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Understanding the Relationship Between Government and The UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Performing Under Pressure: Understanding the Relationship Between Government and the Performing Arts. by Brigit Marite Knecht A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERDISCIPLINARY GRADUATE PROGRAM CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2010 © Brigit M. Knecht 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-62159-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-62159-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Abstract The research investigates the manner in which government imposes its economic priorities onto arts organizations and the corresponding response by those same organizations. Specifically the question asked is: What is the nature of the economic relationship between governments and performing arts organizations? Using Bourdieu’s concepts of symbolic violence and the State-as-meta-field, the subtle imposition of economic demands through funding applications is observed as a manipulation that allows governments to maintain the power of consecration granted by the accumulation of symbolic capital in society while simultaneously edging the performing arts slowly into the market economy. The dissertation analyzes ten years of granting documents from both the Canada Council for the Arts, and the Alberta Foundation for the Arts. It explores how the gradual inclusion of business language in grant applications influences the organizational operation of large performing arts organizations. Interview data from members of government funding bodies, peer assessment jury members, and members of the Alberta Performing Arts Stabilization Fund help to understand how the government’s demands are made and transferred first to arts funding bodies and then to the performing arts organizations themselves. The investigation then uses interview data from participating performing arts organization members in Calgary, Alberta to examine how the imposition of government-driven economic initiatives has complicated the organizational workplace interactions. The investigation reveals the struggle of organization members to achieve organizational balance between their bottom line and their artistic output. Acknowledgements Thanks are owed to many who offered advice and encouragement through the writing process. My supervisor Dr. Barbara Schneider walked me from A to Z and back again. I owe her a new pair of shoes! Committee members Dr. Liza McCoy and Dr. Jeff Everett offered valuable guidance in shaping the dissertation. Dr. Daryl Caswell paid the bills by letting me teach for his course – and learn a little something while I was at it. Norm Knecht spent several days proof-reading, and Pat Knecht helped me keep spirit and body together. Many friends also supported and encouraged me along the way; I promise I’ll find a new topic of conversation. Above all I thank the people of the arts community who everyday make something with nothing. Thanks for sharing your time, knowledge, and enthusiasm. I wrote this for you. iii Dedication To my parents, Pat and Norm, and my brother, Garrett, for unfailing support, encouragement and love in all my harebrained undertakings. And to my dog, Bizmark, for his daily reminder that nothing is as important as a game of frisbee. iv Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iii Dedication .................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ xii List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature ................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 The Economic Perspective ........................................................................................................................ 6 The Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter Four .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter Six .................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter Seven .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter Eight ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter Nine ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Appendix I ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Appendix II .................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Appendix III .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 13 Production and Consumption ‐ A Sociology of Art ........................................................................ 14 Impact Surveys – The Quantitative Approach to Arts Research .............................................. 19 Economic Impact of the Arts in Alberta ............................................................................................. 23 v Arts Policy and the Justification of Funding ..................................................................................... 24 Granting Literature ..................................................................................................................................... 28 Marketization ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Cultural Economics ..................................................................................................................................... 37 The Landscape of Cultural Economics .............................................................................................................. 38 The problem of market failure ......................................................................................................................... 39 Intrinsic
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