A Collecting Trip North of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
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"The OhioNaturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Volume VII. MAY, 1907. No. 7. TABLE OF CONTENTS, WILLIAMSON—A Collecting Trip North of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. 129 WILLIAMSON—List of Dragonilies of Canada 148 ATKINSOS—Notes on a Collection of Batrachians and Reptiles from Central America.. 151 GRIGGS—Waterglass for Marking Slides 157 FRANK—Meeting of the Biological Club 158 A COLLECTING TRIP NORTH OF SAULT STE. MARIE, ONTARIO. E. B. WILLIAMSON. This little trip of two weeks' duration was made especially in search of dragonflies along the line of the Algoma Central Rail- road north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Every effort w^as made to collect the greatest possible number of specimens and species in this: group, and the other records of animals and of plants which !follow are based upon the most desultory collecting. Those iwho have studied these miscellaneous collections have furnished me with notes wrhich are published in this paper over the authors' names. The Algoma Central Railroad is one of the Clurg enterprises. Aimed across a wilderness at the distant Hudson Bay, it was to be the highway over which the golden fleece should be brought to the Soo. The power of the rapids of the St. Marys River, the mines and forests of the Algoma District, a railroad route to Hudson Bay, homes for settlers, these were the things which the creative imagination of a man saw as material for the building of a great! and flourishing empire from which he and his associates should receive wealth hitherto undreamed of. But the workmen came dpwn from the mountains for their long due pay and troops protected the officers of the several companies. The Algoma Central has been built for only 70 miles. These 70 miles are, however, well constructed and a trestle at Bellevue is said to be the highest and longest wooden structure of this kind in the wrorld. At once after leaving the Soo the road passes into mountains which are uninterrupted from that point to the inland terminus. Cuts through solid rock reveal beautiful folds of the pink and dark green layers of gneiss or the more uniform black.gray or 130 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. VII, No. 7, pink of a granitic mass. Near the track one may see a precip- itous cliff, bold, rough, scarred and menacing, or some rounded and smooth knob with the steep sides bared of vegetaiton by forest fires. Great beds of stratified gravel and sand are exposed by railroad cuts and by the action of the streams. At several places a very tough, light blue, laminated clay was seen. In some cases streams flowed over this clay; in other cases it was in banks above the stream bed. This clay is very resistant to the action of water and is extremely slippery where water is flowing over it. Where broken down in large masses by stream under- mining and subsequently subjected to erosion at varying angles from time to time, the exposed laminations often form beautiful patterns. The railroad after a short distance north of the Soo to a point north of Hey den is in the drainage area of the Root River, a tributary of the St. Marys River below the Soo. Before reaching Searchmont, 30 miles north of the Soo, the road crosses tributaries of the Goulais River, and from here to its northern terminus it is in Lake Superior drainage. The vegetation which clothes these granite masses is "hard- wood brush." The view from the railroad of the Goulais valley, bounded by its great vari-green mountains is most beautiful. On a following page are lists of the arboreal species and of the plants which I collected. The short summer of this region results in a condensation of seasonal range of the species of any group which depend on abundant light and heat for their activity. For example, on July 30th, I saw Iris, a "spring flower," and Solidago, an "autumn flower," in bloom literally side by side. Of dragon- flies I took Chromagrion conditum and Aeshna Z. (see list of dragonflies following) about the same lake on the same day. On that day at latitude 42 degrees north in Indiana Chromagrion had probably entirely disappeared for the season and Aeshna if it had yet appeared at all, would certainly be found in very lim- ited numbers. This condensation is greatly to the advantage of the collector, at least in certain groups. Possibly for a short trip no better season than the first half of August could be chosen for collecting in this region. About the first of August the black flies have nearly disappeared, and I was but little bothered by these pests or by mosquitoes or sand" flies. It is probable I failed to get certain Cordulines and Gompnines which may be on the wing in this region earlier in the season, but on the whole I believe I took a fair representation of the species. At my home at Bluff ton, Indiana, no two weeks of the season (April 1st to Nov. 21st) could be selected which would yield so nearly all tha species of that locality. May, 1907.] A Collecting Irip North of Sault Ste. Marie. 131 Collections were made at the following points along the Algoma Central. On July 29th and 30th, a little collecting was done about the Soo, and on July 30th I arrived at Heyden, about thirteen miles from the Soo. While at Heyden I lived with Mr. William Marshall who is operating a shingle mill there. The afternoon of July 30th was spent along Mud Lake, near the shore of which Heyden is situated ,along a similar lake just above Mud Lake, and along the small marshy stream connecting the two lakes. July 31st a wagon trail west of Heyden wTas followed for about two miles to a beaver dam on a small stream; this stream was followed to its mouth in Root River, and Root River was followed down stream to where it is crossed by the railroad. August 2d was spent along Root River below the point where the railroad crosses it and at the stony ripple just above this point. On August 3d and 4th Stony Lake was visited. This is a beautiful body of water lying in the hills high above and to the east of Mud Lake, into which it discharges its overflow. I was told at Heyden that the name was local as the lake does not appear on any maps of the district. The precipitous shores of this appropriately named lake made exploration difficult and almost fruitless or dragonfly less. The greater portion of the two days was spent about the lower, pond-like, end of the lake, where a dam, constructed by Perry for getting out pine, still holds the lake above its natural level. About this portion of the lake dragonflies fairly swarmed—usually out of reach of the collector. August 1st was spent along the Goulais River above Searchmont, and at the mouth of Achigan Brook. August 5th was spent along the Algoma Central as far as the inland terminus. Rain and cloudy weather prevailed during the entire day and no dragonflies were collected. August 6th was spent along Achigan Brook for several miles above Searchmont. Achigan Brook flows from Spruce Lake. It is known also as Spruce Creek and Little Goulais. I have never followed a more beautiful stream than this. Long, precipitous rapids, where great broken masses of rock impede the water, flinging it into a myriad of rainbows, alternate with serene slow-flowing pools, now broad, now nar- row, in sunshine and shade. On August 7th I went on the tote- road to the third dam on Perry Brook, several miles from Searchmont ,and followed this stream till its clear waters mingled with the yellowish waters of the swift flowing Goulais. Along Perry Brook are great exposures of the clay mentioned above and of sand banks. August 8th was again spent along Achigan Brook several miles above Searchmont. On August 9th I walked south on the railroad three or four miles to where the railroad crosses Dam Creek. Dam Creek was explored for about a mile above the railroad and below the railroad to its mouth in the Goulais River. On my return trip home I stopped 132 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. VII, No. 7, at Oden, Crooked Lake, Michigan, with my uncle, G. T. Wil- liamson, and August 11th and 12th, were spent collecting there. Later my cousin, Jesse H. Williamson, caught a few specimens about Oden. • These records are mentioned in the lists which follow. No birds or mammals were collected. The white-throated sparrows by their numbers and song were the conspicuous mem- bers of the avifauna. A small and exceedingly bold Buteo was frequently seen and heard. At lonely lakes, otherwise devoid of bird life, loons signaled my approach with their weird cries. Kingfishers rattled their displeasure or surpirse at my intrusion along their streams. Flocks of cross-bills* by their habits of flight and voice recalled the flocks of small parrots frequently seen in Central America. And in every thicket were numerous warblers unidentifiable to me without field glass or gun. About every lake and stream were innumerable dainty prints of deers' hoofs, with occasionally the ox-like spoor of the moose. Though an insect collector has small chance of surprising large game three fawns were seen. Beaver dams are common on the streams. On Dam Creek, in a distiiace of less than a quarter of a mile were three small newly constructed dams, built largely of yellow birch.