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Methane Fermentation Process As Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass: Transformations, Stages and Microorganisms

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Methane Fermentation Process As Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass: Transformations, Stages and Microorganisms African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(18), pp. 4127-4139, 1 March, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJBX11.054 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2012 Academic Journals Review Methane fermentation process as anaerobic digestion of biomass: Transformations, stages and microorganisms Krzysztof Ziemiński1*, and Magdalena Frąc2 1Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Technical University of Lodz, Poland. 2Department of Plant and Soil System, Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul.Doswiadczalna 4,. 20-290 Lublin, Poland. Accepted 3 February, 2012 Anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds is conducted in close cooperation of specialized bacteria of different types, including mostly hydrolyzing, digestive, acetogenic, homoacetogenic, sulfate-reducing (VI) and methanogenic bacteria. A great interest in the anaerobic digestion process results mainly from its advantages, as compared to aerobic methods. The main advantages of the methane digestion process are: Production of an insignificant amount of biomass and lower energy input, as compared to degradation conducted under aerobic conditions. This paper reviews the transformations, stages and microorganisms that participate in methane fermentation process. Key words: Biogas, methane fermentation, methanogens, microorganisms, anaerobic digestion. INTRODUCTION The demand of the world economy for electrical and 1 million equivalent hectares for energy crops may thermal energy in over 88% is covered from non- provide approximately 65 TWh energy in the primary fuel. renewable resources, mainly petroleum and natural gas The use of biogas, acquired in this way, for production of (IEA, 2006). The extraction, processing and combustion electrical energy and heat would allow the reduction of of these raw materials adversely affect the natural the annual emission of CO2 by about 57 million tons. environment, besides they are gradually exhausted The European Parliament Committee on Industry, (Energy, 1997; EC, 2007). According to forecasts, the External Trade, Research and Energy calls on to demand for fuels used for energy production will be increase efforts within the research on new technologies further increased. of using biogas as a biofuel. Studies are carried on to use The European Union’s energy policy aims at using biogas not only for the production of electrical energy and more and more unconventional sources of energy. It was heat but also to introduce it in the natural gas supplied assumed that up to 2010 in the European Union the network, which would allow to reduce Europe’s electrical energy produced in the environmentally friendly dependence on the import of natural gas from the third way would constitute 22.1% of the total amount of countries. In the European Union in 2007 the production produced energy. On the one hand, this is connected of biogas amounted to over 6 million tons. Since then, a with energy safety; on the other hand it contributes to 20% increase annually has been noted in the amount of improvement of the environment. Until 2050 the use of produced biogas (EuroObserver, 2008; Fachverband, modern technologies of energy acquisition should cause 2009). Biogas production from large quantities of 50% reduction of CO2 emission (IPCC, 2000). The use of agricultural residues, animal wastes, municipal and industrial wastes (water) appears to have potential as an alternative renewable energy for many African countries if relevant and appropriate research is carried out to adopt *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +48 42 the biogas technology to the local conditions in African 636-36-39. countries (Mshandete and Parawira, 2009). Biogas is 4128 Afr. J. Biotechnol. presently obtained not only from landfill degasification, such as: Sewage sludge, manure, industrial wastewater anaerobic sludge digestion in wastewater treatment and organic fraction of municipal wastes (Classen et al., plants, but more and more often also from industrial 1999; Finstein, 2010; Verstraete et al, 2002). In the biogas-plants where the combined processing of organic process of biochemical degradation, the complex organic municipal and industrial wastes as well as sewage sludge com-pounds become decomposed to simple organic and is conducted (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000; Weiland, 2010). inorganic compounds (Bryant, 1979). During the methane Such procedure is connected with drastic reduction of the digestion process, microbiological reduction of sulfates possibilities of landfilling organic wastes; in 2010 the (VI) to sulfides and hydrogen sulfide occurs along with mass of biodegradable wastes was reduced to 75% as anaerobic ammonification and reduction of nitrates (V) to compared to the wastes disposed in 1995. ammonia. Apart from assimilative reduction of nitrates (V), denitrification may occur (Scherer et al., 2000). Initial stages of anaerobic metabolism are similar to PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION those of aerobic processes. When dissolved oxygen is Methane digestion is a complex, reduction process of a missing, some chemolithotrophic organisms make use of number of biochemical reactions occurring under oxidized mineral compounds (sulfates (VI) and nitrates anaerobic conditions. Under symbiotic effects of various (V)) as the final acceptor of hydrogen. Oxidation anaerobic and relatively anaerobic bacteria, multi mole- proceeds then, as under aerobic conditions, through the cular organic substances are decomposed into simple, respiratory chain, but the final products are respectively chemically stabilized compounds – mainly of methane hydrogen or molecular nitrogen and energy (Santosh et and carbon dioxide (Naik et al., 2010). Generally, this al., 2004). The process of digestion releases into the process consists of liquefaction and hydrolysis of environment the high energy final products, such as insoluble compounds and gasification of intermediate alcohol or methane. Methane digestion is a complex products. This is accompanied by a partial or complete process which undergoes four phases: Hydrolysis, mineralization and humification of organic substance acidogenesis – acidification phase, acetogenesis, (Lyberatos and Skiadas, 1999). An advantage of the methanogenesis (Figure 1). Involved in biochemical process of anaerobic digestion is production of biogas, a conversions of H2 and CO2 to methane and acetate to high energy fuel which may be used to produce environ- methane and CO2 are various enzymes and prosthetic mentally-friendly energy. It is basically for this reason that groups which occur only in methanogenes. The basic scientists and power industry companies have been structures of these compounds are presented in Figure 2 interested in anaerobic digestion for almost 140 years. and comprise: Deazariboflavine derivative F420, Biotechnology of biogas production usually refers to methanopterin, methanofurane, nickel-tetrapyrol factor digestion of various types of organic wastes, food F430 and coenzyme M (mercaptan sulfonate). Autotrophic industry wastewater, sewage sludge, animal excrements binding of CO2 by methanogenes occurs without a share or organic fraction of municipal wastes etc. In some of the reaction of ribulose-bisphosphatic cycle. Synthesis countries subjected to anaerobic digestion are plants of cellular material with CO2 occurs through the reductive deliberately grown for this purpose, e.g. maize (Boone et pathway of aceto-CoA with pyruvate (Mashaphu, 2005; al., 1993; Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000). Currently in many Saxena et al., 2009). European countries, the production of biomass as a At the first stage of the process, CO2 is bound by substrate for the biogas plants has developed. In the methanofurane (MFR) which is then reduced to methenyl, most extreme European case, the government of methylene, methyl and at the final stage – methane, Germany has taken steps in 2011 to reduce even mono- which is bound in turn by coenzymes: Tetrahy- culture maize production for energy purposes (Graaf and dromethanopterin, 2-methylthioethanesulfonic acid and 2- Fendler, 2010; Weiland, 2010). mercaptoethanesulfonic acid (Medigan et al., 2000). Digestion connected with biogas production may play a Hydrogenase accounts for assimilation of H2. As a result triple part. First, it is a method of converting the energy of activation of hydrogen by hydrogenases which react contained in biomass into a useful fuel (biogas) which with factor F420, a reducing force is provided. Most may be stored and transported. Second, it is a method of methanogenes use H2 as a source of electrons, which is recycling of organic wastes into stable soil additives, that connected with the occurrence of hydrogenases. is, valuable liquid fertilizer and energy. Third, it is a Methanopterin accounts for the stage of the reduction method of wastes treatment aimed at a reduction of their of CO2 to methyl groups of pyruvate. Methyl groups in the hazardous effects on the environment. carbonylation process are converted into carbonyl groups with a share of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase enzyme (Mashaphu, 2005; Saxena et al., 2009). Involved in TRANSFORMATIONS OF METHANE FERMENTATION methanogenesis pathway are many coenzymes which do PROCESS not have any flavinic or quinonic groups (Figure 2). Metabolism of methanogenesis is unique, because it runs Methane digestion is used for stabilization of wastes, along the pathway which requires coenzymes which do Zieminski and Frac 4129 Figure 1. Stages of methane fermentation process Coenzyme – F 420 Methanopterin
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