The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI (Siif^iaisiiiaisiissisiaissiisisisiaiisiisisiisis IK. M & THE COVER: Thomas Hart Ben- M g ton began the initial drawings of H J§ the front cover illustration "Shal- JS M low Creek" in 1938 and completed fl g a painting of the subject the g] ig same year, A year later an edition || j§ of 250 lithographs was prepared jlj jE of "Shallow Creek" and one of B jg the lithographs is reproduced on || & the cover. The figure in "Shallow pj & Creek" is Benton's son wading in M fw' 'SI jg a small stream in the Ozarks. ^ MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner of Hitt and TjOwry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is aid at Columbia, Missouri. VOLUME LXV The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical ciety of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a \r or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes * NUMBER 3 responsibility for statements made by contributors to the APRIL, 1971 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1968-71 T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society

RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1971

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1972

GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1973

WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington *GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton *GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee. ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield * Deceased qwaiKiigigiis

NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

THE UPPER MISSOURI INDIAN AGENCY, 1819-1868. Bv Ernest L. Sclutsky 249

JACKSON COUNTY IN EARLY MORMON DESCRIPTIONS. BV Richard L. Anderson 270

SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN LEWIS COUNTY, MISSOURI. Bv George R. Lee 294

THE TRUMAN VICE PRESIDENCY: CONSTRUCTIVE APPRENTICESHIP OR BRIEF INTERLUDE? By Arthur F. McClure and Donna Costigan 318

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Dedication of First Capitol Inaugurates Missouri's Sesqu[centennial . . . 342

Errata 343

Dorothy V. Jones and Society's REVIEW Receive Awards 344

Editorial Policv 345

Views from the Past: Missouri Religious Life 346

News in Brief 348

Local Historical Societies 349

Gifts 362

Missouri History in Newspapers 366

Missouri History in Magazines 370

In Memoriam 373

BOOK REVIEWS 375

BOOK NOTES 379

A HISTORIC RACE 386

INDEX TO VOLUME LXV, NOS. 1, 2 & 3 389

LIT LEA ST. CLAIR MOSS Inside Back Cover

iv _ ^.....,—.^ r~> •<: -» \-p. '" -.. ... ^"S :.*>^-f

**?**+/**/

George Gray, Artizt

The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 18194868

BY ERNEST L. SCHUSKY*

To many people the term "Indian Agency" is synonymous with Indian reservation. Indians themselves interchange the words. Thus, it might be assumed that reservations have a long existence because "agencies" appeared fairly early in the government's con­ tact with Indians, and it might be further assumed that "reservation policy" must be well thought out because of its long existence. An examination of the history of one agency illustrates how mistaken these assumptions are. The history of the Upper Missouri Agency indicates that agencies were established primarily as an extension of Congress' right to regulate trade with the Indian tribes, the Constitution's only reference to Indians. Secondarily, the govern­ ment hoped to maintain peace on the frontier, but with a minimum

*Ernest L. Schusky received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. He is currently a professor of Anthropology at Southern Illinois University, Edwards- ville. 249 Benjamin O'Fallon

Hist. Sites of Jefferson Co. of expenditure or effort.1 Reservations, for the most part, were later established around the agencies, but they resulted from a policy of white expansion and a major effort toward federal acquisition of land. The effects of reservation life on Indians were hardly con­ sidered; indeed, reservation policy had simply grown with no systematic thought about the consequences. Although the reserva­ tion had its conception in the agency, the offspring is quite different from the parent; the Upper Missouri Agency illustrates, in some measure, how these differences grew. The Upper Missouri Agency was authorized by an Act of Congress on March 3, 1819, that designated the annual salary of the agent.2 William Clark, the regional superintendent for most of the Northwest, was so occupied with events on the Upper Missis­ sippi that it was some time before an agent could be appointed and assume duties near Council Bluffs. The responsibility for the Upper Missouri Agency initially rested in the hands of agent Benjamin O'Fallon who reported to Superintendent Clark in St. Louis. In turn, Clark reported to Secretary John C. Calhoun. Poli­ tics and patronage resulted in a fairly rapid turnover of agents, but Clark served as superintendent for a vast area of frontier until his death in 1839. It is difficult to determine the character of the early agents or fully understand their attitude toward Indians. Few

i Roger Nichols, "Martin Cantonment and American Expansion in the Mis­ souri Valley," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXIV (October, 1969) , 1-17. 2 Richard Peters, The Public Statutes at Large, III (Boston, 1846) , 514. The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 251 of the agents served more than two years, and often they fulfilled their duties in the summer months. None of them showed any great affinity for Indians. Their correspondence frequently justifies trips to St. Louis or the East. For example, one of O'Fallon's first letters on record was a request for a leave of absence even though he recognized a paternalistic obligation. He begged leave "knowing that absence from my station will produce much disappointment to my charges, and greatly interferes in progressing in improving the character and disposition of my Indians which I had flattered myself I had much improved but much was left to be done."3 Actually, the government seemed more anxious to simply keep the peace and promote the fur trade. Army commanders, who could not frequently leave their posts, as did the agents, reported regularly to the Secretary of War on the condition of the tribes. These men often shouldered the responsibilities of an absent agent in making peace. The lack of any physical facilities for the Upper Missouri Agency indicates its priority. The agent was assumed to reside at Council Bluffs with the army. Agent O'Fallon was soon joined by two sub-agents, but for a long time the three men maneuvered to spend much time at Fort Leavenworth, St. Louis, Washington or even their home towns as far away as Virginia and Pennsylvania. The initial zeal of agents sometimes lasted as much as a year, but Dakota winters were discouraging, a lack of quarters brought an embarrassing dependence on the army or fur traders, and life was lonely. Early in 1826 O'Fallon resigned his position for reasons of health. In his long correspondence he enumerated the difficulties of life while fulfilling bureaucratic obligations, but rarely did he mention Indians. He was followed by Peter Wilson who reported visits to Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara and Sioux and councils with Ponca, Oto, Osage and others. Wilson appears to have taken a noticeable interest in his work supported by a long frontier ex­ perience, but he soon died in office. For several years various sub-agents acted autonomously, but in 1827 John Dougherty nearly monopolized communications with Clark and exploited other po­ litical contacts. After a trip to Washington, Dougherty returned to Council Bluffs only shortly before the Osage raided the Oto. He found himself among many traditionally hostile tribes, but

3 Benjamin O'Fallon to William Ckrk, February 1824, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Letters Received, Microcopy 234, Roll 883, in National Archives. Washington, D.C. 252 Missouri Historical Review

soon the agent was optimistically planning a number of councils to bring peace. In an attempt to reconciliate the Pawnee and Kansa, Dougherty argued that to achieve peace the government would have to show great force or distribute gifts. Since it was in no position to show7 force, peace would have to be bought.4 In Dougherty's rationale for gifts can be seen the seminal thoughts for the later proponents of the peace policy. However, Dougherty was a man of vision and had numerous solutions and policy suggestions. By 1829 he was proposing that Indians be give individual tracts of land to own and farm. His proposal was much like the Dawes or Allotment Act that became policy fifty years later. Dougherty advised Senator Thomas Hart Benton on how to "promote the benevolent views of our excellent government in relation to the vagrant and wretched savages."5 He described as "utterly impossible" President Andrew Jackson's policy "to bring the Indians under the form of civil government" and advo­ cated instead that the tribes be located on tracts of land that are "good for farming but destitute of game ... in order to wean the Indian from his favorite pursuit and thereby gradually prepare his mind to encounter the laborious duties of domestic life." Only after the Indians had learned to subsist through farming would Dougherty introduce schoolmasters, mechanics, letters, laws or religion for until then they would not be ready for such civilized pursuits. Dougherty's autocracy is ironical since he personally refused to comply with numerous orders from Clark that he reside at Council Bluffs in proximity to the tribes under his jurisdiction. In­ stead, Dougherty spent most of his time at Leavenworth or in the East, and in the fall of 1828 he was accused of being in Missouri campaigning against Andrew Jackson.6 Dougherty was not seriously hurt by these charges. In 1830 he was appointed to head the Lpper Missouri Agency. The promotion embittered F. A. Sanford, a sub- agent who served on the edge of the frontier at the Mandan villages and lived more than a thousand miles above Dougherty. He asserted bluntly that Dougherty "has no more connection with me or mv Indians than the Governor of Vermont has."7

4 John Dougherty to William Clark, June 27, 1827, M234, Roll 883. 5 John Dougherty to Senator Thomas H. Benton, January 1829, M234, Roll 883. 6 William Clark to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 1829, M234, Roll 883. 7 F. A. Sanford to the Secretary of War through Sp. Pettis, November 22, 1830, M234, Roll 883. John Dougherty

Dougherty, however, continued to add personnel under him and "sub-agencies" began appearing in budget requests. In 1831 Jonathan L. Bean headed a Sioux sub-agency near Yankton with further responsibilities for Ponca, Cheyenne and Arapaho. Dougher­ ty himself seems to have managed affairs for Iowa, Oto, Omaha, Kansa and Pawnee just north of Council Bluffs. He apparently still managed to reside in Leavenworth, however, because William Clark noted sarcastically to the War Department that since it counter­ manded his orders to Dougherty, the agent actually lived closer to the Shawnee and Deleware agency than to his own.8 The conditions among the Indians in 1831 did not make living with them attractive. There was intermittent warfare among most of the tribes, and Dougherty indicated the difficulties of resolving conflict when he described his role of mediating between the Omaha and Iowa. At the same time some of the "Old World" diseases were being introduced with their devastating effects on Indians. Dougherty wrote of an early epidemic of "distemper" among the Pawnee: "They were dying so fast, and taken down at once in such large numbers, that they had ceased to bury their dead, whose bodies were to be seen in every direction, laying about in the rivers, lodged on the sand bars, in the weeds around their villages, and in their old corn fields, others again were dragged

8 William Clark to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 7, 1831, M234, Roll 883. 254 Missouri Historical Review off by their hungry dogs. . . . Their misery was so great that the survivors seems to be unconscious of it."9 Meanwhile, the political intrigue continued. In the spring of 1832 Superintendent Clark requested Joshua Pilcher to evaluate Dougherty. As a fur trader, Pilcher was spending more time than Dougherty among the Indians and was better aware of the desper­ ate conditions of the tribes. Although unfriendly to Dougherty, he was probably in a better position than anyone else to judge his work. Pilcher agreed with Clark that the agent's residence at Leavenworth prevented any worthwhile contact with Indians and charged that Dougherty spent only a month of each year at Council Bluffs in meeting with the Indians. On one occasion Dougherty is supposed to have had a band of Pawnee brought to him instead of visiting them as he was expected to do. Pilcher also charged that the Indians were given annuity goods when they wanted money, and there is the implication that an agent could profit on buying annuities. Finally, Pilcher charged that witnesses had signed for Dougherty in transactions with the tribes when Dougherty was actually at Leavenworth.10 Dougherty survived this report also. As a fur trader Pilcher stood to profit by cash annuities. Furthermore, Dougherty took a strong prohibitionist stand and continually accused the traders of smuggling whiskey to the Indians. Dougherty's only response ap­ pears to be a change in residence. Even so, he did not manage to move all the way to Council Bluffs, but settled in the newly de­ veloped town of Bellevue, still some twenty miles down river.11 On his own authority he purchased a house at Bellevue for an agency and established himself there. He may have felt it was his reward for spending much of the summer among the Indians. His letters for June 1832 report that he vaccinated several thousand DeJeware, Shawnee, Kickapoo, Kansa, Iowa, Missouri, Sac, Oto. Omaha, Pawnee, Ponca, Yankton, Teton, Ogalala and Chey­ enne.12 In addition, he sent a doctor further up the Missouri to vaccinate even more Sioux. The doctor and Dougherty reported

»John Dougherty to William Clark, October 29, 1831, M234, Roll 883. io Joshua Pilcher to William Clark, no date (approximately Januarv 1831), M234, Roll 883. li Pilcher's attempts to secure Dougherty's office took him to Washington in early 1832. Full details are in John Sunder, Joshua Pilcher, Fur Trader and In­ dian Agent (Norman, Okla., 1968), 85-90. 12 Some of the eastern tribes enumerated here were located on the Missouri shortly before being removed to Indian territory. Bert Anson, "Variations of the Indian Conflict," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LIX (October, 1964) , 64-89. The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 255 that the Indians were receptive to the vaccinations because of previous epidemics.18 Despite the obvious hostility between Pilcher and Dougherty, the former secured an appointment from Washington as sub-agent for the Sioux in 1835. Pilcher's initiation as agent foretells what many later agents would experience. Despite his long years as a fur trader and his exceptional knowledge of Indians, he began his appointment in confusion and frustration. Agents usually went to St. Louis during the winter to purchase annuities and accompany them up river. If they were lucky, they had these goods from St. Louis on one of the first steamboats up the Missouri. In the spring of 1835 considerable luck accompanied Pilcher because goods were available at reasonable prices, the steamboat did not break down, and the river was neither too high nor too low. Pilcher met the boat at Council Bluffs and when it reached the distribution point of Big Bend, six hundred miles above Council Bluffs, the Indians were anxiously awaiting distribution because they were nearly starving. Ordinarily, circumstances could not have been better. How­ ever, Pilcher lacked a final element. Because of past scandals in the Indian service, Congress had specified that a military officer should be present at all annuity distributions to insure the Indians received full benefits. Any agent who presented the annuities with­ out such a check was automatically suspect. For Pilcher, no officer was available and as far as he knew the nearest one was in Council Bluffs. He judged that his greatest problem was the im­ mediate one of Indians near starvation and made the distribution fourteen days before the dispatched army officer arrived. In his report he noted that he had given the authorities ample warning but implied that his correspondence may have been deliberately detained on instructions at Leavenworth, where Dougherty still frequented.14 The infighting among the sub-agents in the 1830s was almost on the same scale as among the Indians and it took up much more of their reports. For instance, a conflict between the Wahpeton Sioux and the Sac and Fox in June 1835, is scarcely mentioned, but through the spring and summer of 1834 there was a multitude of charges and countercharges among the employees of the agen­ cies. The interpreter, Zephier Rencontre, and a William Martin

13 John Dougherty to William Clark, August 12, 1832, M234, Roll 14 Joshua Pilcher to Major J. B. Brant, April 1835, M234, Roll 883. Indian Post Trader

charged sub-agent Major Bean with personal use of Indian annui­ ties and the selling of whiskey. Bean initially offered his resignation but in the summer returned to his agency and turned Rencontre against Martin. In the end it was Martin who left.15 Pilcher's second year began with an investigation of warfare between the Yankton and the Mandan and Gros Ventre that was further complicated by the murder of a trader, William E. Primeau. Pilcher never did manage to ferret out the facts, but a fur trader among the Mandan, David Mitchell, eventually accounted for the difficulty. The event is illustrative of the complexities of agency life. With so little communication, it is obvious that an agent would necessarily fail to understand many of his responsibilities. Primeau was taking trade goods to the Mandan when he was stopped by a small party of Yankton who took his horses and goods. He enlisted the aid of an Indian to track down the party and retrieve his property. The Indian killed Primeau instead and fled westward. This event had no connection with the Mandan and Yankton. That trouble began the previous winter when starving Yankton had traded for food with the Mandan. Later, the Yankton grieved over the sharp trading practices of the Mandan and on a trip north they found a nearly deserted Mandan village. The

i5Anonvmous to William Clark, 1834, M234, Roll 884; Zephier Rencontre to William Clark, March 3, 1834, M234, Roll 884. Medicine Man Curing a Patient

Yankton took all the corn and beans they could find, leaving only a few cheap trade goods. The next day a smaller band of Yankton happened to appear and the Mandan took vengeance on them, killing more than one hundred.16 By this time a sub-agent, William Fulkerson, was assigned to the Mandan, but he spent so little time there that it was a fur trader who reported the details of inter-tribal warfare. In fact, Fulkerson appears to have spent even less time at his Mandan post than Dougherty at Council Bluffs. William Clark became so angry with Fulkerson that he recommended his dismissal in February 1838. Clark was particularly infuriated because Fulkerson apparent­ ly spent much of his time at St. Charles without ever contacting him.17 Certainly all the sub-agents could have been used in the summer of 1837 because the smallpox that ravaged the Upper Mis­ souri tribes then made the earlier "distemper" epidemic mild by comparison. When the disease had run its course, the country was "converted into one great grave yard." Pilcher further reported: "The Mandans, consisting of 1600 souls, had been reduced by the first of October last to 31 persons—the Gros Ventres or Minitaries [sic], a tribe about 1,000, took the disease a month later—one half had perished and the disease was still raging—many were also committing suicide."18 He further estimated that 10,000 Assiniboin, 8,000 Blackfeet and 3,000 Crees were virtually wiped out, while the Yankton and Santee were severely hit. Pilcher claimed to have

16 David Mitchell to William Clark, June 10, 1836, M234, Roll 884. 17 William Clark to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 21, 1£ M234, Roll 884. 18 Joshua Pilcher to William Clark, February 27, 1838, M234, Roll 884. 258 Missouri Historical Review

urged other Sioux out onto the plains and hoped they had escaped.19 The careless introduction of this epidemic is hard to believe. If not deliberate, it was certainly most callous. Pilcher, who reported the details, failed to exert full authority, call in a doctor or even warn the Indians. He documented the experience so fully because he was aboard the steamboat St. Peters when smallpox appeared on a Negro deckhand. Although not immediately diagnosed, the cap­ tain of the boat refused to hospitalize the man when the disease was discovered. The boat was carrying annuities and an agent for the Council Bluffs distribution as well as goods for the Yankton and the Santee. Furthermore, three Arikara women, who had been Pawnee captives, were being returned to their tribe which was then encamped among the Mandan. Although Pilcher debarked near Yankton, he later learned further details. At the Mandan stop a Blackfoot boarded and took passage to the Yellowstone. In the one trip, potential carriers of smallpox had been introduced at each stop of the St. Peters between Fort Leavenworth and the mouth of the Yellowstone.20 The decade closed with Pilcher reporting intensive efforts to vaccinate the tribes in the summer months. Under strict orders to keep careful counts of age and sex while vaccinating, Pilcher ex­ plained the hopelessness of such a task at annuity distributions and submitted only estimates instead. Between a doctor, R. de Prefon- tains, and himself, he claims to have vaccinated more than 3,000 in the summer of 1838 while the fur traders provided further vac­ cinations in the spring and fall.21 Probably few people realized it but by 1840 conditions on the frontier had changed dramatically. Disease had reduced most of the river tribes to helplessness and near starvation. Only the Sioux managed to remain strong. They began monopolizing the fur trade as well as harassing the other tribes in numerous ways. Proportion­ ally, the United States government also had grown greatly in strength. Through the 1820s a federal agent only briefly visited the tribes during the summer, handing over presents in the hopes of maintaining peace. By 1840, however, sub-agents had created fairly stable posts at Council Bluffs, Yankton, Fort Pierre and in the Mandan villages. Soon another post would appear on the

19 Ibid.; in later correspondence Pilcher reduces the figures on deaths. 20 Joshua Pilcher to William Clark, Februarv 5, 1838, M234, Roll 884. 21 Ibid., September 12, 1838, M234, Roll 884. Independence Nat'l. Hist. Park, Philadelphia William Clark

Yellowstone and government influence throughout the Missouri Valley would be complete. These points of influence also had become permanent. Even if the sub-agent managed to spend much time away, a few em­ ployees remained behind. Pilcher, in an annual report, pictured the personnel makeup of the Yankton sub-agency in 1838. In addition to himself, there was Zephier Rencontre, Sioux interpreter born at Prairie de Chien; Pierre Primeau, Ponca interpreter born in Canada; Antoinie Chenie, blacksmith born on the Missis­ sippi River; and James Hays, born in Ireland. He also requested spe­ cial funds to pay Toussaint Charbonneau, who had been a Mandan interpreter for years but presently was without work. Pilcher noted that a half year's pay was the least the government could do for the man, now nearly eighty, who had first entered government service when he accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition.22 Pilcher, himself, became regional superintendent of Indian Affairs in September 1838, upon the death of William Clark. Clark's long tenure and involvement with Indians was matched only by his great concern for them.23 Pilcher served as superintendent un­ til September 1841. His death in 1843 may have been from over­ work in the superintendency. Clark and Pilcher set admirable

2^ Annual Report of Joshua Pilcher to William Clark, September 1838, M234, Roll 884; Joshua Pikher to William Clark, August 26, 1839, M234, Roll 884. 23 Allen Johnson & Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, IV (New York, 1929), 141-144. 260 Missouri Historical Review records for their work with the Upper Missouri Agency. Few others would ever match them.24 Indeed, the 1840s saw a rapid turnover of several superin­ tendents and even more agents. One agent, Thomas P. Moore, lasted less than a year when he left for Mexico in March 1847 to join Zachary Taylor's army. The Indian Affairs Office, however, be­ lieved he had been agent long enough to have incurred a $400 unexplained debt and pursued him in correspondence through much of the Mexican War. A notable exception to the short tenure and inexperience was David Mitchell who had been a veteran fur trader before assuming the superintendency. He served from 1841 until 1853 although he too left for several years to fight in Mexico.25 A major change in the forties was the clear dominance of the Dakota over all the other tribes of the Upper Missouri Agency. Only the Pawnee retained some strength and the feuding between these two tribes was fairly constant. Aside from killing each other, the Indians included several dozen white men each year as well. The power of even the Dakota, however, was on the wane because of the decline of the buffalo. The superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis seriously warned of the difficulties that would follow reduction of the herds. The annuities first received by the Indians simply as compensation for certain land rights, now came to be regarded as near necessities for their survival. By 1850, guns and powder were probably essential in hunting the scarce game. Even so, the growing Indian dependence upon the government was no guarantee of peace. In fact, the decade of the fifties was a period of hostile dependency and saw more warfare than ever. Indeed, violence generally increased on the frontier and an almost routine report for 1852 notes that Agent James Norwood was killed at Sergeant Bluff by a fellow white who "struck him with the butte [sic] end of a gun." Alfred Vaughn followed Norwood as agent and made his initial annuities distribution in the spring of 1853. He was immediately involved in charges and countercharges about prices paid for the annuities. Vaughn appears to have seen his job as primarily one of making the annuities distribution. He spent much of his time in St. Joseph reporting only occasionally on Indian activity. In Vaughn's assessments he usually praised the Sioux, attribut­ ing reports of their hostilities to the St. Peter Sioux, outside his

24 Sunder, Joshua Pilcher, 122-161. 25 Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, XIII, 41. The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 261 jurisdiction. He mentioned some trouble with Oto and Omaha who were still raiding the Pawnee, but his major concern was with the Crow, Blackfoot and Uncpapa [Hunkpapa] band of Sioux. The latter two raided the Mandan and Hidatsa in 1854, but Vaughn's concern was that the three tribes refused their annuities or made a mockery of them. The agent's 1855 distribution is a case in point. At a meeting with "Big Head's Band" of Yanktonais, Big Head left with all the "gifts" his men could carry, and then returned for more. The agent "saw trouble brewing and passed a sleepless night." In council the next day, when Vaughn planned to lecture the Indians, the chief instead grabbed his glasses and put them on in order to see his presents. The band later surrounded the fort and further intimidated Vaughn. The agent was outraged by such an affront and he contrasted it with the proper behavior of some Indian chiefs at the Pierre distribution of annuities where Indians had pleaded for help and expressed their sorrow that they had not taken their agent's advice. Vaughn explained this Indian recognition of gov­ ernment direction: "General [William S.] Harney has produced more terror and dismay among those hostile Sioux and renegade white men than anyone could have imagined or dreamed of."26 By 1856 Vaughn, like many others, appeared to be drifting toward a paradox. On the one hand he considered the fate of the Yankton as a beneficial outgrowth of government policy. No longer able to hunt or roam, and in a destitute condition, they ". . . are much pleased to receive their pork and rice" and listened atten­ tively while Vaughn exhorted the virtues of farming. Furthermore, they were planting and "with luck will have a good crop."27 On the other hand, the agent by now was well enough acquainted with Indians that he could appreciate their resentment of white en­ croachment. A few months after his report on Yankton, he was sympathizing with the Blackfeet and excusing their raid on a party of whites who were killing buffalo.28 An agent's failure to sympathize with his Indians in the 1850s is easily condemned a hundred years later, but at the time it was not so clear that the tribes would soon be so completely subdued by the United States government. In 1854 the "Gratten Affair" had brought federal troops to chastise the Indians and eventually led

26 Alfred Vaughn to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, February 1856, M234, Roll 885. 27 ibid., July 1856, M234, Roll 885. 28 ibid., November 1856, M234, Roll 885. 262 Missouri Historical Review

to Harney's campaign through Indian country. From the federal perspective, the military venture seemed fairly conclusive proof that the Indians were no match for federal troops. On the other hand, the Indians could conclude that they fully controlled the countryside except when large numbers of troops were sent against them. Then, it was simple enough for Indians to evade this force and escape major retribution. However, the greatest misunderstanding developing on the frontier was the totally different conception whites and Indians had of the presents and annuities distributed by the Indian agents. In the early 1800s explorers, traders and government officials feasted Indians and gave them gifts as a means of establishing con­ tact. Later, the agents used gift-giving as a measure of good will. The extent of Indian reciprocity is not well documented, but it may be thought that Indians returned the favors to some extent. This initial exchange was modified by the government as regular trails across Indian country were opened. In return for rights to cross their land the government promised annual gifts; soon the government began using the annuity system as a means to purchase Indian lands. Although the system was initiated by whites, well familiar with such a contractual obligation, it seems to have been as misunder­ stood by them as by the Indians. The Indians appear to have erred often in interpreting the distributions simply as tribute. Certainly, they often failed to understand what they were conceding. Many whites seem to have distorted the meaning of the treaties also, and even agents occasionally expressed a belief the annuities were simply the result of government largess rather than a contractual obligation. But, the greatest blunder was a white assumption that the Indians would soon disappear, either by dying off—as they had in previous epidemics—or by assimilating, as some European mi­ norities did. At any rate, a specification of annuities for a ten- or twenty-year period was assumed to carry over the Indians until they conveniently disappeared. It is doubtful that the Indians were making the same assumption. By the late 1850s most of the river tribes had ceded all their land, except some area around their agencies, to the government. This remaining land is what came to be known as a reservation. In 1858 major land treaties with the Sioux began. Pressures for such treaties arose from an expanding frontier population, particu­ larly after the creation of the Dakota Territory. The opening of the The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 263

Yankton lands allowed the solid establishment of a territorial base, and political and economic power shifted up the Missouri Valley. T.B.S. Todd, an early sutler residing at Fort Randall, acted as liaison to the Indians for the agent. Soon he began competitive bidding against Chouteau's St. Louis Company for delivery of an­ nuity goods.29 Then the territorial governor became ex officio super­ intendent replacing the St. Louis superintendency.30 The rapid turnover of agents continued through the 1860s. Lasting only half a year, John Charles was replaced by Samuel Latta who immediately encountered an epidemic of influenza in 1860 as well as a few Indian hostilities. The Indians, however, showed remarkable restraint. For instance, more than two hundred warriors surrounded Special Agent Bernard Schoonover and fifteen men at Fort Union in August 1860. The Indians killed cattle, turned crops and took boats and eventually one warrior attempted to fire the fort. The soldiers, too, had shown remarkable restraint and only shot at the arsonist. His death ended the foray.31 Much other hostility from the Indians was expressed in speeches and formal complaints in a way that shows a growing dependence combined with hostile feelings. A Yanktonais speech noted that annuities promised by General Harney were seldom de­ livered in full, and Chief Two Bears accused some agents of lying. He said: "Father, we have been so often told that our 'Great Father' would send troops into our country to chastise those of our people who deserve it, it has so often proved false, that even we t>egin to doubt that he has the power to do anything, or that he has the means or soldiers at his disposal."32 Instead of concluding that the Yanktonais might join with the hostiles, Two Bears emphasized how poor his people were and begged the agent to take pity on them. Meanwhile, agency business was expanding and focused more and more on the Dakota Territory rather than on St. Louis. Agent Latta was making friends in the territory and began to press for con­ tract awards to sutlers there. In 1863 a series of charges and counter­ charges arose between Latta and Pierre Chouteau, Jr., who repre­ sented the interests of the American Fur Company. Chouteau had

29T.B.S. Todd to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 12, 1859, M234, Roll 885. 30 Herbert S. Schell, History of South Dakota (Lincoln, Neb., 1968), 93. 31 Bernard Schoonover to Superintendent of Indian Affairs, August 22, 1860, M234, Roll 885. 32 Speech of Chief Two Bears reported to Superintendent of Indian Affairs. October 1862, M234, Roll 885. 264 Missouri Historical Review been friendly with Schoonover, whose influence had declined. Moreover, Chouteau now seldom visited his posts on the Missouri. In 1864 sub-agent, Mahlon Wilkinson at Crow Creek, joined with Latta against the American Fur Company. They accused its traders, as well as Father Pierre Jean De Smet of engaging in whiskey trade with the Indians and of misappropriating annuity goods.38 In short, the 1860s began much like other decades with polit­ ical bickering among agents of the government and particularly between agents and traders. Also the Indian population was re­ duced consistently by disease while the number of whites grew and federal influence increased. Perhaps the most critical point in that growth was when the agency transformed itself into various reser­ vations. For the Sioux of the Upper Missouri Agency that trans­ formation began essentially in 1858 with the ceding of much of southeastern Dakota by the Yankton and the creation of their reservation on the eastern bank of the Missouri River. This same process occurred for other Sioux of the agency between 1865 and 1868. It is important to understand the process because it was the basis for creating many reservations; yet, it appears that few people ever considered what might be the consequences of reserva­ tion life for relations between Indians and whites. One aspect of the process was a strong military presence that had developed in the Dakota Territory by 1864. Although the Civil War had drawn away regular troops, Iowa volunteers34 had oc­ cupied the Missouri Valley and in 1865 regular federal officers again began assuming command. Brigadier General Alfred Sully, a veteran Indian campaigner was seeking permission to cross the Missouri and attack the hostiles. He was particularly anxious to attack Sitting Bull who was attracting allies from the reservation Indians. Although outnumbered, he was ready to pursue Sitting Bull into unknown territory because, as he wrote: "I feel perfect confidence in the superiority of the white man over any other race and the troops being better armed and better disciplined are greatly the superior to the Indians."35 Another part of the process was a commission attempting to obtain peace and to convince the Indians to cede their lands. The first major commission was composed of Edward Taylor, superin-

33 Mahlon Wilkinson to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Julv 14, 1864, M234, Roll 885. 34 J. H. Drips, Three Years Among the Indians in Dakota (Kimball, S. Dak,, 1894). 35 Alfred Sully to War Department, August 8, 1865, M234, Roll 886. General Samuel R. Curtis

tendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern Superintendency, Gen­ eral H. H. Sibley, Henry Reed, Newton Edmunds, later a territorial governor, Orrin Guernsey, and Major General Samuel R. Curtis, commander of the Northwest Department. Edmunds, Guernsey and Curtis plus a reporter and a Negro laborer, finally met with large numbers of Indians to carry out most of their assignment after a series of earlier near disasters.36 The difficulties of the commission began with the distribution of annuities in 1865 when continuous problems arose. Agent Wilkinson failed to accompany the steamboat to the Yellowstone and the Crow, Mandan and Assiniboin annuities were distributed to other tribes in wrong proportions.37 The peace commission, itself, was appointed too late for a proposed spring meeting and its members did not all arrive until fall. One of its most experienced members, Major General Curtis, was Sully's superior. While Sully was engaged in a spring military campaign, Curtis was being asked to join the peace commission.38 All the members were pessimistic about the outcome; Newton Edmunds forecast the bleakest of prospects. He predicted that Sully's 1865 expedition, which never should have started, had been such a failure that few Indians would appear.39 The day before the commission left, Ed­ munds again predicted few Indians would attend because of buffalo hunting, but politician that he was, he claimed he would make every effort to carry out his assignment. Even the weather was

36 Samuel R. Curtis to Secretary of the Interior, November 11, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 37 Mahlon Wilkinson to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 25, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 38 George E. Hyde, Red Cloud's Folk (Norman, Okla., 1937), 134-137. 39 Newton Edmunds to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 25, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 266 Missouri Historical Review against the commission and low water halted the boat at Crow Creek. The commissioners had to depend on Sully who sent ambu­ lances for the rest of the trip. While the peace commission gathered at Crow Creek, Sully and the army had been busy. Soldiers had attacked Indians near the Black Hills and some bands had turned away from the peace council. The troops, themselves, were in a near mutinous state, many demanding to be mustered out. Meanwhile, General John Pope at Headquarters, Department of the Missouri, was urging that agents withhold annuities that year because the Indians con­ strued the gifts as bribes made out of fear and "their belief simply leads to a renewal of hostilities in the hope of more presents."40 General Sully topped the confusion by calling a council of his own, and he quickly claimed to have made a treaty with two-thirds of the Indians, at no expense to the government.41 Sully had one primary interest and that was in keeping the peace and insuring safe passage across the plains. Apparently he did not understand the aspirations of frontiersmen, represented by Edmunds, who wanted to expand a territory. Sully reported on his council: There is one thing the Indians are very tenacious about, and that is the taking of their lands from them. In all their councils they have spoken about this, and I have as­ sured them such is not the wish of our government, for their land is worth nothing to us. All we ask, and we must have it, is, the right of way through their lands, west of them.42 Sully further recommended payment for scalps from the remnant groups of hostiles and urged that the half-breeds from Canada be stopped from entering the United States.43 Such use of force was contrary to the stated policy of the Peace Commission whose aim was to provide the Indians with sufficient food and clothing to insure peace. Of even more im­ portance, the commission wanted to delineate boundaries for some of the agencies and reduce the Sioux nation to lands west of the Missouri. Even this territory was being envisioned as further di­ visible into "reservations" and an area was specified for the Lower

40 Major General Pope to Newton Edmunds, August 28, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 41 Alfred Sullv to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, September 14, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 42 ibid. 43 ibid. The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 267

Brule surrounding their agency at White River on the west bank of the Missouri River. The military, however, saw only the immediate problems of preventing hostilities and maintaining safe passage through Indian country by force if necessary. Civilians, like those on the Peace Commission, also sought an end to hostilities, but through a policy of benevolence, or at worst a kind of bribery. The clothing and food that initially agumented the Indians' subsistence approached total support as buffalo herds diminished and white power in­ creased. Perhaps some whites saw the annuities simply as benevo­ lence, but most men, particularly those on the frontier, defined the provision of goods as an expedient means to acquiring an increasing land base. The 1865 council set in motion this process even though three of the commissioners left Fort Sully on October 27, believing their mission largely futile. They had managed peace treaties with the Blackfeet and Yanktonais, and they had determined that: "The Two Kettles and Lower Brule will accept reservations at the mouth of White River. They are both anxious to abandon the hunt and resort to agriculture."44 On October 28 Edmunds reported that many more Indians began to arrive at Fort Sully and further ne­ gotiations were undertaken. In the end Edmunds evaluated the mission as an initial success though he recognized the need for future meetings. Even General Sully finally agreed that the council had worked well for peace.45 In the following two summers additional treaties were made and more reservations were determined as land was ceded. A con­ cluding council occurred in 1868 in a final endeavor that rescinded or built upon many of the provisions of the previous treaties. This last treaty was an attempt at a comprehensive policy to settle dif­ ferences between Dakota Indians and white men. Edmunds and his frontiersmen apparently felt they had a sufficient land base to turn into a viable state of the Union. The military had won the right to establish forts along several routes to the West Coast and the Montana gold fields. As a consequence, the Indian land base had been reduced to an extent that allowed much better maneuver­ ability for the army. The Indians seem to have managed little else than to retain at least some of their former lands, but two curious

44 E. B. Taylor to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, October 13, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 45 Alfred Sully to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, December 8, 1865, M234, Roll 886. 268 Missouri Historical Review

provisions appeared in the 1868 treaty that are important in Indian affairs a century later.40 In less than fifty years, 1819-1868, the Upper Missouri Agency went from practically a paper organization, supplying the Indians of numerous tribes with yearly presents in order to bring some peace but primarily to assist an extremely rich fur trade, to a number of reservations where Indians were confined and complete­ ly dependent upon the federal government. In the process some tribes became nearly extinct, all suffered great depopulation and loss of their lands. By 1868 only the Sioux remained as a major power with control over a significant territory. However, many of them were reduced to a hostile dependency and had settled along the Missouri where reservations were being defined for them. Hos- tiles remained to the west and were involved marginally in the treaties between 1865 and 1868, but for the most part they main­ tained their independence and land base. But the Sioux of the Missouri found themselves confined to a reservation and entering a new way of life. On the reservations, agents developed incredible power over Indians and forced them into agriculture, schools, Christianity, and even "citizen dress," including hair cuts. Certainly no one had envisioned such an outcome and even in 1868 few people anticipated any of the consequences of reserva­ tion life. It is clear that reservations were largely the outcome of expedient measures to solve immediate problems. The agency had begun under a policy devoted almost wholly to developing a fur trade. In less than fifty years that fur trade was ended. Routes were opened for migration through Indian country. Peace was being enforced when not won otherwise. Most important of all, a frontier was expanding and engulfing Indian land. The Indians were left only a small base around an agency that had been conceived simply for distributing annuity goods but had grown to guardian and sole provider for those who once owned the whole area. Because of an assumption that the Indians would conveniently disappear, no one gave any thought to developing a

4G The bickering between military and civilian over which chiefs were really representative seems to have been resolved by a resort to a "three-quarters rule." Any further treaty with the Dakota would have to be approved by three- quarters of the adult males. This provision allows contemporary Dakota to make a serious claim to the Black Hills which were never ceded by three-quarters of the adult males. A second provision, possibly in deference to the Indians' fear of land loss, was that the Dakota could enter claims on any federal land not in use. The Indians presently occupying Alcatraz are claiming this unused federal land. The Upper Missouri Indian Agency 269 policy for reservation life. The reservations had simply appeared, as the remainder of the initial agency. It is small wonder that Indians were so overcome by poverty and dependence that reserva­ tions even today remain among America's poorest communities and are still far from self-governing.

Kellogg Makes Corny Error: Huck Finn Had No Aunt Sally St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 11, 1965. Battle Creek, Mich., March 10 (UPI) -The Kellogg Cereal Co. had its work cut out today to explain to millions of children that Huckleberry Finn did not have an Aunt Sally as it reported on 4,500,000 boxes of Sugar Smacks now on the shelves of stores. ... a Grand Rapids, Mich., radio announcer, discovered the error yesterday when eating the cereal. [The announcer] who received a master's degree at the University of Mis­ souri, knew that Finn never had an aunt named Sally as the historical sketch on the cereal box portrayed. He called the cereal firm and suggested that its executives bone up on their American folklore. Kellog[g] has placed historical material and pictures of such folklore char­ acters as Paul Bunyan, Rip Van Winkle, Johnny Appleseed and Pecos Bill on the backs of its cereal packages for children to cut out and paste in their school notebooks. Embarrassed executives said that "machinery has been set in motion to rush new plates to the printers" to correct the error. Mark Twain, who wrote adventures of Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, actually gave Huck a father who was a drunkard and drove his son to flee down the Mississippi river on a raft. Tom Sawyer had an aunt named Polly. But a copy writer for the advertising agency that handles the Kellogfg] account wrote in the historical sketch that Huck had an aunt named Sally.

He Wore Many Hats Conway Weekly Record, February 3, 1921. The following story is going the rounds of the country press: A country merchant bought some goods which were not up to representations and re­ turned them. The house drew a draft which was unhonored. The house also wrote the postmaster for the merchant's rating and was informed it was good and then requested the postmaster to employ an attorney to collect the account. Here is the reply received: "The undersigned is the merchant on whom you tried to palm off your worthless goods, the undersigned is president and owner of the bank to which you sent your sight draft. The undersigned is the post­ master to whom you wrote and the undersigned is the lawyer whose services you sought to obtain for your nefarious business. If the undersigned were not also the pastor of the church at this place he would tell you to go to h-1." Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions

l\\ RICHARD l.l.OYD A.\DKRSC).%*

Latter-day Saints (LDS) contributed to pioneer history in ten states, including Missouri. This presents a rich set of sources to the historians of these regions. To some extent Missouri historians have utilized the official LDS history, since its basic formulation is "documentary," not merely interpretive.1 However, relatively unused sources are numerous: minute books, official and private

* Richard L. Anderson is professor of History and Religion, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Dr. Anderson holds the A.B. and M.A. degrees from Brigham Young University, a J.D. from Harvard University and a Ph.IX in Ancient History from the University of California, Berkeley. i In dictating his history, Joseph Smith (and secretaries) included letters and statements pertinent to Mormon history from both members and non- members of the Church. It is therefore rather widely nicknamed "Documentary History of the Church." though its proper citation is Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The history of the early Mis­ souri period was first published in 1842 in the church periodical Titties and Seasons but is found more conveniently in the above work, Vol. I (Salt Lake City, 1902).

270 Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 271 correspondence, little-known publications (newspapers and pam­ phlets) and scores of important private journals. Since most of the prominent leaders and the great majority of members from the Missouri period emigrated westward, LDS collections in Utah should not be overlooked as a significant resource for early Mis­ souri history.2 From a study of those sources it is evident that Mormon history transcends Mormonism. Early Latter-day Saints were convinced of the importance of their activity; therefore a number became chroniclers and historians, and some of them very good ones. The travel narrative remains one of the most readable forms of history, and often has descriptions of the countryside and in­ sights into social history taken for granted by native writers.3 Here early Latter-day Saint editors, letter writers and diarists have an interesting advantage. The traveller in early Northwest Missouri was frequently oblivious to the area in his haste to get at the ultimate attraction of far places and Indian ways. But early Mormons focused on Missouri as their land of promise, and they described the farther Far West incidental to their settlement of Missouri soil. One may vividly see the countryside (and to some extent the people) of pioneer Jackson County through their con­ temporary eyes. The quantity of these LDS "travel descriptions" is noteworthy, and the leading ones now known will be presented in an approximate chronological order. After arrival, many LDS visitors became residents, and their contemporary self-portraits will be included because of their own role in early Jackson County. The most concise statement of why the Latter-day Saints came to Jackson County was given by Joseph Smith in recalling the events of early 1831: Having received, by an heavenly vision, a command­ ment, in June following, to take my journey to the western boundaries of the State of Missouri, and there designate

2 An example of the use of published LDS materials is the series of articles in MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW by Professor Warren Jennings on the Mormon persecutions, appearing in Vols. LXI, LXII and LXIV. New ave­ nues to utilizing complex sources are developing, with the careful reclassifica­ tion of manuscripts at the LDS Historian's Office, the near-publication of a union list of all printed materials on Mormonism (a cooperative project edited by Chad Flake, Brigham Young University Special Collections Librarian), and development of a union list of all known Mormon journals (by University of Utah Professor Davis Bitton) . 3 See the perceptive preface to T. D. Seymour Bassett, Outsiders Inside Vermont (Brattleboro, Vt., 1967) , vii: "Some things are so familiar to the resident they 'go without saying.' Some things can't be seen except against a background of living in another part of the world." 272 Missouri Historical Review

the very spot which was to be the central spot, for the commencement of the gathering together of those who embrace the fulness of the everlasting gospel—I accord­ ingly undertook the journey with certain ones of my brethren, and after a long and tedious journey, suffering many privations and hardships, I arrived in Jackson County, Missouri; and after viewing the country, seeking diligently at the hand of God, he manifested himself unto me, and designated to me and others, the very spot upon which he designed to commence the work of the gathering, and the upbuilding of an holy city, which should be called Zion: Zion because it is to be a place of righteousness, and all who build thereon, are to worship the true and living God—and all believe in one doctrine, even the doctrine of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.4 The vigor of the new faith was evident in this frontier thrust. In late 1830 the restored Church of Christ consisted of a handful of families in western New York who believed in the revelations appointing Joseph Smith a modern prophet. That fall Oliver Cowdery, Parley P. Pratt and three others began a mission to bring their restored Christianity and the Book of Mormon to Indian tribes resettled west of Jackson County. Rebuffed in this goal, their dis­ appointment was intensified by the lack of converts at Independ­ ence and Lexington. The winter had been rigorous, their Missouri success indifferent, and their final reports anything but enthusias­ tic. In the meantime, Joseph Smith followed in the wake of their earlier impact near Cleveland, Ohio, where some 100 converts left in late 1830 had expanded to some 1,000 by mid-1831. Yet from Kirtland, Ohio, the Mormon leader reiterated that the center of the Church was to be in "land of Missouri", and commissioned some thirty missionaries to preach on the way and to meet him in Jackson County.5 His route (as he described it) was from Cleve­ land to Cincinatti "by waggon, canal boats, and stages," then by steamboat to Louisville and St. Louis.

•i Latter Day Saints' Messe?iger and Advocate, I (September, 18. >) , 179. For the sake of clarity, minor changes in punctuation have been made in this quote and others in the article, and minor changes in capitalization. Spelling follows the original documents. 5 The place of gathering was stressed in the early revelations of 1830. The Book of Commandments, published in 1833 in "Zion," actually Independ­ ence, contains these details: 1) A September 1830 revelation to Oliver Cowdery. calling him to preach to the Indian peoples (called "Lamanites" in the Book of Mormon) , and indicating generally that "the city shall be built. . . on the borders by the Lamanites" {B. of C, section [chapter] 30: verses 8-9) . 2) A series of revelations in June 1831 commanding the missionary rendezvous in Missouri and promising to make known "the land of your inheritance" to ,them while in Jackson Countv (B. of C, 54:2-4) . Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 273

William Wines Phelps 1792-1872

Church of Jesus Christ of LDS

At St. Louis, myself, brother Harris, Phelps, Partridge, and Coe went on foot by land, to Independence, Jackson County, Missouri, where we arrived about the middle of July—and the residue of the company came by water a few days after.6 The travel narrative of his companion Phelps has recently been discovered, and in this first reprinting it appears without omissions largely because of its historical significance in describing the exact route of one of Smith's most important journeys. William W. Phelps had been only recently converted, influenced by con­ versations with the Book of Mormon witness Martin Harris (who accompanied the leaders' group to Missouri). An educated man of almost 40, Phelps sacrificed his editorship of the Ontario Phoenix, an anti-Masonic paper at Canandaigua, New York. Partly to ac­ count respectably for Phelps's departure, the succeeding editor published the narrative portion of the communication. In the printed "extract of a letter," the religious sections were evidently deleted, for in Phelps's perception far more than an interesting

6 Times and Seasons, V (1844) , 434, also in the current printing (1946) of the History of the Church, 1, 188. Those who continued by steamboat to In­ dependence were the merchant A. S. Gilbert, his wife and Sidney Rigdon, older than most of the party and perhaps less physically vigorous. 274 Missouri Historical Review journey was experienced. Only a few years later he summarized travelling "to the western boundaries of Missouri, to seek the Land of Zion, for the gathering of the saints in the last days. . . ."7 With that correction of perspective, the letter, dated July 23, 1831, speaks for itself: After I left Canandaigua, on the 9th of June, I went on board a canal-boat the same evening for Buffalo, where I arrived the 12th. Started for Cleveland on the 18th. Passed from thence to Newark, 176 miles on the Ohio canal; found it superior to the Erie canal in point of better locks, and wider excavation. From thence to Dayton, 101 miles. I passed through Columbus, the capital of the state, an ordinary town about as large as Geneva; and from thence to Cincinnati, 65 miles by water on the Miami Canal. Cincinnati is a thriving place, as large as Albany, but not so handsome. Took steamboat for Louisville, 165 miles (deck passage) and was roused in the night by the cry of wood! wood!—the common practice among southern boats to replenish the stock of fuel. Arrived at Louisville on the 25th. This is a considerable southern city, with daily newspapers, hacks, and draymen (cartmen) thick as southern musketoes [sic]; passed down 1% miles to Shippingport (or Shavingport), and tarried three days in wait for a passage to St. Louis. Viewed the Grand Canal round the falls of Ohio—a magnificent display of human skill, which cost $900,000. Three superb locks of hewn stone, the largest of which, for high water, is 60 feet wide, 43 feet deep, and 300 feet long. Saw the Franklin, a boat of the largest size, mount through in a kind of "dreadful splendor." On the 27th, left for St. Louis in the steamboat, Don Juan. On the 29th I passed the mouth of the Ohio, where three states were in sight, in the 37th degree of north latitude, and the sun nearly over head. 30th saw mills on the Mississippi propelled by current wheels: con­ structed like cidermill screws, 100 feet long; halted at Cape Gerardeau [sic], and saw Frenchmen using oxen to draw by the horns; lead piled up like cord wood; broke the boat wheels on Devil Island. July 1st, stopped at Gene­ vieve, saw large quantities of lead and white sand. Arrived at St. Louis same day, and quite a city, with the small pox in it. July 2d started for the west part of Missouri, and saw in the first graveyard Roman Catholic crosses sprawled over the dead. From this time until the 14th, I passed through patches of timber, and fields of prairies, till I ar­ rived at Independence, 12 miles from the west line of the United States, containing the last, or outside post-office. The heavy sounding boat-horns, used by the stage- Times and Seasons, I (1840) , 190. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 275 drivers in Ohio, with the common term "smart," applied to everything—as a smart man, smart land, and smart rain, etc., was nothing compared to the customs below Louis­ ville. Men go armed with a pocket dirk, or pistol; a six­ pence is called a "piccaoon"; a schilling a "bit" and the word "mighty" is an indefinite adjective and qualifies all things, good, bad and indifferent—as a mighty man, mighty land, mighty big, mighty little, mighty much, etc. The Ohio, opposite Indiana and Illinois, is a beautiful sheet of water, quite clear and studded with cotton wood, sycamore, locust, etc., and streaked with steamboats from one end to the other. The Mississippi is a serpentine stream, rily below St. Louis; guarded on the west, or Missouri shore, by huge bluffs, capt ever and anon with daring shot towers. It is said to be clear above the Mis­ souri. The Mississippi is the grand middle feeder of the Atlantic Ocean, and already steams and smokes with the commerce of nine states. The Missouri is the capsheaf— it is always rily and bubbly, and receives its "moun­ tain rise" the last of June. It is said to possess mineral qualities, among which is magnesia. An uncommon heavy shower on the night of the 4th of July raised this stream in 24 hours, 8 feet! The state of Missouri is sui generis—containing two- thirds rolling prairies, and the rest patches of timber. The upland: oak, hickory, walnut, etc.—and the bottoms: bas wood, cotton wood, locust, coffee, bean, etc., etc. The soil, especially in the western part of the state, and general­ ly upon the prairies, is a rich black mould, bedded on clay, from 3 to 8 feet deep. The prairies are beautiful beyond description, yielding prairie grass, wild sun flowers, small flowers in great variety and color, and continually pre­ senting, or "keeping up appearances" of a highly cultivated country without inhabitants. Meadow peeps o'er meadow, and prairie on prairies rise like the rolling waves on the ocean. Prairie pluvers [plovers], prairie hens, wild turkies, rabbits, gray squirrels, prairie dogs, wolves, rattlesnakes (the big breed), prairie rattlesnakes, copperheads, pan­ thers, deer, etc., go when they have a mind to and come when they please. With the exception of some of the western counties, the state is under a remediless want of water and water privileges. Few mills are in the state, except for horse ones. At the capital of Montgomery county, there are four little log huts on the summit of a dry prairie; the people live on what little rain water can be saved from the eaves. Education sings small, and few schools are kept, a common occurence in southern and new states. No danger need be feared from secret societies, or any other. 276 Missouri Historical Review

It is a great grazing country on account of the prairie chance; cattle, horses, hogs (which by the bye are long nosed and mean), and sheep raise themselves almost; corn, in good seasons, does well; wheat, tolerable, but nothing like York state. Cotton, sweet potatoes, wild honey, wild grapes, wild roses, strawberries, dew berries, black berries and rasberries are common. The milk on the bottoms is sometimes found to be poison, in which case those using it and the cows die. The consequent diseases are the cold plague in the spring, and the ague and fever in the fall. The cash trade is carried on with Santa Fee, a Spanish port on the Pacific, in 36 degrees north latitude, and about 900 miles distant, across the prairie, where there is not a tree. The fur trade is to the Rocky and Shining Mountains, 800 miles distant, where is said to exist a kind of frog, with hard sharp scales, which he hoists and lowers at pleasure, and when swallowed by a snake cuts out in great agony. The weather is warmer than in York state, and when it grows cold at night with the wind from an easterly direc­ tion, depend upon a deluging rain before morning, and then it clears off hot enough to roast eggs. The inhabitants are emigrants from Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas, etc., with customs, manners, modes of living and a climate entirely different from the northerners, and they hate yankees worse than snakes, because they have cheated them or speculated on their credulity, with so many Connecticut wooden clocks, and New England notions. The people are proverbially idle or lazy, and mostly ignorant; reckoning nobody equal to themselves in many respects, and as it is a slave holding state, Japheth will make Canaan serve him, while he dwells in the tents of Shem.8 Many early travellers noted the shot towers on the Mississippi River1* and the southern ways, including the coinage of picayunes and bits. However, Phelps's first-hand descriptions of the land over which he walked from St. Louis, and the bounty7 of the prairie landscape, furnish valuable details. In addition, his social comments reveal the conflict of eastern ways with frontier Mis­ souri "customs, manners, modes of living," a highly relevant point in studying the Mormon expulsion from Jackson County just two

s Canandaigua [New York] Ontario Phoenix, September 7, 1831. I am indebted to Ontario County Historian Clyde Maffin for his personal courtesv in procuring a photograph of the article, in possession of the Countv Historical Society at Canandaigua. The letter terminates, "I am, W. W. PHELPS" and is introduced as follows: "Extract of a Letter from the late Editor of this paper, dated STATE OF MISSOURI, INDEPENDENCE, JACKSON CO. July 23, 1831." *> See Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Herculaneum Shot Tower," MISSOURI HIS­ TORICAL REVIEW, XX (January, 1926) , 214-216. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 277 years later. Phelps showed fairness in declining to blame Mis­ sourians for their antagonism towards easterners, since unprincipled Yankee peddlers had sowed enmity. His epithets of "proverbially idle" and "mostly ignorant" must be examined in relationship to both Mormon writings and other contemporary sources. Phelps certainly meant his social evaluation to apply to west­ ern Missouri, since he wrote from Independence, where he had been for a week, and referred to the Santa Fe and the fur trade. Contemporary Mormon journals were similarly oriented. One of the missionaries who joined other Jackson County Mormons that fall was Levi Hancock, of the New England John Hancock family. In mid-January he left Jackson County with Parley P. Pratt as his assigned companion, though the two alternated companions with another set of missionaries. Hancock's journal incidentally mentions their reception in travelling south of the Missouri toward St. Louis: The houses was so scattered that we could not do any better than to preach by the firesides. We were treated well sometimes and other times not so friendly.

Church of Jesus Christ of LDS

Levi Ward Hancock 1803-1882 278 Missouri Historical Review

Some places we stayed they would ask pay and sometimes not.10 Hancock definitely distinguished between eastern and western Missouri in 1831-1832. By February he passed the Gasconade River and teamed up with Lyman Wight: "We started to St. Louis to­ gether. The towns and farms we pass look like living."11 Prior to that time, however, Hancock generalized on western Missouri and its style of life: We travelled slowly and continued to preach to the people whenever we got a chance. The people we met were good livers if they were a mind to be, but the way they managed was more like beasts than like humans. They had dogs, horses, cows, and pigs, and chickens in abun­ dance around the house and in the house and mixed to­ gether. In the cold weather doors were open night and day, snow flying and wind blowing through. The cracks were not chinked. They used rags for beds, ground for floors. The children were ragged and dirty. They had corn pudding and dogger to eat, w'ith a little bacon and sasafras tea, is the people's living here. When they have an abundance of horses, cattle, and cows they might spare and make themselves and family comfortable. Land is all they want.12 These LDS accounts are generally from men who were artisans and farmers themselves, most with previous experience taming the forest in either New York or Ohio and the intrinsic poverty of getting a start on new land. So they do not reflect a class cleavage, but a difference of cultures, of which religion is a major aspect. Leaving Independence with Levi Hancock was Parley P. Pratt, a twenty-four-year-old former frontier settler and Campbellite lay preacher, moderately well educated through his own industrious reading. Some fifteen miles east they traded companions, and Pratt recorded his own generalization of western Missouri in early 1832: We passed down the south side of the Missouri river, among a thin settlement of people—mostly very ignorant but extremely hospitable. Some families were entirely dressed in skins, without any other clothing, including ladies young and old. Buildings were generally without

10 Clara E. H. Lloyd, ed., Journal of Levi W. Hancock [n.d., n.p.] 45 (type­ script) . 11 Ibid., 46. 12 Ibid. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 279

glass windows, and the door open in winter for a light. We preached, and warned the people, and taught them as well as we could.13 Another missionary account deserves to be associated with Hancock-Pratt for insight into the combination of hostility and hospitality often extended to Mormon missionaries on the frontier. In January 1835, after the unsuccessful LDS attempt to repossess Jackson County lands, the young missionary Wilford Woodruff, later fourth President of the Church, passed with caution through Jackson County southerly toward Greene County, teaching "from house to house as we journeyed."14 Famished by a wet 72-mile walk without food, the missionaries happened on to the home of a Mr. Connor, who had lived in Jackson County at the time of the Mor­ mon banishment in 1833. Although the contemporary journal merely noted "took breakfast with him," Woodruff later recorded the details of a vivid experience: He knew we were "Mormons," and as soon as we began to eat, he began to swear about the "Mormons." He had a large platter of bacon and eggs, and plenty of bread on the table, and his swearing did not hinder our eating, for the harder he swore the harder we ate, until we got our stomachs full; then we arose from the table, took our hats, and thanked him for our breakfast, and the last we heard of him he was still swearing. I trust the Lord will reward him for our breakfast.15 The tragic side of the cultural conflict with the Mormons in Jackson County was their forcible banishment in 1833. The clash­ ing backgrounds are seen through LDS eyes in Joseph Smith's ac­ count of his first Missouri visit, the August 1831 reunion with Cowdery and the missionaries who had wintered at Independence.

13 Parley P. Pratt, Jr., ed., Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt (New York, 1874), 78-79. 14 "History of Wilford Woodruff," in Salt Lake City Deseret News, July 7, 1858. 15 Wilford Woodruff, Leaves from My Journal (Salt Lake City, 1881), 12. Although Woodruff is perhaps the most significant LDS diarist, his early entries (cited in the text for this incident) are sketchy. The episode appeared in his autobiography, published in 1858, as follows: "In the morning we arose, and went on in the rain twelve miles to a Mr. Conner's, who was also in the Jackson County mob. He gave us breakfast, but damned us while we were eating because we were 'Mormons'." When we had finished a hearty breakfast, we thanked him very politely, and went on our way, leaving him swearing. We felt thankful for breakfast, for we had walked seventy-two miles without eating food." Salt Lake City Deseret News, July 7, 1858. The name of the swearing host is "Bemon" in the 1882 publication, evidently poor transcription of handwriting, whereas it is "Conner" in the 1858 printing and "Connor" in the 1835 handwritten journal. 280 Missouri Historical Review

Church of Jesus Christ of LDS Wilford Woodruff 1807-1898

Although dictated some eight years later, the Mormon leader's history no doubt gave accurate impressions of the New York-Ohio Mormons upon first arriving in Jackson County: It seemed good and pleasant for brethren to meet together in unity. But our reflections were great, coming as we had from a highly cultivated state of society in the east, and standing now upon the confines or western limits of the United States. . . . [H]ow natural it was to observe the degradation, leanness of intellect, ferocity and jealousy of the people that were nearly a century behind the time. . . .10 At his return to Ohio a few weeks later, the Mormon leader was specific on the reality of social conflict and its consequences. The Church must totally marshal its resources for massive purchases in Jackson County, that its inhabitants "may not be stirred up unto anger": Wherefore, the land of Zion shall not be obtained but 16 Times and Seasons, V (1844), 434, also History of the Church, I, 189. Phrases are omitted that obviously refer to Indian, not western Missouri societv, although this quotation is not always carefully used in this respect. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 281

by purchase or by blood. . . . And if by purchase, behold you are blessed. And if by blood, as you are forbidden to shed blood, lo, your enemies are upon you, and ye shall be scourged from city to city, and from synagogue to syna­ gogue, and but few shall stand to receive an inheritance.17 Joseph Smith made detailed criticisms of Jackson County mores. In 1842 the LDS leader reviewed the attempt to settle there through "large purchases of land": But as we could not associate with our neighbors (who were many of them of the basest of men and had fled from the face of civilized society, to the frontier country to escape the hand of justice) in their midnight revels, their sabbath breaking, horseracing, and gambling, they commenced at first [to] ridicule, then to perse­ cute. . . ,18 While this opinion indicts only a portion of the neighbors as frontier delinquents, society in the "frontier country" is described as violating Christian standards on drinking, Sabbath-keeping and gambling, hardly a proposition needing proof for anyone who has examined settlers' letters, ministers' memoirs, or general travellers' reports.19 Joseph Smith's impressions of Jackson County society were in large part gained from its county seat and main settlement, Inde­ pendence, where he spent time in his summer visits of 1831 and 1832. His views were similar to those of other travellers. Later in 1832 Washington Irving and party journeyed nine days on horse­ back from St. Louis to Independence, stopping for bed and board at log cabins, and finding, "rough but wholesome and abundant fare, and very civil treatment."20 From Independence Irving wrote

IT Book of Commandments, 64:30-32, published first in Evening and the Morning Star, I (February, 1833). 18 Times and Seasons, III (1842) , 708, also in History of the Church, IV, 538. 19 Compare the caustic reaction of the capable Edward Ellsworth to western Missouri in 1833: "[A]fter passing the Mountains the only indications of its being Sunday is the unusual Gambling & noise, & asemblies around taverns . . . Farming & every thing goes on as usual . . . indeed there was an altercation between some persons as we came along whether it was Sunday or not." Letter of E. A. Ellsworth to Chauncey Goodrich, Jr., Fort Leavenworth, August 8, 1833, in John Francis McDermott, ed., Indian Sketches by John Treat Irving, Jr. (Norman, Okla., 1955), xxii. Similar source materials may be sampled in Hattie M. Anderson, "The Evolution of a Frontier Society in Missouri, 1815- 1828, Part II," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXXII (July, 1938), 458-483. 20 Letter of Washington Irving to his sister, Mrs. Paris, Independence, Mo., September 26, 1832, in Pierre M. Irving, The Life and Letters of Washington Irving (New York, 1867), III, 38. Compare Irving's journal impression of the "farmers beyond Independence": "they are content to raise food enough for themselves—get wild honey to sell for clothes, etc.—lead a lazy life in this 282 Missouri Historical Review lavish praise of the countryside, but rather impersonally reported the settlers in lesser terms: "We have gradually been advancing, however, toward rougher and rougher life, and are now at a little straggling frontier village, that has only been five years in exist­ ence."21 Irving's English companion Charles Latrobe expressed his view of cultural primitiveness in a physical description: The town of Independence was full of promise, like most of the innumerable towns springing up in the midst of the forests in the West, many of which, though dig­ nified by high-sounding epithets, consist of nothing but a ragged congeries of five or six rough log huts, two or three clapboard houses, two or three so-called hotels, alias grogshops; a few stores, a bank, printing office, and barn-looking church. It lacked at the time I commemorate, the three last edifices, but was nevertheless a thriving and aspiring place, in its way. . . ,22 Washington Irving's nephew added another eastern view of Independence the following year: "a small town on the Missouri river, containing about twenty or thirty houses, a court-house, and a nondescript population of trappers, Indian traders, and frontiers­ men," an apparent but interesting social exaggeration.23 In 1834, the year after the Mormon expulsion, Independence was evaluated by John Townsend, distinguished ornithologist of Quaker back­ ground, a member of the Wyeth expedition: The site of the town is beautiful, and very well se­ lected, standing on a high point of land, and overlooking the surrounding country, but the town itself is very indif­ ferent. The houses (about fifty) are very much scattered, composed of logs and clay, and are low and inconvenient. There are six or eight stores here, two taverns, and a few tip [p]ling houses. As we did not fancy the town, nor the society that we saw there, we concluded to take up our residence at the house on the landing until the time of starting on our journey.24 easily cultivated & prolific country." John Francis McDermott, ed., The West­ ern Journals of Washington Irving (Norman, Okla., 1944) , 104. 21 Irving to Mrs. Paris, September 26, 1832. 22 Charles Joseph Latrobe, The Rambler in North America (New York, 1835), I, 104. Latrobe evidently did not see W. W. Phelps's "printing office" (in the upper story of a home near the square), which had already printed several issues of The Evening and the Morning Star, the official Mormon news­ paper. 23 John Treat Irving, Jr., Indian Sketches. The quote does not appear in the 1835 edition, but in that of 1888, cited by McDermott, in Western Journals of Washington Irving, 89. 24 John K. Townsend, Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains (Philadelphia, 1839), reprinted in Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Early Western Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 283

A Pioneer Missouri Home

If there is lack of empathy in the foregoing estimates of In­ dependence, that is quite the point. Repulsion was at least mutual, as the highly aware Jackson Countian Alexander Majors shows. He was strongly convinced that prejudice against new revelation was the cause of Mormon expulsion, and just as convinced that the Mormons had been "good citizens" and perfectly law-abiding. Yet he remembered his late teen-age impressions of the personal distinctness of their appearance: They, of course, were clannish, traded together, worked together, and carried with them a melancholy look that one acquainted with them could tell a Mormon when he met him by the look upon his face almost as well as if he had been of different color.25 Ezra Booth, Mormon missionary who apostatized after his 1831 visit to Jackson County, would not have completely agreed, since he felt that Joseph Smith was too quick to jest. It is not material whether Joseph Smith overstated the "midnight revels" of the old settlers or whether Alexander Majors overstated the "melancholy

Travels, 1748-1846, XXI (Cleveland, 1905), 135-136. For descriptions of Inde­ pendence in the post-Mormon period, see Eugene T. Wells, "The Growth of Independence, Missouri, 1827-1850," Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, XVI (October, 1959), 33-46. 25 Alexander Majors, Seventy Years on the Frontier (Denver, 1893), 45. 284 Missouri Historical Review look" of each Mormon.20 A serious difference of manner and life is at stake, and the above strictures of the Mormon leader are ac­ curate in that specific differences first brought ridicule, and then persecution. In fact, the fear of Mormon intolerance as they rapidly approached numerical equality led the non-Mormon population to evict the Mormons. In purely descriptive terms, Mormon sources produce one of the best pictures of early Independence to supplement the fore­ going survey of eastern portrayals of the frontier village. This comes from the pen of Ezra Booth, who after defecting wrote to explain to Ohioans how he became involved with Mormonism. Jackson County must take some blame for his apostasy, for the promised Zion was not as promising as Ohio to the already con­ tented Booth: "fifteen acres upon an average here, are worth thirty there."27 Accusing Sidney Rigdon of overstating Jackson County's virtues, he depicted the Independence of August 1831, with restrained objectivity: As Independence is the place of general rendezvous and headquarters of the Mormonites, it may not be amiss to notice it. It is a new town, containing a courthouse built of brick, two or three merchant stores, and fifteen or twenty dwelling houses, built mostly of logs hewed on both sides; and is situated on a handsome rise of ground, about three miles south of the Missouri River, and about twelve miles east of the dividing line between the U. S. and the Indian Reserve, and is the county seat of Jackson County.28 Booth's sarcasm against Rigdon is a valuable piece of history, for it confirms Joseph Smith's later introduction to the most cele­ brated Latter-day Saint description of Jackson County, thereby proving its 1831 origin: "As we had received a commandment for Elder Rigdon to write a description of the land of Zion, we sought for all the information necessary to accomplish so desireable an ob­ ject."29 Sidney Rigdon was known through the Western Reserve

20 A revelation of August 1831 gave the following command on Sabbath demeanor: "[D]o these things with thanksgiving, with cheerful hearts and countenances, not with much laughter, for this is sin, but with a glad heart, and a cheerful countenance. . . ." Book of Commandments, 60:24. 27 Letter of Ezra Booth to Rev. I. Eddy, Nelson, Ohio, November 7, 1831, in Ravenna Ohio Star, November 10, 1831. 28 Letter of Booth to Eddy, November 14, 1831, in ibid., November 17, 1831. The brick courthouse was not yet completed. 20 Times and Seasons, V (1844) , 450, also in History of the Church, I, 197. The command referred to the revelation of August 1, 1831, in Missouri. Book of Commandments, 59:63: "And I give unto my servant Sidney a command- Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 285

Church of Jesus Christ of LDS Sidney Rigdon for his eloquence prior to his 1830 conversion, and the wording must be considered his, but Joseph Smith approved of it from the the fact that he published the account in Illinois at a time when Rigdon's influence was seriously waning. The following description has a corporate significance, catching the first excitement of the Mormon immigrants at the spectacular beauty of the native landscape: Unlike the timbered states in the east (except upon the rivers and water courses, which were verdantly dotted with trees from one to three miles wide), as far as the eye can glance the beautiful rolling prairies lay spread around like a sea of meadows. The timber is a mixture of oak, hickory, black walnut, elm, cherry, honey locust, mulberry, coffee bean, hackberry, box elder and bass wood, together with the addition of cotton wood, button wood, pecon [sic], soft and hard maple, upon the bottoms. The shrub- ment, that he shall write a description of the land of Zion. . . ." Booth's letter to Eddy dated November 21, 1831, quotes from a September 20, 1831, letter of Booth to Edward Partridge, which fixes the Rigdon description as written by then: "Sidney, since his return, has written a description of the land of Zion. But it differs essentially from that which you wrote. . . ." Ravenna Ohio Star, November 24, 1831. 286 Missouri Historical Review

bery was beautiful; and consisted in part of plumbs, grapes, crab apples, and parsimmons [sic]. The prairies were decorated with a growth of flowers that seemed as gorgeous and grand as the brilliancy of stars in the heavens, and exceed description. The soil is rich and fertile (from three to ten feet deep) and generally composed of a rich black mould, intermingled with clay and sand. It pro­ duces in abundance, wheat, corn, and many other com­ modities, together with sweet potatoes and cotton. Horses cattle, and hogs, though of an inferior breed, are tolerable plenty, and seem nearly to raise themselves by grazing in the vast prairie range in summer, and feeding upon the bottoms in winter. The wild game is less plenty where man has commenced the cultivation of the soil, than it is a little distance farther in the wild prairies. Buffaloe, elk, deer, bear, wolves, beaver, and many lesser animals roam at pleasure. Turkies, geese, swans, ducks, yea, a variety of the feathered race are among the rich abundance that graces the delightful regions of this goodly land of the heritage of the children of God. Nothing is more fruitful, or a richer stockholder in the blooming prairies, than the honey bee; honey is but about twenty-five cents per gallon. The season is mild and delightful nearly three quarters of the year, and as the land of Zion, situated at about equal distances from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as from the Alleghany and Rocky mountains, in the thirty-ninth degree of north latitude, and between the tenth and seventeenth degrees of west longitude—it bids fair to become one of the most blessed places on the globe, when the curse is taken from the land, if not before. The winters are milder than in the Atlantic states, of the same parallel of latitude; and the weather is more agreeable, so that were the virtues of the inhabitants only equal to the blessings of the Lord (which he permits to crown the in­ dustry and efforts of those inhabitants) there would be a measure of the good things of life for the benefit of the saints, full, pressed down and running over, even an hundred fold. The disadvantages here, like all new coun­ ties, are self-evident; lack of mills and schools, together with the natural privations and inconveniences which the hand of industry and the refinement of society with the polish of science overcome. But all these impediments vanished, when it is recollected that the prophets have said concerning Zion in the last days: how the glory of Lebanon is to come upon her; the fir tree, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of his sanctuary, that he may make the place of his feet glorious; where for brass he will bring gold, and for iron he will bring silver, and for wood brass, and for stones iron; and where the Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 287

feast of fat things will be given to the just; yea, when the splendor of the Lord is brought to one consideration, for the good of his people: the calculations of men and the vain glory of the world vanishes; and we exclaim: God will shine—the perfection of beauty out of Zion.30 If the Rigdon-Smith reaction to Jackson County is filled with the wonder of new love, it does not wholly differ from that of other travellers who saw ultimate beauty in the prairie land­ scape.31 A year later, at the same season as the Mormon arrivals, the New York City-bred nephew of Washington Irving marvelled at the magnificent western environs of Jackson County: It was late upon a fine glowing afternoon in July, that we first crossed the Indian frontier and issued from the forest, upon a beautiful prairie, spreading out as far as the eye could reach an undulating carpet of green, enamelled with a thousand flowers, and lighted up by the golden rays of the setting sun. Occasionally a grouse, frightened at our approach, would bustle from among the high grass and fly whirring over the tops of the neighbor­ ing hills.32 In autumn of the year before, world traveller Washington Irving matched the Mormon enthusiasm in his private letter from In­ dependence: Many parts of these prairies of the Missouri are ex­ tremely beautiful, resembling cultivated countries, em­ bellished with parks and groves, rather than the savage rudeness of the wilderness. Yesterday I was out on a deer hunt in the vicinity of this place, which led me through some scenery that only wanted a castle, or a gentleman's seat here and there interspersed, to have equalled some of the most celebrated park scenery of England. The fer­ tility of all this western country is truly astonishing. The soil is like that of a garden, and the luxuriance and beauty of the forests exceed any that I have seen.33 Irving's companion in 1832, the traveller and botanic collector Latrobe, was overwhelmed at the open countryside approaching Jackson County:

30 Times and Seasons, V (1844) , 450; cf Canandaigua Ontario Phoenix, Sep­ tember 7, 1831. Because of many similar descriptive phrases, the Phelps letter from Independence, July 23, 1831, and the Rigdon-Smith statement have an obvious interrelationship; common source-notes may account for the similarities. 31 See Donald Christisen, "A Vignette of Missouri's Native Prairie," MIS­ SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LXI (January, 1967) , 166-186. 32 McDermott, Indian Sketches, 11. 33 Irving to Paris, September 26, 1832. 288 Missouri Historical Review

I should despair of being able to convey any idea to your mind of the glories of the autumnal Flora, covering these immense natural meadows like a rich carpet. God has here, with prodigal hand, scattered the seeds of thou­ sands of beautiful plants, each suited to its season, where there are no hands to pluck and but few eyes to admire."4 A decade after Latrobe's comments, the prairies "enamelled with a thousand flowers" made the same impression on a young newspaper man from Ohio, Rufus B. Sage. Bewitched by the en­ virons of Jackson County in late spring, he wrote his mother in Connecticut: Their pararie lands are like a perfect paradise, covered with a virdure [sic] unknown to the east, and wild flowers—Oh, some of the most beautiful I ever beheld—you have none such in your Atlantic flower-gardens. A pararie scene is perfectly enchanting.35 Long bills of particulars were given on the beauty of the western borderlands by both Latrobe and Sage, and the latter afterward recounted the wildland panorama that inspired the above letter: The scenery of this neighborhood is truly delightful. It seems indeed like one of Nature's favored spots. ... I shall never forget the pleasing sensations produced by my first visit to the border-prairies. . . . The buttercup, tulip, pink violet, and daisy, with a variety of other beauties, unknown to the choicest collections of civilized life, on every side captivated the eye and delighted the fancy.30 Analyzing the 1831 descriptions of Phelps and of Rigdon-Smith, one is struck by the similarity of tone and details from educated travellers and Latter-day Saint pilgrims. These raptures are authentic. Mormon portrayals are also characterized by a rever­ ential content. The above reactions show7 why one of Phelps's

34 Latrobe, Rambler in North America, I, 102- Another companion on the trip, Count de Pour tales, wrote from Independence, September 26. 1832, as follows: "The state of Missouri is completely different from Europe. It is here for the first time that I have traveled over those immense prairies, those oceans of enameled greenery with their enormous flowers and their flowing, ex­ pansive, monotonous grandeur. . . . Even in this season this area is a limitless mine for a botanist. Latrobe has gathered more flowers here in a week than in the rest of America in five months.'* George F. Spaulding, On the JVestern Tour with Washington Irving: The Journal and Letters of Count de Pourtales, trans., Seymour Feiler (Norman, Okla., 1968) , 34. 35 Letter of Rufus B. Sage to his mother, Independence, May 30, 1841, in LeRov R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, Rufus B. Sage, His Letters and Papers, 1836-1S47 (Glendale, Calif., 1956), I, 85. 36 Rufus B. Sage, Scenes in the Rocky Mountains (Philadelphia. 1846), reprinted in Hafen and Hafen, Rufus B. Sage, 119-120. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 289 hymns, first published in Jackson County and popular today, begins with the phrase "earth with her ten thousand flowers."37 But the blessings of the land were not automatic, according to the understanding of the Mormons present at the formal dedica­ tions of 1831. One of these, Newell Knight, spoke with the com­ bination of thanksgiving and commitment to labor that character­ izes all LDS writing of that period: But our feelings can be better imagined than de­ scribed, when we found ourselves upon the Western frontiers. The country itself presented a pleasant aspect with its rich forests bordering its beautiful streams, and its deep rolling prairies spreading far and wide, inviting the hand of industry to establish for itself homes upon its broad bosom. And this was the place where . . . Zion should be, and our hearts went forth unto the Lord, de­ siring the fulfillment, that we might know where to bestow our labors profitably.38 Subsequent Mormon public descriptions of Jackson County are tempered by realities of settlement. These appeared in The Evening and the Morning Star, edited by William W. Phelps, who had stayed in Missouri after his 1831 letter, and Oliver Cowdery, the prominent "second elder" and Book of Mormon witness, who had led the first mission to Jackson County in the winter of 1830-1831. The Star published revelations and prophecies on the gathering, but rhetoric on the specific virtues of Jackson County is moderate. In the entire career of the Star at Independence (June 1832, through July 1833), there is but one major article on material advantages, "The Far West." This term included Missouri ("the land where the saints of the living God are to be gathered together and sanctified . . ."); however, the "country from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains" was also chosen Zion. No obvious rich­ ness made it so, for "the world will never value" its plains "for more than hunting ground, for want of timber and mill seats." The editors admitted the muddiness of the Missouri, and then briefly noticed the grandeur of the "large scope of clear field, or extensive plains," broken only by "the skirts of timber upon the streams of water." In their eyes God's providence would reveal resources not then apparent to the world, but the geographic ad-

37 Evening and the Morning Star, I (September, 1832) . 38 "Newell Knight's Journal," in Geo. Q. Cannon, ed., Scraps of Biography (Salt Lake City, 1883), 71. 290 Missouri Historical Review vantage was reiterated for administration of a world-wide church: "This place may be called the centre of America. . . and about the middle of the continent. . . ,39 An incidental physical description of Jackson County appeared June 1, 1833. Not realizing that forcible exile was some eight weeks away, the editors commented on the harvest of 1833 more from the motive of thanksgiving than advertising: With little exception the inhabitants of this section of country have had the pleasure of improving one of the most glorious seasons known for a long time .... Wheat is fine and will begin to be harvested by the middle of this month. Much corn has been planted, and it has seldom looked better.40 Latter-day Saint leaders in Missouri did not fan enthusiasm for migration. The second number of the Star (July 1832) published a cautionary report, "The Elders in the Land of Zion to the Church of Christ Scattered Abroad," discussing what was stressed more

39 Evening and the Morning Star, I (October, 1832). 40 ibid., II (June, Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 291 than any other message in the fourteen issues of the Star at Inde­ pendence. They quoted from the initial revelation on how the gathering to Zion was to be accomplished. In August 1831, Joseph Smith had written: "And let the work of the gathering be not in haste, nor by flight; but let it be done as it shall be counseled by the elders of the church at the conferences. . . ."41 This first pub­ lished counsel of the Jackson County leaders was as follows: It is about one year since the work of the gathering commenced, in which time between three and four hundred have arrived here and are mostly located upon their inheritances, and are generally in good health and spirits and are doing well.... [Although Zion, according to the prophets, is to become like Eden or the garden of the Lord, yet at present it is as it were but a wilderness and desert, and the disadvantages of settling in a new country, you know, are many and great. Therefore, prudence would dictate at present the churches abroad, come not up to Zion, until preparations can be made for them . . . ,42 Time and again, the Star stressed the need to be financially ready to come to Missouri. This meant earning a recommend (from the Ohio bishop or three elders) that one was morally trustworthy and financially responsible for acceptance into fellowship and full economic privileges. This policy meant less printed descriptions of the land and more warnings for "not hurrying up to Zion" without paying one's past debts and being prepared to shoulder future ones there: "The Lord is never in a hurry, but gives every thing its proper proportion of time."43 The effectiveness of plans for the gathering triggered Jackson County opposition to further migration, and destruction of the hated newspaper that communicated directions. The press was pitched out of the second story of Phelps's residence, and the type pied on July 20, 1833. Earlier that month a long article on immigration depicted Mormon society in Jackson County better than any other single account. "The Elders Stationed in Zion" gave a second annual report, which reflected both the slender LDS resources and an increase of economic strength over the prior year. The leaders estimated the total Mormon population to be "more than twelve hundred souls," but their cooperative order

41 Book of Commandments, 59:69. 42 Evening and the Morning Star, I (July, 1832) . 43 Ibid., I (January, 1833). 292 Missouri Historical Review

could not yet reach the goal of assigning productive land to every family. In the absence of farm ownership, day-labor had been necessary for many of both sexes, but non-Mormon and Mormon were apparently satisfied: [T]he situation in which many have come up here, has brought them under the necessity of seeking employ­ ment from those who do not belong to the church; yet we can say, as far as our knowledge extends, that they have been honorably compensated.44 All in all, Mormon society in this document is aggressively self-reliant. Since Mormons constituted about a third of Jackson County's population, their self-descriptions belong both to Mis­ souri history and also explain subsequent achievements of building cities from bare fields, first in Caldwell County, Missouri, then in Hancock County, Illinois (both obliterated by persecution)—and their ultimate cooperative success in the arid West.45 With marginal total resources, the Missouri leaders nevertheless worked with de­ termination to upgrade the material condition of their people, a definite welfare program which has continued to the present. Certain details of the current welfare program are first observ­ able in Missouri, including the stress on survival provisions for an emergency—the "year's supply" is a current religious obligation which (unknown to most Mormons) has its roots in the gathering to Jackson County. All of these features are found in the remarkable document under discussion, the second annual report of "The Elders Sta­ tioned in Zion/' The momentum of their cooperative economics is evident. "Many" had improved their initial farm-grants, "where, blessed with a fruitful soil, and health) climate, they are be­ ginning to enjoy some of the comforts of life . . . .''40 Yet crop and stock improvement was imperative. The leaders expressed "some surprise" that anyone should arrive "without bringing garden seeds, and even seeds of all kinds." Newcomers should import "the best breeds" of stock (some of which were specified), and thus "lay a foundation for improvement." Nor did plans stop there, for the stress on manufacturing that characterized Utah was already a plan in Missouri: "As soon as wool and flax are had among the

+ +Ibid., II (July, 1833) , 110. 4 3 See Leonard Arlington, The Great Basin Kingdom, an Economic His tory of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, Mass., 1958). 40 Evening and the Morning Star, II (July 1833), 1.10. Jackson County in Early Mormon Descriptions 293 brethren, sufficient for the purpose, they will manufacture cloth for their own use in the church."47 In the Mormon descriptions of Jackson County, their self-image is most significant, for the blend of visionary and pragmatic that characterized Rocky Mountain Zion was clearly displayed in their first planned colonization movement to western Missouri in 1831-1833. The borders of time diminish as one measures the Mormon leaders there, for their words could easily be from Brigham Young in the tabernacle pulpit two to four decades later: To see numbers of disciples come to this land destitute of means to procure an inheritance, and much less the necessaries of life, awakens a sympathy in our bosoms of no ordinary feeling .... For the disciples to suppose that they can come to this land without ought to eat, or to drink, or to wear, or any thing to purchase these necessaries with, is a vain thought. For them to suppose that the Lord will open the windows of heaven, and rain down angel's food for them by the way, when their whole journey lies through a fertile country, stored with the blessings of life from his own hand for them to subsist upon, is also vain .... The disciples of Christ, blessed with immediate reve­ lations from him, should be wise and not take the way of the world, nor build air-castles, but consider that when they have been gathered to Zion, means will be needed to puchase their inheritances, and means will be needed to purchase food and raiment for at least one year; or, at any rate, food .... And notwithstanding the fulness of the earth is for the saints, they can never expect it unless they use the means put into their hands to obtain the same in the manner provided by our Lord. When you flee to Zion, we enjoin the word, prepare all things, that you may be ready to labor for a living, for the Lord has promised to take the curse off the land of Zion in his own due time, and the willing and the obedient, will eat the good of the same: not the idle, for they are to be had in remembrance before the Lord.48

47 Ibid., 110-111. 48 Ibid. The closing phraseology (concerning the "willing and obedient" and the "idle") incorporates quotations from two revelations that had already been published in ibid.

A Fleeting Victory Sedalia Bazoo Monthly Magazine, February 1921. Let every defeated candidate remember that, his successful opponent will have a hard time holding the job till he loses it. This sketch of a negro family and their cabin appeared in the February 1836 edition of the Cincinnati Family Magazine.

Slavery and Emancipation

in Lewis County, Missouri

BY GEORGE R. LEE*

As the mighty Mississippi flowed southward in 1840, it passed through the territories of Wisconsin and Iowa and formed the western boundary of Illinois. It first reached slave territory at

* George R. Lee is an associate professor of History and Political Science at Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Missouri. He received a B.A. degree from Northeastern State College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, and a M.A. degree from the University of Oklahoma, Norman. In 1970, he was a Fellow at the Institute of Southern History, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 294 Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 295

Clark County, Missouri, which had been in formal existence only four years and which had only 2800 residents, white and black. The next county was Lewis with 1075 slaves. Lewis County, in existence only seven years, was the northernmost county in the state, having more than a thousand slaves. Its boundaries lay north of the Mason-Dixon line separating Pennsylvania from Maryland; the county faced the shores of Illinois, but its roots were in Ken­ tucky and Virginia from which most of its early settlers had come. Reason Bozarth, the first resident, came from Kentucky in 1819 to start a farm south of La Grange. That fall, he returned to Ken­ tucky, then brought back to Missouri his family and slaves.1 Thus, slavery and residency came simultaneously, and the slaves found themselves part of a frontier environment. To the slaves, the pros­ pects of coming to such an unsettled area were frightening. On the way to the county, the James Miller slaves worried about Indians, but were assured by their master that the Indians had been moved farther west. They chanced upon a group of wandering but friendly red men. Never having seen a Negro before, they let out a whoop which sent the terrified blacks running for cover. The Indians caught some of them, and began to rub their faces, demanding to know what kind of war paint they were using.2 Another reason for their fear was the rough and violent char­ acter of the white population who were "rather tough, drank a deal of whiskey, brawled and fought, used hard language."3 The frontier character was obvious in the number of cases in the circuit court involving assault and battery, challenges to duel and shoot­ ings and stabbings with intent to kill. The work ahead must have been cause for concern as well. The slaves must have longed for the softer life back home as they cut trees, moved rocks, cleared brush, planted crops, and built roads, houses and barns. The weather, if nothing else, would make them think of the more comfortable times in Kentucky or Virginia, as winter temperatures sometimes dropped to fifteen and twenty de­ grees below zero, and the summer high often reached a muggy ninety degrees. Other Kentucky slaveowners followed in the steps of Bozarth.

i John Wills, "Outline of Early History, Lewis County, Missouri: 1800-1900," 7, limited edition of mimeographed pamphlet. Copies are located in the State Historical Society of Missouri and the Culver-Stockton College Library, Canton. 2 Harry M. Hyatt, The Millers of Millersburg, Kentucky (Vienna, Austria. 1929), 33. 3 Wills, "Outline History," 12. 296 Missouri Historical Review

Daniel Ligon, Sr., as a boy made trips to St. Louis to sell surplus slaves. Growing tired of the trips, he settled in St. Louis in 1819, and migrated to the county in 1833.4 He was the largest slave­ holder, according to the 1850 and 1860 census reports, owning 26 in 1850 and 24 in I860.5 William Briscoe came from Kentucky in 1833 and purchased 440 acres.6 He owned 12 slaves in 1850 and ten in 1860. Thomas Bayne bought a farm near Canton that same year consisting of a half section of the best bottom land;7 he owned ten slaves in 1850 and 11 in 1860. James Miller came in 1838 and bought 600 acres which later was expanded to 2000 acres;8 he owned 18 slaves in 1850 and 16 in 1860. William Burford came to Missouri with one hundred dollars in his pocket, but was able to acquire 1200 acres eventually;9 he owned ten slaves in 1850 and five in 1860. The only exception to this pattern of Kentucky origins among the major owners was Emilius K. Sayre who was born in New Jersey, a graduate of Amherst and the law school of Transylvania University in Kentucky, and who had once been an active anti- slavery advocate. He migrated to Monticello in 1836, acquired 3500 acres10 and by 1860 owned 18 slaves. The slaves, like the masters, evidently came from the Upper South. A random sampling of 200 Negroes in the county in 1870 reveals that 60 percent were born in Missouri, 28 percent in Ken­ tucky or Tennessee, 11/2 percent in Virginia and Maryland, and only one born in the Deep South, in Alabama.11 Although the census does not indicate when they came to the county, presumably most came during the time of slavery.12 Other than those slaves brought in by their masters, or those born in the county, the source of slaves is not clear. One will provided that none of the slaves were to be sold at the lower

4 Related to the author by Mrs. Isabelle Wilier, Quincy, Illinois, great- granddaughter of Daniel Ligon, in a personal interview on May 20, 1970. 5 Slave Schedules for Lewis County, 1850 and 1860 in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. All figures on individual holdings are from these schedules. 6 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties (St. Louis. 1887), 719-720. T Ibid., 711. 8 Ibid., 800-801. $ Ibid., 723. 10 Ibid., 825. 11 Manuscript Census for Lewis County, 1870, in the National Archives. 12 it is possible that some slaves might have migrated to the countv in the period from emancipation to the taking of the 1870 census. However, it would seem rather unnatural for ex-slaves in any large numbers to come to Lewis Countv with Illinois and Iowa so close-bv. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 297

Robert A. Campbell

county market.13 This would imply that there were at least two slave markets in the county. A Marion County company ran an ad­ vertisement in the county newspapers for many years: NEGROES WANTED! The subscribers will pay the highest prices in cash for likely Young Negroes. Letters addressed to them at Pal­ myra, Mo., will receive prompt attention. BLAKEY & McAFEE14 Presumably, the company sold slaves as well as bought them, so perhaps some of the county's slaves were brought in by Blakey and McAfee or by traveling slave dealers, none of whom advertised their merchandise in local newspapers. Most Lewis County slaves seem to have changed owners at least once during their lifetime. Using owners of five or more slaves who were listed in both the slave schedules of 1850 and 1860 as the basis for examination, there were thirty-four owners who qualified, and their property totaled 305 slaves in 1850. Ten years later, their descriptions of the slaves they owned fit only 61 slaves exactly, and in 52 other cases there was only a slight variation. Even allowing for mistakes in gauging the ages of their slaves,

13 "Wills, Letters, etc., 1833-46, Lewis County Probate Court," 271, in Pro­ bate Court, Lewis County Courthouse, Monticello. 14 Canton Missouri Plebeian, September 8, 1848. 298 Missouri Historical Review only about one in three could have had the same master ten years later.15 The extent to which Missourians sold slaves on the Southern market is the subject of conflicting opinion. Lieutenant Governor Robert A. Campbell said: "I never heard of any Missourian who consciously raised slaves for the southern market. I feel sure it was never done."16 William Wells Brown remarked, however, that on one of his trips upriver, the boat stopped at Hannibal where a load of slaves was picked up for the New Orleans market, which "numbered from fifty to sixty, consisting of men and women from eighteen to forty years of age."17 The slave schedules for Lewis County showT no general pat­ tern of the larger owners changing slaves more frequently than the small owners, which suggests that there was no large-scale exporting of slaves for the Southern market. Daniel Ligon, for ex­ ample, apparently had 11 of his 26 slaves for the whole decade, 1850-1860, and many of these were younger slaves who would have been marketable. Robert Garnett, owner of seven slaves in 1850, apparently owned all of them ten years later. Other owners in some cases had few if any of the same slaves throughout the decade, but since their holdings did not decline much (with only three exceptions), it might be concluded that there was an active local trade which had nothing to do with the Southern market,18 The statistics are not altogether helpful in ascertaining the ex­ tent to which families were broken up by trades, or to settle es­ tates, but there are a few indications. G. T. Moore owned only one slave woman in 1850 and two six-month-old girls. The woman ap­ parently belonged to him ten years later; neither child was listed as being in his possession. Stephen Briscoe, another small holder, had a slave woman and man who could have been the parents of the three slave children in his possession. All of them belonged to him ten years later except the woman. Abner Merrill owned all of the same slaves in 1860 that he had in 1850 except for a boy aged ten in 1850.19 However these incidents are explained, they must have been a source of grief in some slave cabins. Only one probate record gave any clue as to the relationship of the slaves to each

is Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860. Slaves over 50 years of age in 1850 were presumed dead if they did not appear in the 1860 statistics. 16 Harrison Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 1804-65 (Baltimore, 1914) , 45. 17 William Wells Brown, Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave (Boston, 1847), 33-34. 18 Slave Schedules for Lewis County, 1850 and 1860. 19 Ibid. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 299

The sketch "Slave Sale" was reproduced from Fred­ erick Gerstacker's Western Lands and Western Waters, published in 1864.

other. The will of George Staples separated the daughter and son of each of two mothers, Kitty and Mary.20 There is no mention of the mothers; so presumably they were in someone else's posses­ sion or dead. The slave states of the Upper South often have been charged with slave breeding. A comparison of white and black childbirth in Lewis County shows, however, that slave women were not as productive of children as white women. In 1850, 1087 white women between 15 and 40 years of age produced 172 children, or an aver­ age of one child for every 6.31 women; slave women in the same age group totaled 255, and they produced 34 children or one for every 7.57 women.21 In 1860, 2163 white women delivered 341 live children, or one for every 6.34 women, while 266 slave women pro­ duced 33 children, or one for every 8.06.22 At least one owner did try breeding. A former slave said that the man "used to have me

20 "Wills, Letters, etc., 1833-46," 181-182. 21 The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850 (Washington, D. C, 1853), 652-653. 22 Population of the United States in 1860 (Washington, D. C, 1866), 282- 283. 300 Missouri Historical Review come over and father children; you know I was a well-built, big, strong Negro and my children made big strong slaves."-3 The figures however negate the possibility that slave breeding by the county's owners was highly successful. Once born a slave, a Negro in the county almost always re­ mained enslaved. Few manumissions were granted, and few slaves succeeded in escaping until about 1859. Missouri slave codes were in some ways very restrictive and in other ways generous. The slave code of 1804 prohibited a slave from going about as a free man or hiring himself out; the 1835 code raised the penalty from $20 to $100 for permitting a slave to hire himself out.24 In one in­ stance, Mrs. Catherine Hayden was indicted in 1836 for permitting a slave to hire himself out. As the state's chief witness did not appear, the case was dismissed.25 In 1807, the territorial government passed a law permitting "any person held in slavery to petition the general court of common pleas, praying that such person may be permitted to sue as a poor person/' The court was to give legal counsel, and see that he was not punished for bringing the suit.26 Newbold Cannon's will gave most of his slaves to members of his family, but Priscilla was to be freed, the heirs were required to take care of her should she not be able to take care of herself, and she was to be given a bill of sale for another slave, Thomas H. Benton, "which slave is hers."27 When the estates administrator did not free her, and she took her case to court, not only was she freed, but he was required to pay her legal fees.28 Slaves who were freed were given "trustees" by the courts to assist them with their affairs. Kizziah and Joyce petitioned the court that the motion be set aside appointing Abner Merrill as their trustee, which was immediately granted.20 Another part of the petition permitting Kizziah and Joyce to sell land bequeathed to them was granted after the1 other heirs had been notified."'0 No evidence was found in court records that any request by a slave or freedman was ever denied.

-•> Frank Bush. Missoula, Mont., earlv resident of Lewis County, to the author. June 8, 1970. -4 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri. 35. -"•"Lewis Countv Circuit Court Record/* I. 88, in Circuit Clerk and Re­ corder's Office, courthouse, Monticello. -6 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri. 211. 27 Will in Lewis County Probate Court. 52. -S "Lewis Countv Circuit Court Record," III. 81. -'» Ibid., 447-448.' ao ibid., IV, 308. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 301

Slaves could be seized in execution of liens; when sold for that reason, the sale was to be advertised in hand bills or news­ papers. A petition to foreclose on a mortgage was filed with John Chowning demanding the persons of Henrietta, Isaac and Rolla who had been security for an unpaid loan.31 Slaves were also sold to settle estates and one case involved a boy only four or five years old.32 By and large, the laws forbidding assembly and teaching slaves to read and write apparently were not enforced, nor was the slave patrol diligent. The Canton North-East Reporter on June 28, 1849, complained that "several slaves had been seen in possession of pamphlet copies of the Col.'s [Thomas Hart Benton] speech read­ ing and discussing its merits. Others have congregated at the corners of the streets in the evening, or on the Sabbath, and have been heard to talk freely and understandingly upon the subject of the excitement existing among the whites in relation to slavery." Not only were the slaves violating the law, but they were doing it with total impunity. The county's first slave patrol had been formed in 1836, and was instructed to patrol twenty-four hours per month.33 When slave escapes became more common, the La Grange National American on November 19, 1859, advocated a regular patrol with the power to arrest any Negro, free or slave, out after 8:00 p.m. without written permission. This again suggests a general laxity in a crucial aspect of slave control. The last wills and testaments provided a variety of ways of disposing of slave property. In most cases, the slaves were divided among members of the family, but there were interesting variations. Henry Smoot willed his slave Joseph to his son William, but "Joseph is not to be hired . . . where he is not willing to go and should he outlive William Smoot in that case he is not to be sold nor hired without having the liberty of choosing his own master."34 Nathaniel Richardson set values on his slaves in his will; children receiving less valuable slaves were given more money. He wanted to settle the slaves' future as soon as possible so "that the poor creatures may not be held in suspence [sic] any longer than may be necessary." If it were not for filial affection, "I would emancipate every one of them. I hope that my children will act feelingly toward

31 Canton Missouri Plebeian, September 8, 1848. 32 Canton North-East Reporter, August 21, 1856. 33 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 51. 34 "Wills, Letters, etc., 1833-46," 101. 302 Missouri Historical Review the poor creatures."35 Keturah Bailey was less concerned about keeping her slave Collins in suspense. She willed him to Samuel Ewalt, then in California. When Ewalt returned, Collins was to be sold to the highest bidder among her children; until his return, Collins' labor was to be divided equally among her three children. If Ewalt's death were ascertained, Collins was to be sold.36 In the minds of most Missouri society, the Negro was not only a legal and social inferior, but he was a mental inferior as well. United States Senator James Green, a resident of the county, argued in 1849: "Two distinct races, one vastly inferior to the other, sub­ ordination in a greater or lesser degree becomes inevitable in the very nature of things. ... It has resulted to the black in immense good, and incalculable benefit, both moral and physical."37 Not only were Negroes inferior; they were happy inferiors: "Our negro is a sleek fatsided fellow. He loves to eat and to laugh, and give him his belly full and he is as happy as a prince. Work is his element, meat and bread and the banjo his happiness."38 The North-East Reporter of July 28, 1853, commented favorably on an article from the Philadelphia Presbyterian praising the South for taking in the poor Negro, providing him with clothes, food and medical services. The Eastern writer summarized: "A whole nation of his people have grown up here, and, under the genial influence of Southern homes, they have been elevated from barbarism to civilization and christianization." The work required of Lewis County slaves probably made them yearn for the good old days of "barbarism." Since the larger slaveholders were farmers, most slaves were probably engaged in general farm work. The 1850 census showed 37,071 acres as im­ proved farm land, with 73,483 acres unimproved.39 The chief crops produced that year included 336,730 bushels of corn, 68,527 bushels of wheat and 67,104 bushels of oats.40 Lesser amounts of tobacco, potatoes and hay were produced. With only 1847 horses and 663 work oxen listed,41 presumably most of the work was accomplished by hand. While no direct evidence could be found as to how slaves were worked in the county, Harrison A. Trexler's assertion that the

S5 Ibid., 1846-1855, 179. 3® Ibid., 234. 37 Canton North-East Reporter, June 21, 1849. 38 ibid., March 27, 1856. 39 Seventh Census of the U. S., 1850, 675. 40 ibid., 677. 41 Ibid., 675. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 303 plantation system with gangs of slaves being driven by a white overseer was comparatively rare in Missouri42 would seem valid. There is no evidence of absentee ownership necessitating the use of overseers, which may have created a less oppressive atmosphere. Missouri law forbade masters to work slaves on Sunday except in regular housework or for charity.43 Slaves in the towns of Canton, Tully or La Grange may have been used for work in the bacon warehouses, at the wharfs, or in loading goods for merchants. Evidently, some of the county's brick homes and buildings were constructed with brick fired by slaves. Two such structures still stand, a home and a church in La Grange.44 Provisions were made for at least some slaves to attend and join county churches. When the Methodist church was built in La Grange, it had a slave balcony seating 100.45 The Baptist church in Monticello, organized in 1863, had 30 white and two Negro founders.46 When a revival was held at the Canton Christian Church, 63 new members were added. A check of the membership in November 1850, revealed that of those added, eleven had been sold.47 In 1856, that church had 168 members including nine slaves.48 One slave woman was even converted to Mormonism, although her owner was not.49 This suggests that slaves may have been given some freedom in selecting their own church. The houses for slaves probably provided little privacy with no owner having over three houses for his slaves. Some examples of the number of houses with the number of slaves owned in parentheses will illustrate: Daniel Ligon, two (24); E. W. Mitchell, three (17); J. W. Miller, two (16); J. W. Price, one (10); and Eliza Morris, two (14).50 These figures may be misleading, how­ ever, as some slaves may have lived in the master's home, thus al­ lowing more space for other slaves. The quarters of one owner consisted of small log cabins about twelve to fourteen feet square

42 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 13. 43 ibid., 27. 44 Dorothy Caldwell, ed., Missouri Historic Sites Catalogue (Columbia, 1963), 96. 45 ibid., 95-96. 46 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 185. 47 Records of the Canton Christian Church, Nov., 1850, in the Disciples of Christ Historical Society, Nashville, Tenn. ±&Ibid., Aug. 31, 1856. 49 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 62. 50 Slave Schedules for Lewis County, 1860. 304 Missouri Historical Review

MM*«*' LEWIS V>4*. *v/ss«#7«.

This inap of Lewis County was reproduced from the Lewis County Atlas 1878. facing the barn lot. They were poorly lighted, quite low, and ex­ tremely hot in the summer.51 Generally it is assumed that slaves were treated well in the county.52 One slave owner was criticized for not dressing his slaves well, and for not providing clothes for slave children to wear in the summer53 From this example it could be inferred that most owners did dress slaves reasonably well, and he looked bad by comparison. If there is validity in the view of good treatment, how can it be explained in light of the generally held theory that fron­ tier conditions produced the harshest slavery? Some hypotheses that may explain it are: 1. Perhaps many slaveowners agreed with the view reportedly

51 Bush to author, June 8, 1970. 52 Walter Williams, ed., A History of Northeast Missouri (Chicago, 1913) , I, 386. 53 Related to the author by Mrs. Naomi Hardin, Canton, May 20, 1970. Her husband, Joe B... was the grand-nephew of Daniel Ligon and grandson of John Hardin. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 305 held by James M. Miller that when slaves were treated well, they worked harder.54 2. The close proximity to the free states would have made harsh treatment seem foolish. The possibilities of an abused slave fleeing were too great. 3. Perhaps because the holdings were small for the most part, and overseers were not part of the system, conditions were better. The 1860 slave schedules support this view. Of the 1279 slaves in the county, over half belonged to owners of less than six slaves; only 19 owners had over ten, and most of those had less than 14 slaves. 4. The view was generally held that slavery was not as profit­ able in the county as it was elsewhere thereby weakening the quick profit motive existing where cotton was king. A county newspaper maintained that "in Missouri it has never been a paying institution, nor are there any considerations to make it such."55 Trexler main­ tained that because of the small farms, small slave holdings, and relatively few slaves, it was difficult to reach any general con­ clusion as to the profitability of Missouri slavery.56 In Lewis County, some of the more prominent citizens were highly respected and financially successful without slave labor. The number of slaves grew slowly in comparison with the early influx and with the white population. This suggests that black la­ bor thought necessary to the county's economy was viewed as im­ portant at first, and the later growth came more from natural ex­ pansion rather than importation. The following table indicates the degree to which the slave population stabilized: Year White Population Free Negro Slave 1840 4966 8 1075 1850 5357 15 1206 1860 10983 24 127957 Without a major cash crop like cotton or sugar cane, the owners may have had less compulsion to drive their workers hard. There were examples of good feeling between master and

54 Related to the author by Plessy McClain, Canton, May 13, 1970. He is the grandson of Lewis McClain, an early settler of Lewis County. 55 Canton Press, December 4, 1862. 56 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 53. 57 Compendium of the Enumeration of the Inhabitants and Statistics of the United States (Washington, 1841), free and slave statistics, 84-86; Seventh Census of the U. S., 1850, free population, 644-647 and slave population, 652-653; Popula­ tion of the U. S., 1860, free statistics, 274-275, 278-279 and slave population, 282- 283. 306 Missouri Historical Review

slave indicating harmonious relationships. A Negro boy tipped off his master that whites were conspiring to help some of his slaves escape, an action resulting in the revealing of several conspir­ ators.58 In another such case, slaves from just south of the county line plotted with their master to decoy some abolitionists into a trap, and the abolitionists were arrested by the slaves.59 Perhaps the most illustrative example of this was when James M. Miller was sent back to Kentucky with a group of slaves to bring back horses, cattle and chickens to Missouri. A slave was sent ahead to make arrangements for them, and he kept saying that "de master is coming." When a farmer saw the slaves accompanied by an eleven-year-old boy, he got suspicious; he asked who the boss was, and the boy announced, "I'm the boss of these men."60 The incident is interesting because it occurred in a free state, Illinois, where a slave was trusted to run ahead, and a boy was given control over grown men who could have easily overpowered him. Not all relations between masters and slaves, however, were this harmonious. Violence did occur, but the only incidents reported were by slaves against whites. When a Mrs. Buckner of La Grange criticized the slovenly work of her maid, the slave threatened to burn the house down. The mistress did nothing about it, concluding that the slave was just in a foul humor. When the maid's former owner, a Colonel Fischer, was told about the incident, he went into the kitchen where the slave was working. Before he could speak, she came at him with a knife and Fischer, with the help of another slave, eventually disarmed her. She then grabbed a hoe which was close by and hit him in the back with the sharp edge. He took it from her, and hit her over the head with the handle giving her cuts and bruises. As for the outcome of the case, "the Colonel will take her South in a few days and dispose of her there."61 A slave uprising was narrowly averted in November 1849. Sus­ picious sounds awoke the John McCutchan family one night, and investigation found voices coming from the kitchen, which was connected by a passageway to the main house. That same night, a slave of James Miller came to the house, asked for a fire, and went out past the gunrack. Miller later became suspicious, called to his slaves, but none answered. After arousing the family, he found

58 La Grange National American, February 25, 1859. 59 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 63. 60 Hyatt, Millers of Millersburg, 42-43. 61 La Grange National American, June 11, 1859. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 307 both of his guns missing. Both families sent out runners to get help, and the pursuit was on. By daybreak, about thirty armed whites arrived; the Negroes, gathered at the McCutchan farm, had formed a barricade of wagons. The slaves were armed with three guns, clubs and butcher knives. Those involved belonged to the Millers, the McCutchans, Samuel McKim and William Ellis.62 When ordered to come out, Miller's John, "a very powerful negro, and fierce as a grisly bear," with a corn knife in hand, came at Captain J. H. Blair. Miller gave Blair permission to shoot him. Blair's bullet hit him, but John came again; John Fretwell then fired and the slave fell dead. When ordered to come out again, the slaves did so meekly.63 According to Moore's version, the plan was concocted by a slave woman named Lin who belonged to the McCutchans, and by the slave John. In this version, Lin's ten-year-old grandson Henry, supposedly had seen visions that all of the white family were in heaven except for a five-year-old girl; she was to be spared so that she could become Henry's wife when he was a full-grown prophet. Lin gave the conspirators coffee mixed with gunpowder to make them brave and potions to make them invulnerable. This information had been given by Dave, the McCutchans' house boy, during that sleepless night. Those slaves participating were sold south. Who was to blame for this narrowly averted disaster? The newspaper's account accused Senator Thomas Hart Benton, who according to local opinion, had stirred up trouble with his speeches. "When Benton came to the State last spring, all was peace—the negro was happy and contented with his master." Benton began to agitate. "The negro began to hope—became dissatisfied with his condition—began to plot to change it—and recent events are only some of the bitter fruits."64 Moore suspected that some whites from Gregory's Landing were involved, and when the slaves got on their boat to escape, the whites planned to take them south to a slave market. No one seemed to have put much credence in Henry's vision, and Moore dismisses him as a tool in the hands of his grandmother.

62 There are two long accounts of the uprising. The Canton North-East Reporter, November 8, 1849, includes the William Ellis slaves. W. K. Moore's, "An Abortive Slave Uprising," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, LII (January, 1958), 123-126, does not. 63 Canton North-East Reporter, November 8, 1849. 64 ibid. 308 Missouri Historical Review

Slaves also showed dislike for the status quo by escaping to Illinois or Iowa, but until the Civil War period, few used that method. The manuscript census for 1860 recorded only six fugitives from Lewis County. Nevertheless, the fear that slaves might be induced to escape by abolitionists was very real. White attitudes toward abolitionists were violent. The abolitionists' motives were highly suspected, and they were regarded as no better than "he who steals our horses or any other species of property."05 The North-East Reporter of July 5, 1849, characterized them as the fanatics of Europe and America who "are ready to burst the bonds of the Union! Who, in their dismal perspective of slave emancipa­ tion are ready to involve one-half of these States in the horrors of a San Domingo insurrection." The charge of being an abolitionist was sure to evoke an angry response. Charlton H. Howe, the editor of the La Grange National American on February 20, 1858, assured his readers that although he came from Illinois, charges of his being abolitionist and Black Republican were utterly false. He later suggested that if a reader were accused of being an abolitionist, he should hit the accuser "a spat in the mouth and give him a few teeth to swal­ low."66 Such an action occurred in Canton when one man struck another man on the street. The Canton Press reported on February 5, 1863: "The only apology we have heard for the murderous as­ sault was the allegation that Mrs. B. had called Mrs. P. an abolitionist." Occasionally when abolitionists aroused Missourians to action, the latter formed organizations to meet the threat. In September 1853, an Anti-Abolition Society was formed at Monticello to devise "ways and means to better protect slave property from the depre­ dations of the abolitionists."67 A later threat resulted in a mass meeting in Canton. Vigilance committees were appointed in each township to watch for them. Anyone whose actions aroused sus­ picion was to be banished from the state. If they returned, they were to receive fifty lashes and be banished again. If they returned a third time, posters at the landings in Canton and Tully said they were to be hung "by the neck until they are DEAD! DEAD!! DEAD!!!"68 When a violator was caught by Regulators from La Grange in the act of helping slaves escape, he was given a "sound

65 La Grange National America?!, March 10, 1860. GGIbid., August II, 1860. 07 Canton North-East Reporter, September 22, 1853. 68 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 63-64. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 309 lashing" of 50 strokes. The National American of March 3, 1860, condemned him not only as a slave thief, but for other vices in­ cluding selling liquor to slaves, violating the Sabbath, adultery, gambling and fighting. The motives of abolitionists were suspect. A gang of "thieves" was reported operating in the La Grange area, who for a sum of money, would offer to take slaves out through Quincy, Illinois, to Chicago and Canada.69 On August 29, 1857, the La Grange editor said that when enticed away, the slaves "fall into the hands of some of those black republican abolitionists of Illinois, who . . . arrest him and send him back to his master, where his condition is much better in every respect, than living in a free State among abolition­ ists."70 The Canton editor was unimpressed with the argument that emancipation would encourage abolitionist migration into the state. "When it is urged upon our commonwealth as essential to its ad­ vancement and welfare, because a few crazy abolitionists might object to settling among us on any other terms, we feel inclined to cling to anything that will deliver us from their presence."71 There was little or no threat to the institution from within the county as few favored emancipation, even secretly, and no one openly advocated it.72 Even a transplanted Ohioan like Lewis Mc­ Clain who did not approve of slavery was not so opposed as to advocate abolition. While he would not think of hiring a slave's labor, his relationship with masters was cordial.73 The threat came from across the river where a "cell" of abolitionists operated out of Eels Institute in Quincy. This group had many problems; three were captured by the slaves they planned to help escape; two were captured near La Grange with runaways. In the latter case, they were indicted for grand larceny and attempted grand larceny. One was tried at Monticello and the other in Monroe County, but both were acquitted.74 In March 1842, some Missourians from Marion County decided to end these depredations permanently; crossing the river, they burned the Institute to the ground. No attempt was made to prosecute the arsonists even though they openly boasted of their achievement.75

69 La Grange National American, March 3, 1860. io ibid., August 29, 1857. 71 Canton Press, December 4, 1862. 72 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 98. 73 Interview with Plessy McClain, May 13, 1970. 74 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 63. 75 ibid., 64. 310 Missouri Historical Review

Many Quincyans were Southern in background and sympa­ thies. Their attitude was clearly shown later when the Emanicipa- tion Proclamation was published. Quincy soldiers in the 27th Illinois at Nashville refused to go out on picket duty in protest, and the bugler refused to blow roll call. Not until they were reminded to fight for Lincoln did they agree to carry out their duties.76 It is no wonder that the arsonists had gone unprosecuted. They had performed a community service. Regardless of how serious the threat, owners were repeatedly warned to watch for abolitionists. The North-East Reporter of September 20, 1849, warned masters to be on guard against North­ ern Methodist preachers who were described as "abolition emis­ saries," and it was suggested that these "prowling wolves" should be driven out if discovered. Two weeks later, the same newspaper blamed an escape by three Shelby County slaves on the activities of Senator Benton, who might "at this very moment be concocting his hellish schemes, and persuading your negroes to leave you." By 1853, a new problem appeared as runaways began to be captured who were trying to escape from other counties. Four who had escaped from Marion County were captured after one of them had been arrested in Canton while trying to buy food. They put up no resistance although they were armed with pistols and knives.77 On July 6, 1854, the Canton Press reported the capture of two runaways from Howard County, one of whom was arrested in Canton, the other in Tully. The one caught at Tully was armed, but did not fight when confronted by two cocked guns. The next week's edition of the Press reported that three Lewis County slaves had escaped on their masters' horses. In November, two slaves were reported to have escaped from the lower part of the county and had not been found.78 No mention in either account was given to possible abolitionist implication. The La Grange editor advised readers to be especially observant of their intelligent slaves, because they were the most likely to escape, to "be less indulgent for the slave who stares him in the face, that it is those slaves who have been the best treated and have had pretty much their own way, that have escaped."79 In 1860, the county was bitterly divided over the secession issue. The election returns that year gave 833 votes to John Bell, 597

76 Carl Landrum, Quincy in the Civil War (Quincy, 111., 1966), 69-70. 77 Canton North-East Reporter, May 26, 1853. is Ibid., November 2, 1854. 79 La Grange National American, November 12, 1859. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 311

Jesse W. Barrett

to John C. Breckinridge, 468 to Stephen A. Douglas and only 43 to Lincoln. Strong voices in the county supported withdrawal from the Union, but the majority favored the Union with conditions. Slave­ owners were divided between Secessionists and conditional Union­ ists, but loyalty to the peculiar institution remained intact; as the county history put it, "opposition to emancipation, or abolition, and to coercion was well nigh universal."80 Those favoring the Union saw that support as the best way to preserve Missouri slavery. The La Grange National American of January 5, 1861, said that if Mis­ souri left the Union, "how long would it be ere her soil would be overrun, her slave property not only rendered utterly insecure but absolutely destroyed. When her slaves were spirited away through the machinations of the abolitionists, of course it would be idle to pursue them, there would then be no extradition." Those favoring the South saw the war as an effort to free the slaves. The judges of the county court paid for powder and lead out of county funds to be distributed among the Secessionists, and for a week in the spring of 1861, a Secessionist flag flew over the courthouse at Monticello.81 Rival military groups drilled in Canton and La Grange. When a pro-Secessionist shot and killed a pro- Unionist in Canton, peace was barely kept.82

80 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 68-69. 81 Ibid., 71. 82 ibid., 77. 312 Missouri Historical Review

Times were unstable and no one, black or white, was safe. "The fact is," as The Canton Press related, "there is a perfect reign of terror throughout the whole of the interior of Northeast Mis­ souri."83 Perhaps because of bushwhackers, the organized Con­ federate units moving around, devotion to masters, or because the purpose of the war was not yet clarified, most slaves stayed with their owners during the first part of the war. When a slave followed a Union company into Canton in 1862, he was arrested by the constable and handed over to the sheriff to be returned to his master. The Canton newspaper said that some of the "radical abolition type" tried to get the company commander to set the Negro free, "but Capt. McClannahan with that sense of honor that always characterizes and does honor to the true soldier, declined any interference, rightly holding, that it was his mission to support civil authority, and not to set the law at defiance."84 Obviously, conditions were not yet right for slaves to escape. When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Jesse W7. Barrett, the Canton editor, was angered even though it did not apply to Missouri. He wrote: "From and after January 1, 1863, every white man will be as good as Sambo, provided he behaves himself. The document is too long for publication today, and in­ deed, we question the policy of publishing it at all, unless for the purpose of giving aid and comfort to the enemy."85 Barrett did finally publish it on January 8, 1863. The slaves in the county were so excited about emancipation that many left although they had not been legally freed. The first departure after the Proclamation was by a freedman who left his children behind.86 In March, a family belonging to T. D. Grant escaped taking his team with them. Grant was reportedly less con­ cerned about losing the slaves than the team.87 From then on, es­ capes became more frequent, and about once a month, reports of slave escapes were mentioned in the newspapers. Most stayed where they were, and the county's slaveholders paid taxes on only 66 less slaves in 1863 than they had in I860.88 By June 16, 1864, so many had escaped that the Canton Press reported that the "colored element in this place has about cleaned out."

S3 Canton Press, September 11, 1862. 84 ibid. 85 ibid., September 25, 1862- 86 ibid., January 15, 1863. 87 ibid., March 19, 1863. 88 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 207. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 313

Slavery, however, was not dead. In October the chief of police in Canton was approached by a "smart looking colored gentleman" who offered to sell him two "cadaverous darkies" for $3000. The broker said: "Which one of dese critters will you hab?" "Can't take either of them. I want you, and nobody else." "Me! Go away, white man! I'se not in de market—I is above dat."89 Nevertheless, its decline was noticeable. In 1860, county taxpayers paid taxes on an average of $330 assessed evaluation per slave. By 1863, the last year taxes on slave property were imposed, the evalu­ ation was set at only $128 average.90 Many of the county's Negroes were helping slavery die by serving in the army, either voluntarily or otherwise. In 1864, army recruiters took six slaves from the county, but some escaped from them. Among those taken was a "venerable decrepit faithful serv­ ant" who was forced away from his master. The Canton news­ paper criticized: "If there is wisdom or humanity in snatching a super-annuated and enfeebled negro from his family and master, we confess, Ve can't see it.' "91 Others like Thornt, a printer's devil for the La Grange newspaper, went enthusiastically. The editor wrote: "We don't wish the rebels to catch the Devil, but wish the Devil to catch many a one of them, and Thornt will do it too— for he has no love for rebels."92 Some fifty-four Lewis County Negroes joined colored regiments,93 many probably serving with the 29th Illinois Colored Infantry which performed heroically but in vain at Petersburg where its ranks were almost decimated.94 After the Emancipation Proclamation, it was clear that Mis­ souri's days as a slave state were numbered. A state convention was called in the summer of 1863 which decided that all slavery was to end by July 4, 1870, but all freed slaves who were over forty years old were to stay with their masters as servants and those under twelve until they were twenty-three. Instead of di­ rect compensation, the owners were to be exempt from further taxation on slave property. Representing the county at the conven­ tion was Emilius K. Sayre who voted for the plan, but who was

89 Canton Press, October 6, 1864. 90 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 205. 91 Canton Press, June 16, 1864. 92 La Grange National American, September 1, 1864. 93 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 101. 94 Landrum, Quincy in the Civil War, 89. 314 Missouri Historical Review

This drawing "Teaching The Negro Re­ cruits the Use of the Minie Rifle" appeared in Harper's Weekly, March 14, 1863.

not sure that his life would be safe when he returned. The Canton Press of July 23, 1863, assured him that "he has nothing to fear of the honest judgment of upright, intelligent and thinking men" which no doubt brought him great comfort. In 1864, emancipation agita­ tion grew in the state. On February 15, the legislature removed restrictions on manumission. In January 1865, a state convention assembled at St. Louis and repealed the slavery clauses in the state constitution by the vote of 60 to 4. On April 8, the new con­ stitution passed 38-13. When the proposed Thirteenth Amendment was circulated, it easily passed in both houses of the state legis­ lature.95 Both white and black citizens had reason to rejoice in April 1865, the whites because of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, and the blacks because of their new freedom. Each race celebrated; the whites by throwing their hats into a big bonfire,96 and the blacks with a jubilee that included bonfires, singing and

95 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 238-240. 96 Canton Press, April 12, 1865. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 315 dancing.97 The Lewis County freedman, like ex-slaves farther south, now faced a new situation, but his circumstances were also some­ what different. The former free states were much more accessible, the region itself was not without money which he could earn, and no Freedmen's Bureau operated in the county to give him aid or comfort. Lessons in true independence came earlier for Lewis County blacks than for most others. Even so, many Negroes stayed where they were. Most owners seem to have offered them employment and shelter; the older or the less secure seem to have accepted. Most probably worked for wages, but there was evidently some sharecropping by 1870. The older Ligon slaves stayed98 as did the Miller blacks.99 Willis Brown gave his ex-slave Joe Price some land to farm adjacent to his own.100 With her husband dead, a slave mother and her son remained with the Thomas Hardin family.101 Others, like Lew Dade,102 probably left the farms to come to the county's towns. The great majority presumably stayed as the 1303 total Negro population in 1860 dropped only 122 by 1870, a loss of less than ten percent.103 Those who left the county probably added to the numbers of Negroes going to Quincy and Keokuk, both of which had enor­ mous increases by 1870 in number of black residents. Adams County, Illinois, had 179 Negroes in 1860, but now had 1567;104 Quincy, its largest city, now had 1073 and Ellington township ad­ jacent to it had 160.105 Ten years before, Quincy had 152 Negroes and only one lived in Ellington township.106 Lee County, Iowa, which had 245 Negroes in 1860 had 1563 in 1870;107 Keokuk, its major city, had 1015 of these and Jefferson township adjacent to it had 150.108 Some of these were probably from Lewis County. A state law passed in 1865 required that Negro couples living as husband and wife be formally married.109 The first marriage of

97 Mattie Horn, "Uncle Lew Dade," unpublished manuscript in possession of Pearl Plank, Canton. 98 Interview with Mrs. Isabelle Wilier, May 20, 1970. 99 Interview with Plessy McClain, May 13, 1970. 100 Related to the author by Mrs. Ada Wallace Roberts, Canton, May 15, 1970. Mrs. Roberts is a granddaughter of Willis Brown. 101 Interview with Naomi Hardin, May 20, 1970. 102 Horn, "Uncle Lew Dade." 103 Statistics of Population: Ninth Census of the United States (Washington, D. C, 1872) , 45. 104 ibid., 39. 105 ibid., 150. 106 Population of the U. S., 1860, 88. 107 Statistics of Population: Ninth Census, 45. lOSlbid., 184. 109 Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, 88. 316 Missouri Historical Review

freedmen in Lewis County was that of Robert Love to Mary Love on June 17, 1865; they had been husband and wife in slavery, and already had three children. By August 29, 1865, 17 more Negro marriages were recorded. Some were performed by a justice of the peace, but one minister, the Reverend C. A. Bateman, performed eleven ceremonies in one day.110 Five years after the war, most county Negroes still had made little economic progress; however, some within the black com­ munity had achieved a degree of prosperity. By 1870. 56 held more than $300 in real and personal property. Fourteen of those had from $500 to $799 in holdings, three from $800 to $999, and eight had over $1000 in property. Four examples of the black "bourgeois" in the county illus­ trate similarities and contrasts. Solvman Spear, a teamster, and his wife were both born in Kentucky, black and illiterate. By 1870, he held $400 in real and $2000 in personal property. George Wash­ ington was a 45-year-old black from Kentucky with a mulatto wife. Like Spear, he was a successful teamster with $1200 in real and $1000 in personal property. Washington and his wife were both literate as were their four oldest children. Stephen Boots and his wife farmed, and both could read al­ though she could not write; his property included $1000 in real and $600 in personal property. Alen Woodson and his wife were illiterate farmers, but had managed to accumulate $2000 in real and $500 in personal property. Others included a farmer with $1000 in personal property (his lack of real estate suggests some share- crop arrangement); another farmer with $600 in real and $400 in personal property; a third farmer with $1000 in real and $400 in personal property; and a housekeeper with $2000 in personal property. Some Negroes working in menial labor were able to accumu­ late property in occupations where few whites acquired anything. Eighteen Negro day laborers, for example, had over $300 in prop­ erty, one managing to accumulate $800 in personal property. Most Negro farmers with personal property of over $300 did not own real estate. Other occupations represented by those with over $300 but less than $1000 included farm workers, blacksmiths, house­ keepers and a boatman. Almost all Negroes were engaged in menial

no "Lewis County Marriage Record," III, 31-35, in Circuit Clerk and Re­ corder's Office, courthouse, Monticello. Slavery and Emancipation in Lewis County 317 labor.111 but they seem to have been very self-sufficient. Nearly all of the destitute freedmen at Quincy in 1865 were in the families of federal soldiers who would be able to provide for them when they returned.112 The Lewis County Negro seemingly had made his adjustment and was on his way to a new role in society. The rationale for the study of slavery in a county like Lewis has been well-stated by Edward Phifer, who wrote that "historians of slavery have not adequately studied the large areas where staples were not produced but where slavery nevertheless existed."113 As an institution, slavery could take different forms in different environments, and slavery in Lewis County appears dif­ ferent from that on a Mississippi plantation or even a Burke County, North Carolina. The work was difficult, and the labor was harder than they might have chosen, but it does not appear that the slaves were so broken that they lost their humanity. They showed great inde­ pendence at times by open defiance of law, by striking back when angered, and when freedom came, by quickly becoming self- supporting. Perhaps a combination of elements helped them-, the greater independence of general field work rather than gang labor, better economic opportunity when freedom came, a closer relation­ ship with masters, and an unbroken self-esteem that would not permit emancipation to be grounds for failure. The names of almost all of the slaves have long been forgotten, but there is a symbolism in the burial in unmarked graves of the Ligon slaves with members of the master's family. The author of the 1887 History of Lewis County wrote an appropriate epitaph for the county's slaves: "There was a considerable number of slaves whose labor contributed in no small degree to the production of the wealth of the county."114

in Manuscript Census for Lewis County, 1870. 112 "Letter Book: Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Arkansas and Missouri," 53, in National Archives. H3 Edward Phifer, "Slavery in Microcosm: Burke County, North Carolina," Journal of Southern History, XXVIII (May, 1962), 140. H4 History of Lewis, Clark, Knox and Scotland Counties, 66.

She Took the Reins Knox City Bee, January 12, 1905. A Cass county young man married a girl in a buggy last week and im­ mediately after the ceremony had been performed she reached over and took the reins. His friends have already begun to call him "Mr. Henry Peck." This S. J. Ray cartoon "Inauguration, 1945" appeared in the January 20, 1945 edition of the Kansas City Star. On that day Harry S. Truman's predecessor, Henry Wallace, swore in Truman as vice president of the United States.

The Truman Vice Presidency: Constructive Apprenticeship or Brief Interlude?

BV ARTHUR F. MC CI.I RF and DONNA COSTICAN*

•Arthur F. McClure is associate professor of History at Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg. He received a B.A. from the University of Kansas, an M.A. from the University of Colorado, and a Ph.D. from the University of Kansas. Donna Costigan currently teaches in the Ft. Osage, Missouri school system. She received a B.S.E. and an M.A. from Central Missouri State College, War­ rensburg. 318 The Truman Vice Presidency 319

Did you ever have a bull or a load of hay fall on you? If you have, you know how I felt last night. I felt as if two planets and the whole constellation had fallen on me. I don't know if you boys pray, but if you do, please pray to God to help me carry this load.1 When President Harry S. Truman spoke to newsmen on April 13, 1945, the country was still in the state of shock from the announce­ ment of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death. Already many ques­ tions about the new president had been raised. Who was Harry Truman? Was he capable of the heavy burdens that were so sud­ denly thrust upon him? Was his brief term as vice president a useful apprenticeship for the assumption of the duties of the presi­ dency? Later, historians investigated Truman's political career mainly in terms of the periods before and after his reign as vice president of the United States. The eighty-two days during which he was vice president remained obscure. Cabell Phillips, in The Truman Presidency, devoted less than a page to the Truman vice presidency. One of Truman's biographers, Jonathan Daniels, en­ titled one chapter which dealt with this period "A Brief Inter­ lude." This assumption of the nonproductivity of Truman's vice presidency has been accepted by most historians. However, was it in fact nothing more than an interruptive period in Truman's politi­ cal career, or was it something more? On January 20, 1945, before the smallest crowd ever to wit­ ness a presidential inauguration, Harry S. Truman was sworn in by his predecessor, Henry Wallace. President Roosevelt took the oath of office for the fourth time, made a brief speech, and the inauguration was ended.2 At a luncheon on the previous December 21, Roosevelt and the vice president elect had decided, in keeping with the governmental policy of wartime austerity, that the in­ auguration ceremonies should be kept simple. They dressed in business suits rather than formal morning attire.3 Since guests at the inauguration ceremony were confined to the Diplomatic Corps and members of Congress, Truman, by necessity turned down numerous requests from his old friends for tickets.4 Truman left the post-inaugural luncheon and reception early, and went to his

i "The Thirty-Second," Time, XLV (April 23, 1945), 22. 2 New York Times, January 21, 1945. 3 Ibid., December 22, 1944. 4 Harry Truman to Dr. W. L. Brandon, December 13, 1944, Brandon, Dr. W. L., folder, Senatorial and Vice Presidential Files, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri. The Senatorial and Vice Presidential Files will be cited hereafter as SF. 320 Missouri Historical Review

Senate office to answer his mail. Many of his friends from Missouri dropped in to enjoy sandwiches and coffee. Always considerate of his mother, Truman made a phone call to her which the press overheard and reported.5 It was in many ways an inauspicious beginning for his career as a member of the executive branch of government. Harry Truman never sought the office of vice president. He viewed it as a dead end job: "I bet I can go down the street and stop the first ten men I see and that they can't tell me the name of two of the last ten Vice-Presidents of the United States."6 Shortly after he received the nomination, one of his Senate colleagues wrote to him that he did not know whether to offer congratulations or commiserations.7 However, once Truman entered the office, he took it seriously, and it was not as easy as he had anticipated. In March, he wrote to a friend, "This new job of mine is turning out to be quite a working job in spite of the fact I didn't think it would be."8 In his Memoirs, Truman spoke of the potential power of the vice president. The opportunities afforded by the vice-presidency, particularly the presidency of the Senate, do not come— they are there to be seized. The man who fills the office can choose to do little or he can do much. The Vice-Presi­ dent's influence on legislation depends on his personalitv and his ability, and especially the respect he commands from the senators. Here is one instance in which it is the man who makes the office, not the office the man.9 Truman planned to make something of the office. He and Roose­ velt agreed that he would not take on responsibilities in addition to the vice presidential duties as Henry Wallace had done with the Board of Economic Welfare. Truman concentrated on being "a pipeline for the exchange of information and ideas between the White House and the Senate."10 He hoped to confer with the president about twice a week, both to let him know Senate opinion on important matters and to let the Senate know of the president's

5 New York Times, January 21, 1945. 6 Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence (New York, 1950), 232. 7 Joseph H. Ball to Harry Truman, August 29, 1944, Miscellaneous Bal-Ban folder, SF, Truman Library. 8 Harry Truman to Colonel Leslie M. Skerry, Miscellaneous Sin-Siz folder, SF, Truman Library. 9 Harry Truman, Memoirs: Year of Decisions, I (Garden City, 1955) , 198. Hereafter cited as Memoirs. io New York Times, December 23, 1944. The Truman Vice Presidency 321

Henry A. Wallace

Dictionary of American Portraits thoughts.11 The vice president wanted to continue his friendly re­ lationships with the members of the Senate because he was quite aware that in this way he was to have at least an indirect influence on legislation.12 If, as Truman indicated, the vice president's influence de­ pended on the respect he commanded from senators, then Harry Truman was in a position to be an influential vice president. His work on the Truman Committee won for him the esteem of sen­ ators on both sides of the aisle. After Truman resigned as chair­ man of the Special Committee to Investigate Contracts under the National Defense Program, Republican Senator Joseph Ball of Minnesota, a member of the "Truman Committee", wrote that "An awful lot of people have asked me what's this guy Truman like. I tell them the truth, for which I hope my party will forgive me."13 As Truman entered the Senate chamber on January 23, 1945, to assume his duties as president of the Senate, he was greeted with enthusiastic applause from his former colleagues. He was con-

ii Ibid. 12 Ibid., January 21, 1945. 13 Joseph H. Ball to Harry Truman, August 29, 1944, Miscellaneous Bal-Ban folder, SF, Truman Library. 322 Missouri Historical Review sidered one of them.14 In a letter dated February 16, 1945, Re­ publican Senator Ralph Owen Brewster of Maine wrote, "... I am beginning to think you may make as much of your new job as you did of your old one before many months have passed."15 Senators frequently conferred with him and sought his advice. Alben Bark- ley, Senate Majority Leader and Truman's close friend, described the special relationship between himself and former Vice President John Nance Garner. . . . He insisted that I come to his office every day at least a quarter of an hour before the Senate would meet to tell him what my program was so that he'd know when I rose for recognition what my object was. The rules don't re­ quire it, but it's a moral obligation and the custom for the Chair to recognize the Majority Leader because he is the leader in the Senate and he maps the programs .... We worked very harmoniously because he knew what my pro­ gram was and I knew what he felt about it.16 Unlike Wallace, Truman continued Garner's policy. Each day the Senate met, the majority leader spoke with Truman, according to Barkley, "The old teamwork was restored."17 Truman wrote to Garner, "The Vice President's office is working once more. . . ."18 Truman conscientiously carried out the role delegated to the vice president by the Constitution. In his correspondence, he often told people that he could not attend functions on the days the Senate met ". . . Since I draw my salary for presiding over the Senate, I try to be here when the Senate is in session."19 In the Sen­ ate, Truman served as a general parliamentarian. His job was to open Senate sessions, recognize senators who desired to have the floor, and make general rulings. He swore in new senators, and his first official act, after opening the session, was to swear in his successor, Frank P. Briggs, a Democrat from Macon, Missouri.20 He made appointments to special committees, and usually based the appointment upon the recommendation of senators or on the

14 New York Times, January 23, 1945. 15 Owen Brewster to Harry Truman, February 16, 1945, Miscellaneous Bres- Bri folder, SF, Truman Library. 16 Transcript, Alben W. Barkley Interview, Reel 5 Side 2, p. 21, Truman Library. 17 Alben W. Barkley, That Reminds Me (Garden City, 1954), 197. 18 Harry Truman to John Nance Garner, March 23, 1945, Miscellaneous Gar-Gas folder, SF, Truman Library. i» Harry Truman to Mahlon G. Milliken, March 9, 1945, Invitations, March 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 20 New York Times, January 23, 1945. The Truman Vice Presidency 323 request of a person wishing to be on the committee.21 As vice presi­ dent, he could introduce miscellaneous resolutions but could not introduce legislation. He could vote only in the event of a tie, and Truman had only one opportunity to vote. On April 10, the Taft Lend-Lease amendment, which would have prevented the use of Lend-Lease for postwar relief and reconstruction, received 39 yea votes and 39 nay votes. Truman added a nay vote to break the tie.22 Among the powers delegated to the vice president as presi­ dent of the Senate is the power to refer a bill to a committee. In one of his most controversial official acts, Vice President Truman referred Montana Democratic Senator James Murray's Missouri Valley Authority bill to the Commerce Committee whose chairman, North Carolina Democrat Josiah Bailey, was hostile to public power bills. Senator Murray requested that it be sent to the Ag­ riculture Committee which was friendlier to the bill.23 Despite Murray's protest, Truman did not change his ruling, and Murray introduced an unsuccessful resolution which asked the Senate to overrule the vice president.24 The press and the public considered Truman's move as an indication of his opposition to the MVA bill. This was not true. Truman supported the creation of a Missouri Valley Authority, but regarded his decision as one based purely on the Senate rules. I do not refer bills to committees to please anybody or because I want to give the bills any special treatment. They are referred under the rules of the Senate and are sent where the rules call for them to go, and as long as I am Vice President those rules will be strictly adhered to and I don't care whether anyone likes it or not. I was elected to preside over the Senate, and I expect to continue to follow the rules in referring bills to the proper com­ mittees.25

21 Harry Truman to Brien McMahon, February 13, 1945, Miscellaneous McKi-McW folder; and Harry Truman to Josiah W. Bailey, February 9, 1945, Miscellaneous Baa-Bak folder, SF, Truman Library. 22 Congressional Record, XCI, Pt. Ill, U. S. 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (1945) , 3247. Truman's vote actually was unnecessary since the Senate rules state that a tie vote automatically defeats a measure. The vice president's tie-breaking vote is important only in the event he wants the measure to be affirmed. Floyd M. Riddick, The United States Congress Organization and Procedure (Manassas, Va., 1949), 84. 23 Cyril Clemens, The Man from Missouri (Webster Groves, Mo., 1945), 126. 24 Unmarked news clipping, February 19, 1945, p. 1, Truman, Vice Presi­ dency folder, Congressional Quarterly Editorials, Truman Library. 25 Harry Truman to E. L. Clary, March 30, 1945, Missouri Valley Author­ ity, March 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Alben W. Barkley

Dictionary of American Portraits

Truman said that the problems which the bill was concerned with —flood control, navigation, reclamation, and power production- fell under the jurisdiction of the Committee on Commerce rather than the Committee on Agriculture. To those critics who pointed out that precedent had been set because the original Tennessee Valley Authority bill and subsequent similar bills were sent to the Committee on Agriculture, Truman replied that he "could not account for the mistakes of others"26 and that ". . . if there is any­ one who believes that a bill cannot get a fair hearing from any Senate committee then the Senate should be abolished."27 If he had foreseen any chance of such a bill going through Congress, Truman might possibly have assigned the bill to a "friendly" com­ mittee. He was a shrewd enough politician that he would have used the precedent set by the TVA bill if this had been expedient. However, in 1945 the extension of federal power development was a bitterly contested issue, and Truman did not feel that Congress

26 Unmarked news clipping, February 19, 1945, p. 1, Truman, Vice Presidency folder. Congressional Quarterly Editorials, Truman Library. 2 7 Unmarked news clipping, Missouri Valley Authority, March 1945 folder, SF, Truman Librarv. The Truman Vice Presidency 325 could finally agree on an MVA bill.28 Truman's attitude ended any chance for final passage of MVA. At a luncheon for newly elected Republican senators, Truman spoke informally and said that he was non-partisan as president of the Senate.29 During his short tenure, however, he demonstrated that he could use the office to achieve politically partisan ends if needed. Before he left for Yalta, Roosevelt gave Truman one of the few tasks he was to ever assign to him: the engineering of the confirmation of Henry Wallace as Secretary of Commerce.30 At the time, the federal lending agencies were under the jurisdiction of the Department of Commerce. The Senate was unwilling to give Wallace the power that came with these lending agencies. The vice president conferred with numerous senators, including Wallace's most outspoken critic, Tennessee Democrat Kenneth McKellar.31 Truman's popularity and personal influence among senators was largely responsible for Wallace's eventual confirmation.32 His skill in the advantageous use of his position as Senate president was equally important. Before Wallace could be confirmed, the Sec­ retary of Commerce had to be stripped of the power involved in the handling of tremendous sums of money in federal loans. Other­ wise, too many senators would vote against him.33 A bill proposed by Senator Walter George of Georgia provided for the creation of an independent loan agency. It was in this fight that the real value of Truman and Barkley's pre-session conferences became apparent. In his Memoirs, Truman recalled that he twice saved Wallace from Senate rejection. On February 1, 1945, Bailey, chair­ man of the Commerce Committee and one of those unfriendly to Wallace, moved that the Senate go into executive session despite the opposition expressed by both Barkley and Truman in a Demo­ cratic party caucus earlier that day.34 If the motion carried, the nomination of Wallace automatically would have been considered before the George bill. This, of course, would have meant com­ plete defeat for Wallace. The motion ended in a tie, and Senator Robert Taft, Republican from Ohio, requested permission to change his vote to nay, which thereby enabled reconsideration of

28 Ibid. 29 Richard Eaton, Meet Harry S. Truman (Washington, 1945), 76. 30 Daniels, Man of Independence, 257. 31 New York Times, February 1, 1945. 32 Ralph G. Martin, President from Missouri: Harry S. Truman (New York, 1964), 13. 33 Truman, Memoirs, 195. 34 Allen Drury, A Senate Journal (New York, 1963), 354-355. 326 Missouri Historical Review

the vote in the hope of its passage the second time. During the proceedings that followed Taft's vote change, Truman used his power as the presiding officer of the Senate to "save" Wallace. Barkley and Taft addressed the vice president at the same time. Barkley was recognized and Taft moved for reconsideration of the vote. A point of order was called against Taft. Then Barkley said, "Mr. President, if the Senator from Ohio desires to make his motion to reconsider, I yield for that purpose." After Taft made his motion and the proposal was seconded, Barkley suddenly decided to re­ consider. Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I should like the Sena­ tor to understand my viewpoint about the matter. I in­ tended to move that the Senate proceed to the considera­ tion of the George bill, in view of the defeat of the motion of the Senator from North Carolina (Mr. BAILEY). There­ fore, I insist on the right to make that motion at this time, having been recognized by the Chair. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, the Senator yielded to me for the purpose of making the other motion, and I made the other motion. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair informs the Sen­ ator from Ohio that he is not precluded from making that motion at any time. The Chair recognized the Senator from Kentucky. Unless he yielded for that purpose, he still has the floor.35 Truman overruled Taft and Barkley regained the floor to pro­ pose consideration of the George bill. After the bill passed, the Senate went into executive session. If Truman "saved" Wallace twice as he indicated in his Memoirs, the second time probably was after Barkley moved that the consideration of the nomination of Wallace be postponed until March 1. As Truman began to put the question on the motion, Taft asked for recognition. Then Barkley said he wanted to speak to his motion and Truman ruled that Barkley still had the floor.36 Taft must have decided that his efforts were futile for he did not take the floor on the Wallace question again during that session. It was essential that the con­ sideration of the Wallace nomination be postponed if it was to be passed, and this was unquestionably what Taft wanted to prevent. The George bill had not yet been passed by the House of Repre­

ss Congressional Record, Vol. XCI, Pt. I, U. S. 79th Cong., 1st Sess. (1945) , 679. 36 ibid., 694. The Truman Vice Presidency 327 sentatives. Had Wallace been confirmed that day, it was quite possible that Roosevelt would veto the bill. With this in mind, the Senate very likely would have rejected the nomination. Truman's adroit handling saved the day. Most of Vice President Truman's activities both inside and outside the Senate centered around the future peace treaty and the San Francisco Conference. Many of the speeches Truman made as vice president were aimed at preparing an atmosphere in which the peace could be won. Two days after President Roosevelt's death, Harry Hopkins commented on the selection of Truman as the Democratic nomi­ nee for vice president. His performance on the Truman Committee had made him well-known and well-liked around the country and in the Senate. His popularity in the Senate, according to Hopkins, was the most important factor in the decision. "The President wanted somebody that would help him when he went up there and asked them to ratify the peace."37 Soon after his return from Yalta, Roosevelt announced to the press that Truman "had been asked to serve as Senate-White House go-between on the world security organization charter and other major treaties. . . ,"38 Truman delivered his first major speech as vice president on January 29 in Philadelphia. The occasion was a dinner for Pennsyl­ vania's new Democratic senator, Francis J. Meyers. In the speech, entitled "Unity," Truman stressed the danger of disunity on both the domestic and foreign fronts. He felt that efforts to embarrass the administration by questioning the reasons for fighting the war and the continual stress placed on Allied differences and dis­ agreements weakened the national morale and hampered the war effort. He attacked those who dreamed of a return to isolation saying that these people "deliberately place their interest above that of our country. ..." A total military victory was important and had to be won first, but after that came the crucial struggle—the struggle around the peace table "and in the countless subsequent meetings for adjustments, which peace and progress demand." Truman recalled the failure of Versailles and said that ". . . peace- loving nations must band together, in some acceptable form of organization, for the preservation of human progress." He also said that the key to lasting peace was an "enlightened world-wide

37 Daniels, Man of Independence, 259. 38 New York Times, March 6, 1945. 328 Missouri Historical Review education," but that path was slow and would require patience and tolerance.39 On February 22, Truman presented a speech entitled "Democ­ racy at the Crossroads" to the Missouri State Legislature. The problems faced by George Washington and the new republic were the dominant themes. Just as the turn of events after the Revolu­ tionary War was crucial to the success of the United States and democracy, so, Truman thought, the winning of the peace was crucial in 1945. In a world which was continually made smaller by improved means of transportation, the necessity for compromise among nations was as great as the necessity for compromise among the states had been in the post-Revolutionary War era. To prevent international anarchy from reigning, "some reasonable form of international organization among all so-called sovereign States" would have to be accepted. Several times Truman emphasized the need for tolerance; American democracy was at another crossroad, and the American people had to be willing to accept a change; the country could not retire from the world after a military victory, but must be willing to join an international organization and make the compromises necessary to achieve a lasting peace.40 In a St. Patrick's Day speech to the Irish Fellowship Club of Chicago, Truman again urged Americans to unite in the drive for international cooperation. He used the work of Saint Patrick in Ireland as a microcosm in which the international situation of 1945 was reflected. Truman noted that "in spreading the faith of his fathers, the good Saint condemned slavery, fought racial dis­ crimination, and sought to end the tragic isolation of Ireland from the civilization and culture of the outside world." Truman was confident that ". . . just as the end of isolation in Ireland in Saint Patrick's time was beneficial, so will the new era of international cooperation be a blessing for America and the world!" Truman at­ tacked racial and religious intolerance as the work of enemy agents and presented the mixed ethnic background of America as a logical reason for Americans to accept an international organization. In anticipation of objections which would inevitably be raised toward various parts of the San Francisco Charter, Truman said, "We must

39 Speech, Harry Truman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 29, 1945, Speeches—January 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 40 Speech, Harry Truman, Jefferson City, Missouri, February 22, 1945, Speeches—February 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. The Truman Vice Presidency 329 not wait for a perfect international plan. Modern wars do not wait while statesmen plan future Utopias."41 The importance of unity in order to win the peace was again the central theme in Truman's brief Passover speech broadcast over radio on March 26. Truman said that just as the Jews suffered for their moral principles, so those who believed in the principles of the United Nations would experience some trials because "all who insist upon fighting for ideals, be they religious or political, must suffer at some time from the intolerance and bigotry of bitter opponents." Truman said that if all men worked together for a lasting peace, the Promised Land where all the world lived to­ gether in peace and security could be achieved.42 In addition to his active support for the membership of the United States in an international peace organization in his formal speeches, Truman worked Senate acceptance of the plans for the United Nations and the peace treaties in his personal relations with the men in the Senate. The press often commented on Tru­ man's efforts to maintain and strengthen these relationships, but since they were usually made in informal conversations, it is diffi­ cult for the historian to pinpoint them. The correspondence that concerned a new senator from North Dakota provides some insight into the way Truman campaigned for the peace. Milton R. Young, a Republican, was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator John Moses. The Democratic National Com­ mitteeman from Grand Forks, David G. Kelly, wrote a letter to Robert E. Hannegan, Democratic National Committee Chairman. Young had "indicated clearly that he would support the Presi­ dent's conduct of the war, the writing of a firm peace, and the cooperation of this country in a program to enforce peace if neces­ sary."43 Kelly wrote that if the Administration showed a personal interest in Young's cooperation in these matters, he would firmly commit himself. "On the other hand if he is left in the hands of some of the isolationists and some of the bitter foes of the Presi­ dent, his attitude may be changed."44 Hannegan sent the letter to

41 Speech, Harry Truman, Chicago, Illinois, March 17, 1945, Speeches- March 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 42 Radio Speech, Harry Truman, March 26, 1945, Speeches—March 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 43 David G. Kelly to Robert E. Hannegan, March 27, 1945, Hannegan, Bob, folder, SF, Truman Library. 44 Ibid. 330 Missouri Historical Review

Harry S. Truman

Truman on April 6, and on April 10, Truman replied that he was "trying to keep in touch" with the new senator.45 The problems of winning the war and the peace were never far from the minds of Americans in 1945. The impending victory, however, meant that peacetime conditions would soon return and with them the problems of adjusting to the peacetime economy. The preoccupation with the international situation was giving way to a concern for the domestic situation. As vice president, Truman made two speeches which predominately emphasized the domestic scene. The first was given on January 28 on a fifteen-minute radio program, America United, sponsored by the American Federation of Labor. In the brief time alloted to him before the questions from the other participants of the program, Truman did inject the in­ ternational question by saying that Americans knew political isola­ tion was impractical. With peace we shall see that economic isolation is

45 Harry Truman to Robert E. Hannegan, April 10, 1945, Hannegan, Bob, folder, SF, Truman Library. The Truman Vice Presidency 331

also impractical. America cannot detach itself from the outside world. Our primary problem, therefore, is to make our foreign relations and foreign trade as pleasant and profitable as possible for all. On the domestic front, Truman said that the tremendous job of reconversion could be achieved only if Americans continued in a spirit of cooperation. In reply to a question raised by the American Federation of Labor President William Green, Truman said that full employment in peacetime industry could be attained shortly after the war ended "as long as we Americans work together and utilize wisely our great wealth of manpower, technical skills and natural resources." Truman told Eric Johnson, president of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, that the backlog of civilian consumer demands and the results of war research should create opportunities for business expansion. "Private business must be given all possible assistance by the Government to insure sound economic expansion for the benefit of all." The National Farmers Union was represented by its president, James G. Patton, who asked about the prospects of the family-type farmers. Truman re­ plied that the farmer's income would have to be held at "decent levels" in relation to the rest of the society if the economy were to remain prosperous.46 By 1945, the problems of the forthcoming reconversion oc­ cupied the minds of many Americans for whom the memory of the hardships of the twenties and thirties was still fresh. On April 7, at Buffalo, Truman gave a speech on postwar employment to the Democratic leaders of New York. The basic problem, as Tru­ man outlined it, was "to find sufficient useful employment for all willing workers by private enterprise in productive activity during peacetime." If it was necessary, he felt that the government should assist private enterprise through tax reductions, subsidies and loans. Public works should be used to provide additional employ­ ment whenever the economy needed this assistance. Truman thought that it would be foolish not to use all the economic weapons at the disposal of the government to fight off depression. Many observers feared a labor market flood when the servicemen re­ turned home. Truman indicated that this probably would not hap­ pen because many workers, especially women, would leave their jobs while many veterans would take advantage of the GI Bill of

46 Radio Speech, Harry Truman, January 28, 1945, Speeches—January 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 332 Missouri Historical Review

Rights to go to school, and war research would create new indus­ tries which would call for additional employment. The necessity for various economic factions to continue to cooperate for the benefit of the entire economy after the military victory was em­ phasized. To achieve our greatest possible development, all of us must work together for the interest of our country. Capital, labor and agriculture must cooperate for the bene­ fit of all concerned. Labor must produce efficiently to as­ sure capital with essential profits to be distributed. Capital must pay reasonable wages to help maintain the general purchasing power, upon which prosperity depends. Gov­ ernment must assist both, and prevent either from taking any undue advantage because of temporary conditions.47 In addition to the legislative and speechmaking functions, the routine matters of the vice presidential office occupied much of Truman's time. His constituency was no longer confined to Mis­ souri but consisted of people from all parts of the United States who wrote to him or called on him to ask for and sometimes give advice. A tremendous volume of mail came through the vice presidential office, and nearly all letters were answered by Tru­ man or his staff. In a letter to a friend, Truman wrote, "The dif­ ficulty the Vice President has is to keep up with his mail and find time to do the things that are necessary."48 Much of the mail he received was rerouted to people or committees who could deal with the matter involved. Letters from his former constituents were rerouted to Senator Briggs. Truman remained closely as­ sociated with the special committee to investigate the National Defense Program and continued to receive mail that concerned the activities of the committee. Many people wrote to tell Truman how they felt about pending legislation, domestic issues or interna­ tional developments. Distressed parents wrote for assistance to discover why their sons in the armed forces had not written to them, or why the War Department did not give them more infor­ mation on missing in action reports. Companies which awaited decisions from the War Production Board, the War Labor Board or the Office of Price Administration often sent requests to Truman to find out why the decision took so long.

47 Speech, Harry Truman, Buffalo, New York, April 7, 1945, Speeches—April 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 48 Harry Truman to Major Morris G. Riley, February 28, 1945, Miscellaneous Rif-Riz folder, SF, Truman Library. The Truman Vice Presidency 333

No record was preserved of either the daily conferences or the telephone conferences of Truman's vice presidency. Only through the correspondence files and occasional glimpses in the press is it possible to estimate the scope of these conferences. In a letter to the vice president of the Confederated Unions of America, Tru­ man commented, "I had an interview with some of the members of the Packinghouse Workers' Union, and I hope their settlement of the controversy may be expedited."49 The president of the St. Louis National Stockyards Company wrcte a note of thanks to Truman for his conferences with him on the company's difficulties with the War Food Administration. After the conference, Truman had discussed the matter with WFA administrator, Marvin Jones.50 Concerned over an item omitted from the budget, the chairman of the Committee on Patents wrote: Now if you don't think this should be done over the telephone, let's have a meeting in your office and have Mr. Smith come up or we will come down or anything you suggest. I know of the great work you have done on this project and I want your advice before I move because we cannot afford to fail.51 When Truman later discussed the office of the vice president in his Memoirs, he wrote: A good deal of the Vice-President's functions are social and ceremonial. . . . Outranking foreign ambassadors, he is almost always the most important guest at a dinner or other social functions. Socially the Vice-President takes precedence over all other officers of the government ex­ cept the President. I never cared too much for this aspect of my job as Vice-President.52 Despite his lack of enthusiasm for the social aspects of his job, Truman kept a social schedule that left "Capitol society writers breathless."53 The Trumans enjoyed parties, and people enjoyed the Trumans. Truman's social activities—which he justified to his

49 Harry Truman to Don Mahon, February 12, 1945, War Labor Board October 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 50 J. G. Sheaffer to Harry Truman, March 29, 1945, Agriculture Department folder, SF, Truman Library. 51 Frank W. Boykin to Harry Truman, March 16, 1945, Bureau of Budget February 1943 folder, SF, Truman Library. 52 Truman, Memoirs, 197. 53 "The Vice Presidency: The Social Life of Harry T.," Time, XLV (Feb­ ruary 5, 1945), 17. 334 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star Vice president Truman smiles for pho­ tographers as he leaves the Pendergast funeral. friend Lou Holland by stating that his attendance was usually a necessity—naturally attracted attention from the press.54 Shortly after Truman was inaugurated as vice president, his old political friend Tom Pendergast died. Truman flew to Kansas City aboard an army transport plane to attend the funeral, and returned to the east coast for a dinner speech in Philadelphia that night.55 His actions aroused a storm of public controversy. People objected not only to his attendance at the funeral of a "convicted felon", but to his use of rationed gasoline,56 To others, Truman's

54 Harry Truman to Lou E. Holland, February 26, 1945, Personal Cor­ respondence 202—Truman, Harry—Vice President folder, Holland Papers, Tru­ man Library. 55 New York Times, January 30, 1945. 56 Charles L. Reily to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, January 29, 1945; William E. Durin to Franklin Delano Roosevelt, January 29, 1945, Documents from the The Truman Vice Presidency 335 refusal to repudiate his old friendship was considered an act of political courage.57 In response to a letter that commended his at­ tendance at the funeral. Truman wrote, "... there had been so much talking about my connection with him that I just wanted to let them know that they didn't have any effect on me."58 But above all, Tom Pendergast "had been [Truman's] friend when [he] needed one,"59 and Truman's sense of loyalty toward his friends was always quite strong. On this and several other oc­ casions, he risked his political career rather than turn his back on a friend. Included in the Time magazine coverage of the 1944 Demo­ cratic Convention appeared the pictures of six vice presidents who had become the top executive upon the death of a president. The caption under the pictures read, "The convention had history in mind."60 Throughout the campaign and the eighty-two days of Truman's vice presidency, the possibility that Franklin Roosevelt might die hovered over the nation. Newsmen who covered the campaign asked Truman what his policies would be if Roosevelt should die in office. Republicans campaigned against the presi­ dent's health. It was not unusual for Truman to receive letters that included comments such as "My opinion is that you will be President some day before long"61 or "... I am certain you will occupy the Presidency before [1948]."62 Some who evidently did not want to think about the possibility of Roosevelt's death some­ how conceived the idea that he would resign the presidency for various reasons after the war was concluded. The only indication that Truman had of the president's realiza­ tion of the seriousness of his physical condition was in Roosevelt's request that Truman campaign by train rather than by plane be­ cause, he said, "It is necessary that you take care of yourself."63 One writer reported that Roosevelt discussed with Harry Hopkins

White House Files of Franklin D. Roosevelt pertaining to Harry S. Truman, Microfilm, Truman Library. 57 Shreveport Journal, February 7, 1945, news clipping in Miscellaneous Bra folder, SF, Truman Library. 58 Harry Truman to E. J. Short, Sr., February 5, 1945, Miscellaneous Shi-Shu folder, SF, Truman Library. 59 ibid. 60 "The Missouri Compromise," Time, XLIV (July 31, 1944), 14. 61 W. L. Bouchard to Harry Truman, August 14, 1944, Miscellaneous Bou- Boy folder, SF, Truman Library. 62 Harry H. Woodring to Harry Truman, March 9, 1945, Miscellaneous Wol- Woo folder, SF, Truman Library. 63 Truman, Memoirs, 5. 336 Missouri Llistorical Review

and other advisors the possibility of his death in office.64 But if the president realized that he was to die soon, he did not actively pre­ pare Truman for the assumption of the presidency. According to the records at Hyde Park, Roosevelt and Truman saw each other by appointment only twice—March 8 and March 19. Truman told his biographer, Jonathan Daniels, that as vice president he thought that he saw Roosevelt only twice except at Cabinet meetings.65 There must have been other meetings or at least telephone conver­ sations between the two that were off the record. Daniels wrote that Roosevelt "called Truman in" before leaving for Yalta in January to tell him of Henry Wallace's nomination for Secretary of Commerce.66 In his Memoirs, Truman wrote that he advised Roosevelt to sit down when he addressed the Congress on March l.67 He also went to the White House for the "Big Four" meetings. These were usually arranged for Monday mornings, but there were only a few such meetings. The "Big Four" is the term we applied to a group made up of the Vice- President, the Speaker of the House, the majority leader of the House, and the majority leader of the Senate, and at these meetings with the President we discussed a wide assortment of subjects. Domestic and foreign problems of many kinds came up for discussion, and the President would tell us what sort of legislation he was interested in. I felt these meetings to be of value. . . .68 The cabinet meetings, however, were of little value to Truman. White House releases emphasized the fact that Truman's "attend­ ance at cabinet meetings [served] to keep him on the inner level of high policy."69 But Truman said that "little of real importance was discussed, for Franklin Roosevelt usually had conferences with individual members of the Cabinet before and after the meet­ ings, and it was then that detailed discussions usually took place."70 While Truman was vice president, Roosevelt held only two Cabi­ net meetings, on March 9 and March 16.71 The only evidence of written communication between the two executive officers after January 20 was the confidential memoradum from Roosevelt to

64 Clemens, Man from Missouri, 95. 65 Daniels, Man of Independence, 259. 66 ibid., 257. 67 Truman, Memoirs, 2. 68 ibid., 56. 69 "Truman: Liaison Man?" Business Week (March 31, 1945), 7. 70 Truman, Memoirs, 55. 71 Irving G. Williams, The Rise of the Vice Presidency (Washington, 1956), 220. The Truman Vice Presidency 337

Truman to inform him that "absolutely urgent messages9' for the president while he was overseas could be sent through the top- secret White House Map Room.72 Truman and Roosevelt met socially at least once. On March 22, both attended the White House Correspondents Association dinner.73 It is difficult to determine to what degree Truman anticipated Roosevelt's death. Harry Vaughan, Truman s military aide, recalled a conversation with Truman after the vice president elect discussed campaign plans with Roosevelt. After the luncheon, he came back into the office about two thirty or three o'clock and he came into where I was sitting at the desk back in the "doghouse" at that par­ ticular time. He said, "You know, I am concerned about the President's health. I had no idea he was in such a feeble condition. In pouring cream in his tea, he got more cream in the saucer than he did in the cup. His hands are shaking and he talks with considerable difficulty. ... It doesn't seem to be any mental lapse of any kind, but physically he's just going to pieces." He said, "I'm very much concerned about him."74 As Truman presided over the Senate on February 20, a rumor circulated that President Roosevelt was dead. Truman immedi­ ately left the chair to check the rumor.75 For the first time in his­ tory, the vice president was under the continuous guard of the Secret Service, a measure surggested by Harry Vaughan.76 Despite the constant reminders that Roosevelt might die at any time, Truman would not seriously think about the possibility77—because, as Vaughan suggested, he hoped it would go away if he did not think about it.78 However, in the first months of 1945, Roosevelt's health began to fail visibly. The Congress was aware of this on his return from Yalta;79 Russian officials took note;80 newspaper readers and tele-

72 Truman, Memoirs, 50-51. 73 Drury, Senate Journal, 389. 74 Transcript, General Harry H. Vaughan Interview, January 14 and 16, 1963, p. 33, Truman Library. 75 Truman, Memoirs, 5. 76 Transcript, General Harry H. Vaughan Interview, January 14 and 16, 1963, p. 34, Truman Library. 77 Truman, Memoirs, 5. 78 Transcript, General Harry H. Vaughan Interview, January 14 and 16, 1963, p. 3, Truman Library. 79 Drury, Senate Journal, 371. 80 New York Times, March 23, 1945. 338 Missouri Historical Review vision viewers noticed.81 On April 12, Truman attended a birthday party for Senator Warren Magnuson of Washington.82 At ap­ proximately 3:00 p.m., the vice president entered the Senate cham­ ber and went into "an obviously friendly huddle" with two Repub­ lican senators. The press correspondents watched him from the gallery, "enjoying as always his enjoyment of other people and theirs of him."83 By 3:55 p.m., he was presiding over the Senate. While presiding, he wrote a letter to his sister, telling her, "The situation back here gets no better fast. It looks as if I have more to do than ever and less time to do it, but some way we get it done."84 The Senate was adjourned by 5:00 p.m. A few days later Truman made the following diary entry for April 12. . . . Sam Rayburn called me up and asked me if I could stop off at his office—some legislative matters about which he wanted to talk. I arrived at Rayburn's office about 5:05 and there was a call from Steve Early, asking me to come to the White House as quickly as possible. I told Sam Rayburn and some Congressmen, who were present, to say nothing about it; I would probably be back in a few minutes, expecting probably I was going to see the President because Bishop Atwood was to be buried that day; and I thought maybe the President was in town for the funeral and wanted to go over some matter with me before returning to Warm Springs.85 Truman stopped at his office to get his hat, then went to the White House to learn that he was no longer vice president of the United States. Most of the historical investigations of Truman s political ca­ reer only briefly mention or completely bypass the period between his nomination as vice president in July of 1944 and the death of Roosevelt in April of 1945. The vice presidential office has been traditionally a nonentity, and Truman's brief term as vice president was typically unspectacular and seemingly unproductive to many observers. With the exception of the referral of the Missouri Valley Authority bill to the Committee on Commerce, the events which

81 Transcript, Mary Ethel Noland Interview, August 23, September 9 and 16, 1963, pp. 76-77, Truman Library. 82 Drew Pearson, "The Washington Merry-Go-Round," Washington Post, April 19, 1945, Truman the President folder, Democratic National Committee Library Clipping File, Truman Library. 83 Drury, Senate Journal, 410. 84 Harry Truman to Mrs. George P. Wallace, April 12, 1945, Waa-Wall folder, SF, Truman Library. 85 William Hillman, Mr. President (New York, 1952), 109. The Truman Vice Presidency 339

S. J. Ray's political cartoon entitled "The New Pilot Takes Over" appeared in the Kansas City Star, April 15, 1945. attracted public attention to Truman during his vice presidency were not connected with his office, but were concerned with his personal or social life. Truman's vice presidency often has been summarized as a period in which almost nothing occurred that prepared him to meet the problems of the presidency. It was true that Harry Truman was ignorant of many important matters when Franklin Roosevelt died. The Manhattan Project was the most obvious example. It simply was not the Roosevelt style to con­ scientiously provide for the systematic education in executive af­ fairs of his probable successor. Roosevelt's attitude did, of course, handicap Truman when he assumed the office of president. Was this a severe handicap? Probably not. Truman was a man who rapidly grasped the details of new information and new situations. In addition, other less important aspects of his vice presidency helped to prepare him for the presidency. The problem that was foremost in the minds of policy makers in 1945 was not the conclusion of the war. It was just a matter of time before Allied victories would occur on both fronts. The crucial 340 Missouri Historical Review

problem was the nature of the peace. The key to victor}" in this, as the fate of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations so aptly illustrated, was the United States Senate. Truman's firm belief in the value of a world organization to preserve the peace, and his work toward the acceptance of this idea was vitally important. The necessity of American cooperation with the rest of the world was emphasized again and again in his speeches as vice president. During the three months in which he served as president of the Senate, he worked to create a favorable atmos­ phere for the Dumbarton Oaks proposals. Truman's good relations with the Senate probably made him better prepared to handle the problem of the postwar peace treaty than any amount of instruc­ tion from the chief executive could have. In many ways. Truman was probably in better position than Franklin Roosevelt with re­ spect to the peace. On April 15, 1945, Allen Drury made the fol­ lowing entry in his journal. . . . The chance for peace (has) been bettered. Roosevelt's prestige and influence in the Senate, steadily declining for many months, were never low7er than they were on the day of his death. . . . Dumbarton Oaks, handicapped by his sponsorship, would have had heavy going; too many past antagonisms would have been riding with it. It is no un­ truth to say, and everyone who knows the Senate knows it. that the chances for American participation in the world organization are considerably better under Harry Truman than they could ever have been under Franklin Roose­ velt.86 The conflict between the Senate and the president was very strong in early 1945, as the controversy over presidential appointments indicated. It was so strong that closer contact between Roosevelt and Truman conceivably could have done more harm than good to Truman when he became president. Truman s term as vice president was not a period of unimpor­ tance in the development of his political ideas. His vice presidential speeches included ideas which became part of some of his most important policies during his presidential years. While these ideas may not have had their origin during this period, they were at least vocalized. The idea of the Point Four program, that the United States make available to under-developed areas the bene­ fits of superior technical knowledge, may have been hinted at in

86 Drury, Senate Journal, 414-415. The Truman Vice Presidency 341

Truman's statement that "Enlightened world-wide education may be the lost key to lasting peace."87 In the speech delivered at Jef­ ferson City, Missouri, Truman said, Either America must be constantly ready to repel alone all and any attacks from the rest of the world—or we must be willing to cooperate with friendly states to check the first sign of aggression on the part of any mem­ ber of the Family of Nations.88 These words expressed his deep belief in the principle of the United Nations. They also reflected his philosophical approach to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. On a radio program, Tru­ man spoke of his belief that economic isolation was as impractical as political isolation.89 Truman's conviction that the United States would have to take an active part in order to bolster foreign economies was a reaffirmation of his longstanding support for re­ ciprocal trade agreements in the Senate. Truman's vice presidency was indeed something more than a "brief interlude." The actual experience of dealing with a nation­ wide constituency as vice president made Truman more prepared to handle the work involved in the presidency. In this period, he reinforced his friendships in the Senate and built up vital support for the peace treaties and the United Nations organization. As a student of government Truman knew that the vice presi­ dency carried few real duties. In many respects, Truman's plan was to make the best of the job. He saw himself as the political vice president. He helped shape and steer legislation through the Senate by successful work behind the scenes mending political fences and curbing political feuds. In this way he also saw him­ self as a champion of the programs of the New Deal. Though short in duration, Truman's vice presidency was an important and con­ structive apprenticeship for the problems that he later faced as president of the United States.

87 Speech, Harry Truman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, January 29, 1945, Speeches—January 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 88 Speech, Harry Truman, Jefferson City, Missouri, February 22, 1945, Speeches—February 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library. 89 Radio Speech, Harry Truman, January 28, 1945, Speeches—January 1945 folder, SF, Truman Library.

A Pathetic Sight Sedalia Bazoo Monthly Magazine, February 1921. One of the most pathetic sights in this world is to see a man trying to support an automobile wife on a wheelbarrow salary. Dedication of First Capitol Inaugurates Missouri's Sesquicentennial

Mo. State Park Bd. First Capitol Building During Restoration

The dedication, February 5, of the First Capitol Building at 208-214 South Main Street, St. Charles, highlighted the beginning of Missouri's sesquicentennial year of statehood. Governor Warren E. Hearnes, a number of Missouri legis­ lators, other government officials and dignitaries and invited guests viewed the three buildings which have been completely restored and furnished in the 1821 period when Missouri became a state. Fourteen senators and 43 representatives held sessions of the Missouri General Assembly in these buildings from 1821 until 1826 when the seat of government was moved to Jefferson City. One of the buildings recreated the residence of Chauncey Shepard with the office of Governor Alexander McNair and a committee room on the second story. Another building houses a hardware and dry goods store of Ruluff and Charles Peck including the House of Representatives on the second floor. The third building contains the residence of the Peck brothers on the first floor with the Senate chamber on the second. A fourth building, which was not a part of the capitol, was restored to serve as administration office and living quarters for the curator.

342 Historical Notes and Comments 343

The buildings were purchased in 1961 during the late Governor James T. Blair's administration. The restoration began some 7 years ago after the State Park Board received a grant from the General Assembly. St. Charles established a historical district for the eight-block area south of the capitol buildings.

Kenneth E. Coombs, A.I.A. of Kansas City, served as project architect and Robert Elgin, St. James, as project engineer. The assembling of furnishings for the buildings was handled by H. B. Gleason. The program for the dedication began with a parade of antique automo­ biles and persons dressed as 19th-century state legislators on horseback led the state officials from The Lindenwood Colleges campus to the capitol buildings. After the 24-star flag was raised over the capitol, Governor Hearnes lit the flame officially opening the sesquicentennial year. With Glen Goellner, general chairman of the St. Charles Sesquicentennial Commission acting as master of ceremonies, Governor Hearnes delivered the dedicatory address. Guests then toured the capitol and viewed the mock legislative sessions in progress. Richard Berg, vice president of The Lindenwood Colleges portrayed first governor Alexander McNair delivering his first speech on June 4, 1821, as it was re­ ported in the Missouri Gazette. Members of the St. Charles County Historical Society then conducted guided tours of the city's historical district.

Some 600 guests attended the evening banquet at Three Flags Restaurant. U.S. Representative William L. Hungate acted as master of ceremonies and Miss Missouri, Marcia Mossbarger of Brookfield, presented the state's birthday cake to Governor Hearnes. A skit featured Robert Clayton, II, as Mark Twain, with Brent Beard as Tom Sawyer and Lynn Shores portraying Becky Thatcher. Kansas City author, historian and journalist Lew Larkin presented the evening address.

Members of the First State Capitol Restoration and Sesquicentennial Com­ mission are Dr. Homer Clevenger, Orrick, chairman; Senator Don Owens, Ger­ ald, vice chairman; Representative Clarence H. Heflin, Independence, secretary- treasurer; Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Columbia; Senator Lawrence J. Lee, St. Louis; Senator Omer H. Avery, Troy; Senator Edward Stone, Jr., Chesterfield; Senator Nelson B. Tinnin, Hornersville; Representative Edward M. Cannon, Troy; Representative Herman Johnson, Kansas City; Representative Arlie H. Meyer, St. Charles; Representative D. R. Osbourn, Monroe City; Fred Baue, St. Charles; Henry J. Elmendorf, St. Charles; and Lee White, St. Charles.

A number of other events are planned to take place throughout the ses­ quicentennial year.

ERRATA

In the January 1971 issue of the REVIEW, verso back cover, the birthdate of Fannie Hurst was incorrectly given as October 19, 1899. The correct date is 1889. On page 209, the birthdate of Dr. George M. Arrowsmith was August 28, 1886, instead of 1866. 344 Missouri Historical Review Dorothy V. Jones and Society's Review Receive Awards

REVIEW editors and author display plaque and prizewinning article. From left to right: Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Mrs. Dorothy V. Jones and James W. Goodrich

Mrs. Dorothy V. Jones and the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW were named recipients of the 1970 Wrestern History Association's awards for writing and publishing the best scholarly article in the field of western history. Mrs. Jones' article. "Jonn Dougherty and the Pawnee Rite of Human Sacrifice, April, 1827," appeared in the April 1969 issue of the REVIEW. An article to be eligible for the award must have been printed in a regular periodical publication with a 1969 date; have been related to some phase of the North American West, including Mexico, Canada and Alaska (and also the frontier movement and process) ; and, the author could not have been paid more than $75.00 for the article (no monetary remuneration is given to authors published in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW) . Mrs. Jones, a graduate student in history at the University of Missouri, Columbia, received a check for $200 and an engraved desk plaque; the State Historical Society of Missouri also received an engraved desk plaque. Historical Notes and Comments 345

IIIIIIISIIIKIIIIII^

EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest. In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in foot­ noting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for pub­ lication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maximum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permission. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, publica­ tion may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

(MMIKISISIHIIMS^ VIEWS FROM THE PAST

Jewish Synagogue in Kansas City, about 1900

The interior of Immanuel Lutheran Church of St. Charles

Barratks^lr LouU°.01 ^^ ^^^ enj°yed by young PeoPle near Jefferson MISSOURI RELIGIOUS LIFE

Paris Monroe Co. Appeal The Reverend R. T. Colborn baptizes a convert in the North Fork of Salt River near Elliots- ville covered bridge. Though people were baptized in icy waters there is no record of any­ one suffering from cold or exposure.

The Methodist Church and parsonage in Rocheport follow­ ing Sunday morning worship services

A large crowd attended Sunday school in Lawrence County around 1902. 348 Missouri Historical Review NEWS IN BRIEF In honor of Missouri's sesquicenten­ catalog, a veterinary supply catalog nial, the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW and an 1881 handbill advertising spec­ will publish a special July issue as the tacles and opera glasses. fourth number of Volume LXV. For this issue, the REVIEW will deviate from Dr. August R. Suelflow, director of the usual format. The July issue will the Concordia Historical Institute, St. contain an introduction, articles and Louis, was elected to a two-year term illustrations pertaining to the 1820s as president of the Lutheran Historical and a separate index for that volume. Conference, meeting in Gettysburg, The index for numbers one, two and Pennsylvania, October 15-17. Confer­ three of Volume LXV is contained in ence membership encompasses over 100 this issue. professors of church historv. librarians and archivists. Participants noted the The personal papers of Dr. Theo­ 150th anniversary of the founding of dore Graebner, sealed since his death, the General Synod, one of the pred­ November 14, 1950, are now open to ecessor bodies of the old United Lu­ researchers at the Concordia Histori­ theran Church in America and its suc­ cal Institute, St. Louis. Born in 1876 cessor, the present Lutheran Church in and the son of noted Lutheran his­ America. torian Professor A. L. Graebner, Dr. Graebner was a leading Lutheran personality in the first half of the 20th The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage century in the United States. A pro­ Foundation held its two-day meeting, lific writer, he served on the faculty November 5-6, at Bismarck, North Da­ of Concordia Seminary in St. Louis kota, and elected Dr. E. G. Chuinard from 1913 to 1950. His papers com­ of Portland, Oregon, as its president. prise over 30,000 items and take up Other officers elected included E. E. 112 feet of shelf space. They provide MacGilvra, Butte, Montana, vice pres­ a wealth of information on the his­ ident; John Greenslip, Bismarck, North tory of American Lutheranism in the Dakota, secretary; and Joseph Jaeger, recent past. Qualified researchers may Jr., Jefferson City, Missouri, treasurer. be granted access to the collection up­ on application to the director of the From research, personal memories Institute, Dr. August R. Suelflow. and reminiscences of older citizens, Mary L. Hahn compiled an informal Twenty-three medical equipment and history of Bollinger County entitled surgical instrument catalogs and other "Bits of History, Beginning, Growth memorabilia from the old A. S. Aloe and Folklore of Bollinger County."' Company—now a division of Sherwood The 1 3 6 - p a g e soft-bound mimeo­ Medical Industries, Inc.—were recently graphed volume was introduced June donated by Sherwood to the Medical 20, 1970, at a "folk party" at the Hahn Historical Museum of the St. Louis home in Marble Hill for Beta Gamma Medical Society. The catalogs, which Chapter of Alpha Delta Kappa, inter­ cover years from 1899 to 1950, illus­ national honorary society for women trate not only the advances in medical educators. All 106 copies of the work, techniques, but also developments in dedicated to the educational society, advertising and merchandising tech­ have been distributed. Mrs. Hahn has niques. The collection also includes a presented a copy to the State Histori­ copy of an 1894 Aloe artists' supply cal Society. Historical Notes and Comments 349 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Marking Historic Sites

Historical Trail Committee members of the Joplin Historical Society erected a marker at Cunningham Park in November 1969. Shown from left to right are William Scearce, director of the Parks and Rec­ reation Department; Wesley Day, employee of the late Thomas W. Cunningham; Mrs. David Hoover, committee co-chairman; John D. Ferguson, commit­ tee member; Victor J. Hinton, committee co-chair­ man; Mrs. Chester Chickering, committee secretary; and Dr. A. Paul Thompson, society president.

A number of local historical socie­ toward the marking program. High­ ties have noted the benefits achieved way departments and city officials from the marking of area historic sites. are also concerned because markers Historical markers can take the place are often placed near the highway or of conducted tours in pointing out in­ on city property. One organization, teresting and important sites. They preferably the historical society, may help area residents, as well as tourists, handle the historical research and to understand the heritage of the com­ select the important sites to be marked; munity and they inspire further inter­ other agencies may obtain the marker est in local history. Because of public and have charge of erection and main­ awareness of their architectural and tenance. When more than one group historical value, marked buildings may is involved with the same duties, how­ be saved from destruction during ur­ ever, differences of opinion can cause a ban renewal projects. standstill in the program. Due to its effect on business and Individuals may suggest important community development, business, civic area sites to a committee that compiles betterment and planned progress listings, examines all available facts groups may offer welcomed assistance about each site and makes the final se- 350 Missouri Historical Review lection of those to be marked. All his­ Last year a successful marker pro­ torical records, information and pic­ gram was executed in Warsaw. As lo­ tures are kept in a convenient file. cal businessman Gene Bibb and news­ Marking programs can be accom­ paperwoman Mrs. Kay White Miles plished by a small number of persons were working on a city brochure for and without a great financial strain on Community Betterment, the presence the budget. Some societies begin with of many old historical buildings the establishment of one or two mark­ pointed up the need for a historical ers a year, adding regularly. The tour. Mr. Bibb asked Mrs. Miles to or­ markers are financed by special fund- ganize a tour. The co-author of a two- raising projects or through the gen­ volume Benton County history, Mrs. erosity of individual property owners Miles knew of the outstanding historic or descendants of early pioneers. sites. She listed the places that should Chambers of commerce or other civic be marked and chose a catchy title for organizations often make cash dona­ the program, "Sixteen Steps Thru His­ tions, and voluntary contributions of tory." labor and materials may be solicited. Local participation was outstanding. Most local historical markers are A woodworker agreed to design and placed in city parks, along urban build the sign frames from material streets and on buildings or walls which donated by the lumberyard. Another are flush with the sidewalk. Those businessman provided paint for two placed on private property must have local historical society members who the owners' signatures of approval on painted the frames, and a local garage legal forms. made and donated the plastic signs. A popular marker material is light The mayor allowed the city work weight but durable cast aluminum al­ crews to dig the holes and put up the loy with baked enamel finish. A few markers after property owners gave granite markers have been erected in their permission. recent years though their popularity Mrs. Miles compiled tour guides waned with the perfection of alumi­ which were printed free of charge by num. Wooden signs can give a rustic her family-operated Printery. The affect, are fairly inexpensive, but sub­ guides were sold at local businesses for ject to rotting in time. Very good 25 cents which constituted a donation marker mountings are obtained from to the Benton County museum fund. reinforced concrete posts, especially ap­ Missouri's first lady, Mrs. Warren E. propriate for larger markers. Iron pipe Hearnes, was an honored guest at the mountings appear less expensive but re­ dedication of the first tour. Through­ quire frequent painting and a con­ out the summer many people, with the crete anchor to keep them from turn­ help of the guides, toured the Warsaw ing in the ground. sites. Most of them were in walking The size of the markers depends on distance of the downtown area. their location and the amount of text In 1969 the Raytown Historical So­ to be included. The text, printed in ciety marked the site of the original sharp contrasting colors, should be in­ blacksmith shop owned by William formative, clear, but brief. All markers Ray, for whom Raytown was named. provided by the society or sponsoring Research chairman Mrs. Roberta Bon- organization within a given area should newitz located the site and confirmed be of the same basic design even though the historical facts. An aluminum their size varies. Many contain an iden­ marker was ordered from a profes­ tifying seal. sional marker company and purchased Historical Notes and Comments 351

through the general funds of the so­ ary 14 meeting in the Butler City Hall ciety. Since a service station occupied and heard a report of the year's ac­ the site of the blacksmith shop, the complishments. Plans were made for marker was erected, with the consent new museum cases and displays in of the city engineers, on city property preparation for the spring opening. in front of the station. A Ray descend­ ant accepted the invitation to be the Benton County Historical Society society's special guest at the dedica­ At the January 14 meeting in the of­ tion. A year later the society marked fice of the Benton County Enterprise, the first dedicated cemetery in the Warsaw, the following officers were area. The site was originally a part of elected: John Owen, president; M. K. the Brooking farm for which the White, vice president; Mrs. H. E. Mc- Brooking Township was named. Natt, secretary; and Robert Drake, Jr., Under the direction of the historical treasurer. trail committee, Joplin Historical So­ One of the most recent projects of ciety has one of the most extensive the Society is to lend support to the marker programs. In 1969 the society city of Warsaw in its efforts to pre­ installed 28 markers in city parks and serve the swinging bridge on Highway on other public property. Twenty-two 7 near Warsaw. more were erected on private property the following year, and the publication Boone County Historical Society of a trail map and descriptive booklet The Society met, January 17, in the is planned for the future. The best new Columbia library building. Mrs. marker design, drawn by the late Dorothy Caldwell, associate editor of Robert Higgs, was selected in a 1965 the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, dis­ contest. The design, in deep green, is cussed the historical exhibit on public imprinted on a white enamel heavy display, January 16, 18-22, as a part of gauge metal panel which is bolted on a the Boone County Sesquicentennial metal post. celebration. The exhibit of photo­ graphs, documents and paintings per­ Pulaski County, Carondelet and taining to the county's history was Kirkwood historical societies have also jointly sponsored by the library and placed markers during the past year. the Boone County Historical Society. The Westport Historical Society and the Johnson County and Lafayette County historical societies have in the Boonslick Historical Society Members of the Society held their past marked historic sites. All attest to November 18 meeting at the Windmill the value of the program. Restaurant near Boonville. The pro­ gram was furnished by the First State Audrain County Historical Society Capitol Restoration and Sesquicenten­ Robert M. White, II, Mexico, be­ nial Commission. came the new Society president, De­ cember 1. Other officers are Lakenan Cape Girardeau County Barnes, Mrs. H. I. Nesheim, Elenore Historical Society Schewe and Wynn Henderson, vice More than 50 persons attended the presidents; Betty Baker, secretary; and September 26 meeting in the Common Bradford Brett, treasurer. Pleas Courthouse, Cape Girardeau. Mrs. Naomi Lusher, one of the historical Bates County Historical Society museum hostesses, gave a program Some 13 members attended the Janu­ about the museum, and members 352 Missouri Historical Review toured the historic Common Pleas be working with H. W. Thomas, Chari­ Building which was erected before the ton County engineer, of Moberly. Mrs. Civil War. Barbara Fagerlund presented the pro­ A program on the history of the gram featuring a story of Dr. Sturman Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran and from 1918 area newspapers. Baptist churches of the county was given by Dr. S. D. Aubuchon at the Civil War Round Table January 30 meeting in the Jackson Of Kansas City Public Library. Dr. Archer Jones, dean of the Col­ Officers of the Society are Dr. Robert lege of Arts and Science and professor R. Hill, president; Dr. Wesley A. of History at North Dakota State Uni­ Deneke, first vice president; Alvin W. versity, Fargo, spoke on "Civil War Maevers, second vice president; Ida Strategy and its Background," at the Daume, secretary; Edwin R. Puis, November 24 meeting in Twin Oaks treasurer; and Mrs. Shelby Brown, li­ Apartments. Dr. Jones is the author of brarian. Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg. Carondelet Historical Society At the January 26 meeting, Henry The Society held its annual Christ­ B. Bass, Enid, Oklahoma, addressed the mas party, December 13, at St. Boni­ group on "Abraham Lincoln, The face Hall in Carondelet. Mrs. Oliver Civil War and Related Subjects." Mr. Duggins presented "Around the World Bass is a recognized collector of Lin- at Christmas." colniana and a world traveler. New officers are Jay Gunnels, presi­ Cass County Historical Society dent; Cy Turgeon, first vice president; The first dinner meeting of the So­ Dr. Ken Davis, second vice president; ciety was held, November 7, in the Doc Bert Maybee, program chairman; Harrisonville Hotel, with 26 members Bill Jennens, secretary-treasurer; and and guests attending. During the pro­ L. E. Seymour, hospitality chairman. gram members showed and described a variety of historical items. Civil War Round Table Officers for 1971 are Mrs. Margaret Of the Ozarks Wade, Belton, president; Mrs. Thelma Civil War historian Dr. Leroy H. Christiansen, Archie, first vice presi­ Fischer spoke on "The Civil War in dent; Mrs. Leona Long, Pleasant Hill, Today's Perspective" at the November second vice president; Mrs. Marjorie 11 meeting in Ramada Inn, Springfield. Buckner, Pleasant Hill, recording sec­ A professor of History at Oklahoma retary; Mrs. Jean Jones, Harrisonville, State University in Stillwater. Dr. corresponding secretary; and Mrs. Fischer was the winner of the $5,000 Irene Webster, Harrisonville, treasurer. Civil War Centennial Literary Award of the Loyal Legion of the United Chariton County Historical Society States for the best book length manu­ Some 50 persons attended the Janu­ script on Civil War biography and his­ ary 17 meeting in Dulany Library, tory. The manuscript was published in Salisbury. President Jordan R. Bentley 1964 under the title, Lincoln's Gadfly reported on renovation of the Fellows Adam Gurowski, Building in Salisbury, to be used as a Members held their annual Christ­ museum. Kansas City architect Ken­ mas party for ladies and guests, De­ neth Coombs has been employed to cember 9. Henry B. Bass, Enid, Okla­ draw up plans for the project. He will homa, presented a reminiscent account Historical Notes and Comments 353

of "Abraham Lincoln, The Civil War terns and other items of historical in­ and Related Subjects." Mr. Bass, owner terest. of the D. C. Bass and Sons Construc­ At the December 17 meeting, Mrs. tion Company, is a director of the George O. Wilson presented a program Oklahoma Historical Society. He is the on "Dolls of Destiny—Founders of Old author of four books. In 1967 he was Westport." The collection of dolls de­ elected to the Oklahoma Hall of Fame. picting early Westport settlers, were A program on "Civil War Fortifica­ made almost entirely by Mrs. Wilson. tions of Springfield" was presented at She dressed them in authentic costumes the January 13 meeting by Steve Stepp, using old photographs for information. a graduate student in history at South­ The museum show windows were filled west Missouri State College, Spring­ with dolls made and clothed by Mrs. field. Mr. Stepp and William A. Van Flollis Gordon of Independence. One Winkle, also a history student, have window featured dolls for every month undertaken to locate the five garrisons of the year; the other presented a used by federal troops in defense of Christmas scene. the city. The project, on behalf of the Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes was special Historical Site Board of Springfield, guest speaker at the January 19 meet­ is under the direction of Dr. B. B. ing at William Jewell College, Liberty. Lightfoot. She presented the program on "Mis­ souri's First One Hundred and Fifty Years." F. E. Robinson, executive direc­ Civil War Round Table of St. Louis tor of the First State Capitol Restora­ At the December 2 meeting in Le tion and Sesquicentennial Commission, Chateau, Wayne C. Temple spoke on told about plans for the state-wide "Alexander Williamson—Tutor to the observance of the sesquicentennial Lincoln Boys." Mr. Temple is a noted celebration. Lincoln authority. Dr. John Margreiter spoke on the Clinton County Historical Society life and times of "Major James Wil­ Some 18 members attended the No­ son ... A Tragic Career," at the Janu­ vember 14 meeting in the Plattsburg ary 27 meeting. Two films of Battery I City Hall and discussed the Society's 1st Missouri Light Artillery Association, aims and plans for the future. Mrs taken last October, were shown by Ron W. A. Arnold, Trimble, read two of Rathgeber. her father's letters written by the Frank James family in 1914 and 1915. Clark County Historical Society At the January 9 meeting Mrs. James Officers of the Society are A. W. Evans of Lathrop spoke on "Deserted Brightwell, Kahoka, president; Dale Villages of Clinton County." Members Hagerman, Wayland, vice president; voted to accept the county court's offer Mrs. Thelma Wells, secretary, and Mrs. to use two rooms in the courthouse lone Gilbert, treasurer, both of Ka­ basement as a temporary museum and hoka. meeting room. Mrs. Mary Carey, Platts­ burg, has volunteered to handle gene­ Clay County Museum Association alogy requests received by the Society. A program on "Forty-Seven Years of Railroading" was given by Walter A. Crawford County Historical Society Hill at the November 19 meeting in the Some 26 persons attended the De­ Clay County Historical Museum, Lib­ cember 17 meeting and Christmas party erty. Mr. Hill exhibited railroad lan­ at Recklein Auditorium, Cuba. J. I. 354 Missouri Historical Review

Breuer, secretary and treasurer, gave cember 11 quarterly meeting and a summary of the past year's activities. Christmas party at the First Christian Officers elected for the coming year Church in Salem. Table decorations were Mrs. Wanda Engle, president; and the program followed the Christ­ Clarence Willis, vice president; J. I. mas theme. Mrs. Melvin Bryant was Breuer, secretary-treasurer; and Mrs. speaker for the evening. June Knight, reporter. Florissant Valley Historical Society Dade County Historical Society Members held their annual meeting, Programs on the Lewis and Clark ex­ January 21, at Taille de Noyer and saw pedition were presented by Floyd Gass a film made in 1935, on Ferguson. at both the November 17 and January 19 meetings in the Greenfield Library. Friends of Rocheport Mr. Gass is a descendant of Patrick In July 1970, the Friends purchased Gass, one of the members of the ex­ the historic two-room brick Wilbur pedition. Wright house in southwest Rocheport. The Friends' craft shop hours are from 2-5 p.m. on Saturdays and Sun­ Dallas County Historical Society days. The Society held its October 16 meet­ Officers of the organization are Carl ing at the Windyville Community Rapp, president; Mike Cenatiempo, Building near Bennett Springs State first vice president; Mrs. Ed Ebert, sec­ Park. Members were able to view two ond vice president; George C. Harper, complete Indian skeletons, Indian tools, treasurer; Mrs. Dorothy Caldwell, sec pottery, shells and beads, displayed by retary; and Mrs. George Russell, his Ronald Powell of the Missouri Conser­ torian. vation Commission. Mr. Powell also ex­ hibited his own collection of Indian art. Officers of the Society are Mrs. Grace Gasconade County Historical Society Southard, Buffalo, president; Ida E. Some 50 persons attended the So­ Garner, Buffalo, secretary; and Herbert ciety's November 15 meeting in the H. Scott, Windyville, treasurer. Masonic Lodge Hall, Owensville. Pre­ ceding the business meeting, James W. Goodrich, associate editor of the MIS­ DeKalb County Historical Society SOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, At the November 15 meeting in the spoke on "Some Missourians in the Maysville County courthouse, Mrs. Mexican War." Martha Spiers presented a history of the Mrs. Lillian Mathias home in Graham Historical Society Adams Township. Mrs. Mathias added Members held their October 13 meet­ some personal history. Histories of the ing at the home of Mrs. Maude Flem­ Henry Stokes and Tom O 'Conner ing and answered roll call by telling a homes were given by Mrs. Amelia Mix. pioneer story. Mrs. Mary Lowrance Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Wolf presented gave a report on former business places a history of Dallas Township at the in Graham and Mrs. F. Noblet pre­ January 17 meeting. They were as­ sented a sketch of the Shuster Farm sisted by Mrs. Tom Potter, Mrs. Gol­ near Gower. den Wolf and Homer Hill. At the November 10 meeting in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Esmenger, Dent County Historical Society the hostess gave a review of Mormon Some 60 persons attended the De­ travels. Historical Notes and Comments 355

The Society is planning an appropri­ sented an outline of events planned for ate symbol for the community. the coming year. Homer F. Birchler, mayor of Hazelwood, installed the fol­ Grand River Historical Society lowing officers: Mrs. Myrl Hutson, At the January 21 meeting in the president; Kenneth Weber, vice presi­ Livingston County Library, Katie dent; Mrs. Kenneth Weber, chairman Marie Adkins and Pearl Lowrance of of the board; Mrs. Mabel Faatz, secre­ Carrollton told about the progress on tary; and Mrs. Lillian Kortum, treas­ the erection of the new historical mu­ urer. seum building in Carrollton. Officers elected for the coming year Phoebe Apperson Hearst are Howard Leech, president; Earle Historical Society Teegarden, Sr., vice president; and Leo The Society held its annual meeting Hopper, secretary-treasurer. at the home of Mrs. Leslie J. Reed on December 3, birthdate of Mrs. Hearst. Greene County Historical Society Members discussed plans for several At the January 28 meeting in the historical tours and preservation of Springfield Art Museum, Robert Gib­ area sites in 1971. bons spoke on "Rose O'Neill: Missouri Officers elected for the new year Artist, Author and Originator of the were Ralph Gregory, president; Mrs. Kewpie Doll." Mr. Gibbons is a 1965 W. A. Bruns, Sr., vice president; Mrs. graduate of Drury College and instru­ Earnest G. Reed, secretary-treasurer; mentation coordinator in the Science and Mrs. Russell Ely, historian. Department of Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield. Hickory County Historical Society Some 12 persons attended the De­ Harrison County Historical Society cember 1 meeting in the county court­ A history of railroads in Harrison house, Hermitage, and discussed plans County was presented by Mrs. Homer to celebrate the state's sesquicentennial. Pyle and Mrs. Carl Slaughter at the A number of pictures and books were January 7 meeting in the First Na­ displayed. tional Bank, Bethany. Historical Association Hazelwood Historical Society Of Greater Cape Girardeau The Society sponsored a doll show, The Association sponsored the sec­ November 15, at the Little Red School- ond annual Heritage Ball, featuring house, featuring dolls from the collec­ "Under The Spanish Flag," October 3, tion of Mrs. Wilma Kuhns. Handmade at the arena. Around $8,000 was articles were on sale to the large crowd realized for restoration work on Glenn in attendance. House. On November 18 the Hazelwood At the October 12 meeting in the City Council voted to grant recogni­ KFVS Studios, Mrs. J. E. Riley pre­ tion to the Society as the official his­ sented the program, "Spanish Moss," a torical organization for the city. recollection of her childhood memories. Members met, December 12, to trim History and pictures of "Music in the Christmas tree in preparation for a Cape Girardeau" were presented on Christmas celebration the following November 9 by R. F. "Peg" Meyer. day. Mrs. T. G. Harris spoke on "Early At the January 23 dinner meeting in Gardens in Cape Girardeau" at the Heidelberg Inn, Mrs. Myrl Hutson pre­ January 11 meeting in the Carriage 356 Missouri Historical Review

House, and the March 8 meeting sold Missouri Sesquicentennial cook­ featured a panel discussion on the "De­ books. velopment of Education in Cape Gir­ At the regular February 18 meeting ardeau/' Members of the panel were in the First Methodist Church, Pris- Edna Haman, Frances Bohnsack, Helen cilla A. Evans, of Columbia, was guest Mueller and Virginia Wilier. speaker. A research historian with the State Historical and Planning Office of Historical Association the Missouri State Park Board, Miss Of Greater St. Louis Evans discussed the work of her or­ The Association celebrated the 35 th ganization, particularly as it affects anniversary of its founding, January 8, Southwest Missouri. at Kelly Auditorium, St. Louis Univer­ sity. Irving Dilliard, historian, journal Kansas City Westerners ist, Ferriss Professor at Princeton Uni At the November 10 meeting in Ho­ versity and former editor of the St tel Bellerive, Ramon S. Powers of the Louis Post-Dispatch editorial page, Department of History, University of presented a talk on "This Is My Own. Missouri at Kansas City, was the guest speaker. He addressed the group on "Cholera on the Plains: The Cholera Jackson County Historical Society Epidemic in Kansas Forts—1867." Members held their annual meeting, Members held their annual Christ­ JanuaiT 31, in the auditorium at Tru­ mas dinner meeting and ladies night, man Library, Independence. After December 8. Widely-known western hearing the regular committee reports, authoress, Nono A. Minor, Kansas City, retiring president Colonel S. D. Slaugh­ spoke on "The Chinese: The Minority ter, Jr., presented two Society award Group that helped build, feed and medallions. One was presented to Wil­ keep the West clean." The talk was liam Coleman, president from 1967 concerned with the Chinese influence through 1969, for his leadership and on helping to settle the American West. accomplishment. The other award went to David Biersmith for his work in Frank Aydelotte, curator of the the preservation of historic Harris Regional History Library, Lawrence, House in Westport. Kansas, presented a paper on "Litera­ ture of the Range Cattle Industry," at Present officers of the Society are the January 12 meeting. The speaker Gladys Wilson, president; Dr. Philip surveyed several books dealing with the C. Brooks, L. Patton Kline and Mrs. cattle industry. Philip F. Rahm, vice presidents; Mrs. H. H. Haukenberry, secretary; Ted R. Kingdom of Callaway Cauger, treasurer; and Mrs. Samuel L. Historical Society Sawyer, historian. Over 40 persons attended the Sep­ tember 21 meeting at the home of Mrs. Joplin Historical Society Lawrence Fahlbush near Portland. The The Civil War Round Table division house was originally an Episcopal of the Society met January 21 in the school built about 1890. Members Municipal Building with some 50 per­ viewed the many antiques in the home. sons in attendance. Members displayed Judge Hugh P. Williamson spoke on a number of Civil War artifacts and "The American Negro and the Judicial read from old soldiers' letters and a System," at the October 19 meeting in diary. the magistrate courtroom, Fulton. In January, members of the Society Judge Williamson also discussed slave Historical Notes and Comments 357

crimes and trials in Callaway County letters, written in 1837, which contained from 1821 to 1861. some interesting information about Some 70 members attended the No­ Monticello. Ben Plank showed slides vember 16 meeting. Richard Davis, of early Monticello area scenes. principal of the School for the Deaf, At the Canton Chapter meeting, showed motion pictures of the Fulton February 2, in the Canton school, Pro­ centennial, held in 1951. fessor George Lee, Culver-Stockton Col­ Officers of the Society are Judge lege, spoke on "Slavery in Lewis Hugh P. Williamson, president; Jim County." Williams, first vice president; Mrs. Loyd Hutchins, second vice president; Lincoln County Historical and Mildred Burt, third vice president; Jay Archeological Societies Dunham, secretary; Gene West, treas­ The work progress at the museum urer; Mrs. H. C. Ward, curator; and site was reported at the January 21 Dr. William Parrish, bulletin editor. meeting in the "Little Theatre," Troy High School. Work on the museum Kirkwood Historical Society building began January 16 with the Dr. John P. Roberts, Missouri Mu­ replacement of a portion of the roof. seum of Transportation, spoke on "His­ Mrs. Melvin Bramblett, a local antique toric Spots in Kirkwood," at the De­ dealer, presented the program, "What cember 8 meeting in the Kirkwood City Is An Antique?" She discussed the col­ Hall. lection and values of antiques, display­ ing some of her own. Knox County Historical Society At the December 15 meeting in the Macon County Historical Society Knox County High School, east of Society president Gerald Kerr has an­ Edina, members discussed plans for fu­ nounced the reprinting of the 1884 his­ ture activities. New projects for the tory of Macon and Randolph counties. coming year will be the collecting and The project was under the direction of recording of area family histories to be Mrs. Charles L. Miller. placed in the museum. A portion of the 1887 Knox County history will be read Marion County Historical Society and discussed at each meeting. Articles, An illustrated lecture on "The Un­ over 100 years old, were displayed by derground Railroad" was presented by those attending. Mrs. William Deters, Jr., of Quincy, Officers elected for the coming year Illinois, at the February 10 meeting in were Dr. J. L. Cornelius, president; the First Presbyterian Church, Hanni­ Junior Wilkerson, vice president; Mrs. bal. A number of historic items were Margaret Smith, secretary; Mrs. Paul displayed. Pinson, treasurer; and Mrs. Arthur The Society is to be commended for Douglass, Jr., reporter. the publication of a quarterly news­ letter, Commercial-Advertiser. The title Lewis County Historical Society was borrowed from the county's first Members held their regular quarterly newspaper, founded in Hannibal in meeting, January 10, at the Extension 1837 by Angelvine and S. D. Rice. Center, Monticello. Progress reports Officers of the Society are A. Willard were given on the collection of in­ Heimbeck, president; Harry Musgrove, formation and pictures regarding old Sr., vice president; Mrs. Russell De- cemeteries, churches and schools. Ray­ LaPorte, secretary; and Mrs. Marion F. mond McMurray read copies of two Easley, treasurer. 358 Missouri Historical Review

McDonald County Historical Society curator of the western collections, The Society met November 1 in the Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska. school cafeteria at Southwest City. Mrs. On March 26 James J. Stokesberry, his­ Arvada Blankenship, Neosho, one of torian for the National Armed Forces the authors of the recently-published Museum advisory board at Smithsonian Southwest City centennial history, was Institution, lectured on "U.S.S. Te- the guest speaker. She discussed the cumseh: Treasure in Mobile Bay." history of the area from early Indian treaties to the present day. Moniteau County Historical Society Officers reelected for the coming year At the November 30 annual dinner were Mrs. Pauline Carnell, president; meeting in the California Methodist Bill Peterman, vice president; Mrs. Ina Church, members viewed an illustrated Elliff, secretary; and Mrs. Alice Marrs, program on "Caves in Moniteau Coun­ treasurer. ty." The colorslide program was pre­ sented by Curtis Scott, assisted by Mercer County Historical Society James Martin. Some 40 members and guests at­ James Duncan, Jefferson City, spoke tended the November 29 meeting at on Indians of Moniteau County at the the United Methodist Church of Ra- January 18 meeting. vanna. Mrs. Chloe Lowry read a his­ Officers for 1971 are Mrs. Lucille tory of Ravanna and presented a dis­ Baldwin, president; Mrs. John Kibbe, play of 1883 Ravanna business firms' vice president; F. J. Ketterlin, secre­ advertisements. The location of these tary; and Laurence Hert, treasurer. firms in 1897 was pointed out by Mrs. Agnes Johnson. Histories of the Ra­ Monroe County Historical Society vanna United Methodist Church and Some 40 persons attended the Janu­ the city cemetery were presented by ary 25 meeting in the county court­ Mrs. Howard Hoover and Mrs. Harry house, Paris. The Reverend Richard Rankin, respectively. Elford Horn re­ Van Hoosen spoke on the "Shakerag" ported on the progress of his project of settlement, actually named Pleasant collecting pictures and the history of Hill. It was reported that 6,000 grave­ Mercer County music groups. stone inscriptions in the county had been catalogued and filed for refer­ Mississippi County Historical Society ence. Members have been collecting data in preparation for the writing of a his­ Morgan County Historical Society torical pageant to be performed in Au­ At the November 23 meeting in the gust. Morgan County Bank, Versailles, D. K. Hunter gave a program on "Old Livery Missouri Historical Society Barns and Feed Lots." Oleta Flottman The Society sponsored winter eve­ told about the livery barns in Barnett. ning programs at Steinberg Hall, Wash­ Several members of the Junior Morgan ington University, St. Louis. On Janu­ County Historical Society attended the ary 29, Edward R. Gilbert, conservator meeting. of Old Sturbridge Village, presented an Mrs. Anne Moree, Gravois Mills, illustrated lecture on "Taking Care of gave a program on antiques at the Your Antiques." Slides of Karl Bod- January 25 meeting in the Bank of mer's watercolors tracing his travels in Versailles. A large number of antique North America, 1832-34, were shown, items were on display. February 26, by Mildred Goosman, Officers for 1971 are Elmer Welty, Historical Notes and Comments 359

president; Miss Michal Flottman, first family tree was displayed by Mrs. vice president; Mrs. Herbert Brunjes, Jasamyn Garrett. second vice president; D. K. Hunter, At the December 15 meeting, Mrs. treasurer; Mrs. LaDean Drissen, secre­ Jasamyn Garrett presented the program tary; Helen McDonald, historian; on the great earthquake of 1811 and Moss McDonald, parliamentarian; Tom on the history of New Madrid Terri­ Shepp, sergeant-at-arms; and Mrs. Ger­ tory. ald Yarnell, corresponding secretary. The progress of a number of com­ mittees was reported at the January 26 meeting. George McReynolds read a Nodaway County Historical Society At the November 23 meeting in the letter from the Grand Odd Fellow Maryville Christian Church, the pro­ Lodge headquarters, listing the found­ gram, "Digging Up Missouri's Past," ing members of the Pemiscot County featured early Missouri Indians. Mrs. lodge. Howard Fike was appointed E. A. Pence, Graham, dressed in an In­ chairman of a committee to gather the dian costume as Old Nokomis, greeted histories of area men's clubs. Mrs. members and guests. Mrs. Clarence Jasamyn Garrett, Mrs. Mildred James Lloyd sang about the Indian woman and Mr. McReynolds will look for a Sacagawea. Others who assisted on the place to keep files and records. program were Mrs. J. E. Fuhrman, Mrs. L. F. Bosch, Mrs. Albert Logan and Perry County Lutheran Mrs. Alvin Trueblood. Dr. James Lowe, Historical Society a Northwest Missouri State College in­ A guided tour of Lutheran area his­ structor and trustee of the Missouri torical sites was a featured part of the Archeological Society, related his ex­ February 28 meeting held in the Big periences as a member of the Univer­ School at Altenburg. sity of Missouri's first archaeological expedition in 1938. He showed slides of Platte County Historical Society Indian artifacts. Some 300 old law books, dating back to 1835, were recently given to the So­ The Society sponsored "The Early ciety. The volumes, consisting of Mis­ American Tree," in the "Trees of souri supreme court records, district Christmas" festival, held at Maryville court records, old law encyclopedias High School, December 5-6. The bene­ and dictionaries, were divided and in fit project, Experiment in Interna­ turn given to the State Historical So­ tional Living, helped send a high ciety of Missouri, Park College and a school student to live with a foreign graduate law student. family. The project emphasized twenty traditional and contemporary interpre­ Pony Express Historical Association tations of the Christmas tree. Society The Association held its annual fall members decorated an oak tree with antique gun and collectors show at handmade ornaments. More than 1,200 Patee House Museum, St. Joseph, No­ persons attended the festival. vember 7-8. On display were guns, coins, edged weapons, cartridges, an­ Pemiscot County Historical Society tiques, rocks, stamps, Indian relics, bot­ Members held their November 24 tles, glass and historical items of the meeting in the County Health Center, old West. Visitors could buy, sell or Hayti. Mrs. Ophelia Wade gave a pro­ trade items. Proceeds were for benefit gram on genealogical research and of Patee House. "How to Start Your Family Tree." A Patee House Museum opened for the 360 Missouri Historical Review holiday season, December 25-27, Janu­ St. Charles County Historical Society ary 1-2. This annual winter opening, The Society held its January 28 meet­ for the benefit of holiday visitors and ing in St. Peter's School Cafeteria, St. the public, included an old-fashioned Charles. The program, "The Historical Christmas tree and a collection of an­ District, a Plan for the Future," con­ tique toys. sisted of a slide presentation by the Project Area Committee of the First Pulaski County Historical Society State Capitol Urban Renewal Project. The Society has been making plans The committee explained its role in to celebrate the Missouri sesquicenten­ the project planning. nial at the county fair to be held later In December all the records of the this year. An important project is the late Edna Olson were moved to the So­ building of a replica of the first county ciety's Museum and antiques purchased courthouse. from the Olson's were moved into stor­ age and will be placed in the recently- Putnam County Historical Society purchased Newbill-McElhiney Home. Members and guests attended the an­ The Preservation Committee has nual meeting of the Society, November cleaned the home in preparation for its 20, in the Unionville Public Library. A restoration. spinning demonstration was given by Mrs. Bernice Walter and Serena Wal­ St. Clair County Historical Society ter, assisted by Perry W. Porter. The A program on "Missouri Becomes a spinning wheel and equipment used for State" was given by president James D. carding wool belonged to the mother Atteberry at the January 20 meeting in of Mrs. Walter and Mr. Porter. A Commercial Cafe, Osceola. shawl, knitted from carded wool and Officers elected for the coming year dyed with tree bark, was also on dis­ were James D. Atteberry-, president; play. John Mills, vice president; Violet V. Officers elected for the coming year Sitton, secretary; and Dr. Franklin P. were Sam Hurliman, president; Evelyn Johnson, treasurer. Rennells, vice president; and Freda Hurliman, secretary-treasurer. St. Joseph Historical Society The Society sponsored a two-day Ray County Historical Society meeting of architects and historians at Members held their January 7 ban­ Hotel Robidoux, January 20-21. Spe­ quet meeting in the Richmond Meth­ cial guests were Dr. John Hair, pro­ odist Church dining room. Dr. Homer fessor of History, Northwest Missouri Clevenger, Orrick, former professor of State College, Maryville; Buford L. History at Lindenwood College, St. Pickens, professor of Architecture, Charles, and chairman of the Missouri Washington University, St. Louis: W. State Sesquicentennial Committee was Philip Cotton, Jr., executive director the evening speaker. Dr. Clevenger re­ of Heritage/St. Louis, St. Louis; Mrs. lated the problems connected with Mis­ Patricia Holmes, chief architectural souri's becoming a state. historian, Missouri State Park Board, Officers elected for the coming year Historical Survey and Planning Office, were the Reverend Clark Hargus, presi­ Columbia; and Priscilla A. Evans, re­ dent; Howard Hill, vice president; Mrs. search historian, Survey and Planning W. Roy Groce, secretary; and Mrs. E. Office, Columbia. Bus tours of historic L. Pigg, Jr., treasurer. and architectural interest in the area Historical Notes and Comments 361 were featured each day for some 90 per­ Officers elected for the coming year sons in attendance. wTere Jim Mayo, president; Joe Brown, vice president; Betty Norman, treas­ Saline County Historical Society urer; and Robert H. Forister, secretary. Officers elected for the coming year were Emmett Dyer, president; J. L. Vernon County Historical Society Buntin, vice president; Mrs. William Members of the Society discussed fu­ Elder, secretary; and Mrs. H. P. Bar­ ture plans and projects concerning nard, treasurer. area history and the Bushwhacker Mu­ seum at the January 10 meeting at Shelby County Historical Society Farm and Home Building, Nevada. Twenty-one members attended the Officers for the coming year are January 16 meeting in the Clarence Alice M. Hill, president; the Reverend Civic Club Building. Mr. and Mrs. John Frame, vice president; Edith Mc- Glen Wallace, Clarence, showed a film Curdy, recording secretary; Elsie Gil­ of their recent trip to Virginia. The bert, treasurer; Dixie Brophy, corres­ program illustrated early American ponding secretary; and Betty Sterett, homes and presented information on historian. the Vandiver family. Westport Historical Society Stoddard County Historical Society Over 100 persons attended the No­ A program on Indians of Stoddard vember 20 dinner meeting at Westport County was presented by Robert Foris- Presbyterian Church. Civil War Round ter and Richard Weber at the January Table members Bill Jennens and Glen 22 meeting in the county circuit court­ Whitaker presented an illustrated room, Bloomfield. Members discussed program on "The Battle of Westport, the ways and means of securing a per­ Mo.," emphasizing the before and after manent museum. views of the famous Civil War battle.

The Merry Chime of Sleigh Bells Linneus News, February 5, 1885. Guessing at the weather is about as risky as entering the exposition ground without money. While we look out at the green bunches of grass left over from the summer pasture, down comes the snow and we are soon apprised that a blizzard is upon us. The boys are moving with their sleighs and their merry chimes causing us to wish we were younger. Sound flies at the rate of eleven hundred and forty-two feet per second, but it depends on which way it goes. If you call at the head of the stairs to your boy to get up and haul a load of wood early in the morning the sound moves so slow that is seems it never will reach him, whereas if you call him to try the new sleigh bells you brought him on yesterday he comes down stairs like a bear with a broken limb from the tree-top. Boys are funny.

A Comparison Sedalia Bazoo Monthly Magazine, March 1922. Men are frequently like tea. The real strength and goodness are not drawn out of them until they have been for a short time in hot water. 362 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS

JOHN ARDINGFR, Lexington, donor; Photograph of Missouri River steam ferry at Lexington. E*

MRS. DOROTHY BASS, Smithton, donor: Diary of Emmett Estill Gulp and records of Smithton, Post No. 417, Dept. of Missouri, Grand Army of the Republic, loaned for copying. M

MRS. R. D. M. BAUER, Palo Alto, California, donor: Scrapbook, Campfire Girls, Shuta Group, Columbia, Mo., 1941-1946. M

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Copy of Eugene Field letter, 1886. M "Genealogy of the Kemper Family." R

LARRY C. BRADLEY, Pineville, donor: 20th Century-Fox's Production of Jesse James (Also "Belle Starr") As Orig­ inally Filmed in Technicolor in 1938 at Pineville, Mo. . . . , compiled by donor; souvenir issue, Jesse James Days, July, 1969. R

HARRY BROERMANN, Tarkio, donor: Atchison County photographs loaned for copying. E Booklet, The History and Life of David Rankin Farmer, loaned for copy­ ing. R

MRS. WM. F. BUNCH, Keokuk, Iowa, and C. P. Fox, Baraboo, Wisconsin, donors; Letter and contracts of W. P, Hall. M

MABEL BURRILL, Trenton, donor: Photograph of Trenton Methodist Church, E

MRS. O. H. CHRISTOPHER, La Jolla, California, donor, through W. A. GOFF, Kansas City: Photographs of Andrew Drips, Drips burial monument and Drips Park mem­ orial marker. E

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Marie Josephine Carr, "Valiant Woman of Pioneer Missouri." M

COLUMBIA COLLEGE, Columbia, donor: Photograph of painting of Mrs. Luella St. Clair Moss, loaned for copy­ ing. E

CONCORDIA HISTORICAL INSTITUTE, St. Louis, donor: A Preliminary Guide to Church Records Repositories, by Church Archives Committee, Society of American Archivists. R

•These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: E refers to Editorial Office; R, Reference Library; M, Manuscript Col­ lection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 363

A. MAXIM COPPAGE, III, Antioch, California, donor: Newspapers of Civilian Conservation Corps camps, Salisburian Camp, Camp Dance [Salisbury] and The Goldbricker [Marshall], 1935. R

MRS. R. H. DAWSON, Jefferson City, donor: "Riverfront Development Plan and Historic Preservation Plan, Jefferson City, Missouri." R

VIRGINIA DEMARCE, Maryville, donor: Microfilms; U. S. Population Census for various counties of New York, Ken­ tucky, Maryland, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin, and Virginia church records. N

COLEMAN EWALT, Columbia, donor: Lewis County, Missouri, Historical Atlas (1878 & 1897). R

FLAVIUS M. FOSTER, Poulsbo, Washington, donor: "The Seedlings of William Foster in America," by donor. R

REV. JOHN V. FRAME, Nevada, donor: St. Peter's Parish, Marshall, Missouri, 1870-1970. R

TONY Fusco, St. Louis, donor: The Pictorial History of Jefferson Barracks, by donor. R

MRS. ISABEL STEBBINS GIULVEZAN, Affton, donor: Copy of records compiled by Niangua Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. R

MRS. MARY L. HAHN, Marble Hill, donor: Photographs of Bollinger County courthouse, loaned for copying. E

MRS. IDA-ROSE LANGFORD HALL, Provo, Utah, donor: "The Progenitors and Descendants of Fielding Langford," by donor. R

MRS. HALE HOUTS, Kansas City, donor: Newspaper, Warrensburg Western Missourian, August 29, 1856. N Record books of Dr. John H. Kinyoun, Centerview, Johnson County, 1859- 1902. M

HOWELL COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, West Plains, donor: History of the First Congregational Methodist Churches in Howell County, Missouri, 1883-1970, by I. D. Galloway. R

MRS. NANNDZ JINKENS, Wheatland, donor: Newspaper clipping and photographs of Preston Mill, loaned for copying. E Records of the Lewis, Stanton Chapel, Holland and Pitts cemeteries of Hickory County. R

MERYL I. KELSO, Whitewater, Wisconsin, donor: A Century of Progress of Missouri in Pictures (1933) . R

KENT LIBRARY, Southeast Missouri State College, Cape Girardeau, donor: Copy of Our Paper, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 6, 1872), Cape Girardeau. N 364 Missouri Historical Review

RAYMOND H. LUTZ, San Diego, California, donor: Glass negatives of Johnson County scenes. E

IVAN K. MAYS, Austin, Texas, donor: The Mays Family, A Sequel to "The Mays Family" By Samuel Edward Mays, by donor. R

EDDIE MILLER, De Soto, donor: Postcards and photographs of Lead Belt and Jefferson County scenes, loaned for copying. E

MISSOURI LODGE OF RESEARCH, Fulton, donor: "Hi . . Dad!" A Biography of Frank S. Land, by Herbert Ewing Duncan.

MISSOURI STATE PARK BOARD, HISTORIC SURVEY OFFICE, Columbia, donor: Federal Register, Vol. 35, National Register of Historic Places, 1970. R

ARTHUR P. MOSER, Springfield, donor: "A Directory of Towns, Villages and Hamlets Past and Present of Dallas County, Missouri," compiled by donor. R

ELSA NAGEL, Columbia, donor: Vom Missouri, by Friedrich Baltzer (1927) . R MRS. P. NEEL, Rochester, New York, donor: The Neel and Allied Families. R B. J. NEWBURGER, Coral Gables, Florida, donor: Copy of speech delivered by Hon. Meyer Friede, Missouri Legislature, in answer to insult against Jews, delivered by Rep. of Jackson Co., Mr. Claiborn, 1861. M

MRS. MERLE W. OGLE, St. Petersburg, Florida, donor: Color postcards, St. Louis World's Fair, 1904. E

MRS. PAULINE PITTENGER, Columbia, donor: Sturgeon family chart. R

J. PRESLEY POUND, Mena, Arkansas, donor: "A Family By the Name of Pound and Their Descendants." R

LEWIS BUNKER ROHRBAUGH, Rockport, Maine, donor: Rohrbach Genealogy, by donor. R

MR. & MRS. KENNETH RUTHERFORD, Lexington, donors: Genealogical History Of Our Ancestors, by donors. R

SAM B. SHIRKY, Columbia, donor: Glimpses of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Famous Pike (1904). E

MRS. A. LEE SMISER, Warrensburg, donor: Photograph of Mrs. Francis M. Cockrell, loaned for copying. E

MRS. ZELLA SPEARS, Pineville, donor: McDonald County cemetery inscriptions, by donor, indexed. R Historical Notes and Comments 365

REV. JACOB HALLER STIDHAM, Fulton, donor: "The Lineage of the Boone County, Missouri, Stidham Family," by donor. R

JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: "History of Mining—in the lead belt—St. Francois County at Random—1970," and "History of Flat River, Missouri—St. Francois Co. 1970." M "The History of St. Joe," in St. Joe Headframe (Fall, 1970), by St. Joe Minerals Corp., Bonne Terre. R

DR. WILLIAM H. TAFT, Columbia, donor: Copies of pages listing Missouri newspapers from Rowell's American News­ paper Directory, 1875-1878, 1882-1885, 1887, 1889-1891, 1894, 1896, 1897, 1902-1904, 1906, 1907; and N. W. Ayer and Son's Newspaper Annual, 1881, 1882, 1889, 1890, 1893-1895, 1957. N

J. C. TURNER, Ashland, donor: "Ashland Sketch Plan." R

MARVIN L. VANGILDER, Carthage, donor: "The Lamar Story: A Brief History of Lamar, Missouri," by donor. R

VIOLA SAGE VOGLER, St. Ann, donor: "Information on Cemetery Records Available in 35 States . . . ," compiled by donor. R

MR. & MRS. JEFF WADE, JR., Bragg City, donors: Bakerville Church of Christ, Route One—Highway 84 (Pemiscot County), Bragg City, Missouri, compiled by donors. R

MARIE WOODS, Columbia, donor: Questions & Answers about Women & Missouri Laws, Missouri Commission on the Status of Women. R

MRS. WILLIAM WOODS, Columbia, donor: "Notes on McDaniel/McDonald Families," collected by Mrs. Daniel Byrne. R

A Privilege of Greatness Sedalia Rosa Pearle's Paper, March 7, 1908. He was the manager of a large firm, and had the reputation, among his clerks, of being a "terror," by which they meant a hot-tempered individual with a tendency to grumble, for otherwise there was little that was terrible about him. On this particular morning the youngest of the junior clerks was in a great state of fear. He had made a trifling mistake, and had been summoned to the manager's presence. He lamely attempted to explain, but the great man cut him short brusquely. "Look here!" he exclaimed, "are you the manager here, or am I?" "Well, certainly, I'm not," said the clerk. "Then—then if you're not the manager," spluttered the other, "why are you talking like an idiot." 366 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ashland Boone County Journal November 26, December 3, 12, 17, 1970—A series of old area school photo­ graphs.

Brunswick Brunswicker November 5,1970—A brief biography of former major league baseball pitcher Vernon Kennedy was included with the announcement of Kennedy's selection for the Central Missouri State College Hall of Fame. November 5-January 28, 1971—A weekly series of old area photographs. January 28—A brief history, "Lutherans in 100th Year Here."

Carrollton Daily Democrat February 1, 1971—"Farmers Enjoy Progress—Also Fun." February 2—"The Stock Market—A Two Way Street." Both articles by Harold Calvert.

Carrollton Republican-Record November 11,1970—"A Recollection of Early Businesses," by Harold Calvert.

Columbia Daily Tribune November 8, 1970—An article by Sasha Tamarkin, noting the November 8 dedication of the Frank G. Nifong Memorial Park near Columbia, included a brief biography of Nifong.

Columbia Missourian November 22, 1970—" 'Meet Me in St. Louis', The Louisiana Purchase Ex­ position and [Charles Monroe Reeves] the Man Who Made it Possible." November 23—A biography of former historical society president Roy D. Williams appeared in the article, "66 Years a Lawyer, Judge Williams Hasn't Argued His Last Case," by Janis Pyle. December 2—"[Charles Willard Leonard's] 'Ravenswood' Still Harbors Mementos of the Past," by Mike McGraw. January 22, 1971—A brief historical sketch noted Dr. Tom Dooley Week.

De Soto and Bonne Terre Press-Dispatch November 2, 1970—"De Soto Doctors—at Turn of the Century." November 9-December 21—A weekly series, "De Soto and The World War I Years . . . ," 1917-1918. December 28—" 'Those Were The Holidays.' " January 4, 1971—"Will Jewett—County Pioneer Faced Incredible Misfortune," January 11—"T. C. Brickey Began Lengthy Career As Druggist in De Soto's Boom Years." January 18-25—"Mills of De Soto Ground Slowly; But Ground Exceedingly Well," Parts I & II. All the above articles from the column, "As You Were," by Eddie Miller.

Jackson Journal November 4-11, 1970—"History of St. Francis Hospital and Auxiliary." November 18-December 9—" 'A Mighty Fortress,' History of the German Evangelical Church, Dutchtown." Historical Notes and Comments 367

This, and the article above, by K. J. H. Cochran. December 9—A photograph of Trinity Lutheran School, 1928-29. December id—"Christmas traditions in Jackson, Mo." This, and the articles below, by K. J. K. Cochran. December 23—"The Sights, Sounds, Smells of Christmas in Jackson and Southeast Missouri." December 30—"150th anniversary of statehood." January 6, 1971—A historical article, "Southeast Missouri bells that tolled, State of Missouri Begins a Year of Celebrationl" January 13—"The calendar and the almanac in Sesquicentennial year." January 13, 20—"Englemann plantation home . . . pre-Civil War," introduc­ tion by K. J. H. Cochran, history by Mary Daume. January 20—"hog Cabins of Cape Girardeau County Add To Sesquicentennial History." January 27—"[Thomas Hart] Benton From Missouri ... his contribution to the Sesquicentennial."

Joplin Globe January 3, 1971—A history of Joplin parks was included with the article, "The Joplin Park System."

Kansas City Star November 7, 28, December 5, 1970, January 16, 30, 1971—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively American Legion national con­ vention (1921), Kirk Armour home, Mercy Hospital, Western Dental College and old Central High School and Dr. D. C. H. Carson's Temple of Health. November 14—"Charivari Brought from the Old World," by Hugh P. Wil­ liamson. November 14, 28,, December 12, 26, January 23—The column, "Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively, Nathaniel Paschall, gunpowder, county & town names, Governor Thomas T. Crittenden and cholera. November 29—"[David Rice Atchison] Missourian Who Was President For A Day," by Lew Larkin. December 19—A history of Linwood Center in the article, "New Era of Serv­ ice for a Home," by Burr S. Stottle. January 9, 1971—"Suspense Marked Old Box Suppers," by Harry Sloan. January 24—"[Missouri] Capital Punishment Up Close," by Harry Jones, Jr. January 24—The article, "A Nostalgic Collection Of a Non-Collector," by Donald D. Jones, presented a brief sketch of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Hart Benton. January 31—The restoration of Missouri's first capitol and its dedication at St. Charles was noted in the article, "Show-Me State Restores A Look Of 150 Years Ago," by Lew Larkin.

Kansas City Times November 14, December 11, 26, 1970, January 6, 9, 1971—Postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured respectively, R. A, Long Building, old Fed­ eral Building, St. Mary's Church, Savoy Hotel and Bankers' Row. November 21—"K.U.-M.U. [football] Rivalry Dates to 1891," by Cornelius Ashley. November 27—"lt Took a Visionary [William Gilpin] to Dispel Great Ameri­ can Desert Myth," by Helen Jo Crissman. 368 Missouri Historical Review

December 4—An article by Dan Jacobson, "Lives Buffeted by Civil War." December 8—"Frank James Was Quiet and Studious," by Elizabeth R. Jones.

Kirksville Express & News August 17, 1970—A brief biography of Ella Ewing of near Gorin.

Lancaster Excelsior November 19, 1970—A brief history of the W. P. Hall circus.

Lexington Advertiser-News December 3, 1970—A historical sketch, "First Christian Church to Mark 100th Anniversary of Building Here Sunday.''

Oak Grove Banner November 4, 18, 25, December 2, 16, 23, 1970, January 6, 13, 27, 1971—A his­ torical series, "Lick Skillet," by Dorothy Butler.

Paris Monroe County Appeal November 5, 1970-January 2S, 1971—A weekly series, "History of Monroe County," reprinted from an 1884 history of the county.

Platte City Landmark January 1, 1971—A history of the Platte City Baptist Church.

Plattsburg Leader November 13, 1970—-"The Starting Of A German Settlement." November 27—Photograph of Jones School, April 1921.

Richmond News January 8, 1971—"What we've worn in Ray County in the past 150 years," by Clara Chenault.

St. Charles Daily Banner-News February 5, 1971—-The special "Missouri Sesquicentennial" edition featured a number of historical articles, Ste. Genevieve Fair Play November 13, December 4, 11, 18, 25, 1970, January 1, 15, 22, 29, 1971—A se­ ries, "History Of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat November 8, 1970—-The article, "the fabled private place in a changing city," written by Lee Brashear and photography by Ken Winn, described St. Louis architecture. November 15, 22, 29, December 6, 13, January 24—The column, "then and now," featured respectively, Central High School, Fourth Street & Washing­ ton Avenue, Grand Tower Block [McLean] Building, Eads Bridge, Forest Park Highlands and Fourth Street. January 23-24, 1971— "Central Hardware: Looking Back, Firm Morris Cohen Started at Seventh and Franklin 68 Years Ago Is Now a Major Corporation," by Susan Hunter. January 24—"The University of Missouri—Rolla has come a long way," writ­ ten by Shirley Althoff, photographs by Dick Weddle. Historical Notes and Comments 369

St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 1,1970—"Shaken Into Air Age Aboard 'Tin Goose'," by Theodore P. Wagner, related early airplane travel experiences. November 22—"Bellefontaine And Calvary, Two Cemeteries, Tranquil And Historic," written by William C. Fogarty and photographs by Lynn T. Spence. December 27—"The [Amish] Shy People," written by Thomas B. Newsom, with photos by Michael J. Baldridge. December 29—"Steedman General Store Is Still Going Strong But Retailing Emphasis Changes," by Wayne Leeman. January 12-16, 1971—A five-part article on artist Thomas Hart Benton by Robert Sanford. January 27—A biographical sketch of Dr. Earl English in "Retiring J School Dean Favors News Over Views Papers," by Clarissa Start. January 31— "Carondelet: A Corner Of History," by Richard M. Jones, pho­ tographs by Scott C. Dine.

Steelville Crawford Mirror November 5, 19, 1970, January 28—"Souvenir Photos." November 26—"The County Fair 1901-1970," by J. I. Breuer. December 10—A history, "The Hardwood Charcoal Company's Fiftieth An­ niversary." December 10—The story of Mr. and Mrs. Patrick D. Woodlock was presented in the article, "A Romance of Pioneer Days," by Marian B. Pickens. December 24—"A Log [Cumberland Presbyterian] Church and a Civil War Soldier's Lone Grave," by James L. Miller. January 21, 1971—" 'Story Of Midland,'" by J. I. Breuer. January 28—"History of Crawford County."

Webb City Sentinel November 13, December 18, 1970, January 1, 8, 22, 1971—"Webb City's Past," a series.

The Home Grown Article Is the Best Knox City Bee, February 16, 1905. A man in a neighboring town who secured his wife through a matrimonial agency is trying to secure a divorce. Just another instance of finding that mail bargains are not just as represented and that a much better grade of the same article could have been obtained at home. Good enough for him; he ought to patronize home industry. The home grown article is usually the best.

'A Daisy Kissed with Dew' Columbia Boone County Journal, January 21, 1870. A country girl coming from the field, was told by her cousin that she "looked as fresh as a daisy kissed with dew." "Well, it wasn't anybody by that name, but it was Steve Jones that kissed me; I told him everyone in town would find it out." 370 Missouri Historical Review MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Annals of Iowa, Fall, 1970: "Riverboat of the Missouri—The Bertrand," by Shirley E. Jipp.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, January, 1971: "Count Baudissin on Missouri Towns," by Ralph Gregory; "Some Unusual Streetcars"; "James O. Broadhead: A Subject for Reappraisal"; "Hopes and Fears: Ambivalence in the Anti-Railroad Movement at Springfield, Missouri, 1870-1880," by H. Craig Miner; and "A Swedish View of St. Louis: 1848," by Mrs. Fredrik Celsing.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, January, 1971: "Biographical Sketch of Rev. Thomas Fristoe." Civil War Times Illustrated, December, 1970: "The Dark and the Light Side of the River War," edited by John D. Milligan.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, November, 1970: "The Robert Thomas Stevenson Family in Clay County," by Mrs. Rachel G. Hornbuckle.

————, December, 1970: "The Crewley Family of Clay County Missouri," by Samuel G. Laffoon. DeKalb County Heritage, July, 1970: "DeKalb County Court Houses, part one, 1848-1878," by Martha Spiers; "Religious Organizations," by Bessie L. Whit­ eaker; "The Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Hastened Change of DeKalb County From Frontier Status"; "War of 1861-1865 Is Recalled," by Bessie L. Whiteaker; "Union Cause Prevailed"; and "Excerpts From Civil War Diary of David Evans."

-, October, 1970: "Orchid Christian Church," by Freda Price Campbell; "Churches In Polk Township," by Bessie L. Whiteaker; "The W. W. Knoop Homestead Near Cameron"; and "Military Record of DeKalb County," a reprint.

— , January, 1971: "'Grandpa's House'"; "DeKalb County and the Q.O.K.C. [Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City Railroad]," by Stuart Bintner; "Religious History In Dallas Township," by Bessie L. Whiteaker; "The Horeb West Family," by Earl Owen; "Prairie College. . . . Orchid School," by Freda Price Campbell; and "Pleasant Grove School," by Mrs. Guy Ketchem. Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, January, 1971: "Margaretta M. Wherry"; "The Historic House of John Mullanphy," by Margaretta M. Wherry; and "Ferguson. ... As I Knew It," by E. R. Schmidt.

Frontier Times, March, 1971: "Keelboaters' Heyday to Doomsday," by C. L. Packer.

Great West, February, 1971: "Ben Clark, The Scout Who Defied Custer!" by Wayne T. Walker.

Historically Speaking [Polk County, Oregon, Historical Society], August, 1970: "[Missouri settlers in] The Polk County Stave Case," by Scott McArthur. Historical Notes and Comments 371

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, Winter, 1970: "Alvan Brooking a Re­ spected Citizen," by Roberta L. Bonnewitz; "Granddaughter Writes About [Albert Ely Higgason] Soldier, Preacher and Teacher," by Mrs. Edward Wright; "Independence Young Matrons Buy Pre-Civil War Brick Residence," by Pauline Siegfried Fowler; "House Meant Warmth, Love and Laughter As Home to the Former Mary Scarritt," by Mary Scarritt Story; and "Lee's Summit Christian Church Has Served Community 100 Years," by Lois Lail Cooper Shawgo.

Jesuit Bulletin, October, 1970: "Saint [Louis] For Our City," by William B. Faherty, SJ.

Journal of the Missouri Bar, November, 1970: "The Presidents of the United States VS. The Constitution!" by Hugh P. Williamson.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn, 1970: "Wyandot Floats," by Homer E. Socolofsky; and "The [Andrew H.] Reeder Administration Inaugurated," by Russell K. Hickman. Kirkwood Historical Review, December, 1970: " TOO Years With Christ', A Brief History of the Kirkwood Baptist Church," by Virginia Hoester Impey; and "Kirkwood's First Station," by Elaine Viets.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, January, 1971: "Some Boyhood Ex­ periences of Orman Turrentine," by W. O. Turrentine; "Genealogical Notes From The Lawrence County Record"; and "The David Seitz Family," sub­ mitted by Mrs. W. E. Roden.

Military Affairs, December, 1970: "General Orders, No. 11: The Forced Evacua­ tion of Civilians During the Civil War," by Charles R. Mink.

Minnesota History, Fall, 1970: "Frontier Feud: 1819-20, How Two Officers Quarreled All the Way to the Site of Fort Snelling," by Helen McCann White.

Missouri Alumnus, November-December, 1970: "George Caleb Bingham: Mis­ souri's First Professor of Art," by Betty Brophy.

Missouri Highways, December-January, 1970-71: "They Still Abide"; "Country Stores"; "Stone Hill Recaptures Time," by Robert S. Townsend, photographs by Jim Roach; and "The Winding Way to Yesterday," by Bruce Mitchell, photographs by Jim Corrigan.

Missouri Medicine, January, 1971: "Dr. George Penn—1800-1886," by Thomas B. Hall, M.D.

Missouri Speleology, January-April, 1970: "A History of the Caves of Camden County, Missouri," by H. Dwight Weaver.

Nebraska History, Fall, 1970: 'The Skidi Pawnee Morning Star Sacrifice of 1827," by Melburn D. Thurman.

Ozarks Mountaineer, December, 1970: "Indian Trial and Thong Trees," by Laura E. Hubler; and "Early Settlement Saga," by Mrs. Melvin Smith.

Pacific Historian, Fall, 1970: "Shadow of the Long Rifle," by Merrill J. Mattes. 372 Missouri Historical Review

Railway and Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin, October, 1970: "Missouri Southern: History of a Shortline," by Roger Grant. Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, October, 1970: "Prelude To Donel- son, Grant's January, 1862, March into Kentucky," by C. Peter Ripley; and "Joseph Nash McDowell, M.D.," by James Walter Wilson.

Sou'wester, Autumn, 1970: "Fred W. Venter and Ida E. Sparks Memories," by Ida Sparks Venter.

Twainian, November-December, 1970: " 'Harper's New Monthly Magazine' May, 1896," by Joseph H. Twichell; and "Twichell's Letters to Paine," both con­ tinuations.

United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine, January, 1971: "The Battle of Belmont As Described by a Tennessee Doctor," by Josephine Neel Wallen. West, June, 1970: "Jesse [James] and the Cloth," by Marijo Gibson; and "Pap Went To The Mill," by Garner Young. Western American Literature, Summer, 1970: "St. Petersburg Re-Visited: Helen Eustis and Mark Twain," by Stuart L. Burns; and "Roughing It as Retro­ spective Reporting," by John DeWitt McKee.

Westport Historical Quarterly, December, 1970: "Andrew Drips," a reprint; "An­ drew Drips At Kawsmouth and Kansas City," compiled by William A. Goff; "John B. Colton," by John Edward Hicks; "Mrs. [Susan Yoacham] Dillon's Recollections of Early Days," transcribed by Adrienne Christopher; "Rem­ iniscences of Dodge [City]," reprinted; and "[John A. Sutter] Man Who Owned First California Gold Mine Died Poor," reprinted.

Bound for 'Tennessy' Ironton Iron County Register, September 10, 1891. Movers have been plentiful during the past week—all headed south. Some of them are comfortably fixed for travel, with wagons, horses, cows, furniture, etc. etc., while others are as empty-handed of worldly goods as could be well imagined. A family of the latter class attracted considerable attention, as the members trudged their way along Main street last Monday. They were four: a man, a woman, a boy, and a girl. The head of the family took his way in the middle of the street, weighted down beneath a huge bundle of sundries and a quilt hung upon his arm. The woman, followed by the children on the sidewalk, carried a sack of clothing, cooking utensils, etc. The boy toted a sack, and the girl a basket, within which was a chicken securely fastened. We presume they were on their way to the "wife's people in Tennessy."

It Was Contagious Edina Sentinel, April 20, 1876. Mr. Colfax tells a good story of President Lincoln, that when he was attacked with the small-pox, he said to his attendants: "Send up all the office- seekers, and tell them I've got something I can give each of them." Historical Notes and Comments 373

IN MEMORIAM

GEORGE FULLER GREEN CARTER, DON C, Sturgeon: April 8, George Fuller Green, trustee of the 1883-December 3, 1970. State Historical Society of Missouri, architect and builder, died December CAYCE, MRS. J. PAUL, Farmington: 26 at his home in Kansas City. He was September 29, 1877-November 21, 1970. 83 and a lifelong resident of that city. CORBIN, REVEREND H. E., Indepen­ A graduate of the University of Michi­ dence: November 1, 1888-June 8, 1970. gan at Ann Arbor, Mr. Green was the volunteer architect ?nd builder of the DALTON, CLARA A., St. Louis: Decem­ old Fort Osage Restoration project at ber 14, 1894-August 11, 1970. Sibley. DAVIS, MRS. HARRY S., Kansas City: As a member of the Kansas City August 23, 1898-September 4, 1970. board of park commissioners from 1955 to 1959, Mr. Green encouraged that the DAY, RALPH A., Springfield: October St. Martin of Tours statue be erected 15, 1897-August 24, 1969. at the William Volker Memorial foun­ tain. In 1959 Mayor H. Roe Bartle DRYDEN, ISABELLA M., St. Louis: Au­ named him the first curator of the city gust 16, 1889-March 9, 1970. archives. A Condensed History of the GADDIS, SIBLEY B., Mount Sterling, Kansas City Area was assembled by Mr. Illinois: October 8, 1894-September 18, Green and published in 1968. 1969. Mr. Green was a past president of the Native Sons of Kansas City, Kansas GELLHORN, MRS. GEORGE, New York, City Westerners and of the Kansas City New York: December 18, 1878-Septem- Museum Association. He was also a ber 24, 1970. member of the Kansas City Museum of GENTRY, A. E., Buckner: August 3, History and Science and the Westport 1906-March 1, 1969. Historical Society boards of directors. He is survived by his wife, Mrs. Nina GEORGE, TODD M., Lee's Summit: King Green, and three daughters, Mrs. February 26, 1879-November 22, 1969. Robert Huddleston of Mitchell, South Dakota, Mrs. Charles F. Downey, Jr., of GRIFFIN, MRS. EFFIE BUTLER, St. Prairie Village and Mrs. Clinton W. Louis: August 27, 1881-November 21, Kanaga, Jr., of Kansas City. 1970. HICKMAN, REVEREND THOMAS S., BAILEY, PHILIP ARMINE, San Diego, California: September 16, 1885-Septem- Hannibal: July 8, 1884-January 7, 1970. ber 19, 1970. KARCHMER, J. H., Springfield: Febru­ BOOTH, JENNIE M., Columbia: Died ary 24, 1896-October 25, 1969. December 9, 1970. KERNAHAN, JOHN R., Trenton: De­ BUSH, A. CURTIS, Davenport, Iowa: cember 29, 1887-September 22, 1969. November 16, 1895-May 6, 1970. LAMME, T. T., Laclede: December 6, CAPPS, ERNEST L., Liberty: August 29, 1895-December 23, 1970. 1888-October 29, 1967. CARENCE, MRS. J. W., Dallas, Texas: LEMP, MRS. JOHN F., Alton, Illinois: December 8, 1884-December 25, 1970. March 19, 1902-November 21, 1970. 374 Missouri Historical Review

LOGAN, MRS. C. A., Nevada: June 21, SANTSCHI, EMIL A., Farmington: July 1887-December 13, 1970. 11, 1889-November 24, 1970.

MACHIN, ELLEN M., Mexico: October SCHNEITTER, THEODORE F., Waurika, 1, 1899-June 15, 1969. Oklahoma: July 20, 1891-September 25, 1970. MASON, MARION, Tecumseh: August 19, 1900-October 22, 1969. SILSBY, DR. DON H., Springfield: Au­ gust 18, 1880-November 28, 1970. MORSEY, WILLIAM L., Warrenton: February 2, 1889-July 29, 1970. SURKAMP, RICHARD F., Normandy: January 6, 1891-August 18, 1970. NEEDHAM, JOHN J., Beliefontaine Neighbors: October 3, 1886-June 28, TAYLOR, J. C, Kansas City: October 1970. 26, 1883-March 12, 1968.

NEWTON, JAMES E., Kirkwood: Au­ THORP, MRS. DOROTHY E., Norwalk, gust 29, 1904-March 9, 1970. California: October 12, 1905-November 3, 1969. NUETZEL, ARLINGTON, St. Louis: Au­ gust 27, 1893-September 12, 1970. TURLEY, CLARENCE M., St. Louis: September 16, 1893-June 6, 1970. RICHARDSON, JAMES M., Sedalia: May 20, 1891-December 3, 1970. WHITLOCK, E. CLYDE, Ft. Worth, Texas: July 3, 1885-May 10, 1970. RINEHART, RUPERT L., Kirksville: July 29, 1878-January 22, 1970. WILLIAMS, MRS. NEIL, Cleveland> ROLLINGS, JOHN I., St. Louis: July Oklahoma: September 18, 1896-October 1, 1905-December 17, 1970. 12, 1970.

SACHS, ALEX F., Kansas City: March WOOD, MRS. CLAUDE H., Marshfield: 30, 1889-August 18, 1970. August 28, 1905-October 3, 1970.

A Small Boy's Essay Cameron Daily Observer, September 9, 1904. Here is a small boy's essay on the fly: "The fli is a little animile that gets in the butter in the good ole summer time. It haz eight legs; four to walk on; two to shuffle together and two to tickle with. Flies are found all over Ameriky but mostly on bald heads. He are the cause of much cussin' by the folks what he pesters with his ticklin legs. The fli cannot be stuck up fer he has eyes in his back, rite behaind the shoulder blades. The fli loves to get on a baby's nose and shuffle his feet. It is fun to leave him bee on the baby's nose ef yer mother ain't around to land on you fer it."

It Required Skill Concordia Concordian, January 29, 1941. The Chillicothe Constitution mourns the "passing of the good old days when a man drove a horse with one arm and supported a dainty bit of calico with the other." To which the Nevada Post replies "Cheer up brother. How much greater are the joys of modern times! Now a man drives a sixty horse power runabout with his knees and uses both arms." Historical Notes and Comments 375

BOOK REVIEWS The Woolen Industry of the Midwest. By Norman L. Crockett (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1970). 150 pp. Illustrated. Footnotes. Bibliography. Indexed. $7.25. The West was won not only by yeomen farmers who carved their homesteads out of the prairies and forests, but also by doc­ tors, lawyers, teachers, preachers, saloon girls, shopkeepers, crafts­ men, small manufacturers and a host of other fortune-seekers. Every schoolboy is familiar with the role of the farmers and cattle­ men, but far less is known about the remainder of the inhabitants of the small town-farming frontier. Part of this gap in our knowl­ edge about the westward expansion has been admirably filled by Norman Crockett's, The Woolen Industry of the Midwest. Indeed, while Crockett's theme is the rise, short life and decline of the woolen industry in the eight Midwestern states of Illinois, In­ diana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio and Wisconsin during the last half of the nineteenth century, his analysis of the woolen industry sheds a good deal of light on frontier enterprise in general. The woolen industry moved into the Midwest contempora­ neously with the pioneer farming families but it reached its peak in the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1870 the eight states in Crockett's study could boast of 881 woolen mills with an average capital investment of over $17,000. While he argues that these small enterprises played an important role in the economic growth and development of the region, Crockett makes no ex­ travagant claims as to the significance of the Midwest woolen mills in the national, or even local, economy. He insists that the major contribution of these small factories to the economic de- 376 Missouri Historical Review

velopment of the region was the production of needed goods for relatively isolated communities. In addition, the existence of the mills tended to increase the effectiveness of the local labor force (and labor was always scarce on the frontier) by performing spe­ cialized tasks at a lower cost and in a more satisfactory manner than was possible in individual farm homes. To a lesser, but still sig­ nificant degree, the presence of the mills augmented the available capital and entrepreneurial talent in the local economy. On the other hand, Midwestern woolen manufacturers made few or no technological advances in their industry; rather for the most part they used methods and machinery considered obsolete by larger Eastern concerns. Moreover, these small Midwest firms seldom generated substantial growth in subsidiary or complement­ ary industries. For example, neither machinery nor garment indus­ tries developed in the immediate area of the mills to serve or be served by the woolen mills. Like many other small Western indus­ tries the woolen mills were both resource and market oriented, and the size of the market was often restricted by the lack of adequate transportation facilities. Crockett points out other characteristic phenomena of frontier economies and industries; while inadequate and expensive transportation may have limited the sales of individual mills, even more important, the high freight rates protected the local markets and allowed the Midwestern mills to survive. Larger Eastern woolen mills enjoyed lower costs, occasioned by more modern equipment, better techniques and economies of scale and special­ ization, but as long as freight rates remained higher than the cost differential between the Eastern and the local mills, the Midwest mills survived. Lower prices and particularly lower freight rates in the period following the panic of 1873 integrated the Midwest woolen market into the national economy, and the demise of the Midwest woolen industry followed. One suspects that the develop­ ment of a truly national market in this period is at least a partial explanation of the decline of other market oriented industries in the Midwest. The only weakness in this fine study is that the Midwest woolen manufacturers never emerge as real people, but perhaps this is inherent in the nature of the study and not at all the fault of the author. Crockett has covered all facets of the woolen in­ dustry—labor, raw material and capital—to mention only the ob- Historical Notes and Comments 377 vious topics. His sources are more than adequate and he has used them skillfully in a very clearly written monograph.

University of Missouri—St. Louis James D. Norris

Dear Old Kit: The Historical Christopher Carson. By Har­ vey Lewis Carter (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968). 250 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Footnotes. Indexed. $5.95.

Probably no section of our country has produced as many "characters" as our legendary West. Our writers and journalists of the West have built legends: the names of Buffalo Bill, James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, John C. Fremont and Billy the Kid today flash across our TV and movie screens with great con­ sistency. To this list of western heroes one must certainly add the name of Christopher "Kit" Carson. "Kit" Carson and the Carson legend were shaped by the rugged, westward times. Born in Kentucky, the Carson family moved to Missouri when "Kit" was a year old. At sixteen, like many other young men of the period, Kit left Missouri for the West for anticipated good fortune.

Harvey Carter, in his scholarly work Dear Old Kit, has sep­ arated the legend built around Kit from his real life. The professor's purpose is clearly stated in the preface. He, like other scholars, found Carson's "life has been clouded by so much untruth and in­ accuracy as to make a reliable work about him a badly needed book." Carter has fulfilled his purpose by giving us such a book.

Carter's study begins with an excellent historiographical study of Carson. This section, the best in the book, is an excellent essay in itself. Carter then follows with the "Kit Carson Memoirs, 1809- 1856." In this section, the reader finds the author's annotated foot­ notes as long and as interesting as the memoirs. A new appraisal of "Kit" Carson then serves as a conclusion. A major conclusion reached is that the selection of one person from the mountain men "to receive the admiration of later generations" would result in Carson's being first choice. Thus, Carter destroyed much of the myth surrounding Carson, such as his leading a band of hunters, helping to build Bent's Fort, and killing Chinord Shunar in a duel. In place of the myth he has given us a very real admirable man. 378 Missouri Historical Review

The book is a "must" for all students of Western History yet will also appeal to the general reading public. The footnotes ap­ pear on the side of each page which is somewhat unique and, as one gets used to it, very desirable. The appendix is valuable. Pro­ fessor Carter's book is undoubtedly the best work written to date on the life of "Dear Old Kit."

Lincoln University Charles R. Mink

What Humanity Needs Canton Press, July 25, 1884. Tell a boy that he is a dunce, and he will soon be one. Tell a girl that she is fretful and disagreeable; she will soon be such. Helping, and not hindering, is what humanity needs. A half-drunken man went into a temperance meeting in Chicago which was led by women. He signed the pledge. The next morning, he found the pledge-card in his pocket. "Did I sign that last night?" he said, reading his name, "Well, if Mrs. R-— thinks I can keep it, I can;" and kept it he has for nearly ten years.

How to Keep the Boys On the Farm Clyde Times, June 10, 1910. The father gives orders. He told his 12-year old son to milk the cows, feed the horses, slop the pigs, hunt up the eggs, feed the calves, catch the colt and put him in the stable, cut some wood, split the kindling, stir the cream, pump fresh water in the creamery after supper, and to be sure he studied his lessons before he went to bed. Then he went to the farmer's club to discuss the ques­ tion, "How to Keep the Boys on the Farm."

Torture California Greenback Derrick, April 29, 1882. Take a man and pin three or four large tablecloths about him, fastened back with elastic and looped up with ribbons; drag all his own hair to the middle of his head and tie it tight, and hairpin on about five pounds of other hair and tie on a big ribbon. Keep the front locks on pins all night and let them tickle his eyes all day; pinch his waist into a corset; give him gloves a size too small, shoes ditto, and a hat that will not stay on without a torturing elastic, and a frill to tickle his chin, and a little lace veil to blind his eyes when he goes out to walk, and he will know what woman's dress is. Historical Notes and Comments 379

BOOK NOTES

Aviation History in Greater Kansas City. Compiled by the ed­ itors of Historic Aviation magazine. 102 pp. Illustrations. Not in­ dexed. $3.00. By its very nature the story of those who first braved the hazards of flight is dramatic. The editors of Historic Aviation were conscious of the drama involved as they compiled the very human story of each daring Pegasus of early Kansas City aviation and of the creative individuals or the hopefully enterprising manufacturers who made the planes in which they flew. From the time of the first balloon ascension at the opening of the Kansas City Hannibal Bridge in 1869 to the flights of the tri- motored airplanes of the 1930s, barnstormers, racing pilots, amateur builders and manufacturing companies made aviation history. Kan­ sas Citians saw their first flight in 1909 when Charles K. Hamilton flew a pusher biplane with a wing span of twenty-six feet from Overland Park, Kansas. Spectators were "startled by the flights which took the machine beyond the treetops." Albert Beed opened Kellerstrasse Field, Kansas City's first public airport, in 1917 in Marlborough, a Kansas City suburb. The first successful airplane made in Kansas City was a tractor biplane, designed, built and flown in 1910 by J. C. McCallum of Overland Park, Kansas. Later builders were often barnstormers. The editors of the volume have compiled incidents in the careers of barnstormers Tex LaGrone and amateur builders and barnstormers Clarence Melton and Ben Gregory, related in a breezy and informal manner with numerous accompanying photographs. In the early days of aviation daring flyers staged exhibitions at air shows and at fairs. Later they entered air trophy races. The stories of the designers of planes built for speed and of the prize- winning Kansas City racing pilots, Art Goebel, Benny Howard, Harold Neumann, Joe Jacobson and Bill Ong, are a mixture of triumph and tragedy. A chart of the Thompson, Bendix and Greve trophy races of the 1930s enables the reader to see at a glance the date of the race, name of the pilot, his rank, license number, the name of the aircraft and engine and the average speed. In the late twenties and the thirties ambitious Kansas City manufacturers, many of whom launched their businesses with little 380 Missouri Historical Review

capital, turned their attention to aircraft production. The American Eagle, Ken-Boyce biplane, Speedster, Cloudster, Sportster, Butler Blackhawk, Luscombe Phantom, Porterfield and a number of other airplanes were made in Kansas City. The planes and their builders are presented in both text and illustrations with brief histories of the manufacturing companies. Eight thousand persons witnessed the landing of Kansas City's first airmail plane at Bichards Field in 1926 by National Air Trans­ port. Operating from New York to Chicago and from Chicago to Dallas by way of Kansas City, N.A.T. was the first transcontinental carrier to serve the city. By 1930 Kansas City airlines had pro­ gressed from locally owned short-haul operations to huge trans­ continental lines. Although Kansas City failed to develop into an aircraft manufacturing center, it has become an important airlines hub, with three civil aviation airports and twenty-nine airlines now serving the city. The editors include a description and illustrations of Municipal, Fairfax and Kansas City International airports. A section on "Sport and Antique Aviation," summarizes the activities of the present Kansas City Experimental Aircraft Associa­ tion and the Antique Airplane Association. Don Pratt, Midwest aviation history authority, answers questions on early aviation in another section. An aviation chronology, extending from July 3, 1869, to June 20, 1934, the date of the completion of "Mr. Mulligan," famed Benny Howard racing plane, concludes the volume. The editors have made a significant contribution to the annals of aviation history.

Centennial History, Rarnard, Missouri, 1870-1970. Compiled by Barnard Centennial Committee, John M. Turner, chairman, Barn­ ard, Missouri 64423 (Barnard Community Betterment, 1970). 112 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. Out of print.

Attractive in size and format and printed on quality paper, the book includes a historical sketch of the town, and histories of businesses, schools, postmasters, mail carriers, doctors, newspapers and churches. Biographies of former prominent citizens and numer­ ous photographs of people and area scenes are evidences of much local interest in Barnard's history. The project was a part of the Community Betterment Program, with Mrs. Loree Weldon and Ivan Kime, co-chairmen. Historical Notes and Comments 381

Hardin, Missouri, A Centennial History, 1870-1970. Compiled by the Hardin Centennial Book Committee, Mrs. Cecil Hogan, chairman, Hardin, Missouri 64035. 181 pp. Illustrations. Not in­ dexed. $7.50. Postage 25 cents. The hardbound book presents a pictorial history of Hardin's business, professional, cultural, educational, social and religious life. Brief histories of the 1815 Buffalo settlement, a short distance south of Hardin, and of Old Hardin and New Hardin introduce the volume. An alphabetized list of pioneer families who lived in Hardin prior to 1900, with their birth and death dates and the names of their children, completes the work.

The Room Town of West Eminence and its lumbering days. Compiled by Judy Ferguson, Box 331, Eminence, Missouri 65466 (Bolla, 1969). 48 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. $2.50. The author presents the history of West Eminence, founded 1906-1907 by the Missouri Mining and Lumbering Company of Grandin, Missouri, from material gathered from local people who lived in the town during lumbering days. Bare old photographs present a graphic history of the era.

The History of Carter County. By Gene Oakley, Box 33, Van Buren, Missouri 63965 (Eminence, 1970). 142 pp. Bibliography. Map. Illustrations. $2.50. This first detailed history of Carter County is a contribution to local and state history. Mr. Oakley writes about the geography and natural resources, early pioneers, the Civil War and the educa­ tional institutions. Beproductions of old photographs add interest to the historical sketches of Carter County towns—Van Buren, Fre­ mont, Hunter, Ellsinore, Grandin and Midco.

This Is Gower, 1870-1970, One Hundred Years of Missouri Progress. Edited by Bon Murawski, Box 4, Gower, Missouri 64454 (Gower Centennial Committee, 1970). 133 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Not indexed. $2.50 paperback. $5.00 hardbound. Dedicated to Gower pioneers, the volume includes photographs and biographies of Daniel Smith, founder of Gower; Alexander Greenwood Gower, railroad superintendent for whom the town 382 Missouri Historical Review

was named; United States Senator David Bice Atchison, whose home near Gower still stands; and Mrs. Lucy Smith Huffman, 90- year-old granddaughter of Daniel Smith. A brief history of Gower, plats of the original and present town, and photographs and descriptions of homes, businesses, churches, schools and organiza­ tions, both past and present, comprise the major part of the work. Biographies of forty-one Gower residents are appended.

Early Life in Gentry County Including Some History. By Loy L. Hammond, Darlington, Missouri 64438 (Licking, Mo., 1970). 50 pp. Not indexed. $3.25. In a series of reminiscent sketches Mr. Hammond, a longtime resident of Gentry County, relates many of his personal experiences interspersed with histories of Ettieville and Ettieville postmasters; the Long Branch Church, written by Earl Shoemaker; Long Branch School; village of Begency; a 1913 cyclone and a 1922 flood in Gentry County; a chronology of Gentry County dates; early indus­ tries of Darlington; Ford City, Millen and Yolo postoffices; and the Stanberry Northwestern Normal and Business Institute.

Indians of the Ozark Plateau. By Elmo Ingenthron (Point Lookout: The School of the Ozarks Press, 1970). 182 pp. Illustra­ tions. Maps. Bibliography. Indexed. $3.00.

The history of the Indians who roamed the rugged terrain of the Ozark Plateau from the pre-dawn of history to the coming of the white man is partially shrouded in legend. In this ambitious undertaking Mr. Ingenthron presents a documented account with the hope that it may dispel some current fallacies about Indian life in the area. The time span of the subject matter involves some 10,000 years, the area under discussion includes portions of three states and the source material is drawn from several different fields of study. From archaeological, anthropological and historical rec­ ords the author weaves in logical sequence the story of the Indians who lived and hunted in the Ozark Plateau, which extends from Ste. Genevieve southwestward through Missouri and Northwest Arkansas to the three forks of the Arkansas Biver in northeastern Oklahoma. Utilizing references from the writings of Dr. Carl H. Chapman and his wife, Eleanor Chapman and other Missouri and Arkansas Historical Notes and Comments 383 archaeologists, Mr. Ingenthron notes the indications of the presence of Early Man in the Ozark region and describes artifacts and cul­ tural traits of the Archaic Indians. He describes in more detail the customs, tools, dress and food of the Ozark Bluff-dwellers. Although one chapter is devoted to the more advanced culture of the Woodland-Mississippian Indians who lived along the major river valleys, the author concludes that this culture failed to be transplanted in depth in the lives of the Ozarkian Indians. When the first Europeans penetrated the region, they found that the Osage ruled preeminent, with seventeen villages in 1680 and the same number ninety years later. From both archaeological and historical records, Mr. Ingenthron depicts the early village life of the Osage. The later migration of the western Cherokee and Algonquian tribes to the region at the invitation of officials during the Spanish regime, and the subsequent history of these tribes as they lived in villages in Southwest Missouri and Northwest Arkan­ sas provide material for several chapters. The encounters between emigrant Indians and the warlike Osage, the despoliation of Indian hunting grounds by white settlers, the cession of Indian claims to the land and the ultimate Indian removal conclude the history of the Ozark Indians. In the closing chapter, the author assesses the contributions of the red man's culture to present Ozarkian life. A map of the Ozark Plateau, designed by Mr. Ingenthron and drawn by Harold Hatzfeld shows principal streams, Indian terri­ torial area, treaty-fixed boundaries, migration routes, early roads and settlements. A native of the Ozarks, the author has served as high school principal and county superintendent of schools in Taney County, Missouri.

Our Jefferson County Heritage. By Zoe Booth Butledge (Cape Girardeau, 1970). 247 pp. Bibliography. Map. Illustrations. Not indexed. $5.00. The author, educated at Southeast Missouri State College and Washington University, has lived in Jefferson County for eighty years. Writing with a sense of urgency to record the old patterns of living in the county before it is too late, Mrs. Butledge expresses her deep love for the region and its people in the carefully re­ searched volume of social history. Her work should inspire others who have time for extensive research in newspapers, documents, county records, histories and personal interviews to write the 384 Missouri Historical Review history of their county or community. Mrs. Butledge concludes her work with comments on the ecological problems of Jefferson County, including the thoughtless destruction of historical and archaeological treasurers. Maps of the county, showing the town­ ships and marking sites of historic interest are used on the inside front and back covers.

Missouri History in Cedar County. By Clayton Abbott and Lewis B. Hoff (Greenfield: Vedette Printing Company, 1971). 600 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. $6.50.

Lewis Hoff, from old newspapers, court records, personal in­ terviews and the National Archives compiled information on Cedar County prior to 1950. The first eleven chapters of Part I of this history are the results of his research. Clayton Abbott wrote about events which occurred from 1951 to 1960, about industries, banks, newspapers, churches, schools, fraternal institutions of the period and compiled the biographical and genealogical data. Biographies and photographs of the authors introduce Part II of the volume, which contains biographical sketches of 203 Cedar County citizens, with genealogical data. A facsimile copy of the 1850 United States census of Cedar County is presented in Part III. The appendix, mainly compiled by Mr. Hoff, contains a chronological listing of postmasters at the county seat from the 1840s to 1965, county population, county of­ ficers, state representatives, Cedar County soldiers in World War I, Stockton A.F. & A.M. lodge members, sketches of Cedar County physicians and a copy of a portion of a sale bill of 1877. The original plat of Stockton and a photographic reproduction of the historic 1855 W. D. Hoff home introduce the work. The hard-bound volume, with its detailed records of families and events, provides primary reference data for both the present and future.

History of Hickory County Missouri 1970. By B. B. Ihrig. (Warsaw: The Printery, 1970). 418 pp. Illustrations. Map. Indexed. $12.50. The numerous county histories which have been published during the past two years are indicative of the growing apprecia­ tion of Missourians for the preservation of their local history. The Historical Notes and Comments 385 organization of the recently published histories varies. Some are compilations based on the research of a number of interested per­ sons; some include excerpts from earlier published histories; others utilize newpaper accounts and/or reminiscences of older citizens. Twenty-five Hickory County citizens contributed information and assistance to the author in the preparation of this hard-bound volume. Mr. Ihrig also included excerpts from the 1889 Goodspeed history of Hickory County and F. Marion Wilson's history of the county, published in 1907. A chapter on pioneer history, a list of county officials from 1891 to 1968, a directory of the county's businessmen and a chronology of county events from 1830 to the present were compiled by Mr. Ihrig. A number of citizens assisted the author in securing the information and in writing about county towns, churches and schools. Mrs. Nannie Jinkens, of Wheatland, compiled the section on county cemeteries. The genealogical data, comprising some 100 pages of the history, was compiled by Mr. Ihrig and Mrs. Jinkens. Photographs of county scenes, buildings and persons are included. The cooperative effort which has resulted in the compilation of the volume is worthy of commendation.

It Supplied All Needs Sedalia Rosa Pearle's Paper, January 25, 1908. Mrs. De Flat—"Can you show me anything new in folding beds?" Dealer—"Only this, madam, and it really is quite a success. On arising in the morning, you touch a spring, and it turns into a washstand and bathtub. After your bath you touch another spring, and it becomes a dressing case, with a French plate mirror. If you breakfast in your room, a slight pressure will transform it into an extension table. After breakfast you press these three buttons at once, and you have an upright piano. That's all it will do, except that when you die it can be changed into a rosewood coffin."

Oh, For the Good OF Days Columbia Missouri Statesman, October 23, 1868. John Long would most respectfully give notice to his old customers and friends, that he has constantly on hand (at the market house before the courthouse) fresh meat of the very best quality. Beef young and tender at from five to ten cents per pound. Mutton and lamb at eight cents, and pork at ten cents. Also all kinds of vegetables that can be had in the market, all for cash—as he keeps no books. IEFTEIS0N Cin BENNETTS IS kn 0 ra. 1) hrs30m *MC^^^^^ WASHINGTON HERMANN 10 krs 5 an >3 bts 30 •)• A il'W.™ Lift ST LOUIS t^^f wr 19 use _* 1155 > « 2? In • VESTON ' 54 kfi 30 •• ST. LOUIS 1 MILES MISSOURI RIVER MOUTH )t MILES BOONVILLE 225 MILES LEXINGTON 171 MILES KANSAS CITY 45* MILES MISSOURI* fIVE l MOUTH ST JOSEPH 54( MILES

E. B. Trail Collection

A Historic Race Columbia Missouri Herald, January 19, 1900. The race which sticks in the minds of the old-timers is the trip from St. Louis to St. Joseph, about five hundred miles to the river runs, with the Polar Star and the James H. Lucas as contestants. The Polar Star had for a year "held the horns" as the fastest boat on the Missouri. About six o'clock one evening, in 1857 [1856], Captain Bryarly, commanding the champion, ob­ served that Captain Andrew7 Winchland, of the Lucas, was almost ready to start. St. Joseph was the common destination.

"See here, Captain Andy," the Polar Star's master cried, across the water, "I'll give you a chance to win our horns."

Winchland smiled and in a careless way called out, "All right." His further answer was an order to cast off lines. The two boats stood to the north, nose to nose. Passengers who observed the proceedings went to the Captain, begging him not to race. Three hours later, with equal earnestness, they were en­ treating the commander to "throw on some more wood." All that night, all the next day, the two boats struggled for the mastery. Captain Bryarly was surprised and grieved to note in the morning, that he had made no gain in the course of the night.

When the boats got to Jefferson City, the Polar Star, by dint of the most extraordinary exertion on the fire deck, had secured a slight advantage. Her passengers were shouting out wagers to the Lucas' passengers, who seemed to make their bets with uncalled-for confidence. Captain Bryarly stormed about, now on the main deck, now in the wheelhouse, now on the hurricane deck, and again to the pilot, swearing and ordering until it seemed that the Polar Star

386 Historical Notes and Comments 387 would never lose. Meanwhile Captain Andy Winchland—rest his soul!—had left off storming. With an hour of sleep he came on deck to find that his boat was half a dozen lengths to the bad. Without advertising the fact of his where­ abouts, he went to the fireroom. He looked it over for its needs. The fuel, he found, was not quite to his liking, but in the cargo there were barrels of fat which, applied to coal and wood, might make a difference under his boilers. Presently, therefore, the smokestacks of the Lucas began to belch forth a new kind of smoke. By night, fire would have shown at their tops. Then the space between champion and challenger began to lessen. Bryarly stormed at his men, but the boat moved no faster. Inch by inch, foot by foot, the other vessel crawled up through the churning foam left by the wonderful Polar Star. Just below Rocheport, a typical Missouri river town, there is a formation akin to a cannon. Steaming between its rock-bound, ivy- covered sides, the passenger finds the sense of evening upon him. The afternoon sun is out of view, and deep shadows at the shore line lend a solemnity that is heightened by the unusual murmur of the turbid waters in their narrow confines. It was in this deep place, good for steaming, that the Lucas forged up to the Polar Star's beam. The Captain of the challenging vessel was not in view. He remained on the fire deck, urging this or that humble helper to greater efforts. Fuel was gathered and placed with the care a mother bestows upon her tender infant. The Captain's eye was on the bearings in the engine-room; the wheelhouse was visited to see if there was any resistance that might be cut away. Just above the town of Rocheport the river bends. Standing on the after deck of a steamer, the little hillside city seems to swing to the left. Then, in half an hour, as the boat proceeds on a good depth of water a fringe of green suddenly rises and cuts the town from view. It was here that Captain Winchland learned that he had won a championship. The Polar Star was lost to view I The advantage gained was never lost, for throughout the afternoon and all of that night the Captain of the Lucas watched his fires. Through the Saline bottom lands, where the Missouri races through flat sands in her muddy course, the Lucas pushed on. Between rocklined shores up to Leavenworth the winning boat hurried. Two or three times, where the river described the letter S. smoke across the two great bends told the pas­ sengers and crew that the Polar Star was yet in the wake, and by the same token the other boat's people felt that there was yet a chance of success. At length, two days and twelve hours out of St. Louis, the Lucas landed at St. Joseph. Two hours later the defeated Polar Star steamed up to the levee. The Lucas had surpassed the record by eight hours. Captain Bryarly, gallant commander that he was, ordered the horns down from his hurricane deck. Miss Bessie Fox, daughter of a prominent citizen, received them from his hands and placed them before Captain Winchland. Hills across the river rang out the echo of cheers that followed. Most all the actors of that little comedy-drama are dead now but the recollection of it to those who survive is one of the happiest of lifetime's memories.

From Homer Brassford, Saturday Evening Post.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXV NUMBERS 1, 2 and 3

COMPILED BY MRS. MARY M. MORRIS

Barkley, Alben, 322, 325-326; 324 (illus.) Abbot, Noble, 218 Barnard, Mrs. H. P., 361 Abbott, Clayton, Missouri History in Barnes, Gerald, 82 Cedar County, noted, 384 Barnes, Lakenan, 351 Abrams, Mrs. Thelma (Marcus), 57, Barnett, Ray, 224 58, 70 Barrett, Jesse W., 151, 152, 312; 151, Achtenberg, Ben M., 49, 50 311 (illus.) Acquaroni, Father John Baptist, 7, 9, Barrett, Peter, 198, 200-202 10, 12 Bartle, H. Roe, 213 Adam-Ondi-Ahman, art. on, listed, 239 Basler, Mrs. Lucille, 85 Adams, Laurence P., Jr., 77 Baseball, art. on, listed, 366 Adams, Rev. Noel T., 221 Bass, D. C, 353 Adams Township Centennial, 1870-1970, Bass, Henry B., 352 noted, 119 Bateman, Rev. C. A., 316 Adkins, Katie Marie, 355 Bates County Historical Society, 217, 351 Aguado, Edward E., 228 Battle of Belmont, art. on, listed, 372 Allen, Mrs. Frank S., 227 Baue, Fred, 343 Allen, John M., 164 Bauman, G. Duncan, 213 American Fur Company, 263-264 Baume, Edwin, 82 Ames, Edward R., 149 Baxter Springs, art. on, listed, 239 Amish, art. on, listed, 369 Bayne, Thomas, 296 Anders, Leslie, "His 'Radical Reverence' Bean, Jonathan L., 253, 256 John H. Cox," 139-158; (illus.) Beard, Brent, 343 Anderson, Mrs. Nola, 90 Beard, Dan, art. on, listed, 102 Anderson, Richard Lloyd, "Jackson Beckwith, Carroll, 77 County in Early Mormon Descrip­ Bell, John, 141, 310 tions," 270-293; (illus.) Bell, M. F., thesis on, noted, 241 Anheuser-Busch, thesis on, noted, 241 Bellefontaine Cemetery, art. on, listed, Antioch Community Church Historical 369 Society, 217 Bentley, A. C, 213 Armstrong, Henry, art. on, listed, 98 Bentley, Jordan, 219, 352 Army Agriculture, art. on, listed, 238 Benton County Historical Society, 81, Arnold, Mrs. W. A., 353 351 Arrow Rock, hist, of, art. on, listed, 98 Benton, Mrs. Quinnie, 217 Arthur, Chester A., 30 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), arts, on, Asbury, George, House, art. on, listed, listed, 367, 369; painting by, front 102 cover April issue Atchison County Historical Society, 81, Benton, Mrs. Thomas Hart, art. on, 217 listed, 367 Atchison, David Rice, art. on, listed, 367 Benton, Thomas H. (Senator), 300, 307 Atkinson, John M., 205 Berenstein, David, 56 Atteberry, James, 89, 360 Berg, Richard, 343 Aubuchon, Dr. S. D., 352 Berger, Victor, 173, 178 Aude, Mother Eugenie, 126 Berger, William E., book review by, Audrain County Historical Society, 81, 107-109 217, 351 Bernard, Burton C, 221 Aull, William, III, 207 Bertrand (steamboat), art. on. listed, Aurora, arts, on, listed, 101, 240; Cen­ 101 tennial, 1870-1970, noted, 118 Berzieres, Father, 8, 9 Avery, Sen. Omer H., 343 Bettman, Irvin, Sr., 53, 56, 57, 60; 54 Aviation, art. on, listed, 101 (illus.) Aviation History in Greater Kansas Beveridge, Dr. Thomas R., 83 City, noted, 379-380 Beynon, Mrs. H. L., 217 Aydelotte, Frank, 356 Biddle, Francis, 68 Biersmith, David, 356 Bingham, George Caleb, (artist), 207, 209, 212; painting by, 208 (illus.); art. on, listed, 371 Bacon, Charles L., 213 Birbeck, Robert, 84 Badin, Father Stephen, 17, 18 Birchler, Homer F., 221, 355 Baggerman, Mrs. William, 85 Birmingham Dixiecrat Convention, art. Bailey, Josiah, 323 on, listed, 238 Bailey, Keturah, 302 Blair, Francis P., 227 Baker, Arthur, 87 Blair, Capt. J. H., 307 Baker, Betty, 351 Blair, Gov. James T., Jr., 213, 343 Baker, Mr. & Mrs. Carlton, 85 Blankenship, Mrs. Arvada, 358 Baker, Mrs. Harry, 226 Blanca, Brother Martin, 8-10, 12, 13 Baker, Oscar H., art. on, listed, 240 Boboni, Brother Anthony, 7 Baker, William B., 228 Bodmer, Karl, art. on, listed, 101, 209; Baldwin, Mrs. Lucille, 358 painting by, front cover, Jan. issue Ball, Sen. Joseph, 321 Bogg, Bernard, 192, 203 Ballou, Don D., 86 Bohnsack, Frances, 356 389 390 Index

Boland, Harry, 189 Brown, Willis, 315 Bolivar King of the Hounds in the Brownlee, Dr. Richard S„ 87, 88. 207, Kingdom of Callaway, by Hugh P. 220, 229, 343; 344 (illus.) Williamson, noted, 116 Brummett, Carl A., 228 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 5 Brunjes, Mrs. Herbert, 359 Bonne Terre, art. on, listed, 96 Bruns, Mrs. W. A., 84, 220, 355 Bonnewitz, Mrs. Roberta. 227 Brunswick Book Notes, 116-120, 379-385 —Fire department, art. on, listed, 95 Book Reviews, 106-115, 244-245. 375-378 —Tornado, art. on, listed, 95 Boom Town of West Eminence and its Brute, Father Simon, 11, 13, 15 lumbering days, by Judv Ferguson, Bryant, Mrs. Melvin, 354 noted, 381 Buck, R. L., 172 Boon, Hampton L., 134 Buckley, Mrs. Blair, 226 Boone County Buckner, Mrs. Marjorie, 352 —Cattle show. art. on. listed. 234 Budde, G. Edward, 82 —Church, arts, on, listed, 95 Buerger, Rev. Ernest M„ 226 —Civil War, art. on, listed, 95 Buntin, J. L., 361 —Columbia Herald, art. on, listed, 95 Burdine, Gen. Amos, art. on, listed, 236 —Creeks, art. on, listed, 95 Burks, Mrs. Chester, 84 —Early settlers, art. on, listed, 234 Burrill, Mabel, 217 —Fairs, art. on, listed, 95 Burt, Mildred, 357 —Hanging, art. on, listed, 95 Butler County —E. D. Johnson, art. on, listed, 234 —Hist, of, arts. on. listed, 98, 236 —Land sales, art. on, listed, 95 —Water power mills, art. on, listed, —Pro-slavery Party, art. on, listed, 95 236 —Rock Bridge Paper Mill, art. on, Butler County Historical Society. 82, listed, 95 217 Boone County Historical Society, 351 Butler. Jack, 222 Boone, Daniel, art. on, listed, 234, 238 Byrnes, James W., 197 Booneslick Settlers, art. on, listed, 95 Boonslick Historical Society, 351 Boosterism in Saint Louis, thesis on, noted, 241 Caldwell, Dorothy J., 213, 214. 351, 354; Booth, Ezra, 283, 284 344 (illus.); "Christmas in Early Mis­ Boots, Stephen, 316 souri," 125-138; book review by, Boranvanski, Brother Francis. 10 244-245 Bosch, Mrs. L. F., 359 Calhoun, John C, 250 Bounds, Carl, 225 California, art. on, listed, 102 Boxerman, Burton A., "St. Louis Jew­ Calvary Cemetery, art. on, listed, 369 ish Coordinating Council: Its Forma­ Camden County Caves, hist, of, art. on, tive Years," 51-71; (illus.) listed, 371 Boy Scouts of America, art. on. listed, Camden County Historical Society, 218 102 Camdenton Chapter of Junior Histo­ Bozarth. Reason, 295 rians, 218 Bradford, Harriet, 85 Cameron, W. W. Knoop Homestead, art. Braley, John Hyde, 133 on, listed. 370 Bramblett, Mrs. Melvin, 357 Campbell, Elizabeth McClure. The Cot­ Braun. George, 222 tey Sisters of Missouri, reviewed, Bray, Robert T., 219 109-110 Breckenridge, Donald, 219 Campbell, Robert A., 298; 297 (illus.) Breckinridge, John C, 141, 311 Canada, Irma, 83 Brett, Bradford, 351 Canary, Martha Jane, art. on, listed, 235 Breuer, J. I., 83, 219, 220, 354 Cannon, Rep. Edward M., 343 Breuer, Mrs. J. I., 83 Cannon, Newbold, 300 Brewster, Sen. Ralph Owen, 322 Cantor, Louis, Prologue to the Protest Brickley, T. C, art. on, listed, 366 Movement: The Missouri Sharecrop­ Bridger, Jim, 228 pers Roadside Demonstration of 1939, Brief History of Lawrence County, Mis­ reviewed, 106-107 souri, 1845-1970, noted, 118-119 Cape Girardeau Countv, art. on, listed, Briggs, Frank P., 322, 332 367 Brightwell. A. W., 353 Cape Girardeau Historical Society, 351 Brinkley, Thelma, 224 Cape Girardeau Northern Railway, hist, Briscoe, Stephen, 298 of, art. on, listed, 101 Briscoe, William, 296 Capital punishment, art. on, listed, 367 Broadhead, James O., art. on, listed, 370 Capitol, first state, art. on, listed, 367; Brodrick, Mrs. Curtis, 88 dedication, 342-343 (illus.) Brodsky, L. D., 227 Carey. Mrs. Marv, 353 Brooking. Judge A Ivan, 227; art. on, Carl, Eugene H., 223 listed, 371 Carneal, Thomas W., 223 Brooks, George R., 88 Carnell, Hiram, 224 Brooks, Dr. Philip C, 356 Carnell, Mrs. Pauline, 358 Brophy, Dixie, 361 Carola, hist, of, art. on, listed, 97 Brown, B. Gratz, 223 Carondelet, arts, on, listed, 238, 369 Brown, Carol, 224 Carondelet Historical Society, 82. 218, Brown, Everett W., 88 352 Brown, Joe, 361 Carretti, Canon Joseph, 9, 10 Brown, Miriam K., Pierce City Cen­ Carriker, Mrs. Casey, 227 tennial, 1870-1970, noted, 119-120 Carroll County Historical Society, 218 Brown, Mrs. Riley, 219 Carrollton Brown, Mrs. Shelby, 352 —Businesses, art. on, listed, 366 Brown, W. Crosby, 83, 85, 224, 226, 227 —County Fair, art. on, listed. 234 Brown, William Wells, 298 —Corporations, art. on, listed, 234 Index 391

—Football, art. on, listed, 234 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, —Harvesting, arts, on, listed, 95 82 219 352 —Walnut Trees, art. on, listed, 95 Civil' War Round Table of St. Louis, Carson, Christopher, book on, reviewed, 82, 219, 353 377-378 Civil War Secession, thesis on, noted, Carson, Kit, art. on, listed, 100 241 Carter, Harvey Lewis, Dear Old Kit: Claggett, Charles E., 88 The Historical Christopher Carson, Clamands, Mr. & Mrs. C. B., 87 reviewed. 377-378 Clare, Mr. & Mrs. John, 224 Carter, Mrs. Leah, 85 Clark, Ben, art. on, listed, 370 Carver, Judge Paul E., 219, 224 Clark County Historical Society, 353 Cass County Historical Society, 352 Clark, Edward H., Jr., 85 Cauger, Ted R., 356 Clark, George Rogers, art. on, listed, Cedar County Historical Society, 218 235 Cellini, Father Francis, 21 Clark, William, 250, 252-254, 257, 259; Cenatiempo, Mike, 354 259 (illus.) Centennial History, Barnard, Missouri, Clay County noted, 380 —arts, on, listed, 239 Chambers, A. B., 128 —Costello family, art. on, listed, 239 Chaonia, art. on, listed, 97 —Crewley family, art. on, listed, 370 Charbonneau, Baptiste, art. on, listed, —Overton G. Harris family, art. on, 100, 240 listed, 100 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 259 —Sevier family, art. on, listed, 100 Chariton County, art. on, listed, 238 —Robert Thomas Stevenson family, Chariton County Historical Society, 218, art. on, listed, 370 352 Clay County Museum Association, 82, Charivari, art. on, listed, 367 91Q 353 Charles, John, 263 Clayton, Robert, II, 343 Chase, Mr. & Mrs. Edgar, art. on, listed, Clear Creek Valley, art. on, listed, 101 239 Cleaveland, William, 145 Chastain, Dr. C. W., 227 Cleveland, Grover, 26, 34, 160 Cheatham, Rev. Conrad, 224 Clevenger, Dr. Homer, 343, 360 Chenie, Antoinie, 259 Clinton County, hist, of, art. on, listed, Chew, Phil, 167 236 Chickering, Mrs. Chester, 349 (illus.) Clinton County Historical Society, 82, Chickering, Mrs. Ellen, 86 219, 353 Chopin, Kate, art. on, listed, 100; verso Closser, Robert A., 225 back cover, Oct. issue, (illus.) Cloud, Tilghman R., obit., 103 Chouteau, Auguste Pierre, art. on, Cochran Construction, hist, of, art. on, listed, 238 listed, 95 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 263, 264 Cockerill, John A., art. on, listed, 100 Chowning, John, 301 Cockrell, Francis, 33 Christian (Columbia) College, verso Cohen, Morris, art. on, listed, 368 back cover, April issue Cohen, William S., 53, 55, 56 Christiansen, Mrs. Thelma, 352 Cohn, Irwin, 56 "Christmas in Early Missouri," by Dor­ Cole County Historical Society, 82 othy J. Caldwell, 125-138; (illus.) Coleman, Ann, 228 Chuinard, Dr. E. G., 348 Coleman, William, 356 Churches Coler, Bird S., 197 —arts, on, listed, 101, 234 Collins, Owen, 223 —California area, arts, on, listed, 95 Colton, John B., art. on, listed, 372 —Chariton Baptist, art. on, listed, 96 Columbia Herald, art. on, listed, 95 —Church of the Assumption, 22 (illus.) Compton, Dr. James Howard, 135 —Concordia Lutheran, art. on, listed, Concordia College and Seminary, arts, 100 on, listed, 100 —Cumberland Presbyterian, art. on, Concordia Historical Institute, 348 listed, 369 Condon, Claire, 82 —Kirkwood Baptist, hist, of, art. on, Conestoga wagons, art. on, listed, 235 listed, 371 Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, 6, 8 —Lee's Summit Christian, art. on, Coombs, Kenneth E., 343, 352 listed, 371 Coombs, Dr. Miller O., 222 —Lexington First Christian, art. on, Coontz, Robert, 77 listed, 368 Cormack, Rev. John, 221 —Mormon, hist, of, art. on, listed, 101 Cornelius, Dr. J. L., 357 —Orchid Christian, art. on, listed, 370 Costigan, Donna, "Truman Vice Presi­ —Polk Township, art. on, listed, 370 dency: Constructive Apprenticeship —St. John's AME, art. on, listed, 98 or Brief Interlude?" 318-341; (illus.) —Steelville Presbyterian, hist, of, art. Cottey Sisters of Missouri, by Elizabeth on, listed, 237 McClure Campbell, reviewed, 109-110 —Views from the Past, 346-347 (illus.) Cotton, W. Phillip, Jr., 360 Circus, Parker & Watts, art. on, listed, Coughlin, Father Charles E., 60, 61, 68 100 Courtney, Clifford, 82 Civil War Cowdrey, Oliver, 272 —art. on, 139-158 Cox, James M., 204, 205 —arts, on, listed, 95, 98, 100, 101, Cox, John H., art. on, 139-158; 149, 158 236, 239, 240, 367, 368, 369, 370, (illus.) 371 372 Cox, Mary Gladdice, 154-156 —Union Shipbuilding on Western Cox, Nannie, 155 Rivers, art. on, listed, 102 Cox, W. B., art. on, listed, 102, 240 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, Craig, Delite, 87 219, 352 Crane, Mrs. Neva, 218 392 Index

Crawford County, hist, of, art, on, Dent County Historical Society, 83, 220, listed, 369 354 Crawford County Historical Society, 83, de Paul, Vincent, 13 219, 353 de Prefontains, Dr. R., 258 Crawford County Schools DeSmet, Father Pierre Jean, 264 —Iron Center school, hist, of, art. on, De Soto listed, 237 —arts, on, listed, 95, 96, 234, 366 —Matlock school, hist, of, art. on, —Balloon ascensions, art. on, listed, listed, 237 234 Crawford, Lindsey, 191 —John Duffy family, art. on, listed. Crews, George, 227 96 Crighton, John C, Stephens: A Story of —Frontier medicine, art. on. listed. Educational Innovation, reviewed, 234 107-109 —Pearl Cottage, art. on, listed. 96 Crimmins, Father H. B., 62 •—Railroad, art. on, listed, 234 Crittenden, Gov. Thomas T., art. on, Deters, Mrs. William, Jr., 357 listed, 367 DeTreget, Clement DeLore, 218 Crockett, Norman L., Woolen Industry DeValera, Eamon, 188-189, 205-206: 190 of the Midwest, reviewed, 375-377 (illus.) Croskey, Mrs. Thomas, 227 Devine, Dan, 213 Crow, W. E., art. on, listed, 234 Deys, Leo, 7, 9, 10 Crowell, Barry, 213 Dice, Bob, 83 Cullinane, Michael, 189, 200, 206 Dickerson, Jim, 218 Cunningham, Thomas W., 349 (illus.) Dilliard, Irving, 356 Curd, B. S., 174 Dillon, Mrs. Susan Yoacham, art. on. Curfman, Mrs. John, 225 listed, 372 Curran, Con. P., 196 Dixon, Ben F., obit., 103 Current River Wilderness, art. on, Dodge City, art. on, listed, 372 listed, 97 Dolan, Charles, 186-188, 193, 203 Curtis, Maxine, 222 Donnally, H. K., 225 Curtis, Samuel R., 133, 265; 265 (illus.) Donnelly, Arthur, 189, 200, 203 Curtner, Williamson George, 226 Dooley, Dr. Tom, art. on, listed, 366 Dougherty, John, 251-255, 257; 253 (illus.) Douglas, Stephen A., 141, 311 Douglass, Mrs. Arthur, Jr., 357 Dade County Historical Society, 354 Dragoons, art. on, listed, 100 Dade. Lew, 315 Drake, Robert, Jr., 351 Dahmen, Francis X., 8-10 Drinkwater, A. J., Jr., 213 Dale Dallas 218 Drips, Andrew, arts, on, listed, 372 Dallas County Historical Society, 83, 354 Drissen, Mrs. LaDean, 359 Danforth, John C, 76 Drury, Allen, 340 Daniels, Jonathan, 319, 336 DuBourg, Louis William, 1-21, 126; 5 Daughters of the American Revolution, (illus.); art. on, listed, 235 art. on, listed, 98 Duchesne, Mother Philippine Rose, 126 Daughters of Old Westport, 220 Duggins, Mrs. Oliver, 352 Daume, Ida, 352 Dunand, Father Joseph, 16, 126 Davidson, Clarissa Start, book review Duncan, James Lloyd, 89, 358 by. 112-115 Dunham, Jay, 357 Davis, Mrs. Cecil, 85 Dunne, Thomas, 200 Davis, Charles, 226 Dyer, Emmett, 361 Davis, E. Curtis, 127 Dyer, L. C, 203 Davis, Helen, 89 Davis, Jefferson, 219 Davis, Mr. & Mrs. Kelib, 226 Davis, Dr. Ken, 352 E Davis. Richard, 357 Eagle, William B., 86 Day, Wesley, 349 (illus.) Eagleton, Sen. Thomas, 76 De Andreis, Father Felix, 2-21; 4 (illus.) Early Life in Gentry County Including Dear Old Kit: The Historical Christopher Some History, by Loy L. Hammond. noted, 382 Carson, by Harvey Lewis Carter, re­ Easley, Marion E., 357 viewed, 377-378 Ebert, Dr. Ed, 84 DeArmond, Fred, 82 Ebert, Mrs. Ed, 84, 354 Debs, Eugene, 169, 177, 179 Edmunds, Sen. George, 27-35; 32 (illus.) DeHoney, Mrs. Ralph, 227 Edmunds, Newton, 265-267 DeRalb County Edson, Wayne, 221 —art. on, listed, 370 Education, art. on, listed, 98 —Court Houses, arts, on, listed, 239. Education in St. Louis, thesis on, noted. 370 241 —Religious organizations, arts, on, Edwards, W. H., 86 listed, 239, 370 Eilers, Ray, 218 —Schools, arts, on, listed, 370 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 77 —Horeb West family, art. on, listed, Elder, Mrs. William, 361 370 Election of 1844, thesis on, noted, 241 DeKalb County Historical Society, 83, Elgin, Robert, 343 220, 354 Elliff, Mrs. Ina, 358 Delaporte, Mrs. Russell, 357 Elliott, Dr. Charles, 143; 144 (illus.) de Datre, Medard, 10 Elliott, Rev. S. G., 76 Dempsey, Father Tim, 186 Ellis, Elmer, 207 Deneke, Mrs. C. H., 86 Ellis, William, 307 Deneke, Dr. Wesley A., 352 Ellison, James, 150 Index 393

Elmendorf, Henry, 85, 343 Florissant, John Mullanphy house, art. Elson, Sam, 68 on, listed, 370 Elwell, Don, 220 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 354 Elwell, Mrs. Don, 220 Flottman, Miss Michal, 359 Elwell, Mrs. Helen, 207 Flottman, Oleta, 358 Elwell, Linda, 220 Foley, Bishop Thomas, 191 Ely, Mrs. Russell, 355 Football, art. on, listed, 367 Emmett, Robert, 187, 192, 193 Forest Green, art. on, listed, 238 Englemann, Dr. George, 127, 236 Forister, Robert, 361 Engle, Mrs. Wanda, 354 Fort Leavenworth, 1838, 249 (illus.) English, Dr. Earl, art. on, listed, 369 Fort Snelling, art. on, listed, 371 English, Rev. Joseph, 193 Foundation for Restoration of St. Gene­ Enright, Charles Frederick, 40; 39 vieve, 83, 220 (illus.) "Founding of Missouri's First College, Esmenger, Mr. & Mrs. Carl, 354 Saint Mary's of the Barrens, 1815- Estes, Joseph, 78 1818," by Stafford Poole, 1-21; (illus.) Eustis, Helen, art. on, listed, 372 Fowler, Ray, 218 Evans, Mrs. James, 353 Frame, Rev. John, 361 Evans, Mrs. Julian, 219 Francis, David R., 162 Evans, Priscilla A., 356, 360 Franklin County Historical Society, 84, Evarts, Sen. William, 33 220 Ewalt, Samuel, 302 Fretwell, John, 307 Ewing, Ella, art. on, listed, 368 Freytag, Frank, 84 Ewing, John, 218 Friends of Rocheport, 84, 354 "Excelsior Springs Route: Life and Fristoe, Rev. Thomas, art. on, listed, Death of a Missouri Interurban," by 370 H. Roger Grant, 37-50; (illus.) Frost, Daniel M., art. on, listed, 100 Frumet and Mammoth Mines, art. on, listed, 96 Fry, J. Overton, 89 Fuerbringer, Alfred O., 207 Faatz, Mrs. Mabel, 355 Fuhrman, Mrs. J. E., 359 Fagerlund, Mrs. Barbara, 352 Fuhrman, John, 88 Fahlbush, Mrs. Lawrence, 356 Fulkerson, William, 257 Farley, Mrs. Lester, 228 Farmers, art. on, listed, 366 Farrar, Ronald T., Reluctant Servant, The Story of Charles G. Ross, re­ viewed, 110-112 Gale, Harry I., 55 Farris, Frank H., 200 Gale, Hyman S., 55 Farris, Walter, 82 Galloway, Mrs. Ivin Douglas, 222 Farthing, Mrs. Virgil, 219 Galloway, Lourena, 222 Faust, C. C, 203 Garfield, James, 27 Federer, Richard H., 82, 218 Garner, Ida E., 83, 354 Fehrmann, Rev. Walter E., 226 Garner, John Nance, 322 Feiner, Debbie, 89 Garrett, Mrs. Jasamyn, 359 Feiner, Dorothy, 89 Gasconade County Historical Society, Feist, Julius, 52 354 Feldman, Mrs. Pearl, 84 Gass, Floyd, 354 Feldmann, Franz, house, art. on, listed, Gass, Patrick, 354 98 Geary, Daniel, art. on, listed, 240 Ferguson, arts. on. listed, 98, 100, 239, Genovese, Eugene, art. on, listed, 100 370 Gentry, Mrs. B. C, 84 Ferguson, John D., 349 (illus.) Gentry County Historical Society, 84, 220 Ferguson, Judy, Boom Town of West Gentry, Mrs. William R., Jr., 78 Eminence and its lumbering days, George, David Lloyd, 189 noted, 381 George, Sen. Walter, 325 Ferrari, Father Andrew, 9, 10 Gerhardt, Tom, 86 Ferrell, H. K., 47 (illus.) Gibbons, Robert, 355 Ferrill, Howard, 82 Giffen, Jerena East, First Ladies of "Fighting for Irish Freedom St. Louis Missouri, reviewed, 112-115 Irish-Americans, 1918-1922," by Mar­ Gifts, 91-94, 229-233, 362-365 garet Sullivan, 184-206; (illus.) Gilbert, Cass, Buildings, Louisiana Pur­ Fike, Howard, 359 chase Exposition, thesis on, noted, Fink, Gary M., 207 241 Gilbert, Edward R., 358 First Ladies of Missouri, by Jerena East Gilbert, Elsie, 361 Giffen, reviewed, 112-115 Gilbert, Mrs. lone, 353 Fischer, Doris, 89 Giles, George W., 224 Fischer, Dr. Leroy H., 219, 352 Gillu, Dr. N. W., 227 Fisher, Thomas H., 200 Gilpin, William, art. on, listed, 367 Fitchett, Mrs. Frank, 223 Gladbach, Mrs. Fred, Jr., 217 Flaget, Bishop Benedict Joseph, 11, 13- Glennon, John, 62, 187, 191, 193-195; 15, 17 194 (illus.) Flegifont, John, 10 Goe, Mrs. Emmett, 228 Fleishman, Alfred, 52-53, 56, 59-61, 66, Goebel, Gert, 127 68, 69; 69 (illus.) Goellner, Glen, 343 Fleming, Beulah, 222 Golden Years: 50th Anniversary John­ Fleming, Dick, 222 son County Historical Society, by Fleming, Mrs. Maude, 354 Mary Miller Smiser, noted, 116-117 Fletcher, Thomas C, 152-153 Gonzalez, Casto, 8-10 Flood, Patrick, 188, 192, 195, 201, 204 Goodell, Mrs. Clark, 228 394 Index

Goodrich, James W., 77, 354; 344 Hart, Luke, 186, 192, 193, 195 (illus.) Haukenberry, Mrs. H. H., 356 Goodwin, Ezell, 218 Hawes, Harry, 203, 205 Goodwin, Mrs. John W., 88 Hawkins, Bessie C, 220 Goosman, Mildred, 358 Hay, Charles M., 200 Gordon, Mrs. Hollis, 353 Hayden, Mrs. Catherine, 300 Gordon, Mr. & Mrs. Hollis, 220 Hayden, Clement, 21 Gorsuch, Ann, 225 Hayden, Mrs. Sarah, 20 Gover, Cyrus Allen, family, art. on, Hayes, Rutherford B., 26 listed, 239 Hays, James, 259 Gower, hist, of, art. on, listed, 97 Haywood, William D., 178 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri Hazelwood Historical Society, 221, 355 History, 241 Headrick, Mrs. Mae Young, 220 Graebner, A. L., 348 Hearnes, Gov. Warren E., 76, 213, 342, 343 Graebner, Dr. Theodore, 348 T Graham Historical Society, 84, 354 Hearnes, Mrs. W arren E., 213. 353 Grand River Historical Society, 220, 355 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historcial Grant, H. Roger, 82 Society, 85, 220, 355 Grant, T. D., 312 Hedges, Ralph C, 225 Grant, Ulysses S., 140, 146, 149, 221 Heflin, Rep. Clarence H., 343 "Gratten Affair," 261-262 Heiman, David, 213 Graves, Waller W., 45 Heimbeck, A. Willard, 357 Gray, Fern, 86 Henderson, Orval, 88 Green, George Fuller, 207; obit. 373 Henderson, Wynn, 351 Green, Sen. James, 302 Henry County Historical Society, 85 Green, Martin E., 142, 143, 145 Henry, Marjorie, 218 Green, William, 331 Henry. Patrick, 187 Greene County Historical Society, 84, Henton, Mrs. Helen, 84 221, 355 Herman, Woody, 76 Greenslip, John, 348 Hert, Laurence, 358 Greer, Mrs. John, 207 Hickel, Walter, 76 Gregory, Ed, 222 Hickman, H. W., 161-165, 167; 163 Gregory, Ralph, 220, 225, 355 (illus.) Groce, Mrs. W. Roy, 360 Hickory County Historical Society, 85, Grossman-Barth home, art. on, listed, 95 221, 355 Grundy County Historical Society, 215 Higgason, Albert Ely, art. on. listed, 371 Guernsey, Orrin, 265 Higgs, Robert, 351 Gunn, Calvin, 138 Hill, Alice M., 361 Gunnels, H. J., 90, 352 Hill, Curtis, art. on, listed. 100 Gunpowder, art. on, listed, 367 Hill, Homer, 354 Gunter, Bob, 85 Hill, Howard, 360 Hill, Joseph W., 76 Hill, Dr. Robert R., 352 Hill, Mrs. Roy, 228 H Hill, Walter A., 353 Ha Ha Tonka, art. on, listed, 101 Hinshaw, Mrs. George, 225 Hackney, Barton P., 142 Hinton, Victor J., 349 (illus.) Hafner, Phil, 170-175, 177, 183 "His 'Radical Reverence' John H. Cox," Hagan, Aquila, 18 by Leslie Anders, 139-158; (illus.) Hagerman, Dale, 353 Historic Race, art., 386-387; (illus.) Hahn, Mrs. Mary L., 348 Historic sites marking, 349-351 Haley, Millard, 225 Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, 85, 355 Hall, Durward G., 76 Historical Association of Greater St. Hall, U. S., 165 Louis, 221, 356 Hall, W. P. Circus, hist, of, art. on, Historical Notes and Comments, 72-123, listed, 368 207-245, 343-387 Hall, Willard P., art. on, listed, 96 History of Carter County, by Gene Halleck, Henry W., 147 Oakley, noted, 381 Haman, Edna, 356 History of Hickory County Missouri Hamilton, Alexander, 172 1970, by B. B. Ihrig, noted, 384-385 Hammond, Loy L., Early Life in Gentry Hitler, Adolf, 51, 64, 68; art. on, listed, County Including Some History, not­ 100 ed 382 Hoar, Sen. George, 33, 35; 35 (illus.) Hancock, Levi Ward, 277-278; 277 Hoff, Lewis B., Missouri History in (illus.) Cedar County, noted, 384 Hannegan, Robert E., 329 Holmes, Mrs. Patricia, 220, 360 Hardin, Missouri, A Centennial History, Holsinger, M. Paul, "Senator George 1870-1970, noted, 381 Graham Vest and The 'Menace' of Harding, Warren G., 197, 204 Mormonism, 1882-1887," 23-36; (illus.) Hargus, Rev. Clark, 89, 360 Holt County Cemeteries, art. on, listed, Harlin, John L., 228 97 Harney, William S., 261-263 Hombs, Mrs. Martha, 87 Harper, George C, 354 Hoover, Mrs. David, 349 (illus.) Harper's Magazine, art. on, listed, 372 Hoover, Mrs. Howard, 358 Harr, Dr. John, 360 Hopkins, Harry, 327, 335 Harris House, art. on, listed, 102 Hopper, Leo, 355 Harris, John Woods, art. on, listed, 96 Horak, Mrs. Ella, 222 Harris, Martin, 273 Horn, Elford, 358 Harris, Mrs. T. G., 355 Hoskins, Mrs. Charles E., 219 Harrison County Historical Society, 85, Hostetter, Mrs. Nelle, 227 221, 355 Houser, Mr. & Mrs. B. F., 225 Index 395

Howard, Benjamin, art. on, listed, 96 Jacobson, Dan, 76 Howard County Jaeger, Joseph, 348 —Chariton Baptist Church, 96 Jakobi, Ludwig S., 142 —hist, of, art. on, listed, 96 James, Frank, art. on, listed, 368 Howard High School and College, art. James, Henry, art. on, listed, 238 on, listed, 235 James, Jesse, arts, on, listed, 97, 238, Howe, Charlton H., 308 372 Howell County Historical Society, 222 James, Mrs. Mildred, 359 Howells, William Dean, 77 Janes, E. S., 141 Huff, Leo E., 82 Jefferson, Thomas, 187, 203 Huff, Lottie M., 227 Jennens, Bill, 352, 361 Hukriede, T. W.. 203 Jersig, Mrs. JO Shelby, 207; 208 (illus.) Humphrey, V. C., 84 Jewell, Dr. Earle B., 213 Hungate, William L., 343 Jewett, Will, art. on, listed, 366 Hunt, Luther, art. on, listed, 98 Jinkens, Mrs. Nannie, 85 Hunter, D. K., 358-359 Johnson, Mrs. Agnes, 358 Hurliman, Freda, 360 Johnson County, arts, on, listed, 238 Hurliman, Sam, 360 Johnson County Historical Society, 216, Hurst, Fannie, verso back cover, Jan. 222; 50th Anniversary, 72-73; (illus.) issue; (illus.) Johnson, Dr. Franklin P., 227, 360 Hutchins, Mrs. Loyd, 357 Johnson, Rep. Herman, 343 Hutson, Mrs. Myrl, 221, 355 Johnson, Sen. Hiram, 201-202; 202 Hutton, Mrs. Melvin, 219 (illus.) Hyde, Arthur M., 205 Johnson, R. C, 213 Hyde, Fred, 219, 227 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 145 Johnston, Joseph E., 219 Johnston, Louisa P., 90 Jones, Dr. Archer, 352 Jones, Dorothy V., 344 (illus.) "Ice and Spring Houses Used By Pio­ Jones, Jane, 228 neers In Preserving Food, Drink, Jones, Mrs. Jean, 352 Early-Day Recollections on Refrig­ Jones, Mrs. K. C, 83 eration," by Robert S. Withers, art. Jones, Marvin, 333 on, 247-248 Jones, Mrs. Vera, 227 Ichord, Clara, 89 Joplin, arts, on, listed, 96, 101 Ichord, Rep. Richard H., 213 Joplin Historical Society, 86, 222, 351, Ihrig, B. B., History of Hickory County 356 Missouri, noted, 384-385 Joplin Parks, art. on, listed, 367 In Memoriam, 103-104, 242-243, 373-374 Jordan, Leon M., obit., 103 Independence, art. on, listed, 235 Indians —art. on, 249-269 —arts, on, listed, 95, 100, 238, 371 K —Osage, arts, on, listed, 240 Kane, Dr. Robert Emmett, 185-186, 189, Indians of the Ozark Plateau, by Elmo 191-194, 197-204 Ingenthron, noted, 382-383 Kansas City Ingenthron, Elmo, Indians of the Ozark —arts, on, listed, 367 —Burial plots, art. on, listed, 97 Plateau, noted, 382-383 —Coates Opera House, art. on, listed, Iorizzo, Dr. Luciana, 85, 225 235 Iron Ridge School and Community, hist, —County and Town names, art. on, of, art. on, listed, 99 listed, 367 Irving, Washington, 281-282, 287 —John Harris Home, hist, of, arts, on, listed, 235, 240 —Herdsmen, art. on, listed, 235 —Interdenominational Home for Girls, art. on, listed, 96 Jackson —Kansas City Life Insurance Com­ —Area houses and trees, art. on, pany, hist, of, art. on, listed, 96 listed, 96, 235 —Kansas City Star, art. on, listed, —Area schools, arts, on, listed, 96 234 —arts, on, listed, 367 —Linwood Center, art. on, listed, 367 —Camp Litz, art. on, listed, 96 —Mardi Gras, art. on, listed, 235 —Circus—1870-1970, art. on, listed, 96 —Park System, art. on, listed, 96 —German Evangelical Church, art. Kansas City Westerners, 86, 222, 356 on, listed, 366 Kartsonis, Paul L., 225 —St. Francis Hospital and Auxiliary, Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography, by hist, of, arts, on, listed, 235, 366 Per Seyersted, reviewed, 244-245 —Southeast Missouri Fair, art. on, Kaufman, Edgar, 53 listed, 235 Keelboaters, art. on, listed, 370 —Southeast Missouri Hospital, hist. Keil, Til, 89 of, art. on, listed, 235 Keith, Al, 224 —Trinity Lutheran Church, art. on, Keller, C. Clifton, 85 listed, 367 Keller, Laura St. Ann, 86 Jackson, Andrew, art. on, listed, 100, Kelly, David G., 329 252 Kemp, Paul, 218 "Jackson County in Early Mormon De­ Kennedy, Homer, 84 scriptions," by Richard Lloyd Ander­ Kennedy, Vernon, art. on, listed, 366 son, 270-293; (illus.) Kennedy, Wayne C, 88 Jackson County Historical Society, 86, Kerr, Charles, 86 222, 356 Kerr, Gerald, 357 Jackson, James S., art. on, listed, 235 Ketterlin, F. J., 358 396 Index

KFRU Radio Station, art. on, listed, 234 Liddic. Bruce, 86 Kibbe, Mrs. John, 358 Lightfoot, Dr. B. B., 84, 353 Kiel, Henry, 187-189, 194, 197, 202 Ligon, Daniel, Sr., 296, 298, 303 Kindred, Mrs. Lillie, 226 Lincoln, Abraham, 141, 150, 187 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, Lincoln County Historical and Arch- 356 eological Societies, 87, 224, 357 Kirkwood, arts, on, listed, 239, 371 Lindbergh, Charles, 66; art, on, listed, Kirkwood Historical Society, 223. 357 238 Klein, Samuel C, 56 Linn, Mrs. Joe, 87 Klemp, Mrs. Alberta, 226 Linn. Joe D., 87, 224 Kline, L. Patton. 86, 356 Lloyd, Mrs. Clarence, 359 Kline, Mrs. L. Patton, 86 Local Historical Societies, 79-90. 215-228. Klinkenborg, Max, 213 349-361 Knapp, George, 128 Lochhead, Rev. Glen, 227 Knight, Dr. & Mrs. John S., 89 Logan, Mrs. Albert, 359 Knight, Mrs. June, 354 Logan, Sheridan, 219, 228 Knight, Newell, 289 Lohman's Landing, art. on, listed. 234 Knox County Historical Society, 86, 357 Long, Mrs. Leona, 352 Koerner, Gustave, 127 Lorimier, Louis, art. on, listed, 235 Kortum, Mrs. Lillian, 221, 355 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, art. on, KPLR-TV, thesis on, noted, 241 listed, 366 KSD-TV, thesis on, noted, 241 Love, Mary, 316 Ku Klux Klan, art. on, listed, 96 Love, Robert, 316 Kuhn, Mrs. Kate Ray, 77 Lowe, Dr. James, 88, 359 Kuhns, Mrs. Wilma, 355 Lowenstein, Ralph L., book review bv, Kuklenski, Dr. Joseph, 87 110-112 Lowrance, Mrs. May, 84, 354 Lowrance, Pearl, 355 Lowry, Mrs. Chloe, 358 Lowry, Mrs. Frank, 87 Lade, Mrs. Robert, 81 Lurie, Robert, 70 Laemmli, Carl H., 228 Lusher, Mrs. Naomi, 351 Lafayette County Courthouse, art. on, Lux, Oswald Karl, 128 listed, 97 Lutherans, art. on, listed, 366 Lafayette County Historical Society. 223 Lynch, W. H., art. on, listed, 97 Lake, Delmar, 224 Lyon, Harris Merton, art. on. listed. Lamalfa, J. S. A., 131 100 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 223 Lane, Mr. & Mrs. Asa K., 155 Mc Lane, George, 89 McAllister Springs, art. on. listed. 99 Lane, John J., 186 McAuliffe, Florence, 200 Lane, Nannie Cox, 157 McClain, Lewis, 309 Lane, William Carr, 131 McClellan, George B., 152 Larkin, Lew, 86, 217, 343 McClure, Arthur F., "Truman Vice Latrobe, Charles, 282, 288 Latshaw, Mr. & Mrs. Clark, 224 Presidency: Constructive Aoprentice- Latta, Samuel, 263 ship or Brief Interlude?" 31S-341: Laughlin, Clarence John, 223 (illus.) Lavery, Rev. Daniel, 200 McCully, John, 144 Lawrence County, art. on, listed, 371 McCurdy, Edith, 361 Lawrence County Historical Society, 87, McGurdy, Frances L.. book review bv, 223 109-110 Layton, Ignatius, 18 McCutchan, John, 306, 307 Layton, John, 18 McDonald, Dr. C, 221 Layton, Thomas, 21 McDonald County Historical Society. Layton, Wilfrid, 18 224 358 Leahy, John P., 187-188, 193, 198, 200- McDonald, Helen, 359 202, 204 McDonald, J. W., 137 Leahy, John S., 196 (illus.) McDonald, Moss, 359 Lebanon Lodge No. 77, A.F. & A.M., McDonough, Miss Mellnotte. 216. 217 art. on, listed, 237 McDowell, Joseph Nash, art. on. listed. Lee, George, 357 372 Lee, George R., "Slavery and Emanci­ McGlynn, Dan, 192 pation in Lewis County, Missouri," Mcintosh, Robert, 221 294-317; (illus.) Mcintosh, Vesper Nina, 221 Lee, James A., 200 McKee, Mrs. Juanita, 89 Lee, Sen. Lawrence J., 343 McKellar, Kenneth, 325 Leech, Howard, 355 McKim, Samuel, 307 Leonard, Charles W., family, art. on, McKnown, Mary, 83 listed, 96 McMurray, Raymond, 357 Leonard, Waldron E., Sr., 76 McNally, Raymond F., 196 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 259; art. McNatt, Mrs. H. E., 351 on, listed, 239 McQuinney, Mrs. Virgil, 221 Lewis County Historical Society, 87, McReynolds, Allen, 222 223, 357 McReynolds, George, 225, 359 Lewis, Meriwether, art. on, listed, 100 McReynolds, Lois, 226 Lewis, Mrs. Wendell, 84 McWilliams, John, 173-174 Lick Creek School and Community, hist. of, art. on, listed, 99 Lick Prairie, art. on, listed, 239 M Lick Skillet, arts, on, listed, 97, 368 MacGilvra, E. E., 348 Index 397

Macks Creek, art. on, listed, 238 Missouri Sesquicentennial, 342-343; arts. Macon County Historical Society, 224, on, listed, 367, 368 357 Missouri State Capitol, art. on, listed, MacSwiney, Mary, 191 235 MacSwiney, Lord Mayor Terence, 191, Missouri State Historical Survey and 193, 194, 204 Planning, art. on, listed, 95 Maevers, Alvin W., 352 Missouri Women in History series Magnuson, Sen. Warren, 338 —Chopin, Kate, verso back cover, Mahan, R. S., 48 Oct. issue; (illus.) Majors, Alexander, 90, 283 —Hurst, Fannie, verso back cover Mannix, Daniel J., 191 Jan. issue; (illus.) Manns, Bob, 82 —Moss, Luella St. Clair, verso back Manon, Cal, 223 cover April issue; (illus.) Margretter, Dr. John, 353 Mitchell, Alice, 89 Marijuana, art. on, listed, 96 Mitchell, David, 256, 260 Marion County Abolition and Presby­ Mitchell, E. W., 303 terian Clergy, thesis on, noted, 241 Mitchell, Frank W., Sr., obit., 104 Marion County Historical Society, 357 Mitchell, Franklin D., book review by, Marliani, Father, 8, 9 106-107 Marmaduke, Meredith Miles, art. on, Mix, Mrs. Alva, 83 listed, 102 Mix, Mrs. Amelia, 354 Marrs, Mrs. Alice, 358 Molloy, Tom J., 86 Martin, Mrs. Gerald, 224 Moniteau County Historical Society, 88, Martin, Mrs. Ross, 84, 88 224, 358 Martin, William, 255-256 Monroe County Massie, William, art. on, listed, 102 —Area businesses, art. on, listed, 97 Mastin, Carroll S., 88 —Fox Settlement, art. on, listed, 97 Mathias, Mrs. Lillian, 354 —hist, of, arts, on, listed, 97, 236, 368 Matlock, Thomas J., 152 —Middle Grove, art. on, listed, 97 Mattes, John, 86 Monroe County Historical Society, 225, Matthews, Jack, 213 358 Maupin, Charles, 77 Monroe, Pres. James, 208 Maupin, James, 77 Montgomery, Virginia, 218 Maupin, Leah, 77 Moore, Clement, 128 Maupin, Mosias, 77 Moore, Col. David, 142-147 Maybee, Doc Bert, 352 Moore, G. T., 298, 307 Mayer, Emil, 64 Moore, Jonas, 131 Mayes, Mrs. Jim, 87 Moore, Thomas P., 260 Mayo, Jim, 361 Moranville, John Baptist, 12 Mayo, Mrs. Margaret, 226 Moree, Mrs. Anne, 358 Meador, Dr. L. E., 218 Morgan County Historical Society, 88, Means, Lewis M., 213 358 Medsker, Mrs. Billy Bob, 84 Morgan, W. Scott, 167 Medsker, Mrs. Homer, 84 Morris, Charles Cox, 157 Menard, Fern A., 214 Morris, Charles D., 155 Mercer County Historical Society, 87, Morris, Eliza, 303 224, 358 Morris, Gouveneur, 172 Merrill, Abner, 298, 300, 301 Morris, Thomas A., 140-142 Meyer, Rep. Arlie H., 343 Morrow, Mrs. Harry, 219 Meyer, R. F. "Peg", 355 Moses, Sen. John, 329 Meyers, Francis J., 327 Mossbarger, Marcia, 213, 343 Midland, art. on, listed, 369 Mothershead, Edgar J., 228 Mieswinkel, Fred G., 217 Mottaz, Mrs. Mabel, 89 Miles, Mrs. Kay White, 350 Moynihan, P. J., 186 Miller, Mrs. Charles L., 357 Mueller, Helen, 356 Miller, Mrs. Howard, 224 Mullanphy, Mrs. John, art. on, listed, Miller, James, 295-296, 303, 305-307, 315 100 Miller, James L., 84 Murray, Sen. James, 323 Miller, Samuel, 214 Musgrove, Harry, Sr., 357 Miller, Turner J., art. on, listed, 240 Music, art. on, listed, 97 Mills, John, 90, 218, 227, 360 My them, Rev. James G., 191 Mink, Charles R., book review by, 377- 378 Minor, Nono A., 356 Mississippi County Historical Society, N 87, 224, 358 Naeter, Mrs. Robert, 86 Mississippi River, art. on, listed, 239 Nagel, Werner, 235 Mississippi Valley, art. on, listed, 239 Nation, Carrie A., art. on, listed, 101 Missouri, art. on, listed, 367 Native Sons of Kansas City, 88. 225 Missouri country stores, art. on, listed, Neff, Roy, 228 371 Negro In Missouri Politics, thesis on, Missouri Highways, art. on, listed, 371 noted, 241 Missouri Historical Review Award, 344 Neosho, art. on, listed, 238 Missouri Historical Society, 88, 224, 358 Nesheim, Mrs. H. I., 351 Missouri History in Cedar County, by Netzeband, W. F., 86 Clayton Abbott and Lewis B. Hoff, News in Brief, 76-78, 212-214, 348 noted, 384 Nicolay, Louis H., 82 Missouri History in Magazines, 100-102, Nifong, Frank G., art. on, listed, 366 238-240, 370-372 Noblet, Mrs. F., 354 Missouri History in Newspapers, 95-99, Nodaway County Historical Society, 88, 234-237, 366-369 225, 359 398 Index

Norman, Betty, 361 Phillips, Cabell, 319 Norris, James D., book review by, 375- Philpott, Mrs. Judy, 207 377 Pickens, Buford L., 360 Norwood, James, 260 Pierce City Centennial, 1870-1970, by Nouss, Renee, 84 Miriam K. Brown, noted, 119-120 Pierce, Glenn Q., 222 Pierce, Lester, 84 Pigg, Mrs. E. L., Jr., 360 O Pike County Historical Society, 89 O'Brien, William F. X., 12 Pilcher, Joshua, 254-259 O'Conner, Tom, 354 Pilot Knob, art. on, listed, 234 O'Connor, Kenneth, 223 Pinet, Jacques, art. on, listed, 235 O'Donnell, Patrick Henry, 204 Pinson, Mrs. Paul, 357 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 251; 250 (illus.) Plank, Ben, 87, 223, 357 O'Hare, Kate, 179 Platte County Historical Society. 226, O'Leary, Cornelius, art. on, listed, 101 359 O'Malley, Robert Emmett, 198, 200 Plattsburg, arts, on, listed, 368 O'Phelan, James, 186 Plattsburg Springs, art. on, listed, 97 O'Rourke, Peter J., 185-186, 188-189, Plumb, Sen. Preston, 34 192-194, 202-204 Polk County, Oregon, art. on, listed, Oak Grove, arts, on, listed, 236 370 Oakley, Gene, History of Carter Coun­ Pollock, Elizabeth, 224 ty, noted, 381 Pollock, Roberta, 226 Ogilvie, Leon Parker, "Populism and Pony Express Historical Association, 89, Socialism in the Southeast Missouri 226, 359 Lowlands," 159-183; (illus.) Poole, Stafford, "Founding of Mis­ Ogle, Mrs. Crell, 87 souri's First College, Saint Mary's of Old Trails Historical Society, 88, 225 the Barrens, 1815-1818," 1-21; (illus.) Olson, Edna, 360 Pope, Gen. John, 266 Orr, E. C, 200 Pope, Pius VII, 6 Osage County, hist, of, art. on, listed, Poplar Bluff, arts, on, listed, 97, 236 97, 101 Popp, Theo, 226 Osborn, Fred, 83 "Populism and Socialism in the South­ Osbourn, Rep. D. R., 343 east Missouri Lowlands," by Leon Otterville, art. on, listed, 99 Parker Ogilvie, 159-183; (illus.) Our Jefferson County Heritage, bv Zoe Porter, Perry W., 360 Booth Rutledge, noted, 383-384 Potter. Charles, 228 Owen, John, 351 Potter, Mrs. Tom, 354 Owens, Donald, 84, 343 Powell, Ronald, 354 Ozarks Powers, Ramon S., 356 —art. on, listed, 239 Pratt, Parley P., 272, 277-278 —Jacob Souders Grist Mill, art. on. Prentess, Lillian, 221 listed, 240 Prentiss, Benjamin M., 146 —Sports, art. on, listed, 101 Preston, Major William, art. on, listed, —Wood Industries, art. on, listed, 240 100 Price, Mr. & Mrs. Charles H., II, 86 Price, J. W., 303, 315 Price Mill, art. on, listed, 101 Priest, Henry, 202 Palmer, Father Thomas, 62 Primeau, Pierre, 259 Paradoski, Edwin A., 228 Primeau, William E., 256 Paris, art. on, listed, 97 Prohibition, art. on, listed, 234 Parker & Watts Circus, hist. of. art. on, Prologue to the Protest Movement: The listed, 100 Missouri Sharecroppers Roadside Parrish, Dr. William S., 208, 219. 357 Demonstration of 1939, by Louis Can­ Paschall, Nathaniel, art. on, listed. 3(57 tor, reviewed, 106-107 Pathe, Rev. Michael, 192, 195 Pulaski County Historical Society, 89, Patrick, Robert W., 222 226. 360 Patten, Nathaniel, 135 Puis, Edwin R., 352 Patton, James G., 331 Purchel, D. T. E., 188 Pawnee Fork Mail Station & Military Putnam Countv Historical Society. 89. Camp, art. on, listed, 101 227, 360 Peck, John Mason, 134 Pyle, Mrs. Homer, 85, 221, 355 Pegler, Alan, 77 Pelley, William Dudley, 62 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 359 Pence, Mrs. E. A., 359 Q Pendergast, Tom, 198, 334, 335 Quantrill. William Clarke, art. on, Penn, Dr. George, art. on. listed, 371 listed, 96 Penney, J. C, art. on, listed, 236 Quenbusch, James, 85 Penninger, Grace, 222 Perry County Lutheran Historical So­ ciety, 226, 359 Pershing, Gen. John J., 76 R Peterman, Bill, 358 Raff, Archie, 83 Pharis, Donald, 82 Rahm, Mrs. Philip F., 356 Phelps, William Wines, 273, 270-277, Railroads 288-289, 291; 273 (illus.) —art. on, 37-50; (illus.) Phifer, Edward, 317 —arts, on, listed, 96, 98, 234. 240, 370 Philbert, Louis Augustine, art. on, —Hannibal & St. Joseph, arts, on, listed. 235 listed, 239, 370 Index 399

—Missouri Pacific, art. on, listed, 98 Rosser, Col. Thomas, art. on, listed, 240 —Missouri Southern, art. on, listed, Rowan, Carl T., 76 372 Ruenpohl, Theodore, art. on, listed, 239 —Pacific Railway, art. on, listed, 240 Russell, Mrs. George, 354 —Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City, Russell, James Jay, 221 art. on, listed, 370 Russell, Sally, 84 Randall, Jack, 219 Rutledge, Zoe Booth, Our Jefferson Randall, William J., 213 County Heritage, noted, 383-384 Rankin, Mrs. Harry, 358 Ryan, Jack, 193 Rapp, Carl, 354 Ryan, M. S., 191 Rathford, Mrs. Ruth, 221 Ryan, Judge O'Neill, 185-187, 202, 203 Rathgeber, Paul J., 82 Rathgeber, Ron, 353 Rauh, Aaron, 52 St. Ravenswood, art. on, listed, 366 St. Charles Ray County, art. on, listed, 368 —arts, on, listed, 98, 236 Ray County Historical Society, 89, 360 —Concert Hall, art. on, listed, 98 Rayburn, Sam, 338 —County Board of Education, art. on, Raytown Historical Society, 227, 350-351 listed, 98 Reagan, Gov. Ronald, 85 —Franz Feldemann House, art. on, Reavis, Dorotha, 222 listed, 98 Reavis, Logan Uriah, thesis on, noted, —Ben Feldewert Farm, art. on, 241 listed, 236 Redmond, John, 184 —Ft. Zumwalt School, hist, of, art. on, Reed, Mrs. Earnest, 85, 355 listed, 236 Reed, Henry, 265 —Koenig's Market, art. on, listed, 98 Reed, Sen. James A., 198, 200, 201, 203 —Labor, art. on, listed, 236 Reed, Mrs. Leslie J., 355 —Moose Hall, art. on, listed, 98 Reeder, Andrew H., art. on, listed, 371 —Washboard War, art. on, listed, 98 Reeves, Charles Monroe, art. on, listed, St. Charles County Historical Society, 366 89, 227, 343 Reiss, David, 56 St. Charles Sesquicentennial Commis­ Reiter, Ebert, 224 sion, 343 Reitz, Charles H., 82 St. Clair County Historical Society, 89, Reluctant Servant, The Story of Charles 227, 360 G. Ross, by Ronald L. Farrar, re­ St. Clair, Franklin Pierce, verso back viewed, 110-112 cover, April issue Rencontre, Zephier, 255 St. Francois County Historical Society, Rennells, Evelyn, 360 227 Reynolds, Thomas, art. on, listed, 97 Ste. Genevieve, hist, of, arts, on, listed, Rhodes, Marion E., 203 98, 236, 368 Rhodes, Mrs. Neva, 88 St. Joseph Historical Society, 227, 360 Rice, Bruce, 224 St. Louis Rice, Charles M., 55 —Air Mail Route, art. on, listed, 99 Rice, Sue, 89 —American Airlines Service, art. on, Richardson, Mrs. Bobbie, 225, 226 listed, 236 Richardson, Nathaniel, 301 —Architecture, art. on, listed, 368 Ricks, Mrs. O'Garlon, 224 —arts, on, listed, 238. 370, 371 Rieckus, Helen, 218 —Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol Congre­ Rigdon, Sidney, 284-285, 287-288; 285 gation, art. on, listed, 238 (illus.) —Catholic Press, art. on, listed, 102 Riley, Mrs. J. E., 355 —Central High School, art. on, listed, Ritchie, Everett J., 86 368 Roberts, Clinton, 227 —Compton Avenue, art. on, listed, Roberts, Dr. John P., 357 236 Robertson, Ed, 217 —Cyclone, art. on, listed, 98 Robinson, F. E., 353 —Eads Bridge, art. on, listed, 368 Rocheport —Forest Park Highlands, art. on, —art. on, listed, 95 listed, 368 —Gordon Byler home, art. on, listed, —Fourth Street and Washington Ave­ 234 nue, art. on, listed, 368 —Grossman-Barth home, art. on, —Jefferson Barracks, art. on, listed, listed, 95 98 Rock Bridge Paper Mill, art. on, listed, —Lafayette Park, art. on, listed, 98 95 —McLean Building, art. on, listed, Rockey, Otto, 87 368 Rogers, Frederick H., 222 —Market Street, art. on, listed, 236 Rogers, J. W., 161, 164, 165; 167 (illus.) —Mary Institute, art. on, listed, 236 Rogers, Mrs. Kenny, 217 —Mercantile Trust Company, art. on, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 66, 319-320, listed, 98 325, 327, 335-337, 339-340 —Municipal Courts Building, art. on, Roosevelt, Theodore, 176 listed, 98 Rosati, Father Joseph, 7, 9, 10, 13-16, —Olive and Tenth Streets, art. on, 18-21; 20 (illus.) listed, 236 Rosecrans, William S., 147 —Post Office, art. on, listed, 98 Ross, Charles G., book on, reviewed, —Residential Segregation Ordinance 110-112 1916, art. on, listed, 100 Ross, Colin, 61 —School for the Blind, art. on, listed, Ross, Mrs. Floyd, 85 236 Ross, Julia Lurendia, art. on, listed, —Henry Shaw Mansion, art. on, 101 listed, 237 400 Index

—Third Baptist Church, art. on, Simon, Dr. John, 201 listed, 236 Simon, William, 83 —Third Street, art. on, listed, 98 Simonds, L. Goodman, 225 "St. Louis Jewish Coordinating Council: Sims, Edith, 228 Its Formative Years," by Burton A. Sims Home, art. on, listed, 99 Boxerman, 51-71; (illus.) Sims, Lee T., 88 St. Louis Star-Times, thesis on, noted, Sitton, Violet V., 360 241 Slater, art. on, listed, 99 St. Louis Union Station, thesis on. Slates, Burton, 83 noted, 241 Slaughter, Carl, 221 St. Louis Westerners, 228 Slaughter, Mrs. Carl, 355 St. Petersburg, art. on, listed, 372 Slaughter, Col. S. D., Jr., 356 Slavery, arts, on, listed, 95, 236, 238: art. on, 294-317 "Slavery and Emanicipation in Lewis County, Missouri," bv George R. Lee. Sage, Rufus B., 288 294-317; (illus.) Salem, art. on, listed, 240 Slonim, M. J., 55, 56 Saline County Historical Society. 90, Slusher, Emmett, 223 228, 361 Smiser, Mary Miller, The Golden Years: Sandehn, Nancy, 228 50th Anniversary Johnson County Sanford, F. A., 252 Historical Society, 1920-1970, noted, Santa Fe Trail, art. on, listed, 240 116-117 Sappington, Dr. John, art. on, listed, 96 Smith, Gerald L. K., 68, 69 Sauers, Mrs. E. E., 86 Smith, Hyrum, 24 Sawyer, Mrs. Samuel L., 356 Smith, Joseph, 24, 271-272, 279. 281, Sayre, Emilius K., 296, 313 283-285, 287-288, 291 Scarritt, Mary, art. on, listed, 371 Smith, Mrs. Margaret, 357 Scearce, William, 349 (illus.) Smith, Michael E., 187, 195 Schewe, Elenore, 351 Smith, Mrs. Ora, 84 Schmoll, John, 202 Smith, Ruby, 221 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 130 Smith, Tucker Powell, 77 Schools in Nodaway, art. on, 121-123 Smithville Historical Society, 228 Schoonover, Bernard, 263 Smoot, Henry, 301 Schumerth, Robert J., 219 Snyder, Max, 225 Schusky, Ernest L., "Upper Missouri Somerville, Sen. Ronald, 85 Indian Agency, 1819-1868" 249-269 Southard, Mrs. Grace, 83, 354 (illus.) Sparks, Ida E., art. on, listed, 372 Schuster, Mr. & Mrs. Fred, 78 Spear, Mrs. Grace B., 82 Schwada, Chancellor John W., 228 Spear, Soloman, 316 Schwartz, Myron, 70 Spencer, Sheldon P., 193, 203 Schwartz, Wilbur C, 188 Spezioli, Father, 7, 9 Schwarz, Armin, 65 Spiers, Mrs. Martha, 354 Scott, Herbert H., 83, 354 Stafford, Mrs. Belva, 83 Scott, John G., 176-182 Staples, George, 299 Scott, Joseph, 203 Stapleton, Jack, Sr., 213 Scruton, George H., Jr., 207; obit., 242 Staponski, Earle, 87 Sedella, Father Antonio de, 3 State Historical Society of Missouri. Seitz, David family, art. on, listed, 371 207, 216; art. on, listed, 239 Sellers, Paul, 224 Steagall, David, 212 "Senator George Graham Vest and The Steagall, Kay, 212 'Menace' of Mormonism, 1882-1887," by M. Paul Holsinger, 23-36; (illus.) Steamboats Setzer, Glenn, 228 —art. on, 386-387 Sevier, Mrs. Earl, 219 —art. on, listed, 238 Seyersted, Per, Kate Chopin: A Critical —Bertrand, art. on, listed, 101. 370 Biography, reviewed, 244-245 —Natchez, art. on, listed, 98 Seymour, L. E., 352 —Robert E. Lee, art. on, listed, 98 Shankland, Wilbur Morse, 77.. 214 —St. Peters, 258 Shannon, Joe, 198 —Wrecks, art. on, listed, 101 Shapiro, Morris, 56 Steedman General Store, art. on, listed. Shaw, Gladys, 227 369 Sheehan, Jeremiah, 186, 198, 203 Steelville County Fair, art. on. listed. Shelby County Historical Society, 90, 369 228, 361 Steelville Hardwood Charcoal Company, Shelby, John F., 207 art. on, listed, 369 Shelby, Gen. Joseph O., 207, 209; 209 Steelville Presbyterian Church, art. on. (illus.); front cover Oct. issue (illus.) listed, 237 Shelby, Joseph Orville, 227 Stein, Elliot H., 213 Shepp, Tom, 359 Stephens: A Story of Educational In­ Shields, James, art. on, listed, 235 novation, by John C. Crighton, re­ Shippee, J. Met, 82 viewed, 107-109 Shoemaker, Floyd C, 36; art. on, listed, Stephens, E. W., thesis on, noted. 241 234 Stephens, Earl, 221 Shores, Lynn, 343 Stepp, Steve, 221, 353 Shreve, Mayor James, 76 Sterett, Betty, 361 Sibley, George C, art. on, listed, 238 Stevens, Garland, 85 Sibley, Gen. H. H., 265 Stevenson, Loretta, 89 Sicardi, Father Carlo Domenico, 5. 8 Sticken, Mrs. Robert, 84 Sievers, Samuel I., 52, 55-58, 62, 64, 66; Stix, Ernest W., 55 57 (illus.) Stock Market, art. on, listed, 366 Simmons, Art, 217 Stoddard County Historical Society, 361 Index 401

Stokes, Charles, 168 Tubb, James K., 164 Stokes, Henry, 354 Tucker, Mrs. Avis, 207 Stokes, Rose Pastor, 177 Turgeon, Cy, 352 Stokesberry, James J., 358 Turken, Harry, 55 Stone, Sen. Edward, Jr., 343 Turrentine, Orman, art. on, listed, 371 Stone, Morris, 56, 68 Tuttle, Judge William Porter, art. on, Stone Hill, art. on, listed, 371 listed, 234 Strauss, Anthony T., art. on, listed, 98 Twain, Mark, arts, on, listed, 102, 238, Strothman, William, 84 Stubblefield, Mrs. Reva, 217 372 Stuck, Sanford W., 225 Sublette, William, 137 Suelflow, Dr. August R., 348 U Sullivan, Dr. John J., 90 Udell, Clinton E., 193 Sullivan, Margaret, "Fighting for Irish United States Constitution, art. on, Freedom St. Louis Irish-Americans, listed, 371 1918-1922," 184-206 (illus.) United States Presidents, art. on, listed, Sully, Gen. Alfred, 264, 266-267 371 Sutter, John A., art. on, listed, 372 University of Missouri, Rolla, art. on, Swain, Edward E., 207 listed, 368 Symington, Rep. James W., 76 "Upper Missouri Indian Agency 1819- Symington, Mrs. Stuart, art. on, listed, 1868," by Ernest L. Schusky, 249- 237 269 (illus.) Symington, Sen. Stuart, 76, 213, 217

Vanausdal, William C, art. on, listed, Tabb, Mrs. Peyton, 223 234 Taft, Sen. Robert, 325-326 Van Ausdall, John, 225, 226 Taft, William H., 176 Vandiver, Mrs. Charles, 219 Tallen, P. W., 186 Vandiver, Mrs. Virgil, 228 Taney County, arts, on, listed, 102, 240 Van Dorn, Earl, 147 Taney, Roger B., 28 Van Hoosen, Rev. Richard, 358 Tannrath, J. J., 194 Van Horn, Robert T., 132, 135, 138 Tatum, Stewart E., 86 Van Osdol, Charles, 225 Taverns, art. on, listed, 235 van Ravenswaay, Charles, 222 Taylor, Edward, 264 Van Winkle, William A., 221, 353 Taylor, Rev. J. O., 157 Vasquez, Don Benite, art. on, listed, 100 Taylor, John, 31 Vaughan, Harry, 337 Taylor, Judge John, 87 Vaughan, Dr. Victor, 131, 134 Taylor, Lucille, 228 Vaughn, Alfred, 260-261 Taylor, Zachary, 260 Vaydik, Frank, 86 Teegarden, Earle, Sr., 355 Venter, Fred W., art. on, listed, 372 Teller, Henry M., 32 Verhaegen, Rev. P. J., 137 Temple, Wayne C, 353 Vernon County Historical Society, 228, This Is Gower, 1870-1970, One Hundred 361 Years of Missouri Progress, noted, Verona, art. on, listed, 96 381-382 Vesper, Walter, 88 Thomas, Gen. George Henry, 219 Vest, George Graham, 222; art. on, 23- Thomas, H. W., 352 36; 23 (illus.) Thomas, Norman, 182 Views from the Past Thomas, Wilbur, 219 —"College Life Early 1900s," 74-75 Thompson, Dr. A. Paul, 349 (illus.) (illus.) Thompson, Nannie, 150 —"Missouri Holidays," 210-211 (illus.) Thomson, J. J., 206 —"Missouri Religious Life," 346-347 Thornton, Judge John, art. on, listed, (illus.) 100 Voertman, F. A., 227 Thrall's Prairie, art. on, listed, 95 Voorhees, Robert T., 228 Thurman, Mrs. Howard, 219 Tichitoli, Joseph, 10 Tierney, Michael J., 187, 200 Timmons, Charles, 228 W Tinnin, Sen. Nelson B., 343 Wade, Jeff, 226 Titus, Dr. Sterrett S., 225 Wade, Mrs. Margaret, 352 Todd, James, 207 Wade, Mrs. Ophelia, 225, 359 Todd, T. B. S., 263 Wagner, David, 150, 151 Townsend, John, 282 Waldheim, Aaron, 52 Transportation Waldo, Ray, 227, 228 —arts, on, listed, 98, 99, 101, 236, 369 Walker, Mrs. Frank, 224 —Aviation, art. on, listed, 101 Wallace, Mr. & Mrs. Glen, 361 Trexler, Harrison A., 302, 305 Wallace, Henry, 319-320, 322, 325-327, Trinkle, Mrs. Dorothy, 88 336 Trueblood, Mrs. Alvin, 359 Wallace, Jean, art. on, listed, 96 Truman Administration, thesis on, Walsh, Frank P., 187, 189 noted, 241 Walter, Mrs. Bernice, 360 Truman, Harry S., 77; arts, on, listed, Walter, Serena, 360 97; art. on, 318-341; 330, 334 (illus.) Wammack, Ralph, 164 "Truman Vice Presidency: Constructive Ward, Mrs. H. C, 357 Apprenticeship or Brief Interlude?" "Washboard War," art. on, listed, 98 by Arthur F. McClure and Donna Washington, George, Pres., 187; 190 Costigan, 318-341; (illus.) (illus.) 402 Index

Washington, George, 316 Wimar, Clark LCarl], art. on, listed, 235 Watkins Mill, arts, on, listed, 97. 235 Wimmer, Edward, 213 Watters, T. Ballard, 207; 208 (illus.) Winkelmann, Christian H., 62 WTatts, William, 213 Winkler, John A., 207 Weaver, James, 166 Withers, Robert S., "Ice and Spring Webb City, arts, on, listed, 99, 237, 369 Houses Used By Pioneers In Preserv­ Webb City Historical Society, 90 ing Food, Drink, Early-Day Recol­ Weber, Kenneth, 355 lections on Refrigeration," art. on, Weber, Richard, 361 247-248; (illus.) WTebster Groves Historical Society, 90 AVithrow, Thomas W., 224 Webster, Mrs. Irene, 352 Wolf, Mrs. Golden, 354 Weersing, Jack, 224 Wolf, Mr. & Mrs. Ralph, 354 Weitv, Elmer, 358 Women's Christian Association, art. on, Wells, Rodney L„ 90 listed, 96 Wells, Mrs. Stella M., 89 Women's Rights, art. on, listed, 237 Wells, Mrs. Thelma, 353 Wood, Wilbur E., 221 West, Gene, 357 Woodcock, Lyle S., 228 Westport Historical Society. 90, 228, Woodlock, Mr. & Mrs. Patrick D., art. 361 on, listed, 369 Westport, pioneer life, art. on, listed, Woodruff, Sgt. Mathew, art. on, listed, 240 238 Wettle, Forest, 85 Woodruff, Wilford, 34, 279; 280 (illus.) Wherry, Margaretta M., art. on, listed, Woods, Robert P., 47 370 Woodson, Alen, 316 Whitaker, Glen, 361 Woodyard, Humphrey M., 144, 146, 150 White, L. Mitchell, 212, 217 Woolen Industry of the Midwest, by White, Lee, 343 Norman L. Crockett, reviewed, 375- White, M. K., 351 377 White, Mrs. Mahlon, 85 World War I, art. on, listed, 366 White River Valley Historical Society, Worsley, Charles, Jr., 224 228 Wotka, Emma, 64-66 White, Col. Robert M., 212 Wotka, Hubert, 64-66 White, Robert M., II, 212, 351 Wotka, Thomas J., 64-66 White; Rev. W. T., 213 Wrench, Jesse, art. on, listed, 239 Whitmer, Robert, 88 Wyandot Floats, art. on, listed, 371 Wickersham, Mrs. Stella, 87 Wyatt, Harley, 226 Wight, Lyman, 278 Wyrick, Taylor B., 193 Wilkerson, Catherine, 82 Wilkerson, H., 224 Wilkerson, Junior, 86, 357 Wilkinson, Mahlon, 264 Wilier, Virginia, 356 Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 217, 359 Williams, Jim, 357 Yesterday and Today: Aurora Centen­ Williams, John, 76 nial, 1870-1970, noted, 118 Williams, Roy D., art. on, listed, 366 Yokem, James M., 89 Williamson, Hugh P., Bolivar King of Young, Brigham, 24-25, 293; 25 (illus.) the Hounds in the Kinqdom of Calla­ Young, Helen Louise, 83 way, noted, 116; 356-357 Young, Milton R., 329 Willis, C, 83, 354 Willow Springs Academy, art. on, listed, 239 Wilson, Mrs. George, 353 Wilson, Gladys, 356 Wilson, Mr. & Mrs. Perry, 225 Zink, Wilbur, 82, 89 Wilson, Woodrow, 176, 186, 197, 201, Zink, Mrs. Wilbur, 89 203 Zoll, Mrs. A. W., 217 MISSOURI HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXV OCTOBER, 1970- JAMES W. GOODRICH APRIL, 1971 ASSOCIATE EDITOR CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXV, Nos. 1, 2 AND 3

ANDERS, LESLIE, professor oi History, Central Missouri State College. Warrens­ burg, Missouri.

ANDERSON, RICHARD L., professor of History and Religion, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

BOXERMAN, BURTON A., instructor in History, Ritenour Senior High School, St. Louis, Missouri and Belleville Junior College, Belleville, Illinois.

CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia. Missouri.

COSTIGAN, DONNA, member of the faculty, Ft. Osage School System, Independence. Missouri.

GRANT. H. ROGER, assistant professor of History, University of Akron, Akron. Ohio.

HOLSINGER, M. PAUL, associate professor of History, Illinois State University. Normal, Illinois.

LEE, GEORGE R., associate professor of History, Culver-Stockton College, Canton. Missouri.

MCCLLRE, ARTHUR F., associate professor of History, Central Missouri State Col­ lege, Warrensburg, Missouri.

OGILVIE, LEON PARKER, member of the faculty, Penn Valley Community College, Kansas City, Missouri.

POOLE, STAFFORD, C. M., vice president and associate professor of History, St. Marv's Seminary, Perryville, Missouri.

SCHUSKY, ERNEST, professor of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois.

SULLIVAN, MARGARET, member of the faculty, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXV, Nos. 1, 2 AND 3

Page

CHRISTMAS IN EARLY MISSOURI. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 125

THE EXCELSIOR SPRINGS ROUTE: LIFE AND DEATH OF A MISSOURI INTERURBAN. By H. Roger Grant 37

FIGHTING FOR IRISH FREEDOM, ST. LOUIS IRISH-AMERICANS, 1918-1922. By Margaret Sullivan 184

THE FOUNDING OF MISSOURI'S FIRST COLLEGE SAINT MARY'S OF THE BARRENS, 1815-1818. By Stafford Poole, CM 1

HIS "RADICAL REVERENCE" JOHN H. COX. By Leslie Anders 139

JACKSON COUNTY IN EARLY MORMON DESCRIPTIONS. By Richard L. Anderson 270

POPULISM AND SOCIALISM IN THE SOUTHEAST MISSOURI LOWLANDS. By Leon Parker Ogilvie 159

THS ST. LOUIS JEWISH COORDINATING COUNCIL: Its Formative Years. By Burton A. Boxerman 51

SENATOR GEORGE GRAHAM VEST AND THE "MENACE" OF MORMONISM, 1882-1887. By M. Paul Holsinger 23

SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION IN LEWIS COUNTY, MISSOURI. By George R. Lee 294

THE TRUMAN VICE PRESIDENCY: CONSTRUCTIVE APPRENTICESHIP OR BRIEF INTERLUDE? By Arthur F. McClure and Donna Costigan 318

THE UPPER MISSOURI INDIAN AGENCY, 1819-1868. By Ernest Schusky 249

Missouri Women In History

Luella St. Clair Moss

President of Christian (Columbia) College, Columbia, for 19 years, Luella Wilcox was born June 25, 1865, in Virden, Illinois. The first girl graduate of Virden High School, she was later graduated from Hamilton College, Lexing­ ton, Kentucky. In 1886 she was married to Franklin Pierce St. Clair, who assumed the presidency of Christian College in the summer of 1893. The fol­ lowing November President St. Clair died and Luella succeeded him as president. During her first year, the 28-year-old president launched a college magazine, organized an alumnae group, doubled the faculty, installed electric lights and added a kindergarten.

Because of ill health she resigned in 1897, and Mrs. W. T. Moore, wife of the dean of the Bible College of Missouri, succeeded her. The following year she returned as college financial secretary and in 1899 she was elected co- president with Mrs. Moore. At that time the college property was deeded to the two women presidents on the condition that they would erect new buildings. Within two years they provided $75,000 in improvements and redeeded the property to the trustees to be held in trust for educational purposes for all time.

In 1903 Luella resigned to accept the presidency of Hamilton College, where she doubled enrollment, purchased new real estate and improved old buildings. In 1909 she again assumed the presidency of Christian College, a position which she held until 1920. During her entire presidency she arranged for the financing and supervised the construction of eight college buildings representing an investment of $500,000. In 1911 she was married to Dr. Woodson Moss, who died in 1920.

Entering public life after retirement, in 1922 she was the first woman member of the Columbia Board of Education and was nominated for Congress- woman. She served as president of the Missouri League of Women Voters, 1925- 1927; president of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs, 1929-1930; and first woman president of the Missouri Library Commission, 1935. For her leadership in woman's suffrage her name was inscribed, among others, at the Missouri capitol and she was one of three Missouri women to have her name inscribed on the National Roll of Honor "for service in the field of education; [and] in helping to secure equal political status for women." In 1937 Culver Stockton College, Canton, conferred the honorary LL.D. degree upon her. She died August 18, 1947, in Columbia.