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Nutritional Quality of Sausage Made with Edible Meat Waste and the Perception of Consumers on Offal Product in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Nutritional Quality of Sausage Made with Edible Meat Waste and the Perception of Consumers on Offal Product in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SAUSAGE MADE WITH EDIBLE MEAT WASTE AND THE PERCEPTION OF CONSUMERS ON OFFAL PRODUCT IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA ALAO BABATUNDE OLUWASEGUN DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND PASTURE SCIENCE FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE ALICE 5700, SOUTH AFRICA JUNE, 2018 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SAUSAGE MADE WITH EDIBLE MEAT WASTE AND THE PERCEPTION OF CONSUMERS ON OFFAL PRODUCT IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA BY ALAO BABATUNDE OLUWASEGUN A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK AND PASTURE SCIENCE FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE, ALICE, SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. VOSTER MUCHENJE CO-SUPERVISORS: DR. AMANDA CHULAYO DR. ANDREW BAMIDELE FALOWO JUNE, 2018 i DEDICATION I dedicate this piece of work to my wife Oluwatoyin Opeyemi and to my children Oluwapemi Goodness and Oluwapetan David who endured my absence at home during the course of this study. I also dedicate this work to my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ who has blessed me beyond anything I could ever have imagined and who has loved me beyond my comprehension. ii DECLARATION I, ALAO Babatunde Oluwasegun, declared that this thesis, submitted to the University of Fort Hare for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Livestock and Pasture Science in the Faculty of Science and Agriculture, is my own work; and that this work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any academic degree. I declare that I followed the rules and conventions concerning referencing and citation in scientific writing. I also declare that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged and accurately referenced. Again, I declare that I am fully aware of the University of Fort Hare policy on plagiarism and I have taken every precaution to comply with the regulations of the University. Name: Babatunde Oluwasegun Alao Signature Institution: University of Fort Hare Date: 01/06 2018 We confirm that the work reported here was carried out by the above named candidate under our supervision. Prof Voster Muchenje Signature: Date: 01/06 2018 Dr Amanda Chulayo Signature: Date: 01/06 2018 Dr Andrew Bamidele Falowo Signature: Date: 01/06 2018 iii ETHICAL APPROVAL FOR THE STUDY The portion of this study involving the survey on the perception of offal meat consumption in Amathole District and Sensory evaluation of the sausage made with edible meat waste for data collection was carried out following the approval of the University of Fort Hare’s Ethics Committee, with ethical clearance number MUC341SBAB01. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My profound gratitude to my estimable supervisor, Prof Voster Muchenje, whom the Lord has used to bless and make my aspiration come to reality. I appreciate your valuable guidance, scholarly inputs and consistent encouragement I received throughout the research work. This feat was possible only because of the unconditional support provided by my supervisor. A person with an amicable and positive disposition and a great scholar who always made himself available to clarify my doubts despite his busy schedules and I consider it as a great opportunity to do my doctoral programme under his guidance and to learn from his research expertise. Thank you Sir, for all your help and support. I thank Dr Amanda Chulayo, my co-supervisor and a Director at Dohne Agricultural Institute for her academic support, supervision and the facilities provided to carry out the my analysis at the Institute. Dr Andrew Bamidele Falowo has been very encouraging and supportive, and you prove yourself to be a great leader, pastor and a brother. May God continue to bless and keep you. Some of my colleagues in the department have been very kind enough to extend their help at various phases of this research, whenever I approached them, and I do hereby acknowledge all of them. I thank Dr Mukumbo Felicita, Malusi Ndumiso, Nkwenkwezi Siyavula, Dube, Zuko and Stempa Thuthuselwa for their valuable suggestions and concise comments during the administration of the questionnaire. I want to appreciate Dr Akinyemi, Bro Cyrus, and Dr Abioye (Daddy TJ) for their support in statistical data analysis and I thank them for their contributions. My colleagues Carlos Nantanpo, Sydney, Dr Franklin, Dr Fadare, Mrs Fadare, Olusola Fadare, Dr Afolabi Kayode, Dr Jeremiah, Dr Osunla (Daddy Korede), Mr Tosin Bamigboye (Baba Cranckered), Olisa Chijioke, Ezekiel Agoro (Heavy metal), Dr Leke, Mr v Ayobami Oke (Boss) and Dr Larayitan, have all extended their support in a very special way, and I gained a lot from them, through their personal and scholarly interactions, their suggestions at various points of my research programme. I also acknowledge my old pals, Idowu Adegbasa, Femi Oyekanmi and Dr Ayobami Busari for their well wishes. It’s my fortune to gratefully acknowledge the support of my greatest friends during the course of this study, Dr Elizabeth Bosede Aladejana nee Famewo and again Dr Abioye Oluwatayo (Daddy TJ) for their support and generous care throughout the research tenure. They were always beside me during the happy and hard moments to push me and motivate me. I am equally indebted to Dr Titilawo who brought me to South Africa to further my study, may God bless you. My profound gratitude also goes to Dr Adegoke Adenji my pastor and my friend in Redeem Christian Church of God (Fountain of Life Parish, Alice) for his encouragement and financial support when I lacked fund to go for my first conference in Capetown. I am also grateful to Dr (Mrs) Otunola’s and her family for their support, input and constructive criticism which have greatly encouraged me and contributed to the success of this project. To my siblings, Mrs Adeyemi and her husband, Mrs Adeagbo and her husband, Prof (Mrs) Olaitan and her husband, Mrs Ekundayo and her husband, Mrs Adenle and her husband and my dearest sister, Mrs Esther Modupe and her husband. I say thank you. Your continual support and encouragement really assisted me a lot, the Lord shall perfect all that concerns you. To Eng. and Mrs David Olasupo Fatokun, I am sincerely grateful for your support and for taking good care of my wife and children all through the years that I was away, may the Lord continue to uplift you in all your endeavours. To my brother in-law Eng. Babajide Fatokun, I appreciate all the phones calls and your words of encouragement when I faced many challenges here and you showed that distance is never a barrier between us. I appreciate Mrs Yetunde Adenuga and her husband and Mrs Modupe Olajide and her husband for their timely advice vi and good wishes. May the Lord reward your labour of love and I thank you very much for all your prayers and support, God bless you abundantly. My deepest appreciation goes to my parents, Mr and Mrs Abraham Alao, who encouraged and helped me at every stage of my personal and academic life, and longed to see this achievement come true. May God continue to protect and give you sound health. I owe my thanks to a very special person, my wife, Oluwatoyin for her continued and unfailing love, support and understanding during my pursuit of Doctorate degree, this made the completion of my thesis possible. You were always around at times I thought that it is impossible to continue, you helped me to keep things in perspective. I greatly value your contribution and deeply appreciate your belief in me. I appreciate my little girl Oluwapemi and my boy Oluwapetan for abiding my ignorance and the patience they showed during my three year study away from home. Words would never say how grateful I am to both of you. I consider myself the luckiest in the world to have such a lovely and caring family, standing beside me with their love and unconditional support. I thank the Almighty for giving me the strength and patience to work through all these years so that today I can stand proudly with my head held high. Now unto the king eternal, invisible, the only wise God, be honour and glory forever and ever. Amen. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... iii ETHICAL APPROVAL FOR THE STUDY ........................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... v GENERAL ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background Study ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Justification ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Research Hypotheses........................................................................................................ 8 1.6 REFERENCES
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