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The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges

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The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges sustainability Review The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges Babatunde O. Alao 1,*, Andrew B. Falowo 1, Amanda Chulayo 1,2 and Voster Muchenje 1 1 Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X314, Alice 5700, South Africa; [email protected] (A.B.F.); [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (V.M.) 2 Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim 4935, South Africa * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-833-46-4435 Received: 9 May 2017; Accepted: 16 June 2017; Published: 22 June 2017 Abstract: The consumption of animal by-products has continued to witness tremendous growth over the last decade. This is due to its potential to combat protein malnutrition and food insecurity in many countries. Shortly after slaughter, animal by-products are separated into edible or inedible parts. The edible part accounts for 55% of the production while the remaining part is regarded as inedible by-products (IEBPs). These IEBPs can be re-processed into sustainable products for agricultural and industrial uses. The efficient utilization of animal by-products can alleviate the prevailing cost and scarcity of feed materials, which have high competition between animals and humans. This will also aid in reducing environmental pollution in the society. In this regard, proper utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta can result in cheaper feed, reduction in competition and lower cost of production. Over the years, the utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta as feed in livestock feed has been successfully carried out without any adverse effect on the animals. However, there are emerging gaps that need to be further addressed regarding the food security and sustainability of the products. Therefore, the objective of this review highlights the efficacy and effectiveness of using animal by-products as alternative sources of feed ingredients, and the constraints associated with their production to boost livestock performance in the industry at large. Keywords: animal by-products; environmental pollution; feed; livestock; rumen digesta; utilization; food security; sustainability 1. Introduction Meat and meat products form an important segment of the human diet because they provide essential nutrients which cannot be easily obtained through vegetables and their derived products [1]. They provide a means for reducing malnutrition and increasing household food and food security [2]. Over the last 20 years, the demand for meat and meat products has increased in many parts of the world (including Africa, Asia, Europe and United States of America) and this has led to rapid surge in livestock production for sustainable food security [3]. The process of converting livestock to meat in abattoirs usually generates a lot of by-products which can be further utilized by humans as food or reprocessed as secondary by-products for both agricultural and industrial uses [4]. The yield of these by-products has been reported to account for about 10% to 15% of the value of the live animal in developed countries, although animal by-products account for about two-third of the animal after slaughter [5]. Basically, animal by-products include all parts of a live animal that are not part of the dressed carcass such as liver, heart, rumen contents, kidney, blood, fats, spleen and meat trimmings. In this sense, the production of these animal by-products can be grouped into non-carcass meat (EBPs) and non-meat products (IEBPs) as shown in Figure1. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1089; doi:10.3390/su9071089 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2017, 9, 1089 2 of 18 SustainabilityIn this sense,2017 ,the9, 1089 production of these animal by-products can be grouped into non-carcass 2meat of 18 (EBPs) and non-meat products (IEBPs) as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. ClassificationClassification of animal by-products. EBPs are products that are approved by registered public health inspector and considered safe for human consumption after inspection in the abattoir.abattoir. In contrast, IEBPs cannot be consumed by humans and are condemned as discards or re-processedre-processed andand usedused asas secondarysecondary by-products.by-products. Most EBPs, especially the liver, kidney, tonguetongue andand heart, have the potential to provide essential nutrients where meat and meat products are limited or insufficientinsufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of people [[6].6]. Today, thethe worldworld isis facingfacing aa hugehuge problemproblem onon foodfood insecurityinsecurity and climate change, which has resulted to malnutrition especially in the developingdeveloping countriescountries [[7].7]. Over two billionbillion peoplepeople inin the the world, world, especially especially in in developing developing countries, countries, have have been been reported reported to beto sufferingbe suffering from from the deficiencythe deficiency of key of foodkey nutrientsfood nutr suchients as such vitamins as vitamins and minerals and minerals (including (including vitamin A,vitamin iodine, A, iron iodine, and iron zinc) and [8]. zinc) Meeting [8]. Meeting the nutritional the nutritional needs of needs these of people these willpeople require will require about 20 about g of animal20 g of animal protein protein (meat, fish,(meat, egg fish, and egg milk) and per milk) person per perperson day per or 7.3day kg or per 7.3 yearkg per [8]. year Therefore, [8]. Therefore, protein sourcesprotein suchsources as EBPssuch couldas EBPs be coul employedd be employed to reduce to the reduce menace the of me malnutritionnace of malnutrition and food insecurity.and food Itinsecurity. has been It proposed has been that proposed studies that involving studies theinvolving use of EBPsthe use as of food EBPs ingredients as food ingredients should be promotedshould be andpromoted evaluated and evaluated [9]. For this [9]. reason, For this Ockerman reason, Ockerman and Basu and [10] Basu reported [10] thatreported EBPs that contain EBPs essential contain nutrientsessential nutrients such as vitamins such as (B1,vitami B2,ns B6, (B1, and B2, folic B6, acid),and folic proteins, acid), mineralsproteins, andminerals fat, with and important fat, with poly-unsaturatedimportant poly-unsaturated fatty and amino fatty and acids amino which acids comparable which comparable to those in muscularto those in tissue. muscular tissue. On the other hand, IEBPs such as bones, hides andand skin, feathers, hooves, horns, hair, bristles and rumen digesta (Figure 22)) cancan bebe transformedtransformed intointo usefuluseful andand valuablevaluable productsproducts forfor humanhuman andand livestock consumption [5]. [5]. It It is is widely widely accepted accepted that that bone bone can be re-processed into livestock feed (source of minerals)minerals) while skin/hideskin/hide and and feathers feathers can can be be processed processed and and utilized utilized in in the the upholstery, upholstery, leather and textile industry. However, thethe utilisationutilisation of rumenrumen digestadigesta couldcould serve as anan alternativealternative feed source for for the the livestock livestock industry industry since since most most de developingveloping countries countries are are experiencing experiencing a shortage a shortage of offeed feed ingredients ingredients due due to extreme to extreme climate climate condition, condition, increase increase in cost in of cost feed of and feed competition and competition for cereal for cerealcrops between crops between humans humans and livestock and livestock [11]. Therefore, [11]. Therefore, this review this reviewhighlights highlights the importance the importance of animal of animalby-products by-products in food in system food system as sources as sources nutrient nutrient for forhumans humans and and alternative alternative feed feed ingredients ingredients for livestock industry. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1089 3 of 18 Sustainability 2017, 9, 1089 3 of 18 FigureFigure 2. GeneralGeneral descriptions descriptions of edible of edible and andinedible inedible by-products. by-products. 2. Classification2. Classification of of Animal Animal By-Products TheThe description description andand classificationclassification of of animal animal by-products by-products differ differ from fromcountry country to country to country and and accordingaccording to to different different usages usages inin thethe meat industry. industry. They They can can be be classified classified as EBPs as EBPs and andIEBPs IEBPs (Figure (Figure 1), 1), or organ and non-organ by-products [12]. They are also sometimes classified based on muscular or organ and non-organ by-products [12]. They are also sometimes classified based on muscular structure, shape and colour [13]. Regardless of this, the offal can be sub-grouped into white offal, structure, shape and colour [13]. Regardless of this, the offal can be sub-grouped into white offal, dark dark offal and red offal [14]. offal and red offal [14]. 3. Consumption and Nutritional Composition of Edible By-Products 3. Consumption and Nutritional Composition of Edible By-Products Regulations require that EBPs be examined by a public health inspector immediately after slaughterRegulations and approved require thatto be EBPs free befrom examined infections by (such a public as fasciolosis, health inspector fibrosis, echinoccosis, immediately after slaughtertuberculosis, and
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