La Religión De Los Samurai O La Clase Militar, Configurando El Carácter De Muchos Destacados Soldados Y Estadistas

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La Religión De Los Samurai O La Clase Militar, Configurando El Carácter De Muchos Destacados Soldados Y Estadistas KAITEN NUKARIYA LA RELIGIÓN * DE LOS SAMURAI PAIDÓS ORIENTALIA El budismo zen se introdujo en un principio en Japón como la religión de los samurai o la clase militar, configurando el carácter de muchos destacados soldados y estadistas. Pero este hecho de todos conocido se entenderá mejor si se lee este libro, donde se explica que la disciplina mental del zen equilibra la mente haciendo que uno no sea apasionado ni desapasionado, ni astuto ni poco inteligente, ni hipersensible ni insensible. Fomenta el autocontrol, subyuga pasiones tan perniciosas como la ira, la envidia, el odio y otras similares, y despierta emociones como la empatia, la compasión o la generosidad. Es una forma de iluminación, ya que disipa la ilusión y las dudas y, al mismo tiempo, aniquila el egoísmo, destruye los deseos poco sanos, eleva los ideales morales y revela la sabiduría innata, condiciones todas ellas que debía reunir todo buen samurai. Kaiten Nukariya fue profesor en la Universidad de Keiogijiku y en la Institución Sotoshu, de credo budista, en Tokio. www.paidos.com PAIDÓS ORIENTALIA Últimos títulos publicados: 44. C. T. Tart - Psicologías transpersonales 45. D. T. Suzuki - El zen y la cultura japonesa 46. H. Corbin - Avicena y el relato visionario 47. R. Guénon - Símbolos fundamentales de la ciencia sagrada 48. R. Guénon - El reino de la cantidad y los signos de los tiempos 49. Rumi - El libro interior 50. M. Causemann (comp.) - Cuentos eróticos y mágicos de mujeres nómadas tibetanas 51. J. Hertel (comp.) - Cuentos hindúes 52. R. Wilhelm (comp.) - Cuentos chinos I 53. R. Wilhelm (comp.) - Cuentos chinos II 54. E. Zoila - Eas tres vías 55. M. Eliade - Ocultismo, brujería y modas culturales 56. A. K. Coomaraswamy - Hinduismo y budismo 57. M. Eliade - Lo sagrado y lo profano 58. E. Zolla - La nube del telar 59. F. Schuon - Tesoros del budismo 60. A. Kotler (comp.) - Lecturas budistas I 61. A. Kotler (comp.) - Lecturas budistas II 62. G. Durand - Ciencia del hombre y tradición 63. M. Eliade - Historia de las creencias y de las ideas religiosas I 64. M. Eliade - Historia de las creencias y de las ideas religiosas II 65. M. Eliade - Historia de las creencias y de las ideas religiosas III 66. H. Zimmer - El rey y el cadáver 67. T. N. Hanh - Transformación y sanación 68. L. Massignon - La pasión de Hallaj 69. M. Eliade - Aspectos del mito 70. A. Faivre y J. Needlcman (comps.) - Espiritualidad de los movimientos esotéricos modernos 71. J. Godwin - Armonías del cielo y de la tierra 72. G. Scholem - Los orígenes de la Càbala, voi. I 73. G. Scholem - Los orígenes de la Càbala, voi II 74. D. T. Suzuki - El Buda de la luz infinita 75. R. Guénon - La crisis del mundo moderno 76. R. Guénon - Autoridad espiritual y poder temporal 77. E. Zoila - Verdades secretas expuestas a la evidencia 78. Confucio - Los cuatro libros 79. R. Guénon - El rey del mundo 80. Dógen - Cuerpo y espíritu 81. E. Zoila - Qué es la tradición 82. K. Schipper - El cuerpo taoísta 83. E. Zoila - Una introducción a la alquimia 84. R. Guénon - La gran tríada 85. Dalai Lama - Introducción al budismo tibetano 86. D. C. Holtom - Un estudio sobre el shintó moderno 87. E. Wong - Cuentos de los inmortales taoístas 88. K. Nukariya - La religión de los samurai Kaiten Nukariya LA RELIGION DE LOS SAMURAI tfj PAI DOS Barcelona Buenos Aires México Título original: The Religion of the Samurai Publicado en inglés, en 2004, por Kegan Paul Limited Traducción de Nuria Martí Cubierta de Julio Vivas Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos. © 2004 Kegan Paul © 2005 de la traducción, Nuria Martí © 2005 de todas las ediciones en castellano, Ediciones Paidós Ibérica, S.A , Mariano Cubí, 92 - 08021 Barcelona http://www.paidos.com ISBN: 84-493-1715-0 Depósito legal: B. 9.328-2005 Impreso en Hurope, S.L. Lima, 3 - 08030 Barcelona Impreso en España- Printed in Spain Sumario Introducción................................................................................ 9 I I listona del zen en C hina...................................................... 15 ' I listona del zen en Jap ó n ...................................................... 33 l I I universo es las escrituras del z e n .............. 53 I I I Buda, el Espíritu Universal .............................................. 69 '> I a naturaleza del ser humano .............................................. 93 (. l a Iluminación ......................................................................... 119 7 l a vida......................................................................................... 149 I I entrenamiento de la mente y la práctica de la meditación.................................................................................... 173 Apéndice. El origen del hombre Prefacio............................................................................................. 209 Introducción....................................................................................... 211 1. Refutación de lo ilusorio y lo prejuzgadlo (doctrina) .... 215 2. Refutación de lo incompleto y lo superf icial (doctrina) . 221 Explicación directa del verdadero origeni.............................. 231 4. Conciliación de la doctrina temporal con la e tern a......... 233 Notas 239 Introducción El budismo se divide geográficamente en dos escuelas:1 la Es­ cuela del Sur, la más antigua y sencilla, y la Escuela del Norte, que es posterior y de una fe más desarrollada. La primera, basada prin­ cipalmente en los textos pali,2 se conoce como hinayana3 (el pe­ queño vehículo) o la doctrina inferior; mientras que la segunda, basada en diversos textos sánscritos,4 se conoce como mahayana (el gran vehículo) o la doctrina superior. Los orientalistas occiden­ tales conocen tan bien los principios fundamentales de la Escuela del Sur que al hablar de budismo casi siempre se están refiriendo a esta escuela. En cambio, la Escuela del Norte se conoce muy poco en Occidente debido a que la mayor parte de los textos originales de la misma se perdieron y a que las enseñanzas basadas en ellos están escritas en chino, tibetano o japonés, unas lenguas que los in­ vestigadores no budistas no dominan. Sería injusto resumir todo el sistema del budismo con el úni­ co epíteto5 de «pesimista» o «nihilista», ya que el budismo, al ha­ ber sido adoptado durante cerca de dos mil quinientos años tanto por tribus salvajes como por naciones civilizadas, tanto por perso­ nas tranquilas y débiles como por hordas guerreras y fuertes, fue desarrollando unas creencias muy divergentes e incluso diame­ tralmente opuestas. En el mismo Japón el budismo ha llegado a di- IO LA RELIGIÓN DE LOS SAMURAI vidirse en trece escuelas principales y en cuarenta y cuatro subes­ cuelas,6 y todavía conserva todo su vigor, aunque en otros países no se encuentre en su mejor época. De ahí que el pueblo japonés sea el que mejor representa los países budistas, la mayoría de cu­ yos habitantes viven rigiéndose por los principios de la Escuela del Norte. Estudiar su religión significa, por tanto, penetrar en el ma- hayanismo, que sigue siendo un terreno desconocido para las men­ tes occidentales. E investigar su fe no significa desenterrar los res­ tos de la fe budista que existió hace veinte siglos, sino sentir el corazón y el alma del mahayanismo, que en la actualidad anima a sus seguidores. La finalidad de este pequeño libro es mostrar que la visión maha- yana de la vida y del mundo es muy distinta de la hinayana — que es a lo que los occidentales suelen referirse cuando hablan de budismo— para poder explicar de qué modo la religión del Buda se fue adaptan­ do a su entorno en el Extremo Oriente y también para arrojar luz so­ bre el estado existente de la vida espiritual del Japón moderno. Con este propósito se han citado las trece escuelas japonesas de la tradición zen,7 no sólo por la gran influencia que ésta ha ejercido sobre la nación, sino también por la posición única que mantiene en­ tre los sistemas religiosos establecidos del mundo. En primer lugar, es tan antigua como el mismo budismo, o incluso más, ya que su forma de practicar la meditación se ha ido transmitiendo, práctica­ mente sin introducir cambio alguno, desde los ermitaños prebudis­ tas de India; por esa razón puede ofrecer a los estudiantes de las re­ ligiones comparadas un interesante tema para su investigación. En segundo lugar, a pesar de su antigüedad histórica, las ideas que albergan sus defensores son tan nuevas que están en armonía con las de los Nuevos Budistas;8 por consiguiente, la exposición de estas ideas puede servir como una explicación del actual movi­ miento dirigido por los reformadores del budismo japonés, jóve­ nes y capaces. En tercer lugar, las confesiones budistas, al igual que ocurre con las de las religiones no budistas, hacen hincapié en la fiel fuen- INTRODUCCIÓN 11 h tic |,is escrituras, pero el zen la; denuncia basándose en que las |. I.iIh.i , o los caracteres nunca pueden expresar adecuadamente la 11111.111 i v I i giosa, la cual sólo puede alcanzarse por medio de la men - i. por tanto, afirma que la verdac. religiosa que el Buda Sakiamu- iii alcanzó en su Iluminación no se ha ido transmitiendo por me- <Iii* do palabras ni de los textos de las escrituras, sino que ha ido I usando de la mente de los maest-os a la mente de los discípulos a lo largo de la línea de transmisión hasta el día de hoy. En toda la historia de las religiones del mundo es un caso único que tanto los maestros zen como los religionistas hayan declarado que las sa­ ciadas escrituras no son más que montones de papel que no sir­ vió para nada.9 En cuarto lugar, tanto la religión budista como la no budista consideran que todos sus fundadores, sin excepción, son seres so­ brenaturales; los practicantes del zen, en cambio, consideran a Buda como su predecesor y aspiran con toda seguridad a alcanzar su mis­ mo nivel espiritual.
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