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••~ • ...-_____•___ --.-.._ •. , ..A-' A HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE , .... A· HISTO
qF
MODERN EUROPE
BY
C. A .. FYFFE, M.A.
WalS'raR·A,.·uW; PBLLOW OF UNlvaRSlTY COLLIIGB, OXFORD;. VICB·PlUISIDU,. Olr T.HB ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY
POPULAR EDITION
mttt lila,s
;.c;ASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED
LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK.s.o MELBOURNE. MCMV
ALL JtIGHTS RBSKRVRD Vol. I. Fi,,, PriKied Nov.mber ,880. ReP,inted ,883, ,8Sg. Vol. II. First PriKied Oclob .. ,886. Reprinfed 'Bgo. Vol. III. Pri,o/.d ,8Sg. s.rial I !Sue October ,Bgo. Popula, Edit;'n Nov.mber ,SgS. Rep,inted 19oo, '902, IgaS. PREFACE.
IN acceding to the Publishers' request for a re-issue of the
II History of Modern Europe,'" in the form of a popular edition, I feel that I am only fulfilling what would have been the wish of the Author himself. A few manuscript correctio~s and additions foung in his own copy of the work have been adopted in the present edition; in general, however, my attention in revising each sheet for the press has been devoted to securing an accurate reproduction of the text and notes as they appeared in the previous editions in three volumes_ I trust that in this cheaper and more portable form the work wiII prove, both to the student and the general reader, even more widely acceptable than heretofore. HENRIETTA F. A. FYFFE.
London, November, 189S. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
THE object of this work is to show how the States of Europe have gained the form and character which they possess at the present moment. The outbreak of the Revolutionary War ir. 1792, terminating a period which now appears far removed from us, and setting in motion forces which have in our own day produced a united Germany and a united Italy, forms the natural starting-point of a history of the present century. I have endeavoured to tell a simple story, believing that a narrative in which facts are chosen for their significance, and exhibited in their real connection, may be made to convey as true an impression as a fuller history in which the writer is not forced by the necessity of concentration to exercise the same rigour towards himself and his materials. The second volume of the work will bring the reader down to the year 1848: the third, down to the present time.
LOlldon, 1880. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION OF THE FIRST VOLUME."
IN revising this volume for the second edition I have 'occupied myself mainly with two sources of information-the un published Records of the English Foreign Office, and the published works which have during recent years resulted from the investigation of the Archives of Vienna. The English Records from 1792 to 1814, for access to which I have to express my thanks to Lord Granville, form a body of first hand authority of extraordinary richne!)s, co~pass, and interest. They include the whole correspondence between the representatives of Great Britain at Foreign Courts and the English Foreign Office; a certain number of private ~ommunications between Ministers and these representatives; a quantity of reports from consuls, agents, and "informants .. of every de.scription; and in addition to these the military reports, often admirably vivid and full of matter, sent by the British officers attached to tl;1e head-quarters of our Allies in most of the campaigns from 1792 to 1814. It is impossible that anyone person should go through the whole of this material, which it took the Diplomatic Service a quarter of a century to write. "I have endeavoured to master the cor respondence from each quarter of Europe which, for the time being, had a preponderance in political or military interest, leaving it when its importance became obviously subordinate to that of others j and although I have no doubt left un touched much that would repay investigation, I trust that the narrative has gained in accuracy from a labour which was not a light one, and'that the few short extracts which space has permitted me to throw into the notes may serve to bring • Chapters 1. to XI. of this Eclitiou. viii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. the reader nearer to events. At some future time 1 hope to publish a selection from the most important documents of tl~s period. It is stran~e that our learned Societies, so appreciative of every distant and trivial chronicle of the Middle Ages, should ignore the records of a time of such surpassing interest, and one in which England played so great a part. No just conception can be formed of the difference between English statesmanship and that of the Continental Courts in integrity, truthfulness, and public spirit, until the mass of diplomatic correspondence preserved at London has been studied; nor, until this 'has been done, can anything like an adequate biography of Pitt be written. The second and less important group of authorities with which I have busied myself during the work of revision com prises the works of Hiiffer, Vivenot, Beer, Helfert, and others, based on Austrian documents, along with the Austrian documents and letters that have been published by Vivenot. The last-named writer is himself a partizan, but the material which he, has given to the world is most valuable. The mystery in which the Austrian Government until lately enveloped all its actions caused some of these to be de scribed as worse than they really were; and I believe that in the First Edition I under-estimated the bias of Prussian and North-German writers. Where I have seen reasons to alter any statements, I have done so without reserve, as it appears to me childish for anyone who attempts to write history to cling to aD opinion after the balance of evidence seems to be against it. The publication of the second volume of this work has been delayed by the revision of the first; but I hope that it will appear before many months more. I must express my obligations to Mr. Oscar Browning, a fellow-labourer in the same field, who not only furnished me with various corrections, but placed his own lectures at my disposal; and to Mr. Alfred Kingston, whose unfailing kindness and courtesy make so great a difference to those whose work lies in the department of the Record Office which is under his care. LOllllcm, 1883. PREFACE TO THE SECOND VOLUME,-
IN writing this volume I have not had tne advantage of con sulting the English Foreign Office. Records for a later period than the end of 1815. A rule not found necessary at Berlin and some other foreign capitals litill closes to historical inquirers the English documents of the last seventy years. Restrictions are DO doubt necessary in the case of transactions of recent date,but the period of seventy years is surely un necessarily long. Public interests could not be prejudiced. nor could individuals be even remotely affected. by the freest examination of the papers of 1820 or 1830. The London documents of 1814-1815 are of various degrees of interest and importance. Those relating to the Congress of Vienna are somewhat disappointing. Taken all . together, they add less. to our knowledge on the one or two points still requiring elucidation than the recently-published correspondence of Talleyrand with Louis XVIII. The des-. patches from Italy ar~ on the other hand of great value, proving, what I believe was not established before. that the Secret Treaty o~ 1815, whereby Austria gained a legal right to prevent any departure from absolute Government at Naples, was communicated to the British Ministry and received its sanction •. This sanction explains the obscure and embarrassed language of Castlereagh in 1820, which in its turn gave rise to the belief in Italythat England was more deeply committed to Austria than it actually was, and probably occasioned the forgery of the pretended Treaty of July 27, 1813, exposed in vol. i. of this work, p. 538, 2nd ed\t.t The papers from France . and Spain are also interesting, though not establishing any new conclusions. • Chapters XII. to XVIII. of this Edition. t P.age 36. of this Edition.
A • x While regrettiug that I have not been abld to use the London archives later than 1815, I believe that it is neverthe lesi possible, without recourse to unpublished papers, to write the history· of the. succeeding thirty years with substantial correctness. There exist in a published form, apart from documents printed officially, masses of first-hand material of undoubtedly authentic character, such as the great English collection known by the somewhat misleading name of Wellington Despatches, New Series;· or again, the collection printed as an appendix to Prokesch von Osten's History of the Greek Rebellion, or the many volumes of Gentz' Corres· pondence belonging to the period about 1820, when Gentz was really at the centre of affairs. The Metternich papers, interesting as far as they go, are a mere selection. The omissions are glaring, and scarcely accidental. Many minor collections bearing on particular events might be named, such as those in Guizot's M~moires. Frequent references will show my obligation to the German series of historical works constituting the Leipzig Staatengeschichte, as well as to French authors who, like Viel-Castel, have worked with original sources of information before them. There exist in English literature singularly few works on this period of Continental history. A greater publicity was introduced into political affairs on the Continent by the establishment of Parliamentary Govern· ment in France in 1815, and even by the attempts made to introduce it in other States. In England we have always had freedom of discussion, but the amount of information made public by the executive in recent times has been enormously greater than it was at the end of the last century. The only documents published at the outbreak of the war of 1793 were, so far as I can ascertain, the well-known letters of Chauvelin and Lord Grenville. During the twenty years' struggle with France next to nothing was known of the diplomatic transac· tions between England and the Continental Powers. But from the time of the Reform Bill onwards the amount of information given to the public has been constantly increasing, and the reader of Parliamentary Papers in our own day is likely to complain of diffusiveness rather than of reticence. Nevertheless the perusal of published papers can never be quite the same thing as an examination of the originals; and the writer who first has access to the English archives after PRl!.FACE. xi 1815 will have an advantage over those who have gone before him. The completion of this volume has been delayed by almost every circumstance adverse to historical study and production, including a severe Parliamentary contest. I trust, however, that no trace of partizanship or unrest appears in the work, which I have valued for the sake of the mental discipline 'which it demanded. With quieter times the third volume will, I trust, advance more rapidly,.
LONDON, Octobw, 1886.
NOTE.-The thi1'l1 volume was published in 1889. CONTENTS.
CHAPTER L
!'RANCE MID GERMANY AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. PA.GE. Outbreak of the Revolutionary War in I792-lts immediate causes DecIaration of Pillnitz made and withdrawn-Agitation of the Priests and Emigrants-War Policy of the Gironde-Provoca· tions offered to France by the Powers-State of Central Europe in I792-The Holy Roman Empire-Austria-RUle of the Haps burgs-The Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph H.-Policy of Leopold H.-Government and Foreign Policy of Francis 1I. Prussia-Government of Frederick William II.-5ocial Condition of Prussia-Secondary:States of Germany-Ecclesiastical States Free Cities-Knights-Weakness of Germany
CHAPTER IL
THE WAR, DOWN TO THE TREATIES OF BASLE AND THE ItSTABLlSHMENT OF THE DIRECTORY. I - French and Austrian Armies on the Flemish Frontier-Prussi" enters the War-Brunswick invades France-,His Proclamation-Insur rection of Aug. IO at Paris-Massacres of September-Character of the War-Brunswick. checked at Valmy. retreats-The War becomes a Crusade of France-Neighbours of France-Custine enters Mainz:-Dumouriez conquers the Austrian Netherlands Nice and Savoy annexed-Decree of the Convention against all Governments-Execution of Louis XVI.-War with England. followed by war with the Mediterranean States-Condition of England-English Parties. how affected by the Revolution-The Gironde and the Mountain-Austria recovers the Netherlands The Allies invade France-La Vend~Revolutionary System of I793-Errors ofthe Allies-New French Commanders and Demo cratic Army-Victories of Jourdan. Hoche. and Pichegru- xiv CONTENTS.
PAG. Prussia withdrawing from the War-Polish Afi"aira-Austria abandons the Netherland&-Treaties of Basle-France in 1795- Insurrection of 13 Vendt!miaire-Constitution of 1795-The Directory-Effect of the Revolution on the Spirit of Europe up to ~ ~ d
CHAPTER ilL
ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS: TREATY 01' CAMPO PORMIO. Triple attack on Austria-Moreau, Jourdan-Bonaparte in Italy Condition of the Italian States-Professions and real-intentions of Bonaparte and the Directory-Battle of Montenotle-Armistice with Sardinia-Campaign in Lombardy-Treatment of the Pope, Naples, Tuscany-5iege of Mantua-Castiglione-Moreau and Jourdan in Germany-Their retreat-5ecret Treaty with Prussia -Negotiations with England-Cispadane Republic-Rise of the idea of Italian IndependenCe-Battles of Arcola and Rivoli Peace with the Pope at Tolentino-VeDice-Preliminaries of Leoben-The French in Venice-The French take the Ionian Islands and give Venice to Austria-Genoa-Coup d'~tat of 17 Fructidor in Paris-Treaty of Campo Formio-Victories of Eng. land at Sea-Bonaparte's project against Egypt 74
CHAPTER IV.
PROM THB CONGRBSS 01' llASTADT TO THB BSTABLISHMBNT OJ' THB CONSULATL Congress of Rastadt-The Rhenish Provinces ceded-Ecclesiastical States of Germany suppressed-French Intervention In Switzer· Iand-Helvetic Republic-The French Invade the Papal Slates Roman Republic-Expedition to Egypt-Battle of the Nile Coalition of 17gB-Ferdinand of Naples enters Rome-Mack'. defeats-French enter Naples-Parthenopean Republic-War with Austria and Russia-Battle of Stockach-Murder of the French Envoys at Rastadt-Campaign in Lombardy-Reign of Terror at Naples-Austrian designs upon Italy-Suvaroft" and the Austrians-Campaign in Switzerland-Campaign in Holland Bonaparte returns from Egypt-Coup d't!tat of 18 Brumaire Constitution of 1799-'5ystem of Bonaparte in France-Its effect on the inlluence of France abroad 104
CHAPTER V.
PROM MARENGO TO THE llUPTURB 01' THE PEACB 01' AMIENS. Overtures of Bonaparte to Austria aDd England-The War continues -Massena besieged in Genoa-Moreau invades Southern Ger· many-Bonaparte crosses the SI. Bernard, and descends in Ihe CONTENTS. xv
PAGB rear of the AustrianS-=--Battle of Marengo-Austrians retire behind the Mincio-Treaty between England and Austria-Austria con tinues the War-Battle of Hohenlinden-Peace of Lun6ville- War between England and the Northern Maritime League Battle of Copenbagen-Murder of Paul-End of the Maritime War-English Army enters Egypt-French defeated at Alexandria -They capitulate at Cairo and Alexandria-Preliminaries of Peace between England and France signed at London. followed by Peace of Amiens-Pitt's Irish Policy and his retirement Debates on the Peace-Aggressions of Bonaparte during the Continental Peace-Holland. Italy. Switzerland-Settlement of Germany under French and Russian influence-Suppression of Ecclesiastical States and Free Cities-Its effects--Stein-France under the Consulate-The Civil Code-The Concordat , 14S
CHAPTER VI.
THE EMPIRE, TO THE PEACE 01' PJl.ESBUJl.G.
Englancf claims Malta-War renewed-Bonaparte occupies ·Hanover, and blockades the Elbe-Remonstrances of Prussia-Cadoudal's Plot-Murder of tbe Duke of Enghien-Napoleon Emperor Coalition of IBoS-Prussia holds aloof-State of Austria-Failure of Napoleon's Attempt to gain Naval Superiority in the Channel -Campaign in Western Germany-Capitulation of Ulm Trafalgar-Treaty of Potsdam between Prussia and the AlUes-' The French enter Vienoa-Haugwitz sent to Napoleon with Prussian Ultimatum-Battle of Austerliti-Haugwitz signs a Treaty of Alliance with Napoleon-Peace-Treaty of Presburg End of the Holy Roman Empire-Naples given to Joseph Bona. parte-Battle of Maida-The Napoleonic Empire and Dynasty Federation of the Rhine-State of Germany-'-Possibility of main- taining the Empire of.806 • 179
CHAPTER VII.
DEATH 01' PITT, TO ·THE PEACB 01' TILSIT.
Death of Pitt-Ministry of Fox and Grenville-Napoleon forces Prussia into war with England, and then olfers Hanover to England-Pr.ussia resolves .on war with Napoleon-State of Prussia-Decline of the Army-Southern Germany With Napoleon -Austria neutral-England and Russia about to help Prussia, but not immediately-Cimpaign of 1806-Battles of Jena and Auerstadt-Ruin of the Prossian Army-Capitulation of For tresses-Demands of Napoleon-The War continues-Berlin Decree-Exclusion of English goods from the Continent-Russia XVI CONTENTS,
- enters the war-Campaign in Poland and Easl Prussia-Eylau':" PA". Treaty of Bartenstein-Friedland-Interview at Tilsit-Alliance of Napoleon and Alexander-Secret Articles-English expedition to Denmark-The French enter Portugal-Prussia after the Peace of Tilsit-'stein's Edict of Emancipation-The Prussian Peasant-Reform of the Prussian Army, and creation of Muni cipalities-Stein's other projects of Reform, which are not carried out , 208
CHAPTER- VIII,
SPAIN. TO THE FALL OF SARAGOSSA, Spain in IBOO-Napoleon uses the quarrel hetween Ferdinand and Godoy-He affects to be Ferdinand's Protector-Dupont's Army enters Spain-Murat in Spain-Charles abdicates-Ferdinand King-Savary brings Ferdinand to Bayonne-Napoleon makes both Charles and Ferdinand resign-Spirit of the Spanish Nation -Contrast with Germany-Rising of all Spain-The Notables at Bayonne-Campaign of 1808-Capitulation of Baylen-Welles ley lands in Portugal-Vimieiro-Convention of Cintra-Effect of the Spanish Rising on Europe-War Party in Prussia-Napoleon and Alexander at Erfurt-Stein. resigns. and is proscribed Napoleon in Spain-Spanish Misgovernment-Campaign on the, Ebro-Campaign of Sir John Moore-Corunna-Napoleon leaves Spain-Siege of /iaragossa-Successes of the French • 247
CHAPTER IX.
WAR OF 1809: TilE NAPOLBONIC EMPIRE-SPAIN, TO THB BATTLB OF SALAMANCA.
Austria preparing for WIIf-The war to be one on behalf of the German Nation-Patriotic movement in Prussia-Expected In. surrection in North Germany-Plans of Campaign-Austrian Manifesto to the Germans-Rising of the Tyroles&-Defeats of the Archduke Charles. in Bavaria-French in Vienna-Attempts of Diirnberg and Schill-Battle of Aspern-8econd passage of the Danube-Battle of Wagram-Armistice of Znaim-Austria wait ing for Events-Wellesley in Spain-He gaiDs the Baltle of Talavera, hut retreats-Expedition against Antwerp fails Austria makes Peace-Treaty of Vienna-Real Effects of the War of J!Io9-Austria after J80g-Mettemich-Marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise-Severance of Napoleon. and Alexander-Napoleon annexes the Papal States, Holland. Le Va1ais, and the North German Coast-The Napoleonic Empire: its benefits and wroDis-The Czar withdraws from Napoleon', CONTENTS. xvii
PAG8 Commercial System-War with Russia imminent-Wellington in Portugal; Lines of Torres Vedras; Massena's Campaign of 1810, and retreat-Soult in Andalusia-Wellington's Campaign of 18n-Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz-5a1amanca 1171
CHAPTER X. llUSSIAN CAMPArGN, TO THE TREATY OF KAUSCH. War approaching between France and Russia_Policy of Prussia -Hardenberg's Ministry-Prussia forced into Alliance with Napoleon-Austrian Alliance-Napoleon's PreparationS-He enters Russia-Alexander and Bernadotte-Plan of Russians to fight a battle at Drissa frustrated-They retreat on Witepsk Sufferings of the French-French enter Smolensko-Battle of Borodino-Evacuation of MoscOw-Moscow fired-The Retreat from Moscow':""French at Smolensko-Advance of Russian Armies from North and South-Battle of Krasnoi-Passage of the Beresina-The French reach the Niemen-York's Convention with the Russians-The Czar and Stein-Russian Army enters Prussia-5tein raises East Prussia-Treaty of Kalisch-Prussia declares War-Enthusiasm of" the Nation-Idea of German Unity-The Landwebr 307
CHAPTER XI, WAR OF UBERATION, TO THE PEACE OF PARIS. The War of Liberation-Bliicher crosses the Elbe-Battle of LUtzen -The Allies retreat to Silesia-Battle of Bautzen-Armistice Napoleon intends to intimidatt! Austria-Mistaken as to the Forces of Austria-Metternich's Policy-Treaty of Reichenbach -Austria offers its Mediation-Congress of Prague-Ali stria enters the War-'-Armies and Plans of Napoleon and the Allies Campaign of August-Battles of Dresden, Grosbeeren, the Katz bach, and Kuhn-Effect of these Actions-Battle of Dennewita -German" Policy of Austria" favourable to the Princes of the 'Rhenish Confederacy-Frustrated hopes of German Unity Battle of Leipzig-The Allies reach the Rhine-Offers of Peace at Frankfort-Plan of Invasion of France-Backwardness of Austria -The Allies enter France-Campaign of 1814-Congress of Chltillon-Napoleon moves to the rear of the Allies-The Allies advance on Paris-Capitulation of, Paris-Entry of the Allies Dethronement of Napoleon-Restoration of the Bourbons-The Charta-Treaty of Paris-Territorial effects of the War, 1792- 1814-Every Power except France had gained-France relatively weaker in Europe-5ummary of the permanent effects of th~s oeriod on Europe 330
'" KND 01' VOL. I. (ORIGINAL EDITION). xviii CONTEN7S.
CHAPTER XIL
THE RESTORATIoN.
The Restoration of J814-Norway-Naples-Westphalia-Spain- 'ACK The Spanish Constitution overthrown: victory of the clergy Restoration in France·-The . Charta-Encroachments of the DobIes and clergy-Growing hostility to the Bourbons-Congress of Vienna-Talleyrand and the Four Powers-The Polish question -The Saxon question-Theory of Legitimacy~ret alliance against Russia and.. Prussia-Compromise-The Rhenish Pro vinces-Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France-His declara tions-Napoleon at Grenoble, at Lyon!, at Paris-The Congress of Vienna unites Ew-ope against France-Murat's action In Italy -The Acte Additionne1-Tbe Champ de Mal-Napoleon takes up the offensive-Battles of Ligny, Qualre Bras, Waterloo Affairs at Paris-Napoleon sent to SL Helena -Wellington and Foucb~A..".m.nts on the proposed cession of French territory -Treaty of Holy Alliance-Second T ..... ty or Paris-Conclusion of the work of the Congress of Vienna-Federation of Gennany -Estimllte of the Congress of Vienna and of the T ..... ties of J8IS-The Slave Trade 368
CHAPTER XIIL
TUE PROGRESS OP REACTION.
Concert of Europe arter 18'S-Spirit of the Foreign Policy of Alex ander, of Mettemich, and of the English Ministry-Mettemlch's action in Italy. England's in Sicily and Spain-lbe Reaction in Fraace-Richelieu and the New Chamber-Execution of Ncy Imprisonments and persecutions-Conduct of the Ultra-Royalists. ia Parliament-Contests on the Electoral BiU and the Budget The Chamber prorogued-Affair of Grenoble-Dissolution of tbe Chamber-Electoral Law and FiJlaDcia1 Settlement of J8'7- Character of the first yean of peace in Europe genernlly Promise of a Constitution in Prussia-HardenberJt opposed b, the partisaDS of autO<7RCJ and priYilege -Schmala' Pamphlet Delay of Constitutional Reform in Germany at large-The Wartburg Festival-Progress of Reaction-The C&ar DOw In cliDes to repression-Congress of Aix-Ia-Cbapelle-E""cuation of France-Growing influence of Mettemicb In Europe-His action on Prussia-Murtler of Kouebue-The Carlsbad Con ference.and measures of repression in German,-Ricbelieu and Decazes-Murder of the Duke of Berry-Progress of the reaction In France-r..eneral CIU1SS of the victory of reaction In Europe • 4" CONTENTS. xix
CHAPTER, XIV.
THE MEDlTERItANEAN MOVEMENTS "OF 1820.
Moyements in" the Meditenanean States beginning in x82o-Spain PAGS from ISI4 to 182O-'-The South American Colonies-The Army at Cadiz: Action of Quiroga and Riego-Movement at Corunna -Ferdinand accepts the Constitution of ISla-Naples from ISIS to .820-The Court-party, the Muratists, the Carbonari-The Spanish Constitution proclaimed at Naples-Constitutional movement in Portugal-Alexander's proposal with "regard to Spain-The "Conference and Declaration of Troppau-Protest of England-Conference of Laibach-The Austrians invade Naples and restore absolute Monarchy-Insurrection in Piedmont, which fails-Spain from 1820 to '1822-Death of Castlereagh-:- The Congress of Verona-Policy of England-The French invade Spain'-Restoration of absolute Monarchy, and violence of the reaction-England prohibits the conquest of tbe Spanish Colonies by France, and subsequently recognises their inde pendence-Affairs in Portugal-Canning sends troops to Lisbon -The Policy of Canning-Estimate of his place in the history of Europe
CHAPTER XV.
GREECE AND EASTERN AFFAIR~
Condition of Greece: its Races and Institutious-The Greek Church -Communal System-The lEgaean Islands-The Phanariots Greek intellectual revival: Komes-Beginning of Greek National Movement; Contact of GreeCe with the French Revolution and Napoleon-The Hetreria Philike-Hypsilanti·s Attempt in the Danubian Provinces: its failure-,Revolt of the Morea: Mas sacres: Execution of Gregorins, and Terrorism at Constantinople -Attitude of Russia, Austria, and England-Extension of the . Revolt: Affairs at Hydra-The Greek Leaders-Fall of Tri politza-The Massacre of Chios-Failure of the Turks in the Campaign of :r822-Dissensions of the Greeks-Mahmud calls upon Mehemet Ali for Aid-Ibrahim conquers Crete and invades the Morea-Siege of Missolonghi-Philhellenism ,in Europe Russian proposal for Intervention-Conspiracies in Russia: Death of Alexander: Accession of Nicholas-Military Insurrec tion at SI. Petersburg-Anglo-Russian Protocol-Treaty between England, Russia, and France-Death of Canning-Navarino War between Russia and Turkey-Ca.mpaigns of 1828 IUld 1829 -Treaty of Adrianople-Capodistrias President of Greece Leopold accepts and then declines the Greek Crown -Murder of Capodistrias-Otho, King of Greece 52 5 xx CONTENTS.
CHAPTER XVI.
THB MOVJ!MBNTS 0.- 1830' France before 18~o-Reign of Charles X.-Ministlj of Martignac- 'AC. Ministry of Polignac-The Duke of Orleans-War in Algiers The July Ordinances-Revolution of July-Louis Philippe King -Nature and effects of the July Revolution-Affairs in Belgium -The Belgian Revolution-The Great Powers-Intervention. and establishment of the Kingdom of Belgium-Affairs of Poland-Insurrection at Warsaw-War between Russia and Poland-Overthrow of the Poles: End of the Polish Constitution -Affairs of Italy-Insurrection in the Papal States-France and Austria-Austrian Intervention-Ancona occupied by the French -Affairs of Germany-Prussia; the Zollverein-Brunswick. Hanover, Saxony-The Palatinate-Reaction in Germany The exiles in Switzerland; Incursion into Savoy-Dispersion of the Exiles-France under Louis Philippe: Successive risings Period of Parliamentary activity-England after 1830: The Reform Bill 603
CHAPTER XVII. SPANISH AND EASTERN AFFAIRS. France and England after 183Q-Affairs of Portugal-Don Miguel Don Pedro invades Portugal-Ferdinand of Spain-The Prag matic Sanction-Death of Ferdinand: Regency of Christina The Constitution-Quadruple Alliance-Miguel and Carlos expelled from Portugal-Carlos enters Spain-The Basque Provinces-Carlist War: Zumalacarregui-The Spanish Govern ment seeks French assistance. which is refused-Constitution of 1837-End of the WaI'-Regency of Espartero-Isabella Qu.en -Affairs of the Ottoman Empire-Ibrahim invades Syria; his .victories-Rivalry of France and Russia at Constantinople Peace of Kutaya and Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi-Effect of this Treaty-France and Mehemet Ali-Commerce of the Levant Second War between Mehemet and the Porte-Ottoman disasters-The Policy of the Great Powers-Quadruple Treaty without France:-Ibrahim expelled from Syria-Final Settlement -Turkey after 184o-Attempted reforms of Reschid Pasha 646 .
CHAPTER XVIII. BUROPB BBFORB 1&48. Europe during the Thirty-years' Peace-Italy and Austria-Malzin! -The !louse of Savoy-Gioberti-Election of Pius IX.-Re forms expected-Revolution at Palermo-Agitation in Northern ltaly-Lombardy-State of the Austrian Empire-Growth of Hungarian national spirit-The Magyars and Slavs-Transyl- CONTENTS. xxi
PAGB vania-Parties among the Magyars-Kossuth-The Slavic national movements in Austria-The government enters on reforms in Hungary-Policy of the Opposition-The Rural system of Austria-Insurrection in Galicia: the nobles and the peasants-Agrarian edict-Public opinion in Vienna-Prussia Accession and character of King Frederick William IV.-Con. vocation of the United Diet-ItS debates and dissolution-France -The Spanish Marriages-Reform movement-Socialism-Revo- lution of February-End of the Orleanist Monarchy • 6H
END OF YOL: II. (ORIGINAL EnITION).
CHAPTER XIX.
THE MARCH REVOLUTION, 1848. Europe in 1789 and in IS48-Agitation in Western Germany before and after the Revolution at Paris-Austria and~Hungary-The March Revolution at Vienna-Flight of Metternich-The Hun· garian Diet-Hungary wins its independence-Bohemian move ment-Autonomy promised to Bohemia-Insurrection of Lom hardy-OfVenice-Piedmont makes war on Austria-A general Italian war against Austria imminent-The March Days at Berlin-Frederick William IV.-A National Assembly promised -SChleswig-Holstein-Insurrection in Holstein-War between Germany and Denmark-The German Ant\'l-Parliament-Re publican Rising in Baden-Meeting of the German National Assemblyat Frankfort-Europe generally in March. 1848-The French Provisional Government-The National Workshops The Government and the Red Republicans,--French National Assembly-Riot of May.1S....:..Measures against the National ')N'orkshops-The Four Days of June-Cavaignac-Louis Napo- leon-He is elected to the Assembly-Elected .President 701
CHAPTER XX.
THIj: PERIOD OF CONFLICT, DOWN TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH EMPIRE.
Austria and· Italy-Vienna from March to May-F1ight of the Em peror-Bohemian National Movement-Windischgratz subdues Prague-Campaign around Verona-Papal AUocution-Naples in May-Negotiations as to Lombardy-Reconquest of Venetia -Battle of Custozza-The Austrians enter Milan-Austrian Court and Hungary-The Serbs in Southern Hungary-Serb Congress at Carlowitz-Jellacic-Affairs of Croatia-Jel\acic, the Court and the Hungarian Movement_Murder of Lamberg Manifesto of October 3-Vienna on October 6-The Emperor at Olmiitz-Windischgratz. conquers Vienna-The Parliament al uii CONTENTS.
Kremsier - Schwarzenberg Minister _ Ferdinand abdicates- PAGR Dissolution ofthe Kremsier Parliament-Unitary Edict-Hungary -The Roumanians in Transylvania-The Austrian Army occupies Pesth-Hungarian Government at Debreczin-The Austrians driven out of Hungary-Declaration of Hungarian Independence -Russian Intervention-The Hungarian Summer Campaign Capitulation of Vilagos-ltaly-Murder of Rossi-Tuscany-The March Campaign in Lombardy-Novara-Abdication of Charles Albert-Victor Emmanuel-Restoration in Tuscany-French Intervention in Rorne-Defeat of Oudinot-Oudinot and Lesseps -The French enter Rome-The Restored Pontifical Govern ment-Fall of Venice-Ferdinand reconquers Sicily-Germany- The National Assembly at Frankfort-The Armistice nf Malmo -Berlin from April to September-The Prossian Army-Last Days of the Prossian Parliament-Prussian Constitution granted by-Edict-The German National Assembly and Austria Frederick William IV. elected Emperor-He refuses the Crown- End of the National Assembly-Prussia attempts to form a separate Union-The Union Parliament at Errurt-Action of Austria-Hesse-Cassel-The Diet of Frankfort restored-OlmUtz -Schleswig-Holstein-Germany after 1849-Austria after 1851 -France after 1848-Louis Napoleon-The Octoher Message -Law Limiting the Franchise-Louis Napoleon and the Army -Proposed Revision of the Constitution-The Coup d'Etat- Napoleon IlL Emperor CHAPTER XXI. THE CaIMEAI'I WAa. England and France in 18St-Russia nnder Nicholas-The Hun garian Refugees-Dispute between France and Russia on the Holy Pla.,...s-Nicholas and the British Ambassador-Lord, Stratford de Redcliffe-Menschikofrs Mission-Russian troops enter the Danubian Principalities-Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet Movements of the Fleets-The Vienna Note-The Fleets pass the Dardanelles-Turkish Squadron destroyed at Sinope Declaration of War-Policy of Austria-Policy of Prossia-The Western Powers and the European Concert-Siege of Silistria The Principalities evacuated-Further objects of the Western Power&-Invasion of the Crimea-Battle of the Alma-The Flank March-Balaclava-Inkermann-Winter in the Crimea -Death of Nicholas-Conference of Vienna-Austria-Progress of the Siege-Plans of Napoleon Ill.-Canrobert and Pelissier-Un successful Assault-Battle of the Tchemaya-Capture of the Malakoff-Fan of Sebastopol-Fall of Kar&-Negotiations for Peace-The Conference of Pari&-Treaty of Paris-The Danubian Principalities-Continued t.liscord in the Ottoman Empire- Revision of the Treaty ef Paris in 1871 824 CONTENTS. &Xiii
CHAPTER XXII.
THK CRUTION OF THB ITAUAN ltINGDOII.
Piedmont after 1B4 GEllMAN ASCKIIDItNCY WON BlI PRUSSIA_ Germany after 18.;8-Tbe Regency in - Prussia-Army-reorganisatioD -King WIlliam L-ConIIict between tbe Crown and the Parlia ment-Bismarck-Tbe struggle continued-Austria &om 1859- The October Diploma-Resistance of Hungary-The Reicbsratb -Russia under Alemnder IL- Liberation of tbe Serfs--PoIand Tbe Insurrection of 1863-Agrarian measures in PoIaod ScbIeswig-HoIsteiD-'-Deatb of Frederick VIL-Plans of Bismarck -Campaign in Scbleswig--Conference of London-Treaty ot VteIIDIl-Eogiand and Napoleon ilL-Prussia and Austria . Conyention of Gastein-ltaly-Alliance of Prussia witb ltaly Proposals f.... a Congress fail-War between Austria and Prussia -Napoleon IIL-KOniggratz-CustQUa-Mediation of Napo Ieon-Treaty of Ptaglle--Soutb Germany-Projects f.... compen· sation to France-Anstria and Hungary-De8.lt-Establisbment of tbe Dual System in Austria-Hungary • 9"9 CHAPTER XXIV. THK WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND GEllMANY. Napoleon IlL-Tbe Mexican Expedition-Witbdrawal ot tbe Frencb and deatb of Maxintilian-The Luxemburg Question-Elraspera-- xxiv CONTENTS. tion In France against Prussia-Austria-Italy-Mentana-. PAoa Germany"after 1866-The Spanish Candidature of Leopold of Hohenzollern-French declaration-Benedetti and King William -Withdrawal of Leopold and demand for guarantees-The telegram from Ems-War-Expected Alliances of France Austria-ltaly-Prussian plans-The French arrny-Causes of French inferiority-Weissenburg-Worth-8picheren-Borny_ Mars·la·Tour-Gravelotte-Sedan-The Republic proclaimed at Paris-Favre and Bismarck-8iege of Paris-Gambetta at Tours-The Army of the Loire-Fall of Metz-Fighting at Orleans-8ortie of Champigny-The Armies of the North. of the Loire. of the East-Bourbaki's ruin-Capitulation of Paris and Armistice-Preliminaries of Pcace-Germany-Establishment of the German Empire-The Commune of Paris-Second Siege- Effects of the war as to Russia and Italy-Rome. 968 CHAPTER XXV. EASTERN AFFAIRS. France after 1871-Alliance of the Three Emperors-Revolt of Herzegovina-The Andrassy Note-Murder of the Consuls at Salonika-The Berlin Memorandum-Rejected hy England Abdul Aziz deposed-Massacres in Bulgaria-8ervia and Mo~tenegro deelare War-Opinion in England-Disraeli Meeting of Emperors at Reichstadt-Servian Campaign Declaration of the Czar-Conference at Constantinople-Its Failure-The London Protocol-Russia declares Wa...... Advance on the Ba1kans-Osman at Plevna-8econd Attack on Plevna The Shipka Pass-Roumania-Third Attack on Plevna Todleben-Fall of Plevna-Passage of the Balkans-Armistice England-The Fleet passes the Dardanelles-Treaty of Sal' Stefano-England and Russia-Secret Agreement-Conventiol with Turkey-Congress of Berlin-Treaty of Berlin-Bulgaria • 1020 MAPS. EUROPEAN STATES IN 1792 If) fa" Title./age. CENTRAL EUROPB IN 1812 " ,. 300. ~ NnE x. , ~. Abd~lIah, Pasha of Aore: quarrel with against Napoleon, 338; arrival a' Viceroy of Egypt, 659 Frankfort, 348; insists on Napoleon-. Abdul Medjid, succeeds Mahmud II. as dethronement, 352; arrives in Paris Sultan of Turkey, 667 and secures the restoration of Louis Abercromby, Sir Ralph, British admiral, XVII I., 357, 358; at the Congress of 1:32, IS8 Vienna, 382; arrives in Paris after Aberdeen, Lord; despatches on the battle Battle ~f Waterloo. 406; l.'reaty of Leipzig, 349 (note) i (Foreign Secre of Holy AlIlance, 408; addresses tary, 1846), declines to assent to the Polish Diet on his design to extend proposed Spanish marriages,' 700; popular representation, 453; raises friendship towards the Emperor Nicho alarm in Germany by distributing las, 827. policy towards Russia and Stourdza's pamphlet on revolutionary Turkey (ISS3), 834; refuses King Fred.. movements, 459 ; sale of roUen ships to ericK William's request for a guarantee Spain, 482 ; proposes joint action with against an attack from France, 840 j regard to Spain (1820). 493 ; his views resignation of premiership, 851 with regard to Austrian intervention in Abisbal ; his conspiracy in the army of Italy, 496; proposes to send troops to Cadiz,483 SP31D to overthrow the Constitution, Aboukir, Bonaparte's victory over Turks SOC} j intervention in Turkey on behalf at, 135; landing of English troops at, of the Christians, 551, 552; his re usal to aid the Greeks rouses discontent in Acr'i,8 Siege of, 659;- captured by Sir Russia, 576; death (,8'5), 577 Charles Napier, 671 Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, sue- Acte Additionnel (France), 395 ceeds the Emperor Nicholas. 8S1 j Adana, given to Viceroy of Egypt by liberates the Serfs, 9~6; meeting at Turkey, 6&1 Reichstadt with the Emperor Francis Addington, Mr., Speaker of the House of loseph on the Eastern Question. 10'.19; Commons, 162; his government's host~ assurances to Britain respecting the ility to Bonaparte, J79; leads a section acquisition of Constantinople, 1030 of the Tory_party, 209 Alexandria; capitulation by the French to Adrianople, Peace of. 595 i entry or the English"59 . Russians into, J040 AlexinatzJ Capture of. by the Turks. 1030 lEgean Islands, 512, 557 Alfieri, VIUono, 16 79. Aggrandisement, Schemes of, advanced by Alj:iers ; captured by France, 610 European Allies ('793), sa Ah Pasha, 529. 542, 557, 563 Agram, 749. 751,152 Alkmaar, Battle of, 132 Aix·la~ChapeUe, Conrerence of, 454 Allvintzy, Austrian general. defeated by Albert, French Republican i .excluded Bonaparte at Rivoli, 91 from National Assembly, 131 Alma, Battle of the, 846 Albrecht, Archduke, 975 Alsace, German rights in, 8; France Albuera, Battle of. 301 fatherland of, 34; declared to be Alessandria. 122, 149 French territOry by Congress of Alexander 1., Emperor or Russia, 156 ; pa Vienna, 413; probable consequences cific proposals to England, 157; secret had it been annexed to Prussia, 414; treatywlth France (1801), 169; distrust civil government established by of Bonaparte, 184; rupture of diplo Germans during the Franco-Prussian matic relations with Bonaparte,' 187; war, I006 ; ceded to Germany by the treaty with King or Prussia at Potsdam. Treaties of Versailles and Frankfort, 196; seeks the help of En~land against 1013 France, 231 ; cordial relations with the Altona; discontent with Danish rule, 724, King of Prussia, 232; interview with 7.6 . Napoleon on the Niemen, 233: con Aniiens, Treaty of, 160;, capitulates to tho spiracy with Napoleon, 235; meets Prussians, 1010 Napoleon at Erfurt 262: breaks off Ancona, Surrender or, to troops of Victor friendly relations with Napoleon, 297; Emmanuel, 901 declinestoa"lSist Prussiaagainst France. Andrassy, Count, negotiates reconciliation 307 ; eumlRons Stein to S1. Petersburg, between Austria and Hungary (1867), 3':3 i coters the war of Liberation 9fl6; opinion on projected restoratiClD IOS4 NODUN EUltol'& • Genua leacJersbip to Austria, 975' _rc:It.,...,... that the ...... 01 communicates with SL Petersburg and Schleswi.·HoIsteio ahoulcl ba COD &rlio OIl a line or poIiCJ towards the lerred upon the, 94) Pone, .on Aurelle d. Paladines, "",neh ceoe.. " .- A.,drAssy Note, The: 10ft advances to the ",lief or Paris, '009 Angouleme, Duchess oft 3SQ.. .~, 4;t', 441 Austerliu, Baule of. 199 Angou!eme, Duke of, le4.ds th.e Ii ren.:h Austria. Declar... tioD of war by F...nce uoops in the in.... on or Sp<>iJ. (.883). against (t191) •• ; ultimatum 10 rmace. 8 i Slate of, brfont the war of 1Jget I. AD:~elli. CanlioaJ. minister or Pius IX•• -'1 ; n:(orms of' Maria Tbe~ I.: 7790 887 ",Corms of Joseph II. in, '5' und... Antony. Prioce, appointed Pntssiao prime Leopold II., .6; under Fra.~u. II., •• i minisler.9lo greed lOr territory in, 19 i opening 01 ADtwerp, takeD by the F",nch. 60; lailure 01 English upedition against, ;:!..~ai~~ d:r:~.,:!L ~:i~.! 088; bombardment by FrencIt and windf'ft" 46; schemes of agR",ndi~ment. EnE:lish. 625 51 i invests Camb~ and Le QueSlloy, Apostolical. (SH Carlisll,) Arcola, Ballie 01', 91 liJe.!=:~E:~lisha~~~g~i;~ d~~r~ Ardahan.. 1045. restoration, 58; breacb with Pru~ia Anna'oll. The, 531 Armenia, 1045 ~~~~~t:S· b~F~":chor at p~-:.~ !~j Armistice. between Pruce and Sardinia \\. eissenburg, $9 i defeakd by Dona.. (."). 80; Bonapane aDd Kine or pane on the 1'.1 UlCIO, h; retires befnre Naples h7'}6), 83; Bonaparte and the the ""rcnch in hOlly, 8S; invaded by ,he Pope ('7961. 83; Duke or Wllrtemberg .'rench, Is: lre:uy with "'ranee at and the lirench (1,c;t6). 86; Naplet; Leolwn. 93 ; Thaty of «...:aT. fOl'mio and t"nnce ~f'98)' 118; Austria and ;~~~~~~)~. ref~nf;~:!c. .~St:~~ ~~.. ~~nd 'r~(:Um~ acb;;d, Maen.no. nl, IU: d~"iIID!to in A ....ria and France at Steyer (,800), Italy, US; Jee.lou'f toward ... Rus.,ga. 15'; England and Denmark (l80d; 1)0 (nob); end of alliance with Ru!l.'", I s6; Austria and Frw.oce after the 131 i repiy to Bonaparte', propou.1 (or ~lL'!" ~ F~=~:er ~h!°~ttl~~ ~:h;t!~~, ::~u;mS:}::t~ ':H~~!= t'riedland (,11<>7). °3°; Zuaim ('8oc)), linden, '5'; interHb IDti~ntuUly, 1tt1 ; Austria and france. .87;; France, Itate in 180s. 1891 190; OCCUpi6 Itavaria. 19J ; lurrender o( army 10 Ibe :::~ =: ~in: ~~8Ifige;:~J french at Ulm, '94; the French occupy (.148), ,47; Malmi\, DenmArk and Vienna, 191 i def~ated at Aus.erl;,., Prussia (,148). 783; Garibaldi and th. IQ9; loa. of tenitory, .,1; ~pa,ctI Neapolitans (.BIoI. tlgs; DelUllOlk. lor wu apinal France, ,,1; lDv.,iurl AUSlna. and Prussia ('11641. 939; of s... ria, -,6 : de(e-aled by Napoleoa france aod Prussia (a8,.), 101.; .1 Lan.Jahut and to:U:lnnhl. .80; N .. Sonia and Turkey (.8,6), 10)0 poI~ enten Vienna. ,80; C\.mql...... Arnaud. St., French officer. conspires with 10 Poland and haJy,.s.; de~.11 lhe Louis Napoleon again. the 10Yel"O French at Aw:m. .a.: defeated b~ ment. 816. 8., i Frcoch COID.IIIaDder ia .he Crimea, 146 r~.:: l:!:m~:~~.'P=~~ Arndt. tbe German poet, '7.: pJ"O!I«Utioa VieDDll, 190· alliance with Napoleon, 310; ....'ud. toward, N.I.P:'leoa in ~~":tiy:n:;7s:!. G~= .~.~!~= 181). 3.34; Treaty of JbKhenltach, laad." 777;"'u.. &0. Nau-aJ 3)6; enlere the war again.. .'ra~. A_mbly.796 '37; defeated at Dresden, )40; ,"ulta Artois, Co<'Dl 01 (afterwards Charles X.I, 01 N apoJeon', wa.... J67: au ,I\i.... "1'" 18s. 3s8. 315; beado t~ pan, or the ~Idrmen. of t814, )7'0; COOllrc. reactiOQ in 1815 iD france, ."; of V,enna. )80-38" yp; ftlh'llemu::h', arowtb 01 Itis paftJ:o 4t.!. ambitioua ataleQD&MhlPt 4., ••14; the Em- :i~~7J~:eredso~, ~l.... ~~Ai.t.i. ~~~. ::! uDder Ibrahim, 660 .,~; Comenati.. prioci.,lesof Melle.... Asporn. Ba,tIe., 014 nich. 456 i propoIl'd interveDlion ia Italy, 495; in.. d ... tal,., 50': poIiCJ A.tF:'~ rioioc ...... abo towardl. Turkey iD IS.I. 55.: mtend" Athoe, Monks or MOQIIt, 557 Ii... in Papal Stat.. l ... • upp"';oo or A ...... Ad&, Battle of. 081 molt (,831), 6]3 i 8OCOIKI IDlenenlioa Aurefttlu, French ,...... J, attaeb the In fap..1 States, 6)4 • wi",u..... front VirecIorF, til Papal S,at.. (.8f," 635; nal. in Italy, AUe':~~ ~~~!!.-:i~~~-:l'.. ,:,,:=- ~~,:;:,pi:I~~~~u~h9 i ~ ..: A...... eabwa. Duke 01 (younce.); Ilia· Em_ 'nmciaJ-ph, ancI __ I6DIlX. lOSS 01 .....r....a, Q6; nnaI IIJSleI8 ia ...-I ~Diet taft c-c-.IR~ _ the _ bids..... the of Hunll""!", 691 - iDsom!ctioo of Poles ill redetal Gali~ 69-; RuJ1!l Edict (114~),_693 i SchIeswig-HoIsteiD. 951, 950; ...... re..olubOD. at Vten... 710; ra.u Of meooem .... of ... with PrUssia, 954; Meuemich, 711; HunguiaD deputa defeated by Prussia at KilniggJ-aa, lioo ~ bf the Empen>r, 71.; 955; YictDries of Custoaa and-I.iss&; .CC'It'pts Huoganan schem.e of inde 956; termsof_with Prussia (t866), pendence. ':13 i autonomy prom.ised to QS6-Qs8; settlemeat of con8ict with ~ 715. insu~OII in L,om.. Hwigaryaftet-theBattleofK6n~ bardy and Venioe, 716, ,I,; general g6)-966- def ..."""ding Jellacic &om office, 75': Benedetti, Count, F ..... ch ambassador a& reslgns office, 754; IeDtenced to death, BerliD, report" on the French project for the acquisition of Beltrium, 961 (note) : II i~le or the Nations· (Leipzig), 3016 interview with th. Kmg of Pru~ia at Bau...... Battle of 333 Ems respecting the candidature of Bavaria.. Weakness of ('19"), n : designs Prince Leopold for th. Spaoioh thron., of .l'-rancia 11. aD, 18 i entered by g8. French troops, 86; I.reaty with Bona Bennigsen, RUlsiau general, 829; defeated parte, 168; reforms under Monlgelas, by the Freuch at Friedland, '32 : leads 171; occupied by the Austrian., 193 i the Russian reserves durin, tho War of invaded by Austrians, t:16 ; surrenders LiberatioD, 345 Innsbruck to the TyroleSe, 278: obtains Bentinck, Lord WOf on Murat', duplicity, Salzburg, 290 ; joins the Allie. in War 362 (note); English representative 111 of LiberatiOD, 344· formatioD of a Sicily i (oreel King Ferdinand to Constitution, 462; disturbance in the eBtabh.h a ParHamen\., 4'5 Palatinate, 637 Benvenuti, Cardinal, 6~1, 634 Bayazid, 1036, 'DiS, 1049 B~ranger on Bonaparte 5 return to France. Baylen, Capitulauon of, 258 135 ; NapoleonlC lyricl, 735 Bayonne meeting of Napoleon Ind Prince Beresford, English. commander in PbrtugaJ, Ferdinand of SpaiD, 2S3; Napoleon'. 491 S!,"-nish Assembly, 256 Be,..ina, Passace or th., by Napoleon, Bazalne, Marshal, French commander of 32 0 the army or th~ Rhine, CJ96. 997: Berlin. entry or Napoleon, !l2J; fight defeated by the Prusoians at Ma.... la· between the French and COllsacks, 321; To... , 991 ; defeated at Gravelotte, 9~g; evacuation by the French, 327 ; revolu retires with army to Metz, 999; In tionary movement of March, .848, 1'9, action at Metz, and probable lDtrigues conOiet between the people and troops, for personal ~wer, 1007; surrenders 120 : tbe King rides through the .tree... lD the character of German leader, 721; ::~-:a:3~ ar:di:::te~~i ~ridSweden; policy in severinI' Macedonia (rolR Alliance with RUHi", 312; onlen lM Bulgar~ 1050; hIS anticipationl rei. W.lr of Liberation. ~s live to ~astem Europe 10 Car contra. Bernadotte, French aeneral, commands dicted, 1052 the army in Hanover, 192: violates Be,,"uharnaiB, Eugene, ~3, 321 Prussian territory, 196; commanda Beaulieu, Austrian General, 80, h troops against RUL~ia, 230 Beccaria on II Crimes and Punishments.If Bernard, Pus of the Great !St., I.e 16 Berne, 101) • Beethoven entertains mernbera of the Con .. Bern-tartT, Count, Prullian envoy at the gress of Vienna, 381 ConferenCAI of London (.864>, 939 ::l~i:«!!: ~~t, ::,.~~t:.D 3~~·~::ct63vic .. ::~le~G::!r~L ~= o;'rc~~h troops in. tories, 62; uniled to Holland at (;on ... to Rome, 110 gress of Vienna. 413; revolution of BC!'Iolka .Bay, 835; despatch or En&li~h August. 1830, 621; separa.ted (rolR fleet to, 102$, 1042 holland, 621 ; influence oC France and Talleyrand, &.n, 6212; independence :~=:e~:a ilaa:.h~ ~!:~h~~ idef:!t~ ~6: _nioed by the Conference of tipanish at Rio Seco, 258 Bell.cru, Spanish in!lurgent. SI] ~~~~r::d~~~;~~ir!!e:o:h: i~:c~a~ Ihu"t, Count, 807: Saxon miniSiter at the cion of Louis Philippe, 623; Prince <':onference of London (186.,. 919; Leopold of Saae-Coburg elected king, Austrian Minister, ¢6: h .. M:ulement 623; IIdtlement of the frontier, 624; with Hungary, 966 ; lug"estl the union project of France for ics acquisilion, 1)61; of Luxem burg with HeJgium, 912; arranKes defensive alJianee with llai y, )=~n :tu~d(or~~m=~~~. &0 917; dil'mi.aed from office at ,he inati.. Belliard. french geoera~ 159 lation of Ui1\marclc, loa. Hem, Hungarian genen.l. defeab the Biarri<%, meetio, or Napoleon III. and Austrians, 765; defeated by AlUtriaol Hismarck, 94+ at Temeovar, 769 Bilbao, 653 ; be •• eged by the Carlist., 6S7 Ilenedek, Austnan general, 880,9,5 ; de· Bismarck, Prince, ,uccredl Prince - otructioD or hio arm, at lUIulggri<%, Jiohenlohe .. Prime Minister, 914(' • greyiouo appoioImcotland.....,hica lBDEA 1057 ten_'e-neiu, 91 4-916 : policy or II Rload be, II, by hi. brother N"""teon, 1t03; and Iron,.' 917; n:solves to II:Yy taxe... Kin~dom of WesrphaHa "lven to hilll, without a Budget, 918; measures 834 i Right from \Vestphaha, 84.8 against the Press, 919: e~taulishes Bonnpane, J~'f;ph: i",ellch amb."\.... .:oador friendly relations with Russia, 925; at }(oole, JlO ; represcnts Fr uir:e at 1he ~~~!!i~ tDe~~~t~l:d'l~!3 ;d~~:~u~r ~::;i~s c.:r:::;=::''-i,im~~08~m~~~nd; K~~~ Frederick V II., 934 : 51 atecrafr. respect of Spain, 256; flight from Mad. id, 85Q : ing Schleswig· Ho stein. 936,938, 942- second flight :,oa ; defeated at Vlttorla 9 ce Bunp:~~ou::. ~~1!:~ t;:ist!:' : Ca~f.~i~ Afa:':t or, S03, 885; and 1ft Turkey, 84o(notc)i Pru~ianambas..<;.ador Carinthia_ annexed to Napoleon-. empire, at London. 8~o; conflict with King Frederick Wilham, and n:signation of Car~s. or Apostolicals., 52'\ 521: h:~I. office, 841; letter from Frederick lions., 649; victories under leadership William on the Emperor Nicholas, 8;. of ZumRldcarre~"i, 654 (nole) Carlos, Don, brother of King Ferdinand, Buol, Count, Austrian minister. 8391 871 of Spain, head of "'Ierical party, 485 : Burdett, Sir Francis, 416 • claims the crown or Spain on the dealh ~urgoyne, English engineer in Ihe Crimea, of Ferdinand. 6c;0; unites with [).lll &t.6; letter to the li",,,, 841 (nolc) Mi~uel, 650; de"feated and conducted Burke. Edmund, 42; his description of the to London, 651, tel'pP"'"an in Spain at state of France, So; a.-.soc13tion .ith he:ui of insurrents, 653; wictn.i("~. 6!i" i Beaconsfield, 1024) (note) 511rn:nder of troo1'5 to C'.cneul E"llilr.. Burrard, Sir Henry; commands Drilish 'ero, and end of war, 6~8 troops in Portugal, SS9 Carlowit.. , CongreM or Serbs (1848). 749, Byroo, Lord, soB. 551, 514; wnling!l palriarch of, 765 excluded from Austria, 694 Carlsbad. confeRDOll '" minist Villafranca, and resignation, 883: his Chauvelin, French ambassador expelled plans for the union of Iialy, 884; from England, 39 Chit)s, 532. massacre by Turks, 560 :::: ~t ~i~:r~8:8S;a:;;~:"':~n~ Christian VIll., King of Denmark, 724 8go; policy with ree:ard to Naples, l:hristian IX. !tucceeds Frederick VII. as 897; orders Admiral Per!"ano to excite King of Denmark, 935; cedes his insurrection at Naples, 898; struggle claims in Schleswig-Holstein to Austaia and Prussia, 941 7hi~tr~:;;~~}'';:i~ ~ei~li~a~:g~ Chri. Cologne; condition in '792, 24; captured Council of State (France) 138 by French. 63; wealth oC the Elector. Cowley, Lord, British a:nbas.i3.dorof Paris, atlem~tll to medi..... te betwectl Austriol.. Commissioners'1' of the Convention (France'. "'mnce, and Sardinia, 876 Cr,lcow, 386; occupied by Austrians, 692 Co:?mitlee of Public Safety (France), 48 Creta, 558; conquered Ly Egyptians, 568 I Commune of Pari~, The (1791); oppcJ~ition rises again::.t Turkey} 864 to the Gjrondins, 44; crushes Giron.. Crimean War, barren 1n posith'e resuits, dins, 48; (1871) aUempts made to 8:.6; Parliamentary l'apers, etc., re. o\Oerthro N tl e Governm -nt of N alional specting. (note), 827; commencement Defence. and to secure the co-operation of, 838 i Battle of the Alma, 846 ; Lom .. or the National. ;uard, 1016; Generals bardment of Sebastopol. and "'aU I" of Lecomte aDd Clement Thomas seized llalaclavu, 841, 848: Battle of In"er.. and put to death; a revolutionary man, 849: lo~s of English troops from committee formed at the HOtel de severe winter, 850. Haule of the Ville; elections held for the council; Tchernaya, 8sS; capture of the Mala" hostilities with the troops of VcrMilles, koff by the i'rench, 85S i fall 01 SeboUl' ICI7; slaughter of pri.c;oners and host topol, 856 ages, and destruction of public build" Croatia, Movement in (.848), 748-152 ings on the entry of the Government Crown Prince oC Prussia ovpo:.e~ Bil llOOPS imo Paris, 1017. 1018 marclc·s measures against the Press, Concordat of BODl.pa.rte. 175-178 920; takes part in the C"dmpaign again"t l·oJld~. Siege of. 47; surrenders to Au,s. Austria (1866). 9S4;;JSfJ; commanw trian",51 COlldorcet, philosopher, and Girondin ~~7~)~rn~t~mlere~~:m:~e t~~re:~~l:I'~~ member of Legislative Assembly. 6; WCi)t..':;'p'nbur)iE1 993; defeats McMahon his manifesto, 10 - at Worth, 99-4 ; at the Haule of Sedan, 1002 ; at the s ege of Pari", '004 : uu CO~~;io~f a~~e~~~pf!io!8!rte~9:e~o~d friendly relal ions with Ubmilrck, 1014 Treaty of Paris, 41G-..p8 Custinc, General, enters Maim:, 3S; Conscription; in France, 51; in Prussia, defeated in the Palatinale, 47; cum" 325; in Hllllgary,770 mands army oftbe Nurth, SI i eXQcutoo Constant, Benjamin. draws up Napoleon's by RevollJtionary Tribunal, 53 ACle Addiuonnel. 395 Cuslozza, Battle of, between Austrian. Constantine, Grand Duke, 578, 579; with.. and Sard.inians, 746; second battle of, draws Russian troop:i from Poland, betwccn Auslnans and Italian!!., 956 6'1 Cuxhaven; blockade by the French, 182 elected Constantine, Grand Duke (younger), ap" CuzaJ Prince Alexander, HOhpodar p?inted Viceroy at \VarNlw, 928; 01 Moldavia and Wallach1a, 863; ex... attempt on his hfe at Warsaw, 92~ peUt Prince A1ex:tnder Cnza elected Hospo Diet of the Empire, '11, 1O-t, 16,-171 dar of Aloldavia and Wallachia, and Diet of Frank1ort. 413: pas!'es repre~!'ive afterwards expelled, 863;' Charles of measures. 464, 466; further repression, Hohenzollernelected Hereditary Prince 638 i enters upon reform, 709, 72SJ' of Roumania. 863 extinct rrom 1848 to 1850, 800; r,..store Dardanelle,". The, 663; entry of French by Austri3, 802 ; decrees federal execu and English fleets !,839), 667; rule for tion in Holstein, 935; Prussian de.. pas.. age of wa.r-shlps agreed upon by mands (1866), 949; calls out the. the Powers, 672; -entry oC British aDd Federal forces i PrU5:loian envoy with'!' Frem.h fleets, 8~6 draws,9sa Davidovich, Austrian general, r. Dijon,lolI Davollst. General (French, defeats Directory, Thc· French. 68. 69; instnlc" Pruo:;sians at Auerstndt, 27t j enters lions to Bonapute re~ardin~ campaign Berlin, 223 ; heads the army in Bavaria. in Italy, 8t; negotiates with J)ru..;sia "75 ' ' and Austria, 87; declines proposals of Deak, Hungarian statesman, Ggo; leader peace with ~ngland, 88; party of of Hungarian Assembly, promotes opposition in the, 97; intimit.l:l.ted by reconciliation with Anstria. 964 Bonaparte, 97; members seized by Debreczin, Hungarian Parliament meets Angereau's troops, 98: reorganisation, 98 ; consents to Bonaparte's attack on De:::: ~~, French minister, ISIS, 431; Egypt, 103: unpopularity in. .. .I799. 134; sanguinary measures respecting the its overthrow ([799), 137 - rising at Grenoble, 443; influence over DisracH, ~{r. R. (Su Lord Beacon~fie1d) Louis XVIII, 444; his measures, 469; Divorce, abolition of. in FrClnce, 418 victory over ultra-Royalists, 470; com Dobrudscha, Th~; advanceoflhe Ru,... ians promise with Royalists, 471 j dismissal, into. 843; advnnce ot Ie76, 1036; ceded to Russia and given by Ru!'Sia Dc.':I~~ation, of Leopold II. and Frederick to Roumania in exchang~ for Bessarabia, William II. rc!Opecting the !Oafety of 1045 Louis X V I., 3 ; of Duke of H. uu"wick Domingo, St_, ceded by Spain to French to France, 29 i of "'rench Convention Repuhlic,65 to 1'.11 nations, 37 Donn3uieuJ French Genera1 at Grenoble, De Gallo, Austrian envoy to Bonaparte. Do~~6ergt 'Generat, revolts against King . DePe~qqart, M., Foreign Minister of Louis Jerome of \Vestpha1ia, 281 XVl.,8 ' Douav. General, h.-ads French troops at Dembinski, appointed by Kossuth to the WEdc:senbarg, and is dcf.. ated and command of Hungarian anny in the killed,993 war against Austria, 764. 765, 769 D'Oubril; RlIs-!'ian envoy to Paris, 212 Denmark; joins the Northern Maritime - Dramali ; Turkish commander, 563. 564, League. IS4 i Battle of Copenhagen, 565, 566 _ 156 ; landing of English troops, 2~6; Dresden; entry of N "poleon, 332; battle declares WAf against England. 238; of, 340; clemocratic rising, 796; occu loses Norway, 371; rebellion of pied by Pru'isians, 954- Schleswig-Hol:otein. 722; dealh of Ducos, M., French Director, 136 King Chrislian Vllt, and accessiofi of Dumouriez, General. French .Minis~er or Frederick VII. 724 ; war with Prussil. Foreign AlTain;, 1 ; checks Pru~sians at respecting Schleswig-Holstein, 125; Valmy. 32; proposes peace to King of armhtice of Malmb wilh PrUSSIa, Prus~ua, 32; invades the Nelherlands, 784 ; peace with Prussia, 8o.t; death 36; defe.1tcd by Austrians at .Neer of Frederick VlI., 934 i actession winden, 46 ; hi~ treason, 46, 41 . ('If Chrh.tian IX., 935; conRict with Dundas, oM r., retires froln office with Pitt, Prns.",ia and Austria respecting !5chles.. ,6. wh;- Hul..;tcin, 934-940; by Treaty of Dunkirk; bes:eged by Eng1i!!h. 52; Duke Vienna King Chri!'otian cedes his rights of York defe~ted, S3 in Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia and Dupont, }"rench general, enters Spain, Austria, 94'1 250; defeated at Baylen, 258 i Minister i)ennewitz. Hattle of, 342 . of War ,,81:4), 378 Uepre'is; Pro-Dictator at Palermo, 8g,; Durando, Papal general, 743, 736 resigns office. 901 Derby, Lord. English Foreign Secrf'tary (1876), proposes a conference at Con - Ecclesiastical States (German). 2S; seeu stantinople, 1031; resignation and larisation of, 87; Suppression of, 106, re.qumpUon of office, '1042 ; differences llQ with . Lord Beaconsfield on the ga~tern EcciesiastiCo."'\1 System (France), reorgan.. Question, and resignation of office, 1046 ised by Nationa.l As-sembly. 5 Diavolo, Fra, 119 Edelsberg, Battle of, 280 Diebitsch, commander of Russian force!>, Egypt; Bon:llparte's design of attack on, 593; defeats Turks at Kalewtscha. 102; failure of French expedition • ~93; crosses the Balkans, 594 ; invades under Bonaparte, 113 i Bonaparte's foland,608 victory at Aboukir,.J1S; French and MODERN EUROPE. Turkish engagements, IS7; capitula.. ~03; death of Pitt, ~08; coalition tion of Cairo to EnlJlish, 159; cap.. mimstry of FOll: and Grenville, 209; itulation of Alexandria to I!:nglish, ships excluded from Pruo;sian ports, 159; conque~t of Cretc, ~68; navy ~IJ; seiimre of Prnssian ves~el!l., 211; defeated at Navarino, 586-587; war Napoleon's Berlin decree against Eng with Turkey (1832). 1560-662; second lish commerce, ~26; faU of the Oren. war with Turkey (1839), 666 ville mil1i~try and appointment of the Elba,360 Duke of Portland Prime Minister, '131 • Elgin, Lord; his report concerning French 'l'reat)' of Hartenstein, 232; troops lanJ emigrants, 30 (note); on the Haule of in Denmark, 236: bomba dment or Jemappes, 36 (notc); on Prussia'. Copenhagen, :!37; Denmark declares designs. 52 (note); on t, e French anny war, 2311; troops enter POI tu~~I, 2~9; in the Netherlands 61 (~ole); report 00 victo")' over the French Rt Vimielro, the revolutionary feeliug in France, 88, 059; Sp3nish campaign (180.), .66- (note) 268 ; defeats the French at Talavera, Elliot, Sir H., British ambassador at Con.. a87 ; failure of expedition a~ainst Ant· stantinople, 1025. 1032 - werp, 288; Spanish Campaigns (1810- Emigrant Nobles (Fe'rance); take arms f·'), 298-302; (18(3) 3So i Duke of against France,s; headqu3'rtcrs at Wellington enters France, 3So; at the Coblentz. 5; protected by Elector of Congress of Vienna, 386; at Battle of Treves. _7; their dispersal demanded Quatre Bras, 400; Battle of Waterloo, by the Gironde, 7; allied with Austria and Prussia agalO!iit France, 29; their :~~~~d4 tr~:;; ~fkp~:' 4~r~;!~~ ell. cruelties, 30 (note); landed by English clines the Czar's Treaty of Hofy Alliance, fleet in Drittany, &,; their defeat by 409 ; seeks at the Congress of Vienna General Hoche, 67; return to France, to secure abolition of the Slave Trade, f9, 376; restored tl, ..official ran k, 377 ; .PS-4[7; foreign policy under \Vel grantea compensation of '£4°,000,000, linglon and Castlereagh, 424-427; 60S ' discontent from ISIS to 1819, ~47; Ems, 982 ; telegram respecting pretended insult to the French .ambassador, by ~~n~i!~ia_C~:~JleonC~~~eie:re:sa4~:~ King William of Prussia, 984 refuses to enter into a general league Enghien. Murder of the Duke 0(, J8S England; alarmed by Decree of French :~atti~: ~~lk, a~t t~dc(:a!Ue~e~~h: Convention, 37 ; feeling towards 476; protection of Portugal, 191 ; pre French Revolution. 38; French am.. vents joint diplomatic action with bassadorexpelled, 39; wuwith France, regard to Spain, 494; withdrawal of 40: condition in J793. 40; sympathy Canning, 495; protests against the of Fox with French Revolution, 4I; Troppau circular, 498 ; neutral attitude towards Spanish revolution of J822, ~t:,;g:~~it:~eG:(r~ittl!~~;~~ ~~~~sh SCY/; death of Castlereagh, and ap· Revolution, 42; Burke denounces the pointment of Canning as Foreign Revolutionary movement, 42 i "ictories Secretary, 508; Congress of Verona, on French trontier, 51 i. driven from sro-Sl2; prohibits the conque!lt of Dunkirk, S3 j commands Mediterranean Spanish colonies, 5[7 ; sends troop" to after the siege of Toulon, 5S ; conlra"t Portugal, S2J; Canning's statesman.. of English and Austrian p )licy, 58, shTe' 522 ; protocol with Russia, 580 ; Dote; furnishes a subsidy to Prussia, 59; retires from Hollaod, 64; attempts rnea~ri:n Ti~ksE::te~avp~W~y ~8f~~r 5~l~ to nell:otiate peace with France, 88; Battle of Navarino, 588; Protocol of Battles of St. Vincent and Camper. ¥aU~~~a~d:~tiF~e~~he~~b~~~~9~J ~:fuio~o~'thBal~~~si!, t~~u~~;: I~;'j London, persuades William J V. and Naples again!'t France, nt : combined Wellington to abstain (rom intervention in Belgian affain, 622 i Conference of expedition with Russia agamst H ollandt 132, '33; reply to Bonaparte's prop()!iaJ London recognises the Independence of lor peace, J46; new proposals rejected, Belgium, 623; passing of the Reform J50; rlifferences with Russia, '54; war Bill (IS32), 644, 645; growing friend· with Northern Maritime Powers, 155; Baule of t:ope"hagen, JS6 ; petlce with ~ne:stotop:;~~J'r~d~~~6d;i~~~;~; Northern Powers, '57; attach the for attack on British subjects, 648; French in Egypt, ISS i Battle of A~ex ... a'!.sist5 Spain with arms and stores in andria, 158; lakes (;atro and Alexan· quelling Carlist rebellion, 6SS; fleet dria, 159; Treaty of Amicn" with sent to the Dardanelle!, 667; aenle France, 160; Act of Union with Ire· ment of Eastern Question (1841), 671 ; land pas~d, 16I; National DeLt in fleet !ent to Naples on the occupation .Sol, .62; war with France (1803), of Ferrara by Austria, 679; state of, 179; occupation of H;mover by the French, IS2; join Ru~~ia io coalidon :~~~~~~:2t rjf~~r: N~~~~:a I~ against France J87; Battle of l'rafal .. .pecring disintegration of the Sultan', ,.:1', 19S; attackSl the French in ltalV, dominions, 810; policy of Lord Ahcr· INDEJ(, 1003 Ileen and coalition ministry (1853), 833, Eupatoria, Bay or, S4S S34; despatch of tleet to Besika Bay Evans, Colonel de Lacy; leads English on the entry of Russian troops into ana French volunteers against the Danubian Provinces, 835; declaration Carlists, 626 of war in conjunction with France Exhibition, Great, of 1851, 824 against Russia, 838 ; demands on Russia Eylau, Battle of, 230 as the basis of peace, 844; troops land in the Crimea, S4S; Battle of the Alma, 846· Battle of Balaclava, and Charge Faidherbe, General, leads the French of the Light Brigade, 848, 849; Battle army of the North against the Prus of Inkerman, 849; lo~ of troops in the sians, 1010 Crimea during the winter of 1854, 851 ; Failly, General, defeats Garibaldians at mismanagement of campai~, 851: Mentana, 976 ; surprised at Beaumont, Lord Aberdeen's ministry resIgns, and 1000 Lord Palmerston is made Prime Minis· ler, 8SI ; Cor.ference of Vienna (May, ~:rl~r,sS:ldinian commissioner in Modena, 18SS), fails to arrange treaty of peace 8Bo ; accepts dictatorship of Modena, between England and Russia, 853 i 883 resumption of the siege of Sebas· .Favre, Jules. proj)oses the deposition of topol, 854; fall of SebastQpol, 856; Napoleon 111.,.1004; addresses a treaty of peace with Russia signed at circular to the European Courts on Paris (1856), 859; agreement made at the overthrow of the Napoleonic Conference of Paris with regard to the Empire, 1003 i meets Bismarck at rights of neutrals, 860; insists on di Ferrieres to negotiate for peace. Ico4; vision of Danubian Principalities, 862 i meets Bismarck at Versailles to discuss attempts to mediate between Austria, terms of an armistice, 10121 France, and Sardinia, 876; volunteer Ferdinand, Archduke, 194 forces, 891; sympathy with Italian Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Spain, 2147 ; revolution, go4 ; Conference of London placed under arrest for a supposed respecting Denmark and Schleswig intrigue with N i?poleon, 249; restored Holstein, 939 ; vacillation on the to the king's favour, 2150 j proclaimed Schleswig-Holstein question, ,941; re king, 252 j lured· to Bayonne. 252; jects Berlin Memordum, and dIspatches renounces the crown of Spain, 253; the fleet to Besika Bay, 1025; opinion restoration in IBr4, 313; arrests the on Bulgarian massacres, 1026; Dis leaders of the Cortes, 479 ; partiality raeli's Foreign Policy, 1026-1029; the to the clergy, 480 j establishes the Constantinople Conference, 1032-1034; Constitution, 485; cons~ires against the "London Protocol, II 1034 i fleet the Constitution, 505; reUres to Seville ordered to Constantinople, and reversal on the invasion of the French, 5121; of order, 1042; Lord Derby's resigna.. annuls· the Constitution. 51S; death tion and resumption of office, 1042; (.833). 649 . Vote of Credit of .l.6,000 000 for army Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria, succeeds purposes, 1042; fleet ordered to Con stantinople, 1042; imminence of war ~la~~idc~:t5~~B~obie;~:p~~~~:a~~: with RUSSIa, 1043; objections to the National Guard, 740; dig~t from Treaty of San Stefano summed Up in a Vienna, 740; dissolves Hungarian circular to the Powers, 1046; secret Parliament, and declares its acts null agreement with Russia, 1043 ; acquisi and void, 755 ; .8.ight to OlmUtz, 757 ; tion of Cyprus, 1048; Congress of abdication, 760 Berlin, 1048 Ferdinand, Kingof Naples, armistice with Enl!lish Commonwealth, 41 .Bonaparte. 83; proclamation against EPlrus, 602 .. 'the French, lIS ; enters Rome, n6 i Erfurt; headquarters or Prussian army despatch to the exiled Pope, IJ6; flees (1806),220; meeting of. Napoleon and (rom Rome. tJ7; escapes to Palermo the Emperor Alexander, 262 ; meeting in the Vanguard, JIS j and (not~), pIa"" of Federal Parliament, (.849), 799 JIS; returns to Naples, 124 (' treaty Erzeroum, 1040 with Austria; 423 ; rule in Sici y. 424 ; Eski Sagra, .036 declares a Constitution, 4~; hypocrisy, Espartero, General, totally defeats the 490 (note); goes to Conference at Carlists (.839), 6~8; appointed Regent Laibacb, SOO • of Spain, 659; exIled, 659 Ferdinand II., King of Naples, 'proclaims ttienne, St., revolt of working-classes at, a Constitution, 680; conquers Sicily, 64' 180; his violence and oppress.ion, 78J i Etrop.oI, IB40 . . . death,89' Etruna; ceded to France by Spain, 239 Ferrara, portion of Cispadane RepUblic, 89 Eugenie, Empress, eagerness for war with ~ Fichte 274, 297, 451, 46f Prussia, 9BS; insists on McMahon Fieschl,t attebtpt on. the life of Louis marching to the relief of Metz, 999; .. Philippe, 643 . flight from Paris afte~ the surrender of Finland; gamed by ·Russia i.n 1814, 370 Napoleon at Sedan, 1002: declines the Flanders, battles between Frerlch and PrUssian conditions of pe3Ce. 1007 allied armies of Ene:land and Austria, 6. · Fleet, German, sold by auction, 80ft IU! condition in 17')9. 132-13S; nona IQrury. French officer, confidant of Louis pa.nc's rdurn (rom ~gypt, 135; new Napoleon, 8J6 . _ Con!lititution of 1199, 136-140; the Florence (.";~e Tu~ny) ~onsulate of Uonapartet 141-144: n- Fontainebleau, Treaty or. '1]9 sumption of war against Austria., 146 i fo'orha.ch, 993 "'oTey, French general. under Louis Na k~~~i."o~sI;~ld~~!~~ lf~~~!i:~~~ti:;!! poleon",8n Ii!l, IS8; defeated b¥ I~ngli:(h in Egypt. ForCiter, 1\lr. \Y. E., M. P" oppmoe.o!i the IS8; Treaty of Amlen! with J':ngland, V01~ of Credit for £6,000.,000 for army 160 i French rule in Italy And Swit~r purpoc:e~, 1042 land, :64-.66; Civil Code and Con 'ol1ch~, M., aJl'P'?inted to the head or cordat, 113-118; growth of Pap:d French ProYIs.ional Government b)' Powe~t 177; war with ~ngla.nd (r803), l.oui:. XVUJ., 406; rail of his mini5try 179; uonap.ule a"'"umeA the title of in ,8';,430 J'..mperor, 186; cu.,lition of J.tll~~ia. Filurier. ~I. hi" Socialistic work, 70] England, and A\I~tri:\t 18,: dcfeat, Fox, ;\Ir. C. J., M.P., sympathy with Austrians at Uhn, 191; occull1.,tion of Frc.'la:h i{evulution, 41; takes office Viennn, 197: Austerlitz, 199: I'cace of wit h I.oru (;renville, 209; p:... cific ani· tude towards France. ~1l0 i death, !~dsll';~fy, 2;~ t~~~en::aj~~t GI~;~:~~!. .,1 1806, 219-1126 i acquisition of Pru""ian Fr:mce; war declared agnin~t Austria territory, tl34; war a~ain!llt Portugal, (1792),2; Louis XVI. accepts Consti 239; troops enter Spain, 2S0 ; war re tutlun of National As..ctembly (1791). 4 i openec.l by Austria 211; tiurrender of Nalional A!i.OiliemLly di5S0lved (1791). 4 ; General Bri",·mr.'. column to the Tyro- Emigrants lake arotS aga.in!'t, 5; war· 1e5e, 278; Nap.>leon enten Vienna, pulic.."y of the Gironde. 6;' opening of 280 j defeated by A""trianl at A~pern, war agaimu Austria. !lB; invaded by !l84; defeats AtUitri:ml at Wa~rnm, J'ru",,,inn troofl'C, 29; war agnm!llot Allie!' :186; "'rench defeated at Talavera by now a ju~t one, 31; patrioti!im, 31; Sir Ar.hur Wellesley, .281: J)eace with f'\'ncllated by Pnlhial 33; declared a Austria, 2qoj N a.pol~n'l annexa.tion! of Itt"puhlic by Con.ventlon, 33; the war the JJapal State, Holland, etc., 294, I)cct,m~ a cru!!'ade of democracy, 33 ; ,ucce!'i.~S of army in Germany, 35; :i~i~n tr7R~~~i!, P::!~::!,; 2Vr~,!~ annexf'!!' S:woy and Nice, 37; execution declare. war, 327; opening of the War :~ ~ ~~i;"!.Y~nt ~t~:'e~ Gi~~n~rn~l~n~ lfat~!:~f'1Jr~J::.iG:o;:I=~~nk~I~~: AI OIUJ! ai n Partyt ....-.6; trea.. of Charles X'I Louis Philippe made Villnrrnnca, 881; Napoleon pl.;\n~ Ihe King, 617, 61-8; -nature of the Revolu esta.blishment of an Italian I\.i g"\lvlll, tiuR of (8jo, 61&1 attitude towm-d, 887; dismissal of \VaJ-ew",ki, (ur, igll ihliurrection in Papal States, 632; minister, andaJ'poil1lment of l'hou\cnd. insurrections in Paris, Lyons, Grenoble, 888 ; annexatiun of Savoy and. Nice, and other places ag3inst the Govern 8go; amha.... "\ador witlulraws from 'I-urin ment, 642; attempt on the life of Loui'l on the Sardini:m invasion of the Papal Philippe by Fieschi, 643 i laws of x835 St4td, 900; Sc::ptemberCoD\", miun Wllh to repress sedition, ~3; growth of friendliness towm-ds t:.ngland, 646' 1~61!,J.~~~,~"o~alli. Vr:::df!~e!u~t·:I:~ declines to send t!'Oops to Spain to quell - ¥russia anu Auslcia, 956; N'apol\..oon Carlist rebeUi.,n, 656; support given to seeks for the cession of Luxemburc. Vic=oy of "gypl, 664, 668; nee' senl to NapJelii on the QCCu-pation of Fef'rara ~lo~: 0~t~7 r~~~~~~~~~f at1~~~~ by Austria.. 6,9; ma.rrlage of the Duke Vecchia. 916; 'isolation in 187Q, 97'; of \jonlven:-.ier to the fnfantaof Spain, inJi~nMion against Vrussia at the rell; demand fur Parli:lll1entaryref.. nn, candidature of Pri. ce Leopo d fur I It'! 10" : ol'llOSition in the. Cham hers to Spani",h (hrone, 980; WM dccid~J l.uuis .Philippe, 102 ; spread of Social again:!>t Prussia (1870),984; nIIJ)'!'Oixll::lI:n i~;In, 703; Revolution of Fehruary, out of eigluyasc\·c.n dll:pannu:nls. in 18 18. 10S; abdica.tion and flight of favour of war with Prussia. 9'\5 ; cun Louis Phillippe. 706; Republic pro dition of the army, 989; inCUUlI~tC::l-ce claimed, 706; effect of the Revolution and leth:u'gy mf ministers in war prcllarn on E.urope, 708; meeting of Provisbnal tions, wo; deficicllcies of the army G.lvernment, 739; natiunal wolrkshovs. aggravated by the misappropriatiun of 7~9; first acts of National A.~eD\bly, public funds, 991 ; defeated by Prussians 731 ; fiot of May 15th. 1848~ 73' i the at Weis.oqenburg. 993; dcfeat'f.:t.I at the As."iCmbly seeks to abolish nauonal Battle of \Vorth. 994 i dd,:atll:\1 at ",,,,,rkshops,13J; oruer for enlil'lmentof Spicheren, Mars-Ia--lour, and Grave- warkm-en, ,.0 i insurrection or June, 7 ~2 ; rise 0 Louis Napoleon, 734-737 ; ~~t~t::;ntf:rsJ~;p!~~~~~ 1<: ~d~a~iti·~~ Loui~ N aJ)l>leon elected President, 137 : lruups tli .. p~tchcd to occupy Rome and ~~e thRe~~bUc:url!~~ f~~lJ:tTiu~io:f o! -,:slurc lla"": Papal puwer, 176; attempted insufTcctiolls (1849), 778; sicge and ~o:':~~~l~n~l~r~~~:l~t:· tr~~~i~~~.} capture of Runte, 178 i restores Ponti nationn) armies, laoS; :iieJ,!e uf Paris. fir-nl Gu~rnment, 71Q: ainu," of Louis 1004 ; fall of Strasburg, ,0u6; anny of N :\1",I"on. 8og; L"w carricu for limiting the Loire. ,006; Orle:ms tnk..., f,y &he Cranchi.;e, 8u; Louis Napoleon Germans, .006; capi.ula.ion QI ~I"", U- 1066 MODERN EUROP6. tOO'!; capitulation of Paris and annis of Russia, 56; breach with Austrla, 58; lice, 1012 ; elections ordered to be held, leads army' upon 'Varsaw, 60 lor3; National Assembly meets at Frederick William III, (Prus.."ia); his pro posals regarding Hanover. 182 i his ~trdeat~'\ri~h3 ~~::=k~:~f~ ~= remonstrance with Bonaparte, 183 i of ~ans into Paris. 1St March, 1871. lemporising policy with Bonap.'U'te, 188 i 1014; Treaties of Versailles and Frank treaty with the Emperor of Russia at fort with Germany. IOI~; insurrection Potsdam, 196; evades engagements of the Commune and national JUard in with Russia, 200; attempts to disguise Pari!t 1016-1018; the Repubhc under the cession of Hanover, :no; at the M. Thien. 1020; McMahon's presid Battle of Auerstadtt 221; flight to ency, 1020; Comte de Chambord. 1020; " Weimar, 222; dismiSSes Stein, 226; at the Congress of Berlin, 1049 cordial relations with Emperor of Rus sia, 232; cedes large portions of territory Fr.:ci:h~IG~r:::i~ u~i, I~C:4~lS =~me:: to Napoleon 2 33 ; reluctance to enter the title of Emperor of all his dominions, into war wit hAustria, 274; proclama 186; incapacity, 273; on the Holy tion to the German nation, 276; I!rO'" Alliance, 409; bis mtolerance and re sistance to progress, 422; death (1835). ~~~~c:f d~~;i:~d. ~~ ;Rd~~:r!sgru:= 686 against France, 321; Congress of Vienna, Francis II. King of N aplos; succeeds his 83. 384; weakness and timidity. 422 i father, Ferdinand II., 89'; attempts to negotiate an alliance WiUl Piedmont, r~=;::! iD~:ldisc~:i~tu~~:~t4l; 8986 fti~ht from Naples on the advance Schmalz's pamphlet, .5°; recommenl ations given to him by Mettemich, 458. Ffren:h: :!d~:~Z.l1 Of Gambetta. M.. proclaims tbe French Re Na~leon's camPaign of %8%3 330; public after the surrender of Napoleon Stem's policy dUrIng the war of Libera. at Sedan, 1002; leaves Paris during the tion, 342; beneficial effect of Napoleon's siege to undertake the government of wars, 365; Act of Federation at 'Con the provinces and the organisation of gress of Vienna, 411 ; delay in promised national armies, lOOS; resigns on the Constitution, 450; alarm raised by rejection of bis proposal for excluding Stourdza.'s pamphlet, 459; murder of from . election all persons connected Kotzebue, 460; relation of Minor States with the Government of Napoleon III•• to Prussia, 462; measures of the Con 1013 ference of Carlsbad, 463; commission G:1Tibaldi, General; heads a corps in de of Mainz, 466; reactionary despotism, fence of Rome against the French, 776. 468; rise of secret societies, 468; sym leaves ROJpe and escapes from Austrians pathy with France, 46Q; condition after to America, 778: leads volunteers French Revolution of %830, 6}S-639; against Austria (1859) 817'. 879; 1?rG the Zollverein, 636; insurreCtions m poses to lead an expedmon agamst' Brunswick and Cassel, 636; Constitu Rome, 88S; hostility to the cession of tions granted in Hanover and Saxony, Nice to France, 8go j breach with 631; despotic reaction (1832), 638-6.f.O; Count Cavour, 89!; expedition to rislDg at Frankfort, 639; represslve Sicily, SQ4; captures Palermo, and pteasy.x:es of Metternich, 639, 640; Agi.. assumes tbe dictatorship, 895, 896; de tatioD. in Western Germany, 1847, 7ee; feats·the Nea~litans at Milazzo, 8g6; sympathy with Schleswig· Holstein in lack of admmistrative faeull)', 897; its rebelhon against Denmark, 722; de triumphant entry into Naples, 899; sire for unity amongst the people, 725; formation of the Ante-Parliament, 725 i ~:hi:s!:~t:a ~=:~ tt~ ili~e: meeting of the National Assembly at Cavour, 902; defeats Neapolitan troops Frankfort, 726 j work of the Assembly, at Cajazzo, 902; meeting with Victor 782; outrages at Frankfort on the rati Emmanuel, 903 j reduces Capu&, 903: fication of the armistice of Malmo, 714; Dis request for the lieutenancy of the Frankfort Assembly discusses the 'iouthern Italy declined by Victor Em relation of Austrian Empire to Germany, manuel, 903; returns home, 90;:5; 189; Frederick William IV. refuses to wounded and made prisoner by the accept the Imperial Crown. 79-4 ; troops of Victor Emmanuel at Aspro Frankfort Assembly denounced as a monte, 946; his troops invade Papal revolutionary body, 795; end of the States (,861),976; commands a body of Parliament, 796; formation of Federal auxiliaries during the Franco~Prussian Constitution and Federal Parliament war, 1011 at Erfurt, 799: conBiet in Hesse-Cassel Gastein, Convention of, 944, 951 between the ministry and the people, Gegenbach. Abbot of. 12 Sol; national Beet sold by auction, 806; Genoa; overthrow of oligarchic govern.. epoch of reaction, 805; revival of idea ment", and establishment of democratic of German union under the Regency of constitution favourable to France, g6 ; Crown Prince William, 910; formation blockaded by Austrians, '%4,.7; surren.. of National Society, 911; Schleswig dered to Austrians, 148 j gIven to the Holstein and German interests, 937. King of Sardinia, 361, 413 938; the Danish war, 939; disagree Georgakis; Greek insurgent, 543 ment between Austria and Prussia, 943; George III, Elector of Hanover, 24 ; agreement of Gastein, 944; war between abuses in England under his rule, 40; Austria and Prussia, 952-956; Treaty struggle with political parties, 41; hos.. of Pra~ue, 957; Southern states enter tility to the Catholic Emanci~tion Act, into alhance with the King of Prussia, r6r; announces the coalllion with 959; military organisation, 971; esta.. Russia against France, 187; quarrels bhshment of a Customs·Par iament. with his ministers on the Catholic Dis 978; pro~ of the work of consolida abilities question, 231 • tion by Bismarck, 9~; mobilisation of Germany, state of, in 1192, ID-27; whole of west of the Rhine in the hands of the ~o~~' ~~?~nF~tN~~h::;~~a:~t~ French (%19<1). 64; abandoned by Aus States, and assump' ion ·of tbe title of tria, 101; its representatives at the Emperor by King \ViIliam, 1014-1016 : Congress of Rastadt, 104; after the first PP.rliament of the German Empire Peace of Lun~ville, r52; settlement of, openeu at Berlin, 1016; U League of the by Bonaparte, 16~; absence of national Three Emperors," 1021 Gervinus, Member of German National ti:~i~e~~;:~n: 2O~~aro~:'tio~~~nn~; Assembly, 121 (r806), 205; condition under Napoleon's Gioberti, aims in his writings at a reronna rule, 206; Austrian war of 180g against tion of Italy through the Papacy, 618 France on behalf of Germany, 272; Girondins, 6; their war·policy, 6; demand Southern Gennany sides with Nape> dispersal of Emigrants, 7; influence in leon, 273; patriotism in N orthem Ger.. the Convention. 33: at variance with ~any, 274: idea of unity at the out the Commune. u: accl1AAtions ag:t:in~ break of war "'itb France in .aIJ. l28: the Commune and Robespierre. 44" 1068 MODERN EUROP•• hatN by the -'e. 44 t:!:,'::"""" d", Greg Go~off, Prince Alexander, ~ .. Gr!:.he.ereo, Baute of, ).41 Russia at the Conference of Vienna, GUiWl, M., sucxeeds Thien •• Frencb .May, 18sS. 8s.; seeks to dissuade the Premier, 671 : appl"OVeS of the IIl&f'1'ia.ge Czar from making I"'""" with England o( tbe Duke of ltIootpen!liier to the In.. and Allies, Is8; I'CJccts the interference fanta of Spain, 700; t~ion ('848), of the Powas with regard to Polish 705 affairs. 930: resists Miluline's mea.wres Gu.. avu5 III. (Sweden), bis hailed lID in Poland, 93'; BerIiJ:! Memorandum, French Revolution. 9 1084; Serviao campa.agn. 10]0, 1034. Gymna!lltic e5tablishmenL... supposed by '04] Mcuemichto be dangerous to Europeaa Gourlco, General, leads Russian COIps in peace, 458 Gra~::'~~,;t3~':!~nds Eoglish Habeas Corpus Act, 5uspeosiOD 01, ill England, 476 G'::;: ioi':!i: r'reuch Fomgn Minis- Ham. place of Louis Napoleoo'. impriooo- ter (.870), 9iIo; Ca¥OOlS. _ with Prussia, Q8. Ha::~~3lwJe 01, dmlonstration apins& Gra..,lolle, ~tIe of, 998 German despotism held at, 638 Gteecc. Revolt in, 479; rnees and institu Hamburg. eflect of tbe blockade of English tions, S-,.-S09: Greek Church, 529: the commerce by Napoleon, '97 Armalol. and Klephts, 531; Islands 0(, S)O; the Phanariocs, 534; the Hoopa ::::l:~:: ~Y\V~.4 ~":;!t:d,24 ':~ting daB., 534: intellectual revival in eigb General Mack,1I5 (not~); on the eca.pe teenth century. 535; KOI1IeS, 535-5}8; of the Royal Family from Naples, 118 growth of CQIIIIIleI'Ce. S40 i foundallOD (note) of Odessa, S40; influence of French IIanover, Nobl.. of, '4: occupation by the Rewolulioa, $41; the songs of Rhegas, French, 181; offered to Pru!io.... ia by $42; the Hetzria Pbilike, 543. 54S i re Bonaparte. 189 i King of P~ia·. dia- volt of the Morea, 548; extension of the te¥OIt, ~;6; massacre at Chioo, 560; ::;';:~:- £~~n~ i~ ;e:~: :::~ double mvasioo by Turks, 563; defeat of the Turks. s6s; civil war, s66; de =:","::~a, ~'~~!0fu,! reaL~ in the Itt area. 570""573; fall 01 the leogue with Pru.oia, 799 : conquend by Acropolis of Athens. 574; inten'eftlion of Greati!ritaio and Russia, sB. : Turks H a::::'~";, ~n~ -::.:ed by Prussia, 957 .Ilarder,berg. 8aron (Prul'Sian minictcr,. :mt;.t=g~~~:7ul,%: 188; on Pru.'lSia's acqui!loition of Hafto momanes 01 F ranee, 582: the Sultan to ower, a'. (note); diami~ fl"'M1\ otrw:e, I'l£.ain paramount sovereigmy, S83; ,,,0: ftC8..Iled in IS,o. J08; pori"'''')'. }PI; contJilion afler Battle oIl\avulDO, SS8; meets Stein at Bralau 10 arrange CaJ!Odi..~rias elected Pnsidenl, S~; T real)' of Kalisch, )26: at th. Con- limns of. _tied by the Po,",", sQ8; Prince Leopold of s...... cobu.,. OCttplS =0(: t~t;isjp~ ::: .he Crown, sQ8; pm- Leopold ..,. ..",: fa. ClOD!llitUlional ey"ttem, ...8; DOUhOCS the crown. 600; ~inatK. decliDe ofb;' indueoce, 457-.65: cJea. ... of Cap<>distria.•• 60.; Prince Ouo of .67 Ravana made King, 6oe: "ansfer of Hurowby, Lord, hi. despl1tm from Berlin Ionian I ,,)and> ('860) by Great BriUlin, on the eva.'lion of PruMian engagemenc. 600; ~ai ... T"-aIy .. the CGn_ of with Ru.tsia, 100 (notc) Berlin. '0049 Ha.-.eopftug, Chief MiniI&er ill H~ Gl#:oire ( .. ·I~,hop), elec:tioa lID Freuch c..et.80t Cham .... 01 I>eputieo, .,..; eIeaioa H .... ; ..... Captain, ~ • GtwIr iD~.1II --...... ,,~ 10(;9 Haugwltz, Prussian Minister, 59-00 ; Hrahowsky.l. Austrian general, aI1empt ta recommends the occupation of Hanover, occuPY <.;arlowitz, 751 181; his withdrawal, 188; interview with Hugo, V lCW, anested by Louis Napoleoa, )Jonaparte at Briinn, 198; arranges 822 ,reaty with Bonaparte at Schonbnmo, Humboldt, Prussian Minister, resigoation, 200 ; signs a treaty forcing Prussia into 465 •• war with England, 211 i resigns office, Hungary, Autocracy of Joseph 11_ in, 16; 225 policy of Leopold II. m, 16. Affairs in Haydn, the musician, I"" 273 18'5, 68. ; the Magyars and Slavs, 683; Helena, St., 405 K..."th is imprisoned for publishing Helvetic Republic, 101} reports of debates, 683; general progre.s Herzegovina revolts against Turkey, 1022 ; after 18300 684; peasantry laws, 684; banded OY1:l to Austria at the Congress schemes or Count ~euyi. 685; of Derlio, 1049 Kossuth's journal, 686 ; reforms of the Hesse, restoration of the Elector, 372; the Diet of IB43. 68Z; powen; of the Mag Elector's extortions, +500 Hassenpflug yars, 681; SlaVlc raationa lmovements. appointed Chief Mimster, 8m; conflict 688; Count Apj>ODyi appointed Chief betweeo the Ministry and the people, Minister,6g0. Kossuth's address to the and appeal to Diet of Frankfort, 802; Chambers on Austrian despotism, 709; settlement of affairs referred to the wins independence. 713; revolt oC the Diet of Frankfort, 803; renewed Serbs, 748-'15'; war with AIL,tria, struggle between the Elector and the 71»:765; Austnans enter Pesth, 763; people, 911 ; con~uered by Prussia. 9S4 i Parhament withdraws to Debreczin., annexed to PrussIa, 957 764; drives the Austrians out of the Hetzria Phil ike, The 543, 545 country, 7lls, 766; declaration of inde Hoche, French general, 58 pendence, 766; Russian interventionl on Hofer. :ryrolese leader, "93 the side of Austria, 7&'; campaigo of Hohenlinden, Baule of, 151 IB4g, 768 ; capitulation of Vilagos, 7/)g ; Hohenlohe, Prince, Prime Minister of constitutional rights extinguished, 770 ; Prussia (1862), 914; resjgnation, 914 Austria's vengeance, 7~' 770; diploma Hohenlohe, Prince, Prussian general, 219; for restoring the old COnstitution pub advice on the movements of the army lished by Austria, 9.2; resists the against France, 220; destruction of his • establishment of a Central Council, 922 ; army at J ena, 221 ; SUlTCDders to N apo meeting of Diet at Pesth, 923 ; the Diet leon at Prenzlau, 223 refuses to elect representauves to the Holland: W3J' against France, 40 icon.. 9,.uered by French, 64; expedillon of ::~~D~~d~~r~=l:; England and Russia ~aainst ~32; the military rule, 923 j settlement of confilct Balavian Republic, ~60; its constitu with Austria, and coronation of Francis tion in ISoI, 164; the Crown given to Jas;ePh, g6.-..66 _ ~ Louis Bonaparte, 203 ; abdication of the Hussem pashi leads Turkish Iroo!!" .n.o King, 295 i annexed to the French Syria, 660; defeated hy Egypuans at Empire, 295 ; restored to the House of Beilan, 660 Orange, 361. United to Belgium at Hydra, ooe of the ./Egeao Islands, 557 Congress of Vienna., 413; prohibits the Hypsilaoti, Demetrius, lead... of Greek slave-trade, 416; conflict with Belgium, revolt in the Morea,. 559, 565, 511 62.t; refuses to accept decision of Con Hypsilanti, Prince Alexander, 545-548 i ference of London with regard to dismissed from the Russian service, S41i Belgian Crontier, 624 i bombardment of ftight to Austria, 548 Antwerp, 62S Holstein (See Schleswig-Holstein) Holy Alliance, Treaty of, 408-4" Ibrahim, commander-in-chief of OttOtDaD Holy Roman Empire. xo, ~05; its 'end. forces, 568; invades tbe Morea, 570-572. 202 at the siege of Missolonghi, :;72; devas Hood. Admiral, at the siege of Toulon, 55 tates t~e Morea in opposillon to pr0- Hornby, Admiral ... oroered with English posal for armistice by the allies, 58; : be fleet to Besika Hay, ::1042 sieges Acre, 659 ; declared a rebel by I he Honense, mother of Louis Napoleon, 134 Sultan, 660: conquers Syria anti A .. ia Hospodars, Greek, 534, 8.8; Alexand.. Minor, 660; character of his rule after Cuza elected Hospodar of Moldavia the F.c< of Kutaya, 665 ; e.~peIled from and Wallachia, 863 Syna, by European allies, &,1 HOtel de Ville, 612; meeting of Lafayette's Ibraila, capitulates to Russia army, 5<)2 Municipal Committee Uuly, 1830), 6'5; IgnatietI, General, Russian ambassador at Louis PhiliP\'" addresses the mob from, Constantinople, 1030, 10,32 i draws up 6.6. Meeting-place of Provisional the London Protocol, 1034 GoY1:lnment (1B48), 7"9 lIIyria, 17 H ouchanl, General, attacks Gennaos at Inkerman, Battle of, 849 » .. mkirk. 53; executed by Revolu Innsbruck, SUllendel to the Tyrolese by tionary Tribunal, 53 the Bavarians, 278~ Place of retreat of Howe, LorJ, YiCloly ...... French off Ferdinand I., Emp"..... of Austria, l:shaot. 6t lOa MODERN EUROPE. Inquisition, The, in Spain, 26.t; the Cortes the Marches, and capture Ancona, gao. ~ d~nes to. restore it 304; restored by gol; all Italy, excepting Rome and Kmg Ferdmand (1814). 373; attacked Venice, united under Victor Emmanuel in Spain, 485 (186r), 904; the great work of Cavour on Ionian Islands taken by France, 100; behalf of Italian liberty, and his hopei made a Republic, 542; transferred by for the future, C}06, goB; Garibaldi at Great Britain to Greece, 602 Aspromonte, 946; September Conven Ireland, Union of Great Britain with, 161 tion, 946; relations with Prussia and Isabella, Queen of Spain, placed on the Austna, 950; war of 1866; Custoua, throne (1843). 659; dethroned, 979 Venice ceded, 956; Battle of Mentana, Istria, taken by France, 100 between Garibaldians and Papal force~ Italy: condition in 17Q6, 75-78; opening of French campaign, Ho; pillag-e by Wr~::,oc;;6~tio~oj~c~~i~l~a~~~hi~i~t Bonap:rrte: after his entry into Mil ... · I Austria, 977; ta~es possession of Rome. 81 ; the Cispadane Republic created by 1018; guarantees to the Pope. 1018 qonaparte, 89; birth of the idea of Italian independence, go; Venice given to Austria by Bonaparte, 9S ; Genoa re acobins (SI6 Girondins) ceives a democratic constitution favour anina, Siege of, 5S7 able to France, 96; the French at anissaries (Turkish), S90 arvis, English admiral, defeats the ~=iona:~ :a~1!:: I~IIr~m~~i;~I~} f Spanish fleet at St. Vincent, rO:l 1799. 129; c."lmpaign of 1800, Marengo, Jellacic, Governor of Croatia, 749; sume • 147-150; Bonapane made President moned to the Emperor o( Austria at of the Italian Republic. 164: Bonaparte Innsbruck, 75r ; allowed to resume his accepts the title of King of Italy, 188 j government and becomes the champion condition under Napoleon's rule, 206. of Austrian unity, 152; appointed by Au~trian policy (1816), 422,424; Aus the Emperor commander of all the trian rule, 1815 -1819, 447 ; revohition forces in Hungary, 155 • in Naples, 488; Austrians in\tade Jemappes, Battle 0(, ~6 Naples, 502; insurrection in Piedmont, Jena, Dereat of PrusslRns by Napoleon at, 502; insurrection and Austrian inter 221 j freedom of printing, 451 ; students vention in Papal States, 1831,632-635; of. 451 occupation of Ancona by the French, Jesuits, their influence declines in Ger 634; Ancona handed over to the Pope many, 14 by the French (1838), 635; Austrian Jews, prohibition affecting them in Austria, rule hostile to reforms, 6,5; Mv.zini, 190 6]6; Gioberti's writings, 6,8; refonna John, Archduke, lSI; ptans the Tyrole~ tlon of the Papacy proposed, 678. insurrection, 272; medi;\tes with election of Pius IX., 6,9; pntiu;I Croatia, 75:1; appointed admini~trator amnesty, 6,9; enthusiasm in Rome, of the Austrian Empire, 732 ; refuses 6,9; Austria occupies Ferrara, 6,9; to suppress the Baden IDsurrection, conHict with Austnans in Milan, 681. 796 Insurrection in Lombardy and Venice, John VI,. King of Portugal, 519; death. ~!~: ~~~ ~ ~~~~~:c:~~~:tot~IW~~: os;~t II., Reforms 0', IS 746, 747; revolutionary period (Augwn, oubert, French general, 129, 134 1848-March, 1849), 110, 781: Novara, ourdan, French general, S4; defeat. f SS; 772; French intervention at Rome, 775 j Austrians at Wattignies, invades fall of Venice, 180; Neapolitan des Germany, 84; defeated by Archduke potism, 781; Victor Emmanuel, 867; Charles at Amberg, 86: on the Rhine, campaign of 1859, 818; Battle of 121 : presides at court-martial on l\lar Magenta, 879; overthrow of Papal sltal Ney, .. 32 authority in tbe Romagna 879: Baltle Jov.llanos, member of Spanish Junta, 1"3; of Solferino, 881; peace of Villafranca! policy in r810, 3O.f 882; treaties of Zurich, 882; GaribaldI Juarez, Pre..... ident of Mexican Republic. driven (rom power, 970 re~:IrI~ :o~ae:k aRC~ir:~~ ;tNp?ri; Junot, French 3eneral, 239; invades PI,r· to discuss I talian questions, 886; N apo ~~~::ni~r,.~, 2c:eated by British troop6 leon I II. consents to the (onn:J.tion of an Ita.lian Kingdom under Vicror Junta, Spanish, 2~ ; policy in r809, :W1 • Emmanuel 887; puLIication of the re~i~n:J.tion in 1810, 3(>4- Provi .. ional pamphlet l • The Pope and the Con in 1820, 486 j appointed at Oporlo, 49' ,::Te.... ~, .. 88,; union of Tu.'iCany, Panna, Jus!', St., commissioner of the I'-rench Modena, and the Romagna, with Pied.. Convention, 58 mont under the rule of Victor Em- s.~0~el'IOb8~·;an~:~i~;r tf S%~J"; ::~ N :tple~ conquaed by Garibaldi in the ~~~~~r[, 'U\~~:r.::~;'?!;a~;!2C) name of Victor Emmanuel, 8QsJ 898 ' Kanan", Greek captain, heroic .'PU" .Piedmontest: troops enter UmbrIA anJ against the TUlia, s60 . INDEX. Itars, Capture of, by the Russians. 856. Kutusoff. Russiall ge.... al, ,g6, 314. 318. 1040 33" Kasatch Bay, 847 . Katzbach, Battle ofll341 Kaunitz, Austrian l\IIinister1 7 i retirement LabMoy~re, Colonel, declares for N apo· leon at Grenoble, 389; execution in Kehf: ~o;:::s~f;~~9 18IS,43" Kesanlik, 1036, 1041 ,0# Lafayette, 392, 396; elected to Chamber of Khosrew, Turkish admiral. takes Psara, Deputies, 470; takes part in the Revolu.. tion of July, 1830, 614; head of Proyi.. Kh~~hid, Ottoman commander 557, 563 sional Government, 61S Kiel, formation of Provisional Government Lafitte, French deputy, 614; advances the during insurrection against J?enmark, cause of the Duke of Orleans, 614 ; head 124,942 of Louis Philippe's Government, 63:1; Klapka, Hungarian general, 764 resigns office, 633 Kleber I General 56, IS7 j assassination, Laibach, Conference at, 499, 503 IS8 . Lamartine M., m~mber of French Provi Klephts, The, 531 sional Government (x848), 729; loss' of Knights of the Empire, 26, J12 power on the election of Louis Napoleon Knoblesdorff, General, Prussi~ ambassa· to the Presidency of the Republic. dor at Paris, ~.n 8 737 Kolettis, Greek Minister, 566 Lamberg, Murder of General, al Pesth, Kolokotrones, Greek commander, 543, SS9. T _155 •. 565,566; imprisonment, 567; reinstated, ...... onC1~re, General, leads Papal troops 570. . ~ against the Piedmontese, gel Konduriottes, President or Greek Cham- Landrecies, Siege of, 61 bers, 566, 568 . Landsturm, The Prussian, 244, 329 Konieh, Battle of, between Egyptians and Landwehr, The P~ssianJ. 244, 324, 329. Turks, 661. Koniggratz, Battle of, between Prussia and Lai~ages in Austria, I Austria (1866), 955 Lannes, Marshal. at the §iegeofSaragossa, Kijni~berg, Flight of King Frederick 268 W llliam to, 228; entry of the French, Lanskoi, Russian Minister, prepares, with 232 ; Russians admitted to, 322; Stein Milutine, the charta for the liberation publishes the Czar's order for the arm of serfs, 927 mg of East Prussia, 3"4 Laon, Battle of,' 354 Karaes, Greek scholar, 536-S38 i state- Latour, Austrian Minister, 754 . ment respecting Greek navy, 54r La Vend~e, Revolt of, 41, $1 Korniloff, Russian general in the Crimea, Layard, Mr.,. succeeds S11' H. Elliot as 846, 847 English Ambassador at Constantinople. Korsakoff, Russian general, nB, r29, r3r 1042 Ko~i\\sko, leads Polish revolt, 60 j dis- .. League of the Three Emperors" (187'), trusts Napoleon's professions, 228 1021 Kossuth, Hungarian deputy, circulates League of the Three Kingdoms (prussia, eports of debate" in defiance of Austrian Saxony, and Hanover, etc.), 798, 799 Emperor, 683 ; ed.its a Liberal journal Leboeuf, French War Minister (1870), 981, at Pesth, 686 ; his patriotic oratory, 690. His address to the Hungarian Chambers Leb~n, M., colleague of ~onaparte in the on Austrian despotism, log; heads • Consulship, 142 democratic movement at Pesth, 113; Lecomte, General, murdered by the Com hostility to Austria, 153; orders march mune of Paris, 1011 a~ainst Austrians during revolt of Legislative AssemblYl French, majority for Vienna, 158; appointed governor of war against Austria (1792) 2; its com .. Hungary, 766; flight into Turkey, 828; position,s, 6; Girondm Deputies, 6; protected by the Sultan against the reception oftbe Emperor LeoJlold'sdes .. demands of Austria and Russia for his patch, 8; manifesto renouncing inten.. surrender, 828; refuses to acknowled~e tion of conquest, 10; determines to the sovereignty of Francis Joseph m banish priests, 28; dissolved, 33 Hungary, 966 • Legislative Chambers. opening by Napo- Kotzebue" Murder of, 460 leon (r81S), 398 • Krasnc;>i, !jattle of, 319 Lehrbach, Austrian Envoy to Prussia. 58; Xray, Austrian general, 129, 141 Austrian Minister, lSI Kremsier, Parliament of V lenna meets at, Leipzill, Battle of, 347. Celebration of 759, 761 anOlversary at Eisenach, 4S1 Krudener, Russian general in Bulgaria, I.e Mans, 1011 1037, 1038 Leoben, Preliminary Treaty or, 93 Kulmt Battle of, 341 Leopold II. (Emperor) addresses European Ktistrm, Prussian fortress, surrendered to Courts on situation of French Royal the French, 224 - Family, 3; his despatch to Paris, abus Kutaya, Peace of. between Turkey anI' ing the war party, 7; his death (1792~ . EIIYPI. 66a 7. 18 i his policy and work, .6-,11 i071 jrODERN lJ:llROP8. Leopold, Ptince, of Hoben..,lIem-Sigroar Louis Napoleon. e1ection to National ill~en, candidale for the throne of Spain As.coeml>ly, 734: prec;ent,; himself to (1868),979; withdraws his candidature, troops at Str3$hurg as Emperor, 735; 9B• Rnt 10 America, but returns and ~pea" Leopold, Prince of S""e-Coburg, accepts his attempt at Houlogne, 735 ; imprison Lrown of vret:ee, 59a; renounces the ment at Ham. 735; escnpt"s, visits Paris, Greek Crown, 600; elected King of is elected l.nputy, but re. t.op~ld of Sa..,-Coburg as King of 589 ; declares M ... hemet Ali and his SOD Hc.:Igium, 623 i criti&;al rt:lations with J brahilll r("Lels, 660 ; army rlefeated by Austria and V.us.<;ia, 633; growing Egrpd:ms at Beilan and Konieh l 661 ; "lnp 'puiarit)", ~1; his life: attempted peace of K ulaya, 662; camp;t.igll of l'Y Flcschi, 643; d .. clines to assist Spain Nissib. 666; d~ath. 66, in quelling Carlist rebellion. 656 i "Iaida. Battle of, 203 intrigues fur the marriage of his son. Mainz. French emigrants expelled, 7; the J.)uke of Montpensier, with the cOl1lJitioli in 1192, 2S: ctpitulat· s to IlIf:mta Fem:lllda. si5ter of the QUef'n tlle French, 35; taken by the Germ:ms, of Spain. 700; marriage of .Mont~nsier 51 : cruel m·'-asures or the Archbish.op, to the Inf:J.nta. 701 1° stru~gle Wllb the 73 ; entry of the French. 106; com R .. form part)' in t Ie Chambers, 704 i n.is~inn of 1\1 inisters, 466 ahdic3(CS in favour of grandson, the MaJakofT. Assault on the. 8SS ; c."pture of C()unl of Paris. and flies from Paris, the_ 855 MalDles~ury, Lord, treats with Prussia" LoJ:in, Universit)"or, 16, J~ 59: his opinion or Prussia, 63; de~ Loune, The. seized by mob, 613 ~uatch,. d tu l)aris to neJ:otiate with the l.ovalZ. 1036, 1018 French Directory, 88, 98 Lubeck, """"" of 1lI1lcber's capitulation, Malmii. Armistice of. between Denmark .23 a-nd Prus..;ia, 784 Lubecki, member of Polish council, 627. Malta, outained by Bonaparte, 11::i; 6.8 offered to Ru.:sia, 153; demanded flY l .. ucan, Earl of; English commander of France for the Knight-co of St. J abo, cavalry at B ,Iaclava, 849 160; claimed by Ellgland, ]80 J~ucchesini, Prus."ian Minister. S2 (note); Manifesto CSt', Declaration) amba.~~dor at Paris, 213; sent to Manin, Daniel. political pnsoner, released Herlin to negoLia~e witb Napoleon for peace, 'll25 . :~din\ei~:~::::ct~hieff or et.~:v~~!~!1 LW1C~vi1Ie-, Peace of. 15~ 16] Go\"ernmt"nt, 717 i retirement on union Ln,zen. U.,ule of, ~32 with Piedmont, 146 j resumes office, Luxemburg. 624 ; N a "'oleon Ill. negotiates with King ur HoI and for its ces.o:oion to hfln~l1rrel, Prnssian Minister of the , France, 971 ; declared neutral territory Interior. 803; a~pointed chief Minister, by the 'healY nf Londnn (,867), 973 80); unpatriotic policy, 80, ; dismissed Lyons, takes arms agains.t Paris, 48; by the Crowtl PritfCe Regent, 910; on !mrrentlers to Republic, S5; entry of the weakness of tbe Prussian army, NaPQle n alter escaping from }1~Iba, 9J1 391; revolt of workine:: classes (1834). ManteuCfel. General, son of above, 948 i c..,. leads troops inlo ~olstein, 951 ; dereats Bavarians. '958; mission to St. Peters.. burg,l)6l; couque:rsAmiensand Rouen. JOIO Macr.onrud, French General, 123. 322, 342, :Mantua, Investment of, by Bonaparle. 1·1- 8,,,; the sit:ge raised, 84; surrenders to - "'I .ek. Austrian general, le:\d~ Nt"apoliran Bonaparte, 91; taken by Austrians. 1~9 ann)' against th~ French. 115; defeated Marches, The, 893; entry of Piedmonte.se L), the French, 111; dio:.nr er- in his troops, 900 army. I J 8: enteFS Bavaria" 193 j AI arengo, Battle of, J 49 t:al'illl!att's at Ulm. 194 Maret. M., French Foreign Minister, 336 Mac)tClhon, General, commands French Maria Christina of Naples marries King Iroo~ fleainst Austrians, 819: army Ferdinand of Spain, 650; declared nef~ .leU by Pru.!;.<;i:ms at \VOrt~ 994 ; Regent on the death of Ferdinand,6ST; mardle5 to the relief of Bv.aine at compelled to restore Constitution of 1812. 657; resigns the Regency and !:~~~!s9~ihie~n::dh!si~::~nh;ootb~ quits Spdin. 659; returns LO Spnin~ FrenCh Repu.blic, 1020 659; carries out intrigue for the Madrid. entry of French troops. 251; II Spanish Marriages:' ,ot reVQlt agamst the }'rench. 253; entry. 1\1 aria, Donna, daughter of Emperor of of N apoleon~ 266 ; popular demand fIJI' a Branl,648 constitutio)fJl, 485' M aestrichty Battl", of, 46 ~~~: 1~~~:tt~et:riifeoa::atened1 3 Magdeburg, Fortress- of, surrendered to Narie Louise of Austria. second wife of the French" 224 Bonaparte, 292 I Magel"", BallI. o~ 879 Magnamo, Banle of, lUI M~:pi~~iat!r~~c~he ~in:~~t ~:[i;. :~6 i ltlagAan, Gonerol. a.."iSists Louis N apoteon. attacks insurgents in Paris, 356 in hio:oc(}NjJtfltarof Dec. 2.1851,817 Marmora, La, Italian Prime Minister, Mag)'ars. 13, 16, '1, 675. 682t. 68~ 687, 946 ; declines to accept Venetia from 'so. 756, 922. 963-967 Austria, 950 j commands army: against l\fahmud II., Sultan of Turkey, 56!" ~3, Austria at eust02%&, 956; altitude . ~l; maaU05lo aft"" battle ofN.vanoo. towards Prussia awl Frail('" 07$ 1074 MODERN EUROPIl. 101$ ~.. ~~-.~caI&..,. ___ ~ iIi..:_.. _ ... ",,'~ 1!IIIe&; ~~ __ ~ T ...~ .. ...~: iao.'· ••,_k",: .. -""""" 's .. T_d:;....~_ M,_~';;'~ )l_~.. ~N. __ V''''';''''.an._ »...... - .. r_~~_ T~ &00..", en "'-...... ,... r ...... lI.~. _. _ _ .bn...... C_ ...·\·_ P' ; ft'I:~ iNtra~, tt.. ~ Sir ,"""'- ~.. Spaioo" .; ».::! ~=:;:"""'-.t~ ...... -. n....~:.... ~ ~ s.s. -.-1_"","_- u-r.-~$'I: ...... ("_ --.~: ...-...,.~,.... ~ Utas i::a l.~~... IN: ..~"ti aot...... """"""""'~; ~.id!. ~~~~.~.- ~~~~~ ~. ~ d' LoGs ~~ ~LoPi,,~~ ... ~ w.::...... [1o,c'" ~ ~ ... ::>.t..~;;.. .';. .... "'-l$ u...... ~ ...... F~",..: ...... ia« ..... )(.> ... ~~--..I.....".."'_ --,,,,, .. .",.0...... ; ~~.~ ~ .l; ~-eI ~~-~-; ...... n. lI."""'hob....,..;;,_ ».,/oj:---...... t...N."" .. ¥.""""-~ _l~!o ...... ~ U_~-u.~~"'I:~ «.k~-.i A~ial~1: lQot:\...... ""' .... ~ ...... " ~ - M_. J;;,.",'9"i< 0(. _ ..... " .... F~"I;~~!-a..~~?o;:~ --.s~.$~" tu:t; .a.:s ~~ ~.,..,: ...... _;-~~ar.... :<'_ ...... _; ...... _A-.&,...~- AfoDERN EUROPE. (r799), r35: _~ tlltat or Brumaire, by the allie. at loelp.lg, 34': tetreat 136; appointed First Consul, 139; his across the Rhine, 348; campaign o( policy and rule, 142-114; makes JlTO'" 1814, ~52-354; dethronement by pro.. posals of peace to Austria and England, clama.lIon of the Senate, 357; ahdicates 145· campaign against the Austrians in favour of infant son. 360; sent to in italy, 1471-49 j peace of Lun~ville, Elba, 360; results of his wars on 152; peace of Amlens, 160; his aggres Europe, 364. Motivesfor moderation in sions after the peace of Amiens, 16~; t807 respecting Poland, 369: leaves made Pre.c;idenr: of Italian Repubhc, Elba, 387 i lands in France, 3R8; enters 164; his intervention in Switzerland. Grenoble, 389; declaration of his pur J6S; his settlement of Germany, 166- pose, 390; enters Lyons, 391; en ten 171 ; his Civil Code and Concordat, 113 Paris, 392; outlawed by the Conji!;ress -118; renews the war with England, of Vlenna, 392; abolishes the slave 180 j occupation of Hanover, 181; trade after rei urn from Elba, 411; detennines to become Emperor, 184 i· prepares for war, 393; plan of cam· as.c;umes the title of Emperor, 186; paign, 398; 'Vaterloo, 402-403; fliJo::ht accepts the title of King of Italy, r88; to Par!!) and abtlication, 404; conw)'cd failure of naval designs against Eng to St. Helena, 405 land, 191; victory over Austrians at Napoleon III. (S" Loui. Napoleon) Ulm, 194; victory of Austerlitz, 199; Napoleon, Prince Jerome, 874; betrothed to Princess Cloulde, 876 ;YJ;l!~ 2:;e;~YI!ohi%::f th~i~,gne: Narvaez, head of Spanish Government Charlemagne," 203; gives the crown of (.843), 659 Holland to Louis 13onaparte, 203; com Nassau annexed to Prussia, 957 pels Jerome Bonaparte to marry the Nassau, Duke of, 112 daughter of the Kmg of Wilrtemberg, National Asoembly (France), destroyl 203; his organisation of Western Ger· power of the Crown and nnbility, g; many. 204; negotiates for the cession ItS interpret&\tion of the maniresto of of ~icily to his brother Joseph, 213: Pillnitzw 8; its Con!>titution accepted war against Prussia, 1806, 21.9:'226: by LoUIS XVI., 4; di.uolvecl ('79')' 4; enters Berlin, 223; robs Frederick tbe its beneficial work, 4, 5 Great's tomb, 223 j determines to ex National Debt in England, l~ tinguish the commerce of Great Britain. NaupJia, Siege ef, 571 . 226; enters Poland, 228; Polish cam Navarino, Surrender of, to Greek insW'- paign, 229; Eylau 230; Friedland, 232 j interview wit h the Emperor of ~;~~sb;~l~ c:rl::~~)~s~~:h~;gyp'ian •• Russia on the Niemen, 233; acqui!>ition Navarre, headquarter. of Carlist insUJ'lo of Prussian territory 234 j Treaties of Tilsit, 234; conspiracy with the Em.. NeF.~~~S ld8~1~~16~tord), d~~troys French peror of Russia, 235; attitude towards fleet at tbe Battle of the Nile, 11]; hi. England after the bombardment of reception at Narles, 114; takes the Copenhagen, 237; his demands upon Neapolitan roya family to Palermo, Portugal, 238; orders the banishment 118: returns to Naples, 124; execution of Stein, Prussian Minister, 246; de of Admiral Caracciolo, 124; his dislike signs in Spain, 248, 250; receives the of Thugut, 128 (note) ; Auperiorityof hi! crown of Spain, 254 ; treats with Prussia seamen, 133; at tbe battle of Copen for the French eva.cuation, 261; at hagen, 156; statement in the House at Erfurt, 262; Spanish campaign, 2fi.s; Lords respecting Malta and the Cape pla.ns for campaign against Austna, of Good Hope, 16] i pursues the Frcm;h (180;1), victories over Austrian!, 219, in the Wei' Indies, 192; victory of 280: enters Vienna. 280; passage of the Danube, 283; defeated at Aspem Ne,!~=:::;,gr;u~~:'~~~~t~9J King of the by the Au!>tridns, 2a4; !leCond passage ~~~ap~;:~U, 6:~ectioD annulled by of the Danube, 285; defeats Austrians at Netherlands (SI' Holland, Belgium, and ~:f:=i ~:~hY:~an~t~~:apiafi; t'landers) Louise of Austria, 293; annexes Papal Ne'ltrality, Armed, of 1800, 15] Ney, French general, 230, 26S. 320, 321, ~~~~e:esan~oilia:d~mi:untc:,~i!: ~j 333, 342, 391 ; at the Battle of Quatre North Gennan coast, 29S; benefits and Bru, 4CJO; at Waterl~ .tf02; exKU wron~s of his rule in the French tion, 0433 ; characte.r, 433 (note) Empire, 2g6; blockade or British Ney, Colonel (son of Manbal N.,·),779; commerce, 297 ; alliance with PJ'USMi", letter to, from Louie Napoleon, 8.0 1812, 309; aJliance with Austria, 309; Nice, annexed to France, 31 ; reslored to invasion of Russia and retreat, 311- Sardinia (181,.), )61; annexed to 322; campaign in Germany against France, 890; effed of the annexation Pru$sia and Russin, 330-334; enters Drer.den, 332; attitude towards Austria Nichol~':r°~~~ of Russia, 578: rrin ciple of autocratic rule, S79; lack of ~;~Ita~~ !r5~~~=, h;:ae~G::: sympathy with the GreekS, S80; policy ~en. Dennewiu. )40-)42; defeated towarda Pulaod durin, ilUU"ectlOD 01 INDEX, 1017 .830, 608; invasion of Poland, rendered to Ferdinand uf Naples. 78,; Attempts to mediate between PrUs.~la6'9"1 captured by Ga.rib~tl,HI who assumes and Austria respecting affairs in Hesse the dIctatorship of Sicily, 895, 896 j Cassel, 802; visits England in 18441 Depretis appointed Pro-DIctator, 897 and seeks to negotiate with respect to Palestme, dispute between France and Turkey, the It sick, or dying man," Russia respecLing Holy Places in, 829 8:a6 i policy in r848, 827: demands the .. -831 surrender of Hungarians from Turkey, Palc!'.tro, Baltle of, between Austrians and 828; affronted at Turkey's concessions Piedmontese, 879 to France respecting Holy Places in Palikao, Count of. succeeds Ollivkr as Pale.lI;tine, 830; occupies the Princi the head of the French Ministry, 996 palities. 833; war with Turkey, 836; Palm. German b,Jukseller, executed by with England and France, 838 ; rejects Napoleon's orders, 217 the II Four Points," &i.s; death (18SS), Palmerston, Lord, 625; as Foreign ~ecre Isr tary secures indemnity from Portu Nicholas, Gr.md Duk•• r"4r guese Government for attack on Driti~.' Nicolsburg, 958 subjects, 648; declines to share will' N icopolis, 1035 1037 France the consequences ofint. rventic, Niebuhr, the historian, 1141. i replies to in Spain (or quel'ing d e Carlist rebel· liOll, 656 ;' view of the growth of Russian Nie~~~';'.~~~ =~~I~~ ir. Crimea, BS4 power, 661:1; obstinacy on the Eastern Nightingale, Florence, 851 question (1840), 66g, 67t; accepts Nigra, Italian amba.o;sador at Paris, report urangements settling Egypt upon OD the ideas of N apolooD Ill. respeet Mehemet Ali. 672 : proposes a marriage ing a Congress (note). 954 between a Prince of Saxe-Coburg amI Nile, Battle of the, 113 the Queen of Spain, 100; adviec= to Nismes, Royalist outrages in 181S, 428 Austria respecting Lombardy, 145; on Nissib, Battle of', between Turks and the dissoluuon of the 1 urkh.h Empire, Egyptians, 667 833 (note); favours war with Russia, Normandy, takes arms against Paris, 48 836; succeeds Lord Aberdeen as Prime N ortb, Lord, 42 Minister, 8SI; {,olicy during Crimean Northern Maritime League (1800), IS3 War. 864; aLtitude during Danish Norway, given to Bernadotte, CroWD War, 941 Prince of Sweden, 371 • Papal Infallibility, '77 Novara, Ba. tI. of, betw.... Austrians and Papal States, allied with English aga:nsL France, ",0; cession of part by Trea ty No~C1:itl:-U~~9 of Tolentino, 91 ; annexation by Na" poleon. 394; insurrection of 1831, 6.)1; Intervention of Austria, and suppre... :O;lon Odessa. 540 . of revolt, 633; second insurrection, Ollivier, M., President of French Cabinet and second Austrian intervention, 6.~4; (]870), 981; averse to war with Prussia, events of 1848-9, 770, 174-'179 ; 981, 98S ; -ignorance of the condition of Sardinian lroops occupy Umbria and the army, 990; resignation, 996 the Marches, .and capture Ancona, goo, OlmUtz, 757; convention of, respecting the ~I (ana se, Rome) dissolubon of the Prussian Union, and Pans, Exasperation in, against Louis XVI., the recognition of the Diet of Frankfort 3 ; Austria demands an anti~democratic by Pnasia, 803 government in, 8; insurrection of Oltenitza, 837 August 10, x192, 30; Septemher Omar Pasha, defeats RusoiaosatOltenitza. Massacres. 31 i overthrow of the 836 Gironde, 48; insurrection again.;;t the Oporto, Fall or, ~70; revolution at, 492; convention, 69; coupa IlalofF'ructidor, taken by Don Pedro (1832). 649; return of Bonaparte, 135: ~/'I d Ilat. besi.ged by Don M igu.l, 649 x8 Brumaire, 17991 136; surrendered to Orleans. taken by the Prusstans, 1006; the allies, 356; arrival of LOlli. X VIII., re"taken by the French. and again 359; treaty of, 360; Napoleon's entry occupied by th. Prussiaos, rOO9 aft.r leavmg Elba and fti&ht of King , Orsini's consplIacy, BgI Louis, 392; Napoleon's arrlvalafter the: Osman Pasha, 1037; J;urrender to the defeat of Waterloo. 404; entry of allies. Russians at Plevna, 1037 404; Fouch6 appointed head of the -atbo, Kinll of Greece, 600 Provisional Government, 405; restora Ott, Austrian gener~ 141 tion of King Louis, 404; second treat)" Oudinot (I), French general, 338, 3"'0 of, 408 ; meeting of council of ambassa... Oudinot (2), French _general, sent to Rome, dors, 419; insurrection of July, 1830, 776, 777 ; enters Rqme, 778 613; HOtel de Ville seized by Insurgents, 613; insurgents seize Tuileries and the Louvre, 6]3; insurrections, 1832-18.14. Palatinate, Bavarian, 631; reactionary 642", 64~; Fiescbi's attempt on the hfe mea!lurf"S 8itRinst Liberalism., 638 of LOuts Philippe, 643; revolution of Palatine, Elector, .66 February) 1848, Rnd abdication and Palermo: revollitiOll vi rl48. 6Bo; sur- light of Lou;, Philipp". 706 i Repuh!iG MODERN EUROPB. . proclaimed, 706; riot of May, 731; Premi.... [633; oenda tlOOPS to occupy Insurrection of workmen, June, 732; Ancona, 634; death.63S; pacific policy Archbishop of Paris killed, 733: Louis misunderstood,641 • Napoleon'scoup a'/#at of Dec. 2, IS!?1, Per,sano, SOl!dinian admiral, 894; excites 821 ; Treaty or (18S6), between RussIa, lDsurrectlon at N :tples by Count Great Britain, and allies, 859; recon 8 struction of, in the reign of Napoleon ~:::ii~:s;:(::t:5 : refers hIS diary to II!., 968; consternation arter Battle of Persigny, confidant of Louis Napoleon, Wllrth,995; investment by the Germans, 816 1004 ; sorties, 1009, 1010; forty thou Pesth, bridge uniting tbe double capital of sand of the inhabitants perish during Hungary, 685; democratic movement the siefe, 1012; capitulation, IOU i headed by Kossuth, j13; meeting of Parliament at, 15'; Jellacic marches. ~~!~ ins!~~~~~~f~~/1:~~~~~:~lJ against, 154; martial law proclaimed, National Guard, withdrawal of Govern 755; occupied by Austrians, 763; evacu· ment troops to Versailles, and second' ated by them, 766; but re-occupied, 769 siege, 1016, 1011; destruction wrought Petrobei, leader of Greek revolt iD the by the Commune, and re-cntry of Morea,SS9 Government troops, 1018 Phana.riots, The Greek, 534 Paris, Archbishor of, mortally wounded in Philhellenes, Corps of. S~ insurrection 0 J unc, 1848, 733 Philippopolis, 1040 Paris, Count of, 706 Pichegru, French general, 58; enten Ant. Parker, English admiral, 156 werp, 62; conquers Holland, 6.t: Parma, incorporated with Piedmontese charged with complicity in plot against Monarchy, 745; unites with Modena Bonaparte, 185 under the dictatorship of Farini, 883 Piedmont, social condition in eighteenth Panna, Duchess of, 8,9 century. 79: Bonaparte's successes, 80; Panna, Prince of, 165 annexed to France, 165; insurrectIOn in. Parthenope:an Republic, 119 502 ; events of l848·9, 7l7, 742-'147, 710 faskiewitsch (Russian commander), 591. -:715 ; ecclesiastical reform under Victor 843 Emmanuel and Mas5imo d' Azeglio i'atriarch of Constantinople, 529; execu 867; . Cavour~ Minister, 868: alli;J tion, Sso with France 10 war against Austria, Paul, Emperor of Ru!;sia, 114: joins the 876; movement in Central Italy for second coalition, It .. ; su~pjcions of union with, 880; union with Tus Austria, 121; propo!.e!i European Con· cany, Parmn, Modena, and the Ro gress, 128; hatred to England, 153; mangoa, 889; union of N aplea and his assassination, 156 Sicily with, 892-903; troops enter Urn· Pavia, Pillage of, by the French, b bria and the Marches, and seize Ancona. Peasantry, positioD improved in Austria ~,~I . by Leopold II" 17; serfdom in Prussia, Pillnitz, Emperor Leopold II. and F ..d, 23; of France, :14 ; condition in minor erick William II. meet at. 3 Piu, William, view of French Revolution, ~~~~~e,o~2~e::vohYin:l~ Pvt~noJ~~4;~ ~8 i attempts to unite Europe against in France, 1795,41; in Italy, 75; revolt trance, 40; Liberal policy, 42: grantl in Lombardy against the French, 8:1; subsidy to Prussia, S9; attempts to sup improved position in France owing to press JACobinism, 72 i enten IOto nego the Revolution, 88; of Switzerland, tiations for ~ with French Direc- 109; Neapolitan, 117; relieved in Germany, '71 ; improvement in Prussia :~~st88 jran~ S(a~':e:f b; :~i~~~ after Stein's edict, 242j English in 1807, peror Paul, It 4 i hie object in the war 243 ; in Spain, 251; Tyrolese rbing of a~ainst France, 159; retirement, ,60: IBog, 271, 21S; in Greece, 576: in blS Act for the Union of Great Britain Poland, 626; in Hungary (1832), 684, and Ireland, .61; again Prime Minister, 6g1; emancipation in Hungary, 713; 18,; death, Sl8; his It AUlterlilr: look," converted into independent proprieton 'loS (note) ill Austria, 160 i rising in Roumania, Pius vt, Pope, AUAtria claims Indemnifi cation for him from France for the lou ~~e i.:do~~.!°i:. ~~I':db~kU::e.: of A vignon and the Venaissin, 8; hil Pell:, Don, Emperor or Brazil, renounCt* :mi~:';;~e Bo:,rC:d!! :B~I~m~: Crown of Portugal. 519; invades Portu li'erran, and Romagoa, 92; hi. aut~o,. gal, and enters Lisbon on the de!itructioD ity renounded by the Roman people, of the Constitution by M i,,"el, 6~9 III; removed by the French to Tu.. Peel, Sir Robef!, English Prune Manister, cany! and afterwards to Valence, where 8.6 he dies, III; K.jng Ferdinand'. letter P~lissi"!.! GeneTal, French command ... in to him, 116 the t..:rimea, 8S5 Pius VII" Pope, excommunicates Bona Pepe, Neapolitan general, 48g. 490. 5M. parte, and is imprisoned at Savona, 83 ; reRenU actempt of Austria to lain ~ p.J::. Cuimir. oaccoeda Lafitte .. French Iogna ""d Ra_ 4'4 iNDEX. 1079 Pt.s VIII. (Pope), 63[ French squadrons appear in the Ta.gus Pius IX., elected Pope (,846), 679; pub and procure indemnity, 648 ; Don Pedro lishes amnesty (OF political offences, 679; disavows sympathy with the war of the :~~e:p~;;~0fr~!\h~ :!~fnl:l~l:,e~~~ted' Lombards against Austria, 'l43; flight PotSdam., Treaty of, 196; King Frederick from Rome after murder of Rossi, 711 ; William IV. withdraws to, 7aS ' restoration by the French, 779; seeks Prague. Congress of, 337 i riots (1848), to restore the Inquisition, 779; refuses 742; Treaty of. 958 to consider any proposals for Italian Prenzlau, 223 reform, 88,; indignation at the doctrines Presburg, 112, 713,' 714 in the pamphlet, II The Pope and the Congress," 888; loses temporal power ~~::~E:Js~~~~pof~;,o~tored in Spain. by the Italian occupation of Rome, but 314; in France, 473 is guaranteed various rights by the Ita- Press, Freedom of the, established in lian Parliament, 1019 • France by LouisXVIII., 377; at lena, Plevna, Battles of, 1037, Io~8; fall of, IO~9 451; Mettemich proposes restrictions Poland, Designs of Austn& and Prussia in Germany, 458; restrictions ordered against, 22, S6; Cobden's views on the by Conference of Carlsbad, 463; re partition of, 22 (note); second partition strictions in France under Charles X., of, s6; revolt, 60; third partition, 6S; 612; freepom extended in Germany. Napoleon enters, 228 j establishment of 637 i suppression of journals in Germany Duchy of Warsaw, 234 ; probable results durmg the reaction of 1832, 639; Bis.. in the Polish kingdom had N apoleon's marek's suppressive measures in Prussia, Russian campaign succeeded, 36Q; dis cussion of affairs at Con\Vess of Vienna, Pri~~ General, chief mover in Spanish Revolution (,868), 979 ~gJ!~; oPP~indo~nd:sAiex::; Protestantism!...of Northem Germany, 12; I. Emperor of Russia, 420; Alexander Emperor .,lI-erdinand's hatred of, x3; . ;;tdre.o;ses Polish Diet, on his design to Bohemian Protestants lose their estateli. extend popular representation, 447; in x3; its survival in Hungary, 13 i its l~lrrection at Warsaw (x830)' 627; in- extennion in Germany, 170 9aded by Russia 629; Russians capture . Prussia, State of, before the war of 1792, \Varsaw, 630; becomes a province of 20; rule of Frederick the Great in, 20; Russia, 6)0; revolt in PrussIa and Aus poverty of, :20; absence of pohtical trian Poland (1846), 6g.; condition in opinion in, 2I; social system, 23; 1861t- 928; tumults at Warsaw, 928; allied with Austria against France, 29 ; Grand ~ Duke Constantine appointed invade.-; France, 29; evacuates France, Viceroy at Warsaw, 928; levy, and in 33; besieges Mainz, ,$1 j . seeks to pre surrection (1863),929; a secret National vent Austria from gaJ.Dlng Bavaria, S2 Government, 929; General M uravietr (and note); takes possession of Western crushes the rebellion in Lithuania, 930 ; Poland, 56; breach with Austria, 58; ownershipofland given to the peasantry, subsidised by England, 59; treaty of 931 ; the Czar's endeavours to Russian peace with France at Basle, 65; at the Ise social and national life, 932 Congress of Rastadt, xos; joins the Polignac, Jules, chief French Minister, Northern Maritime ~e, 154; in 606; project to suspend the Constitu terests in Germany, 16?; maction with tion,6oQ regard to Hanover, 181; thE! King's Portland, Duke of, Prime Minister, 23X dissimulation on the acquisition of Ha· Portugal, allied with England against 'Dover,' 2:1:0; excludes English ships France, 40; Napoleon's demands upon, from the ports, 211 j vessels seized by 238; Treaty of Fontainebleau for the British navy, 211; Stein exposes the partition of, 239; flight of the Regent character of Prussian Ministers, 214; to Brazil, 240; the French enter Lisbon, demoralised state of the army (1806). 240; entry of British troops under Sir 215, 216; defeated by the French at Arthur Wellesley, 259; Battle of Vimi.. J ena and Auerstadt, 221, 222; entry of eiro, 259; evacuated by the French, 259; Napoleon into Berlin, 223; capitulation invaded by Marshal Soult, 269; Welles of fortresses to the French, 224; large ley drives Soult from Oporto, 287; holds cession. of territory to France, 234; Torres Vedras and drives Massena condition after the peace of Tilsit, 240 i back, 300; refuses to abolish slave Stein's edict for the abolition of serfage, trade, 416; affairs from 1807-1820, 491 241; reform of army, 244; plans for ~93 ; revolution at Oporto, 492; Don war against Napoleon, 261 j terms with Pedro grants a Constitution, 520; de Napoleon for the French evacuation, sertion of soldiery, S2P j demands assist 263; seeks the aid of Russia against ance from England against attack, France, 308; accepts a1liance with N a 520; Don Miguel causes himself to be poleon, 309; arming of East Prussia hv proclaimed King, 648; Constitution de.. order of the Czar, 324; Treaty of stroyed, 648; Reign of Terror, 648; l{alisch with Russia, 326; the French attacks by Miguel on English and wacuate Berlin, 327; war declared French fOuhjecl5. 648; inva.. ion by the ~ain~t FT:lnCe, 327: national spirit, Emperor Pedro, 649; English rml 128: dp.feated Luten and nautzen,l32 i 1080 ftc.eriesof G~ .nJ Dmncwi.., RNurd:J...J L .....k ....loe ____ JAI; rc:su1t5 01 li-oe w:.rs of S .;tpoi.eo..... ~iR~ cI Puli...uDeM • ,if,:;. 9'11. 9"; J6l. ~5; ClmpoUb-I of ISI5 a.;~nsc 1J.is.at.ardr"s mea-untS a~.do,.a. lac p,~ N'.pv!eon. :nO-..o.t: Tre;.,I)" oi Pm" qt9 : ~t....."B t ..d:So P AIM ~rd'nc to6-.. oa; D3lk.)·uJ J.LQPpoi":m~1 ~-,cI' Sch~';~.H\JIblc~ 'r:j; (Wi,,,,", War, IftJ5. 447; Kiag- Frbicrick \\"ihw. ,J8 : .--ewe< Sd.leswi: • Hoistaa pumiscs a PJ~!.M Cor'wilU:ioo, 44'; H.:lT :enbcrg's s}""'Iem ..... 8: \\"artlru.:-g v=:;',:!'~ tc:...":...~theoiT ~ tCstivaJ. 451; ~ of In.xtioa (IS.S). t;44: ll~:w. allian«. 948: ~ 451; Alettc:mKh's inl1uence. 49: n:b me:bI. fill W"'U' w-ilh Awui" H.aDO'Va'. tiuo to the miDOf' ~ta.1CS of ~Y. 53100II1. aDd H~ Q;2; ctek:au 462; res.i~tion of Hwnboldt owlrll: 10 AIISilria at K.t.... ~c:rau. 9j6: tenIIS 01 Mdlernic.h.· ... inllacoce. 465; Pro,-inci~ pe-.x2 with Auscn.a. 93i'. 958: ..:::J"ft Est:ues est:lhhsbed ( I hJ,.). 467: nature lreaUes witb the Sootb ~ States. of its go.oemmcnr, .. 68; view of Ant:~ 959: "";lhdnwal fl'"Qllll Lasembun!. R~ Protocol ior in~tioa ill 97): the ques< .... of I'riDco Leapoid'. Greece. sSf; c::onJiaoa after rhe F rencb d«tioa 10 the Sp>nisIr lIuune. ~ ReooIutionof.Byo.6'5: King fl'! Rattani, PieJmonle5e Minister, £(:8 ; ship, 44; prominent in the Rei.;n r;f succeeds Cavour as Prime Minister, 'relTort 49; death, 66 883 ; resigns office, 888; comments on Rodil, Spanish general, defeats the forces Garibaldi's attempted march on Rome, ('Of the usurpe.r Miguel, 651 - 946 Rollin} Ledru member o( French Pro Rechberg, Count, Foreign Minister at viSional Government (1848). 729 ; Vienna (,864),938 Republican circular, 730; Nauonal Redan, Assault on the, 8SS As.o;embly condones his offences, 731; Redclilre, Lord Stratford de, British demands the impeachment of the Amba...... ador at Constantinople, 832; III inistry, 778 negotiates with Prince MenM:hikoft' Romagna, united to Piec.lmont under respecting Rus.~:m rights in the Holy Victor Emmanuel, 889 Place.OIIi, and Turkish protectorate over Roman7.otr, chief Russian Minister, 32] Greek Christians, 832; opJ>OSCij King of Rome, French intrigues in. 110; entfy of Prussia's proposition reseecting the French troops, 110: constituted a rightsof the Sultan's Christian 5Ul>jectS, Republic, III; spoliation by the 84 French, II2; evacuation by ,French, I ne3ections on French Revolution," and entry of King Ferdinand, 116; Burke's, 43, I~ (note) flight of King Ferdinand, and re-enlry RefoTmatit"n, The, ur Germany, II of Itrench, 117 ; annexed by Napoleon, Refonn Bill, English, Passing of (183'), 294; conference after the insurrection 644, 645 in Papal Slate.o;, 634; enthu5.iasm on Reggio, portion of Cispadane Republic, the publication of amnesty for political 89; general a ...o;embly o~ gil olrences by Pius IX., 579, Murder ul Regnier, his secret negotiations between Rossi, and flight of the Pope, 771 i the Prussians and the Empress republic proclaimed by Constituent Eug~nie, 10CYf ASSE'mbly, 771 ; besieged and captured Reichsr::tth, The Austrian, assembles at by the }f~rench and .l-'ius IX. restored, Vienna (186.),924 774-'179 ; the ",Motu Proprio, 779; Reichstadt, Duke of. son of Napoleon Mazztni's project for the capture of, Honap::a.rte, 632, 735 896; excluded from the new Italian Reichstadt, Treaty of (1876), Russia and kmgdom (1861), 904; failure of Gari Austria, 1029 baldi's attempted march Oil, 946; Reign of Terror, 49-51; its levelling Frenclt garrison withdrawn, 976 ; entry principle, 53; its end, 66 of Italian troopq, 1018; becomes Ihe Re.ow:hid, Turkish commander at MiSSO'" national c.:1.]?i!ai, 1018; II The Prisoner longhi, 512; takes the Acropolis of of the Vallcan." 1019 (and ~te Papal Athens, 574; defeated by ku.'tSians at States) K ulewtscha, 593; defeated by Egyp Roon, General, Prussian Minister of ward tians at Konieh 661 914 ; supports the U blood and irOD Reschid Pasha, Turkish Minister; llis policy of Hismarck, 916, 917 reforms in Turkey, 673; his fall, Rosa, Martinez de la, Spanish Minister. gives a Constitution to Spain, 651 Re!~lution, The French j its in"Ruence on Rous"eau 5 writing-So 45 Europe, 1'-'13 ' Rossi, Pel~rino, Murder of, 77r. Revolullon~ry epoch of 1848, characteris- I~ostopchin, Count, fires Moscow, 316 tics of, 723 Rotenmunster, Abbess of, 12 Rhega.o;, Greek poet, 541 Rothiere, La, Battle of, 351 l over thr: French, 122,123,1:19 ; jealousy land prop~iet(l'S, 931; proposes Confel\ towards Austria, 1:30 (ROte); ead ai ence of London on Luxemburg question, alliance with Austria, 131; Anglo.. 97'; &eed from the obligations of the Russian expedition against Holland, treaty (Blaek Sea) '" J.8sIj at .he close 132, 13:1 ; peace with France, 153; joins of the Franco-Prussian War, ror&; the Northern. Maritime League, 15 .. ; U League of the three Emperors," 1021 ; secret treaty with France (t80I), 168; treaty with Austria at Reichstadt on ~ins England in a coalition against E:astem Qu«:stion, 1029 i enforces Sel' Vlan amusttce, 1030; conference of d;~~d l~y; tt~~rr:~~hr ~tAu~~:IY~z: Constantinople, 1032; the II London 199 i D'Oubril's negotiations for the Proctocol," 1034; declares war against Ce5Slon of Sidl y to J o!'eph Bonaparte, Turkey, 103S; advances on the Balkans 212; entry of Napoleon into Poland. and three battles of Plevna, 1036-1038/' 229 ; contlDuation of war with France, fall or Plevna, 1039; capitulation 0 229, 2,:\0; treaty of Bartenstein, 232; Shipka, and entry.o~ troops into.Ad~a. defeated by the French at Friedland, nople, 100t-0; armIsttce, lCl.4l; Immm" 232 ; treaties of Tilsit, 234 ; rupture of ence of war with England, 1043 ; treaty friendly relations with France, 291; of San Stefanol 1044; secret a~reement declines to send troops into Prussia With. Englana, 1048; Congress of against France, 309; mvasion by N a .. Berlin. 1048 ' poleon, 311-321 j treaty of Kalisch Rustchuk, 1°35, 1036 with Prussia, 326; Cossacks enter Be:-Iin, 327; campaI¥Ds of 1813 and' 1814, 332-356; its gatns by the settle.. ment of 1814, 370; second Treaty of Saalfeld, Defea. of 'M l'russians by Na· Paris, 406-408; the Czar's Treaty of poleon at, 220 Holy Alliance, 408 ; the Czar restores Saarbriicken, 993, 994 the Kingdom of Poland, 421; inter.. Salamanca, Battle of, 3011 vention in TurkeY', 551; project of joint Salerno, 899 intervention in Greece, 575; discontent Salisbury, Lord, represents England at the and conspiracie.-;, :;76; death of Alex .. ander I., 517 ; mihtar~ insurrection at ~d~t~!dog:rb~o~F:~~~;l;1i~i~~~: 1046; circular to the Powers on the ~~n~:~~i::rg'~1 j ~ic~c!i:~ Ds~~e~ Nicholas Emperor, 518; protocol i~~i~d~ S:~h'it~~d' B~:~~:f!id~I1!: the Congress of Her lin, 1048; on the Ni!~ar~~~~"s"6~'s8i~ ~a:a!r:h .f:rie~: relations of Russia and Turkev, 10SO 58g-S94; ra.:e of Adrianople, 595; Salonika, Murder of Prussian M" French invasIon 0 Poland, 629; capture of consulS at, 1024 Warsaw, 630; intervention in Turkey Salzburg, BIShopric of, 100; ceded to during war with Eg},ptians, 662; Bavaria, 290; won by Austria, 370 _ Treaty of Unkiar Skelesst with Turkey, Sambre. River, battles between French 662; joins in Quadruple Treaty and and allied (orces of England and declaration as to Dardanelles, 668- Austria, 61 613; intervention against" Hungary Samos, 558 (1849), 767; dispute with France re· San Stefano, Treaty or, 1°4. spectin~ Holy Places in Palestine, 829 ; Sand, Carl, assassin of Kotzebue, 460 claims 10 Turkey, 831; troops enter Sara~ossa, 266 ; sie~e of: 269 Moldavia and Wallachia, 833; rejects Sardmia, war agrunst France, 37; army amended Vienna. note, 835; outbreak of joins Austrians in Italy against France, hostilities with Turkey, 836; recall of 80 Ii armistice and peace with French, ambassadOTs from London and Paris, 80 ; declines alliance with Austria, 424 ; 838; war declared by England an" France, 838; evacuatlon of Danubian N-:v;~~~~S!~:, k1~~ ~t!d!:!~~~a~J Provinces, 8«; defeat at the battle of retires to Oporto, where be dies, 773; the Alma, 846; Battle of Balaclava, accession of Victor Emmanuel, 114; 848; defeat at Inkermann, 850; fall or troops sent to the Crimea. 854; defeat. Sebastopol, 856; losses in the Crimea, Russians at the Tchemaya, 8SS; Count 856; capture of Kars, 856; treaty of Cavour, Prime Minister, 868; rupture peace with Great Bntain and Allies with Austria, 873; declarea war, in signed at Paris (18S6), 859; regains conjunction with France, against right or having war8 ships and arsenals Austria, 878 ; victories of Magenta and in Black Sea (.81'1' 865; proposes a Congress to discuss talian affairs, 817 j :~~I~d:d 8~~, t~I!=c:. w~~~ t:~ti~: opposition to Victor Emmanuel s ... with Lentral Italy, 889; Garibaldi 5umption or the title of King of Italy, conquers Sicily and Naples in the name 904; condition under Alexander .11., of Victor Emmanuel, 895. goo (and IU s Italy, Piedmont) rc t~!i~:!ii~ ofPof;;r?~s:rfi~i~::o~: Savary! F.ench general, brings the King of prevent national insurrection, 928 : the Spatn to Bayonne. 252 Cmr makes the pea>anta in I'olanc! Savlet Puha, Twkish Foreip l:ini"lel', INDEX. presidu at the Constantinople Confer .. by the Emperor Francis Joseph I., 9" ; cnce (1876), 1033 I resignation, 963 II Saviour of Society" (Louis Napoleon), Schonbrunn. Treaty of, 200 - 81 4,82 3 5chouvaloff, Count, Russian Ambassador Savoy, 34; annexed to France, 37; part at London, 1034, 1042, 1074 of, left to France (1814), 361; but taken Schwarzenberg, Austrian commander in aw lY (IBIS), 408 ; revolutionary move.. Russia. 311; commands army of me It of 1834, headed by Mazzmi, 640 ; BohelnIa agamst Napoleon, 338, 340, Ch "Ies Albert ofCarignanoascends the thr one, 6-" ; annexed to France, 890; ScI!~~!:nlbergt Felix, chief Austrian effect of annexation on Europe, 8Ql; Minister (1848), 759; deposes the power of the Papacy in, 892 Emperor, 160; publishes a Constitution, Saxony.. Weakness of (1792), II ; King- of, 765; design regarding Lombru-dy, 710; a';qulres from Napoleon the Grand plan for centralisation of Government Duchy of Warsaw1 234; the Czar pro In Austria, 189; seeks to provoke d. Poses its annexatlon to Prussia at quarrel with Prussia., 801; Prussia sub.. Congress of Vienna, 383, 384; the King mits to his demands for dissolution of restored to the throne, 387; Constitu Prusslan Union, and the recognition of tion, 637 ; insurrectiQD, 796; atLempt to the Diet of Frankfort, 803; despotic form a union with.Prussla, 798 ; secedes policy, 807 ; death, 808 from League with Prussia, 199; Dres Schweidnitz, Tumult at, 786 den occupied by Prussians, 9~4 ; Sebastopol,662, 837 i fortifications of, 845 ; included in a federation under PruSSJ.aIl bombardment of, 847; progress of the leadership, 957 ~ siege of, 854 ; fall of, 856; restoration of Scarlett, General, commands in the Heavy Russian power by the revision of the Drig-ade at Balaclava, 848 Treaty of Paris (,871), 865 Scharnhorst, president of Prussianmilitary Sebastiani, his report upon Egypt, 179; commission, 244; his reforms, 274; French Foreign Minister (1831), 633 resigns office, 3<>9 Sedan, Battle and capitulation of, 1001 Scbelde, River 38 Senate of France ('799), 138 Scherer, French general, J21 Serbs, The, of Southern Hungary, revolt Schill, Prussian officer, gallant defence of in 1848, 748, 749 ; defeat Hungarians at Colberg against the French, 231 ; leads at Carlow)tzt 751 the rising against the French in North· Serfage, Abolition of, in Austria, 14; in ern Germany. 281 ; heroic death, Duchy of Warsaw, ::141; in Prussia, 241 i .8. in Russia, 926 , Schiller, his connection with t}rc,: Grand Servia expels Turkish garrisons, 864 i supw Duke of Weimar, 450 ports the revolt of Herzegovina, 1022; Schleiermacher, German theologian, 274 declares war against Turkey, 1025: SchleswigwHolstein, rebels against Den defeated by Turks, 1030; independence mark, 722, 7~_3; end of rebellion and recognised by the Treaties of San union with Denmark, 80S; Prince Stefano and Berlin, 1044 Christian declared heir to the throne, Seville taken by the French, ~oo 80S; Duke of Augustenburg renounces Seymour, Sir Hamilton, Dritlsh Ambassaor his pretensions to the throne, 934 ; King dar at St. Petersburg, 830 Frederick excludes Holstein from the Shipka Pass, Battle of, 1037; capitulation new Constitution, 934 ; Prussia supports of, I040 Schleswig against Denmark,· 935; Sicily, condition of in eighteenth century, England recommends separate le~isla 18; Bonaparte demands its cession to ture, 935: King Frederick's mamfesto. his brother Joseph, 212. Under declares Schleswig incorporated with Ferdinand of Naples, 423; British Denmark, 935 ; Christian IX. supports influence. 4::15; state of, in 1821, 501; his predecessor's policy, 9~S ; Saxon and revolution at Palermo, 680; conquered Hano"erian troops enter Holstein, 936J" by Ferdinand of Naples, 780; Garibaldi nismarck's plans, 936· Austrian an captures Palermo, and assumes the Prussian troops enter Schleswig, 938; dictatorship of the island, 895, 896; armistice and Conference of London, Garibaldi's difficulties in carrying on the 939: continuation of the war, and failure government, 897; desires annexation to of Denmark to enforce its dema!lds, 940 i the kingdom of Victor Emmanuel, gol surrender of the Duchies to Austria and Sieybs, Abbe!, 134, 136, 137 Prussia by the Treaty of Vienna, 941; Silesia, Loss of, by Austria, 14 Bismarck proposes conditionally that Silistri.. Siege of, 84:! the crown should be conferred upon the Simon, 5t. Socialistic writing, 703 Prince of Augustenburg, 943 ; annexed Simpson, General, succeeds LOrd Raglan to Prussia, 9:S8 ... as English commander in the Crimea. 85 Schlick, Austrian general, defeated by Simson, Dr., President of the Frankfort Hungarians, 164 National As!'Oembly, offers the Imperial Sch~a1z, hi, pamphlet against Prussian Crown to King Frederick William. 794 Liberals, 4&9 spokesman at Versailles, lOIS Schmerling, leader of German Assembly, Sinope, Turkish squadron destroyed by 784; resIgns Qffice. 7fI:J i calJed to office Russia at, 837. lIfoDERN EU1W/,E, Skoheleff, General, at tbe battles of Plevna. Cons'itution RbrOga.~ed, 515: clc.~v '0]6 p~ilced in office •. ~~!,; r. ign oftenof, 516,' Slavery, abolished by England (,B33), 4,B .... ngi:l.nd prohlhlls the con'luc:o.t 0 Slave-trade, prohibited by Bn~land ('807). Spani~h colonies br Fmnce or Allie", 415,416; France unites with England. 517-518; death 0 King Ferdmand, by the trea ty of Pari.s for its suPPression 649-651; repeals Salic law, and 361; England proposes its universal appoints his daughtt'r Isabella to abolition at the (.'ongressofVienna, 416; succeed him under the Regency of the Sweden and Holland prohibit it, 416; Queen, 650; Don Carlos chtms the 1 crown, and heads a rebellion, 6<;1; . ~c:A~bed~u;Na;1~:e:~ction. 4 7; Martinez de la Ro~a gives a Constatu.. ~:avs of Hungary, 683; national move tion, 651 i Don Carlos defeated and ment. (,830-,B43), 68B, 689, 756, ¢7 removed tl') London, 651 i Don Carlos :mith, Sir Sidney, k:nglish Admiral, IS8 . renppears in, at head of insurgents Smolensko, surrendered to Napoleon by (1834). 652; victories of Carlisls, 654; the Russians, 314; entry of the French defeat of General Valdes, 654: appeal on the retreat from Moscow! 3~9 to France for assistance which is Socialism in France under Louls Philippe. refused, 655, 656 ; volunteers in England 703 and France enrolled, commanded by Solferino, Battle of, 881 Colonel 1>e Lacy Evans, to quell Sophia, 1040 Carlist rebeJJion. 656; total defeat of Soult, French general, 265, 267; invades Carlisll by General Esparlern, and end Portugal, 26g; c,'l.ptures ~eYille, and of Carlist waI' (,B39), 65B; Queen lays siege to Cadiz, JOO; in the Christina resi~s the i<.egency, and is Pyrenees, 350. Serves under .Louis succeeded b:y General E"partero, 659; XVIII.,37B exile of Espartero, 6SQ; Prince'"'5 Splin, allied with England against Fr:mce. 1); ct"des to France a portion of St. !f~~I~u':ea;~o'1;~~nF:;~c~:l~~d~:r the Infanta to tbe Duke of Monrpen!lier, offs:~~i~!~lft::; b~:!~ o~YF!~~~: 1Or. ReYOlution of 1868. 979; candida bleau, 239; under Charles IV., 24'. ture of Prince Leopold for t he throne disastrous influence of Godoy, '.,; oppo.ed by France, 979""}8. designs of N apoieon, 248 : loss of Spandau, Pru.uian fortress, surrendered to Buenos Ayres, 248; friendly entry of the French, 22. the French, 2SO; hatred towards Godoy Spanish marriages, The, 6QQ, 101 .T'd, the Queen, 2SO; entry of General Spetza, one of the JEgean lslands. 557 M::rat, 251; abdication of Charles IV., Sphakteria, Island of, 570 and accession of Ferdinand, 252 ; Spicbeun. Battle of, between French ana Cbartes and Ferdinand surrender their Prussian!. 995 SpiteS, captured by French, 5, - ~i;~:'~Ospfn~~~I;:~ r~~n!~°3.~epe!~1~ Stadion, Count, Austrian 1\1 mi!l;ter, .72 i retires from public affairs, 28g ~~:st ~!renKl;:g~55;5g~eS;a~~~d; Stael, Mme. de, 142 defeated at Rio Seco, 251; victory of Stein, Ritter vom, r72; hi!J expo!l;ut"e or Baylen, 258; Napoleon's campaign, 265. the character of King "~rederick Wil .. Battle of Corunna, 268; siege of Sara.. gos..coa, 2~; invaded by Wellingt .... n; li~~~~~:se::S,2~~~ ar:dal~!~e~~u~~ie,} Talaveray '99; victories of Marshal ~inister, 340; edict for the abolition of Soult, 300; campaigns or 1810, 18tt. serfage. 2~1 i reorganisation of army, t~r~~t~;!!!n;~~'\Cke~}ethe rib!~1~ 244; poHucal reform~, 245, 246 i At.. IoHl despotism, 304; the Junta resigns its :h~~~e~~h~~~~~j:i~ ~:J:.lic:,":z:~~ DOwers into the hands of a Regency, ¥'4 ; Constitution made by the Cvrt~, :Si:~ffic~,~~!"!~~~':~dc~~nN~~ ,305; antagonism of the clergy to the leon, 26.t; adviser uf the Emperor of &':orte5, 306 i campaign of 1813, Viuoria, Rus... ia, 32}; his commiuion from the 350- ltestOTation of Ferdinand, 373; Czar to East PruRSia. 324; arran~eI power of the clergy, 374; decline of treaty of Kalisch, 326; polley dunng commerce and agTicuhure, 375; refuses War of Liberation, 342; pre.~nt at the to accept any ftstriclion regarding the Congre911 of Vienna. 380, 384; on the alaytr-trade, 416, 417; action of England terms of second Treaty of Pari", 407: in 181 S under Lord Ca.~tlereagh regard. withdra\\"al from Congreu of Vienna, ing Ihe Constitution. 426: condition 1" between 1814-1820, .79-486; afr.. irs Stemmet,... Ceneral, commands nOlthem between tbo J8a2, SO~, so6; King Pru!l.<;.ian army against the French, 993 Ferdinand cnno;pires against the Con.. Steltin, Pru!l~ian forb'ess, surrendered &a stitution, 505; the Exaltado5 and the French, 224 Servile;.. 505, so6 ; civil war, sot; ; Con.. Stewart, Sir Charles, 360 gress of Verona, 510-512; inya.~ion of Stockru:h, Rattle of, 121 the Fftncb, 5 I}; aPrc?intment of • SlOurdza, hiA pamphlet on r.ennan revol.,. Rq:enCf. 5'3; lS,ege of Cadiz, 515; th. ti01l8,. mrvement., .59 l:rnEx_ 108S 8ttaJ,und, Capiluliltion or, to the French. Tcbitchagoff, Russian coDlDuu"ler, 3'9 iJ6; taken by Schill, and afterwards by Thessaly 6cn, '049 Tbien, ~I" edi.or of the Nntiolltl', pub Stranif.'!f.nL.:ra.:. Englisb Ambassador at blisbes a protest against the edicts 01 Constantinople, 55! 55' Charles X., 611 i opposes insurrection Strasburg, expected Royalist movement in Paris, 612; advances the cause of the at, 58; concentration of troops at (18,0). Duke of Orleans 614 i premier, warlike 990; co,pituhues to the Prussians, 1006 policy on tbe Eastern Qllestion1.67o; Suatimirovic, leader of the Serbs, 165 resignation, 6,1; his history of l'II.apo Strogonoff, Russian Ambassador at Coil leon, 735 ; arrested by Lou;' Napoleon, stantinople, SSt 819: denounces Bismarck'. ag~essions. Stultgart, Remnant of German National 974 i arguments against war wltb IJrua· Assembly meets'at, but expelled in a, 51a., 985; moves the form:uion of a few days by the Government. 797 Committee or Government on the lur Subsidy of England to Prussia, 59; fail. ren-Jer of Napoleon at Sedan, 1002; to accomplia.h intended rbuir, 62 j to elected President by tbe National As Austria, 65, ISO; I)'stem of, 131 ..mblyat Bordeaux and &rranl\esterma Suleiman Pasba, 1031, 1039. 1040 or peace at Ver ail les witb BISmarck, SuJioteti, The, ~43, 563 1013; efforts to &ave Metz 1013; the Suyarofl", RUSSian Generall 119: campaign French Republic under bis Presioency, in Lombardy, 122 i aissensions with '020 Austrian Government, 127; victories Thirty Y~ars' War, II, 13, 14 over the French, 129 i ntrc:atl aero" Tbomas, General CI~ment, IDurdered by the Alps, '3. National Guards of Par~, 1017 Sweden, joins the Northern P.{aritime Tbouvenal, M" .'rencb .'oreign Mini¥er. League, 154; unites with England 888 against France, 187 i joins in the treaty Tbugut (Austrian Minister) 'b character, of DartenMein, 232 j probiLita the slave and European opinion or im, 57 (and trade, 416· note); projects of annexation, 57 j on Switzerland, French interventio!'J x08: the disorder in the Austrian army, ti2 ; "'ar with .... rance, 108; the Helvetic b;' Wat policy opposed, 87 (and note), Republic, 109; movements of French 93 i determines to renew the war with troops, 120; Russi3n campaign, 129; France, 107: disagyees with Russian civil war and Bonaparte's intervention, commander, Suvatoif, 127; de:;,ign to .6S; dec lared independent by the treaty annex Piedmont to Austria, 127 (and of Paris, 361 ; dispersion of ft\olution Dote); on the Emperor's secret armistice ary leaders by order or European with France, ISO (and note); resign5 Powers, 641 office, and reappointed, lSI; di .. missed S~ (,80S), France and Austria, .<>1; B.,. ambassador' OD the inva..~oll at the tenstem (1807), Russia, Prussia, Eng Papal States by the Piedmontese, 900 land, and Sweden, 232; Tilsit (1807). Turkey, declaration of war against French France, Russia, and Prussia, 2J4; Fon- Republic, Jl4; joins the coalition against France, 114; defeated by ~:~~i:~n~(~), ~~::~d A~~~~ France at Heliopolis,. 58 i designs or 290;- Kalisch(I813), Pru!O.'ioiaand Russia, Austria and Russia. 524; supremacy in 326; Reichenbach (1813), Austria, Rus certains districts of Greece, ~32 ; sia, and Prus~ia, 336; Teplitz (1813), reverses in GreeC'e, 541, 546; dnven Russia, Prussia, and Austria, 344; Ried out of the Morea, 519; massacre cI (18t3), Bavaria and the Allies during Christians at Constanlmople, 550 , 55 1 i' Austrian policy, 552; attitude 0 (~:I4~Fra~~e ~~e~h~Afli~~~k,,~6Ii~ England, 553; fall of Tripolitza. (Secret) at Congress of Vienna (.8'5), S60; massacre of Chios, 561: France, England, anti. Austria against double inva,ion of Greece, 563-t,6C'; Russia and Prussia, 386; Paris (second) defeated by Greeks, 565; siege of Mfs. (J8.S), 408; Holy Alliance (.8'5); soionghil 572, 573; refuses armistice Russia and the Powers, 408; London proposed oy Allies, SSS; defeated by (IS27), En~land, Russia, and France, Alhes at Navarino, 586, 587 i Sultan'. s8a; Russia and Turkey at Akerman manir~to, S89; war with Russia. s89- (1826), S89: Adrianople (1829), Russia 595; _peace Of Adrianople, 59S i \Vat and Turkey, 595; London {1834}, with Mehemet Ali, 659-662 i peace of Spain, Portugal, England, and France, Kutaya, 662; Treaty of Unkia Skelessi for the expulsion of Don Carlos an.t with Russia, 663; second war with Don Miguel from Spain and Portugal, Mehem.et Alt, 666; death of Mahmud 65'; Unkiar Skelessi (18~3); Ru>.ia II., 667; accession of Abdul Medjid, and Turkey, 662; Commercial, England 666 i A.imiral Achmet Fewzi hands and Turkey (.838), 666; England, Rus over Turkish· fleet to Mehemet Ali, sia, Austria, and Prussia on the Eastern 666; joint action with Allies against Question (.84°), 668; Pari. (,856), Russi"'t Great Britain, and Allies 859 i :!~~d=~ ~~!~;eb:~~fE::~t :~! (Secret) t"ranceand Sardinia(.8S9I, 876; (erred on Mehemet Ali and fnmily, Ziirich (1859), Austria, France, and 671 ; reforms of Reschid Pasha, 67;J; Sardinia, 882; Vienna(1864), Denmark, fall of Rescbid, 673. The Cz."U' viSIt. Austria, and Prussia, 941; Prague (1866), Prussia and Austria, 958; Lon ~nd't~~~ksreso'fe~i~;\eiu:i~,ha ~~~;s~ don (1867) on the Luxemburg Question, dying man," 8t6, 827; protects Ko"sutn 973; Vers:liltes and Frankfort (1871), and other H unganan leaders, 828: Pru... sia and France, 101i; Reichstadt di~pute with Russia respecting Holy (1876), Russia and Austria, 1029; San Places in Palestine, and protection or Stefano (1878), .Russia and 1urkey, Greek Christians, 82g-831; rejecu the Vienna note, 835; outbreak of hos Treb~i~ ::::i: ~f~h~' f2e3~e:~. 1049 tilities with Ru!C;sia, 836 i defeat. Trcves, Elector of, protects French emi Russians at Oltenitu, 836; squnnron grantsJ 1; emigrants expelled from. 7; destroyed by Russia at Slnop~, 831 i condition in 17Cj2, 25 Crimean War, 84S-8~6; fall of Karl, Tribunal, Revolutionary, SO 856; Treaty of PariS, 859; engage Tribunate (France), 138. 114 ments made with regard to the protec Trinidad. 160 tion of Chri!C;tians, 859 (and note); Tripolitza, centre of Turkish Government hollow and fictitious character of Treaty In the Morea, 5S9; capture of, by of Paris, 861; discord throughout the Greek insurgents, and massacre of Empire, 863; revolt of Herzegovina, inhabitants, S60; burned by Ibrahim, 1022; presentation of the Andrassy Note at Const.'Ultinople dema.nding T~~u, General, bead of the Government of National Defence in Paris. 1003 p~:!ian re~~dms, Fr~~~h; Co~~~i: :: Troppau, Conference of, .f95 Salonika. 1023; the Berlin Memoran l"ugendbund, German Society, '274: dum, 1024 • depmition and mUTd~r or attacked by Schmalz, 449; discussed at Sultan Abdul A2:iz, 1325; assassination commission of M ainz, 466 - of Hussein Avni, 1025; acce!c;lOion 01 Tuilerie., Louis XVI, confined at (>79'), Murad V., 1025; war declared by 3; attacked by mob, 29; attacked by Servia and Monhmegro, 1025; Serviaa Royali!l;ts. 6g; surrounded by Auger rlefeats and armistice. 1030; Constitu eau's troops (or the seizure of the tion, 1032; Constantinople Conrerence, opposition section in the Directory, gBJ' 1032; rejects the proposals of the Powcra fhghtof LouisXVIIl., 392j devastate for an International Commission, JO~; by the mob (.848), 106; LOui. Napo- rejects the London Protocol, IO~S; leon takes possession of, 822 " Ruc;sia declaree war, 10)5' campaign in Bul2aria, 103S-1039; fall of Plev~ Turi.;:;~~::? !:,::i:! tr=l:~;::rf~P:: capitulation of Sbipka, and entry 01 form. 8Ii7; withdrawal of Freacb Russian uoopo into Adrianopl.. '0390 INDEX. ~ .~ 'ro40; the Sultan appeals to Queen the insutteCtion or the Paris Commune, I.. Victoria, lOofo; Treaty of San Stefano, 1017 1044; cedes Cyprus to En~l~nd, and Vicenzat.,.capitulates to Austria, 746 undertakes to protect ChrIstian !iub· Vi.ctor, ,lI-rench general, 287, 319 jecls in Asia, 1048 ; modifications of the Victor Emmanuel, succeeds his father Treaty of San Stefano at the Cougre:iS Chad.. Albert, as King of Sardinia, of Berlin, 1049, JOSO \. 773, 77~; character, and workoD behalf Tuscany, Rule of Leopold II. in, Its; of Itahan freedom, 866; offered the allied with England against France, Dictatorship of Tuscany, 879; a'ppoints 40; state of, in eighteenth century, 77 ; commissioners to enrol troops 10 Italy given to Prince of Parma by Bonaparte, against Austria, 880 ; courage at battle of 165. Events in J8~8, 118, 770 j flight Solferino. 881 ; accepts the sovereignty and restoration of the Grand Duke, of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and tbe 77', 774; final flight of the Grand Romanga, 889; threatened breach with Duke, 8,9; dictatorship offered to Garibaldi with regard to the proposed Victor Emmanuel, 879 ; united to Pied.. invasion of Rome, gol; aliltaly(except .. mont under Victor Emmanuel, 889 ing Rome and Venetia) united under his Tyrol, The, ceded to Bavaria by Austria, sovereignty- (1861), 904; allied with 202 ; riSing against the French (180g), Prussia in war a~ainst. Austria (1866), 276; treatment by the Emperor of 957; gains Venetia, 962; Napoleon's Austria, 291; execution of Hofer by proposed defensive alliance against Napoleon, 293 Prussia, 977 ; gains Rome, I018 Vienna, occupied by the French, I97; mm,193 second occupation by the Frellch, 280 ; Ultramontanism, 177; spreads in Austria, peace of, 25)0; conference of M husters, Bog; opposition of, to Victor Em 464; popular discontent in in 1846, 6g.f.; manuel's reforms. 868 ; power in riols of 184 8, 740; flight of the Emperor Bavaria, 879 Ferdinand. 740; tumult (October) and Umbria, 893; entry of Piedmontese trooPS. murder of Latour, 756, 7C'1; General Windischgratz conquers it, 758; con.. U nf:rsities, considered by Metter~ich to ference of May, 18SS, 852 i :1SSelllbly be dangeroU$ to European peac:e, 4s'8 ; of tho Reicbsrath (,811), 9"4; treaty of placed under police supervis.lon in Ger (,864).91l many (,832), 639. _. Inlluenee and agita Vienna, COngress or, 38~387, 392, 412-414 tion of the students of Vienna (1848), Vigevano. Armistice of, 747 71 0 Vilagos, Capitulation oi, to Austrians, 76g Villafranca, 882 Valdes, Sp."U1i,h War Ministe!i takes the Villamarina, Sardinian ambassador at Na field against Carlists and sutlers ruinous pIes, 899 defeat, 654; retirement, 656 'Villele, De, Royalist member of Chamber Valencia, Ferdinand of Spain's manifesto, of Deputies j scheme for a Franchise at, 374 Bill, 440; enters the Cabinet, 473; Valenclcones, Siege -of, 47 j capitulates to Spanish policy, 504; opposition to Duke of York, 5' hIontIllorency, 51 I; UDder Cbarl~ X.,6o.t Valladolid, .67 . Villeneuve, Admiral, 19z; defeated by Valmy, Battle of, 4~ Nelson at Trafalgar, 195 Vandamme, French genera!, 340, 341 Vimieiro, Battle of, 259 _ Varna, surrended to Russians, 592 Vincent, St., Battle of, 102; DOD Miguel's Vaublanc, M., French Minister, introduces fleet destroll"d by Captain Cbarles the Electoral Bill (,8,s), 439 Napier, 649 Venasissin, Claims of the Pope in the, 8 Vittoria, 250, 265 Venetia, offered to Italy by Austria, 950 j Volunteer Forces in England, 891 . ceded to France for Italy, 956 Venice, Bonaparte',- desIgns on, 82; Wagram, Battle of, .86 refuses French alliance, 92; popular Walewsld, French Foreign :Minister, 8SI; outbreak, 93; entered. by French Wallachia, proposed annexation to Russia, troops, 94; offered by Bonaparte to ~34; entry of Russian troops (18S]). Au!:otria, 95; becomes the pro~rty of 833; union with Moldavia, 862 Austria by the Treaty of Campo Formio, War of Liberation, 330 99 ; ceded to Fran'7" 201 i won by Warsaw, Advance of Prussians on, 60; Austria (1814), 370, under Austrian Grand Duchy of, 234; yielded to RuSa rule, 422; insurrection (1848), 717; sia by Prussia, 381; Grand Ducby re excluded from the ne.w italian kingdom stored to independence under the tide (,86'),904; united with Italy(,866), 96. of Kingdom of Poland by Alexander, Ver~niaud, Girondiu member of Legisla 420; insurrection (1830), 627; captUled, tlVe Assembly, 6 630; tumults and appointment of Grand Verona, Congress of, 510-S12 - Duke Constantine as Viceroy, 928; levy, Versailles, I004, 10I2, JOI3: Treaty of't and insurrection (1863), 929 1014'; King William takes the title ot Wartburg Festival, 45', 45' (note) German Emperorat, I016; -headquarters Waterloo, Battle of, 402-404 of French Government troops during WattigniesJ Battle of, SS 1088 MODEJtN EllJtOP~. 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