAL CHANGE, LAW, AND RHETORIC by VICTORIA ALICE SCHUPPERT A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham December 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis explores the significance of political change, law, and rhetoric in imaginary cities that feature animals and women as ‘Others.’ It studies dramatic and philosophical texts, from Aeschylean tragedy, Aristophanic comedy, and Platonic dialogue in ancient Greece to modern works, including Thomas More’s Utopia in 16th-century England and the utopias and dystopias of the 20th-century, in order to offer a discourse between the ancient and modern world. I demonstrate that each of these texts can be compared on a rhetorical and jurisprudential level, which allows us to examine how different characters engage with different forms of power in a setting which at least begins by being democratic. This enables us to trace the development of this strand of Western political thought over the last two thousand years, and to confront intractable political problems that recur throughout time. This confrontation helps us understand patterns of legal reforms and rhetoric and demonstrates that the concerns of Aristophanes and Plato can also be found in modern paradigms. The recourse to the utopian and dystopian fantastic, the seemingly apolitical animal world, and the differently organised female sphere, offers new insight into the activities of law-making, city-planning, and rhetoric, both in antiquity and today. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with great pleasure that I take this opportunity to thank the many people who have contributed to the making of this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Judith Mossman with whom it has been a particular pleasure to work. I am thankful for her unfailing support and encouragement, for her astute (and always constructive) feedback, and her judicious advice on bibliography at various points. At times, Judith grasped the holistic argument of my thesis better than I did, and she never failed to guide me in the right direction when that was the case. I am especially grateful to her for continuing to supervise me in my final year, and even after she left the University of Nottingham and took up her new post at Coventry University. A heartfelt thank you also goes to Dr Andrew Bayliss, my co-supervisor at the University of Birmingham, who took me on quite late in my PhD and whose great generosity and time commitment allowed me to finish it in a timely manner. Andrew not only read everything and showed faith in this project from the beginning, but he also provided me with detailed and insightful feedback and many valuable Spartan references which have enhanced my thesis in many ways. I would also like to thank Dr Niall Livingstone, for persuading me to do the PhD in the first place and for trusting me to follow my ideas wherever they may lead. I also owe debt to Dr Elena Theodorakopoulos and Dr Gareth Sears, whose help at various points in my final year enabled me to complete my thesis in comfort and without worry. I owe special acknowledgment to my examiners, Prof. Karen Ní Mheallaigh and Dr Gideon Nisbet, who provided me with many useful comments and saved me from some of the greater infelicities and culs-de-sac in my research after a most fruitful discussion in my viva. I would like to express my gratitude to the JACT Greek Summer School at Bryanston, whose generous funding allowed me to spend two happy (albeit demanding) summers in ii Dorset, studying the Ancient Greek language. The lessons I received from my benevolent tutors, Andrew Downey and Maria Oikonomou, were intellectually stimulating and valuable and enabled me to get my Greek up to the level necessary for this thesis. I also wish to thank Dr Angus Bowie, whose kind advice at Bryanston helped me with the beginning of the chapter on Aristophanes’ Birds when I was struggling to find a starting point. A special thank you goes to Wheaton College, Massachusetts, where I spent four very happy years as an undergraduate student. The liberal arts education I received there from the many wonderful faculty members has certainly influenced this thesis in many important ways. I would also like to thank my dear college friends for their generous friendship and support over the years – even though we are often separated by several different countries on four different continents, we never fail to stay in touch and meet up in various places around the world. Another personal, and more local, debt of gratitude goes to my fellow PhD students and friends at Birmingham, whose encouragement, support, and friendship throughout the last four years, has helped me finish this thesis good-humouredly and contentedly. Lastly, I am grateful to my family (both in Germany and the U.S.), especially to my parents for providing me with an education, and the financial support which they have given me even though, coming from a completely different academic background, they were never entirely sure what it actually is that I do. iii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 I. Thomas More’s Utopia ......................................................................................................................... 1 II. The serio-comic nature of Utopia ....................................................................................................... 9 III. The political and legal structure of Utopia ....................................................................................... 15 IV. Utopia in relation to ancient and modern political thought ............................................................. 39 V. Synopsis of the thesis ........................................................................................................................ 50 CHAPTER 1 Rhetorical Paradigms and Cyclical Themes in Aeschylus, Plato, and Wells .......... 55 I. The cyclical nature of Aeschylus’ Prometheus Vinctus ..................................................................... 55 II. The use of cyclical legal and constitutional imagery in Prometheus Vinctus ................................... 61 III. Plato’s Critique of Rhetoric in the Gorgias ..................................................................................... 71 IV. The Myth of the Reversed Cosmos in the Statesman ...................................................................... 83 V. The Instruction of Political Virtue in the Protagoras ....................................................................... 97 VI. The Myth of Atlantis ...................................................................................................................... 113 VII. The (Symbolic) Consequences of Poor Political Deliberation and Discourse ............................. 121 VIII. Chapter Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 2 Rhetorical Strategies and State Formation in Aristophanes and Orwell .............. 140 I. Aristophanes’ Birds: The Role of Tereus ......................................................................................... 140 II. Nεφελοκοκκυγία as a City of Language ......................................................................................... 158 III. The metamorphoses in Birds .......................................................................................................... 161 IV. Ancient ideas of language as uniquely human: Aristotle .............................................................. 169 V. Plutarch’s Moralia .......................................................................................................................... 177 VI. Gryllus in relation to Birds, 321-370 ............................................................................................. 184 VII. νόµοι in νεφελοκοκκυγία .............................................................................................................. 188 VIII. Animal Farm ............................................................................................................................... 197 VIII.a. The connection between Aristophanes and Orwell .............................................................. 197 VIII.b. Political factions in Birds and Animal Farm ........................................................................ 201 VIII.c. Two missed turning points .................................................................................................... 204 IX. Chapter Conclusion .......................................................................................................................
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