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Narrative History Contributors Rogelio Velez Mendoza Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary Kelsey Lucyk Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Isabel Ciok Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Lindsay McLaren Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary Frank Stahnisch Departments of Community Health Sciences and History, Cumming School of Medicine and Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary Copyright © 2017 by APHA All rights reserved. This publication or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a review. The opinions in this book belong to the authors and do not represent the official position of the APHA. Alberta Public Health Association c/o Injury Prevention Centre, University of Alberta 4075 RTF, 8308-114 Street Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1 www.apha.ab.ca 2 This history of the Alberta Public Health Association (APHA) presents an untold history of public health in the province. The APHA has a long history of efforts aimed at im- proving and protecting the health and well-being of Albertans, since it was founded in 1943. Its current mission is to act as a leading voice for public health in the province and work to strengthen the impact of those who promote and protect its highest standard. The purpose of this project was to conduct an historical analysis of the APHA. This work contributes to the knowledge base of Alberta’s public health history. In addition, Photograph from the APHA Annual Report 1993-94. Image: APHA Archives we aim to use this work to not the first attempt at producing presentations, and this booklet, strengthen the institutional a history of the APHA. For dec- which we present to the APHA in memory of the APHA. Finally, and ades the APHA newsletter has recognition of its upcoming 75th perhaps most importantly, we contained “tidbits” of history. Fur- anniversary in 2018. hope to yield practical, useful, and thermore, for the APHA’s 60th This work was made possible important lessons for contempo- anniversary, novelist and profes- thanks to the financial support of rary public health advocacy. There sor Aritha van Herk compiled a the Alberta Historical Resources is an excellent, and largely un- history of the APHA , entitled Foundation’s Heritage Preservation tapped, opportunity to learn from “Sixty Years of Not-So-Secret Ser- Partnership Program. the experiences of the APHA. vice.” These past efforts have set — The Authors Advocacy is a core public health the foundation for this project. competency and an explicit aim of We historically analyzed APHA Disclaimer: To produce a publication the APHA. The Public Health Agen- archival materials (e.g., meeting that was pleasant to read, we opted cy of Canada defines advocacy as minutes, annual reports, confer- not to include specific citations, but “the ability to advocate for healthy ence programs) in our methods rather to include a list of most-used public policies and services that for this project. These materials sources at the end of each section. promote and protect the health came from the Calgary Archives and well-being of individuals and and the Provincial Archives of Al- Contents communities.” Some organizations berta. We also conducted semi- Preamble…...3 1970s……….18 structured interviews with current are particularly well-positioned for 1930s…….…..4 1980s……….22 public health advocacy; however, and former members of the asso- they are few in number and often ciation who played an important 1940s………...6 1990s……….26 face financial and ideological con- role in its history. The products of 1950s………..10 2000s……….30 this work include peer-reviewed straints. 1960s………..14 2010s……….34 We should note that this work is publications, oral and poster 3 1930s: Conditions for Public Health Advocacy in Alberta The economic depression and dustbowl conditions that occurred throughout the Alberta during the 1930s profoundly impacted the province. Albertans suffered from deteriorating farming and housing conditions during a period of drought, especially in the south- ern region of the province. Homi- cide and suicide rates were on the rise. The prevention of illness sur- faced as an issue of urgency http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/index.html among those working in public Image courtesy of Peel's Prairie Provinces, a digital initiative of the University of Alberta Libraries. health at the time. The Great De- Calgary Herald Photographic collection pression brought heightened enced, such as the differential health during the 1940s. attention to prevention, as public access to health services for ur- Under these conditions, the health workers became more ban and rural residents. These Health Workers Association of Al- attuned to the problems faced by conditions and the advent of the berta (HWAA) formed to bring to- sick individuals — in particular, Second World War brought a gether groups interested in public those who had lost their jobs and renewed commitment for public health, including medical officers were unable to pay for medical “I would feel that I had been remiss in my of health and nurses. The HWAA treatment. duty if I did not call attention to the ine- recognized the need to communi- Before the APHA was created, quality that exists in so far as modern pre- cate public health information ventive health services are concerned be- Dr. Malcolm Bow (1887–1982), tween the citizen who resides in a city [… across the province, which led Deputy Minister of Health for Al- and in] a rural area...“ -Malcom R. Bow, them to publish the Alberta berta, called attention to health 1937 “Public health yesterday, to-day, Health Worker, a science journal. inequalities Albertans experi- and to-morrow.” CJPH 28(7);315 The HWAA evolved into the APHA. Key Events in Alberta History, before 1943 1905 - Alberta becomes a province. 1918 - The University of Alberta begins to Five’) gains official recognition for women 1906 - First Provincial Medical Officer of offer education in public health nursing. as persons from the federal government. Health, Dr. A.E. Clendennan, is appointed. Spanish Flu pandemic kills over 4,000 Alber- 1930 - Mental health clinics are opened 1907 - Alberta Provincial Board of Health tans. Provincial Department of Health is cre- throughout Alberta. is formed. Local Boards of Health now fall ated. 1935 - The Social Credit Party wins the under the Provincial Board and the prov- 1919 - A strike breaks out for union Coal Alberta provincial elections. ince’s Public Health Act passes. Alberta Mine and Railway Workers due to poor 1936 - The provincial government begins Provincial Laboratory is established. working conditions. A.G. MacKay is appoint- providing publicly-funded hospital care. The 1912 - Alberta Provincial Legislature is ed Alberta’s first Minister of Health. Tuberculosis Act, which provides free diag- officially opened. 1924 - After 8 years of prohibition, Alber- nostic and treatment services, is passed. 1916 - Alberta Association of Registered ta’s Liquor Act, which abolished alcohol 1940 - The Cancer Treatment and Protec- Nurses (AARN) begins to regulate nursing sales in the province, is repealed. tion Act is passed; cancer patients now in the province. 1928 - Alberta becomes the first province receive free medical care. 1917 - United Farmers of Alberta and United to provide special facilities to treat those 1941 - Alberta’s population reaches Farm Women of Alberta (UFA/UFWA) lobby with poliomyelitis. 796,169. Life expectancy is 66.3 years for the province for public health services. 1929 - A group of Albertans (‘Famous females and 63 years for males. 4 Health billboard on display in Alberta, ca. 1940. Image: Glenbow Archives NB-55-1217 5 1940s: Birth of the Alberta Public Health Association The APHA was established in Key Events in APHA History, 1940s 1943 during a period of municipal 1943 - First annual meeting of Canadian development and technological Public Health Association (Alberta Divi- change in Alberta. During this sion), which later changes its name to time, the province was shifting the APHA. One topic at the 1943 away from economically de- meeting is ‘Hopes for the Future of Pub- lic Health in Alberta.’ APHA membership pressed conditions to become an costs $1.00, equal to $14.34 in 2016. increasingly urbanized and indus- trialized society. Members from 1944 - Ninety-five members, including 8 various associations came togeth- Board members and 6 guests from the Armed Forces, attend the APHA’s Annu- er for the first time with the spe- al Meeting. Three sections make up the cific goal of coordinating health APHA: Medical Group, Public Health services and providing insight into Nursing Group, and Sanitarian Group. public health. These associations 1945 - The APHA requests a govern- included the Alberta Branch of the ment subsidy to finance its journal, The Canadian Institute of Public Health Alberta Health Worker. Inspectors, the medical officers’ 1946 - The APHA has difficulty obtaining section of the Canadian Public articles for publication in its journal. Health Association, and the public This reflects the reduced public health health nurses’ section of the Al- activities that occurred across Canada berta Association of Registered during and after the Second World War. Nurses. In its first year, the APHA 1947 - Discussions are held regarding Key Events in Alberta History, 1940s included 186 registered mem- the APHA’s affiliation with its national 1943 - First full-time dental health pro- bers who worked in various association, the CPHA. gram offered by a rural Health Unit in health-related settings, including Lamont. The Edmonton Board of Health 1948 - The spread of polio is discussed bans livestock within its inner city. The provincial and municipal depart- as a topic at the APHA convention. last case of smallpox recorded in Alber- ments and divisions, boards of ta.
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