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Gasterópodos Asociados Al Alga Calcárea Halimeda Opuntia (Udoteaceae) En Puerto Rico

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Gasterópodos Asociados Al Alga Calcárea Halimeda Opuntia (Udoteaceae) En Puerto Rico Gasterópodos asociados al alga calcárea Halimeda opuntia (Udoteaceae) en Puerto Rico Cedar I. García-Ríos1, Francisco J. Soto-Santiago2, Ricardo J. Colón-Rivera3 & Javier R. Medina-Hernández4 1. Programa de Biología Marina Costanera, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Puerto Rico en Humacao, Estación Postal CUH, 100 Carr 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300; [email protected]; 2. [email protected]; 3. [email protected]; 4. [email protected] Received 01-X-2007. Corrected 30-VI-2008. Accepted 31-VII-2008. Abstract: Gastropods associated with the calcareous alga Halimeda opuntia (Udoteaceae) in Puerto Rico. Gastropod communities associated with the calcareous green alga Halimeda opuntia are described and com- pared for two Puerto Rico coral reefs: one in the northeast with front tradewinds (windward zone) and one in the southwest (leeward zone). We analyzed the content of 21 lots (2432 g) of H. opuntia from leeward zone and 15 lots (2448 g) from the windward zone. In total we recovered 526 gastropods (prosobranchs) classified in 54 taxa. Thirteen species of gastropods represented 79.6% of the community. Differences between species richness and mean density values were not significant (p>0.100). Forty species were identified from leeward and thirty one (31) species from windward. Gastropod mean density was 13.9 /100g of algae in leeward and 7.6/100g in windward. Significant differences were found for the Simpson Diversity Index (0.91 in the leeward and 0.82 in the windward community; t=3.44, α=0.005). We found no correlation between the weight of the algae and the frequency of the gastropods (R2=0.0893 in leeward, 0.0249 windward and 0.0923 for both). The relationship between species composition in lots of windward and leeward study sites was explored via polar ordination and no segregation was found. When compared, the gastropod communities found in H. opuntia col- lected in coral reefs in Puerto Rico were more similar within them than any other communities found in other genera of seaweed and in other environments. Our results agree with the hypothesis that H. opuntia offers the interstitial community a protected microhabitat from water movement impact. H. opuntia creates more homog- enous conditions than those of the habitat where we found the algae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (4): 1665-1675. Epub 2008 December 12. Key words: Mollusca, gastropod, Halimeda opuntia, coral reef, Puerto Rico, Caribbean. Las comunidades de moluscos asociados de esa misma publicación, Halimeda opuntia a macroalgas marinas en El Caribe han sido (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, un alga verde calcárea, descritas por Warmke y Almodóvar (1963) presentó mayor riqueza de especies que cual- y García-Ríos (1983). Warmke y Almodóvar quiera de las especies de algas rojas. (1963) recolectaron 25 especies de algas en García-Ríos (1983) describió las comuni- el suroeste de Puerto Rico. Encontraron 90 dades de gasterópodos asociadas a macroalgas especies de moluscos de los cuales 99% de los marinas, que se recolectaron en cuatro hábitats: individuos eran gasterópodos. Al comparar los costa rocosa, arrecife de coral, manglar expuesto moluscos encontrados en algas rojas, verdes al oleaje y canales de mangle. En ese trabajo se y pardas concluyeron que existe una mayor determinó que existe una mayor similitud entre cantidad y diversidad de éstos asociados a las las comunidades de gasterópodos que coexis- algas rojas. Sin embargo, de acuerdo a los datos ten en el mismo hábitat, independientemente Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 56 (4): 1665-1675, December 2008 1665 del taxon del alga; además, que la comunidad Estos, a su vez, son parte de la dieta de muchos de gasterópodos asociados a H. opuntia, en peces, donde destacan miembros de las fami- cualquier hábitat tenía mayor diversidad de lias Labridae y Pomacentridae. Otros peces, especies que las demás algas. Las muestras de de las familias Scaridae y Acanthuridae, los H. opuntia recolectadas en el arrecife presen- ingieren en forma accidental, cuando ingieren taron la mayor riqueza en gasterópodos (53 el alga (Randall 1967). especies). Trabajos similares, realizados en H. opuntia presenta adaptaciones para el Pacífico Central, confirman la alta riqueza evitar su consumo (Hay 1997). Entre éstas de gasterópodos asociados a algas del género se señala su talo muy calcificado en arreglos Halimeda (Naim 1988, Minton 1990). compactos (Hay 1981), su bajo contenido caló- Tanto Warmke y Almodóvar (1963) como rico (Lembi y Waaland 1988) y la producción García-Ríos (1983), encontraron a la mayo- de compuestos químicos (diterpenoides) que ría de los gasterópodos en todas las algas repele a algunos herbívoros (Steneck 1988). En y en todos los hábitats. En algunos casos esta última categoría de defensa se mencionan encontraron mayor cantidad de una especie dos metabolitos: halimedatetracetato y halime- de gasterópodo por un grupo de algas o un datrial (Paul y Fenical 1983 y 1986). A pesar hábitat, pero esa asociación no es obligato- de esto, Randall (1967) evidencia el consumo ria. Solo dos especies de gasterópodos (del de H. opuntia por 13 especies de peces que son orden Ascoglossa) mostraron asociación con abundantes en los arrecifes del Caribe. una especie de alga. El gasterópodo con dos El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar las valvas Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963 comunidades de gasterópodos asociados a H. está asociado a Caulerpa verticillata J.Agardh opuntia que se encuentran en arrecifes de coral (Warmke 1966). De forma similar, Ocynoe anti- en lugares geográficamente opuestos. Estas llarum Mörch, 1863 se encuentra en asociación estaciones de colección difieren en: energía exclusiva con Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) del oleaje, cantidad de materia orgánica en J. Agardh (Warmke y Abbott 1961, Warmke y sedimentos y cercanía de manglares. Se desea Almodóvar 1972). corroborar si la alta diversidad de gasterópodos H. opuntia puede cubrir un 10% de la es particular del ambiente arrecifal más prote- superficie de un arrecife, su aporte a los gido del fuerte oleaje como el encontrado en el sedimentos calcáreos supera la de los corales suroeste de Puerto Rico (sotavento) y estudia- (Scoffin 1992). Esta alga tiene un talo calcáreo dos por Warmke y Almodóvar (1963) y García- articulado muy ramificado. Le ofrece a la Ríos (1983), o si también se puede encontrar en comunidad asociada sostén físico y resistencia los arrecifes más expuestos en el noreste de la al golpe de las olas (Lembi y Waaland 1988). Isla (barlovento) y separados de la costa. Tanto Warmke y Almodóvar (1963) como García-Ríos (1983) le atribuyen a estos rasgos MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS físicos la alta riqueza de especies que encontra- ron en ella. Los gasterópodos que se encuentran La estación de sotavento está localizada en las algas son, en su gran mayoría, menores en el Cayo Enrique, La Parguera (municipio de a los 5 mm de longitud, por lo que se pueden Lajas), localizado en el suroeste de Puerto Rico, refugiar entre los intersticios de las ramifica- alrededor de la latitud 17˚57’25” norte y longi- ciones del alga. tud 67˚02’34” oeste. La estación de sotavento Las poblaciones de gasterópodos asocia- está a 1.5 km de la costa, donde existen extensos dos a algas son facilitadores del flujo de ener- manglares de borde. Las muestras de H. opuntia gía a niveles tróficos superiores. Muchos son se recolectaron en la plataforma arrecifal, en el microherbívoros que se alimentan de fragmen- biotopo de Porites porites (Pallas, 1766). La tos del alga o de las epífitas que crecen sobre cresta del arrecife está cubierta por mangle rojo ella (Shacklock y Doyle 1983, Naim 1988). (Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus) y una pradera 1666 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 56 (4): 1665-1675, December 2008 de hierbas marinas se extiende hacia la laguna disección. Se separaron los gasterópodos que arrecifal. H. opuntia se recolectó en áreas pro- estaban vivos en el momento de la recolección tegidas del fuerte oleaje, pero con flujo de agua del alga y se preservaron en alcohol al 70%. continuo, a un metro de profundidad. Todas las Las algas fueron pesadas húmedas, después de algas recolectadas mostraban acumulación de extraer el exceso de agua con papel secante. detrito y sedimentos oscuros. Para determinar el peso mínimo de una muestra La estación de barlovento está localizada representativa de la comunidad, se determinó la en Cayo Icacos, parte del arrecife La Cordillera curva de aumento de especies de gasterópodos (municipio de Fajardo), localizado al noreste de con la acumulación de peso de la muestra para Puerto Rico, cercana a la latitud 18˚23’28” norte cada estación, según Brower et al. (1998). Se y longitud 65˚35’49” oeste. En contraste con la recolectaron un total de 15 lotes (2432 g) de H. estación de sotavento, no existen manglares en opuntia en la estación de sotavento y 21 lotes las cercanías de la estación de barlovento. Está (2448 g) en la de barlovento. a 2 km de la costa, donde se encuentran playas Para la clasificación se utilizaron las guías de arena y acantilados rocosos. Las muestras taxonómicas de Abbott (1974) y Warmke y de H. opuntia se recolectaron en un arrecife Abbott (1961). Para la actualización de la cercano al noroeste de Cayo Icacos. H. opuntia nomenclatura se utilizó la lista de cotejo de está presente en espacios entre corales que se Ortiz-Corps, (1985 y 1998). Algunas identi- levantan del fondo entre uno y dos metros. ficaciones se corroboraron comparando los Las algas se recolectaron aproximadamente a ejemplares con organismos en la Colección un metro de profundidad. La orilla del Cayo Biológica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico en Icacos presenta lajas de arenisca y playas de Humacao (CBUPRH), donde se depositó toda arenas de alto contenido calcáreo.
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