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Design, Analysis and Simulations of Medium Access Control Protocols for High and Low Data Rate Applications

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Design, Analysis and Simulations of Medium Access Control Protocols for High and Low Data Rate Applications C400etukansi.kesken..fm Page 1 Friday, October 28, 2011 7:31 AM C 400 OULU 2011 C 400 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.B. 7500 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATISUNIVERSITATIS OULUENSISOULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTAACTA SERIES EDITORS TECHNICATECHNICACC Leonardo Goratti ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Goratti Leonardo Senior Assistant Jorma Arhippainen DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND BHUMANIORA SIMULATIONS OF MEDIUM Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CTECHNICA ACCESS CONTROL Professor Hannu Heusala PROTOCOLS FOR HIGH DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho AND LOW DATA RATE ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM APPLICATIONS Senior Researcher Eila Estola FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING; ISBN 978-951-42-9650-5 (Paperback) CENTRE FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS; ISBN 978-951-42-9651-2 (PDF) INFOTECH OULU ISSN 0355-3213 (Print) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS C Technica 400 LEONARDO GORATTI DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS OF MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL PROTOCOLS FOR HIGH AND LOW DATA RATE APPLICATIONS Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Technology of the University of Oulu for public defence in Auditorium IT116, Linnanmaa, on 8 December 2011, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2011 Copyright © 2011 Acta Univ. Oul. C 400, 2011 Supervised by Professor Matti Latva-aho Doctor Ian Oppermann Reviewed by Professor John Farserotu Professor Roberto Verdone ISBN 978-951-42-9650-5 (Paperback) ISBN 978-951-42-9651-2 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3213 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2226 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2011 Goratti, Leonardo, Design, analysis and simulations of medium access control protocols for high and low data rate applications. University of Oulu, Faculty of Technology, Department of Communications Engineering; Centre for Wireless Communications; Infotech Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Acta Univ. Oul. C 400, 2011 Oulu, Finland Abstract The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of mobile devices equipped with extremely innovative wireless technologies. Short range networks, such as wireless personal area networks (WPANs), wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless body area networks (WBANs) have been defined and researched to deliver high speed home connectivity, environment and health monitoring. This thesis tackles design, analysis and simulation of medium access control (MAC) protocols tailored for short range networks. These have in common the use of battery operated devices but also certain design challenges connected with MAC protocols are common upon selecting the physical layer technology. Ultra wideband (UWB) technology and 60 GHz technology (which is referred to also as millimeter wave communications) are two valid examples of the wireless revolution of the past decade. Several existing standards, such as IEEE 802.15.3, ECMA-368, IEEE 802.15.4 and its amendment IEEE 802.15.4a, are considered in this thesis for MAC analysis in conjunction with UWB technology. With regard to millimeter wave communications the characteristics of the IEEE 802.15.3c standard are taken into account. Apart for the IEEE 802.15.3c all the MAC protocols have been modeled in the network simulator Opnet. One contribution of this thesis is to produce an innovative and in-depth analysis of the management aspects (e.g. ECMA-368 distributed beaconing) stemming from the above mentioned standards by means of analytical and simulation models. This study approach allows selecting the MAC features suitable for the applications and the technologies of interest. The key performance metric used to analyze all the protocols is energy efficiency, but also throughput is investigated. Another contribution brought by this thesis consists in the innovative way of studying slotted-based MAC protocols as an integrated concept connected with the type of network, the type of application and the selected physical technologies. This thesis also shows MAC performance in conjunction with UWB when false alarm, miss- detection and receiver capture (capture is modeled by means of an existing interference model) are taken into consideration. Most of the unrealistic, though common, assumptions in MAC analysis are removed and the performance of selected medical applications is evaluated through Opnet simulations. The well known binary exponential backoff is analyzed with an innovative though simplified one-dimensional Markov chain approach in the context of directional MAC for 60 GHz communications. As shown in the remainder of this thesis, the simplification introduced does not hinder the accuracy of the results, but rather allows accounting even for a finite number of retransmissions with a simple chain extension. Keywords: body area networks, medium access control, millimeter wave communications, personal area networks, sensor networks, ultra wideband technology Goratti, Leonardo, Linkinohjauskerroksen protokollasuunnittelu, analyysi ja simulointi suuren ja pienen datanopeuden tiedonsiirtosovelluksia varten. Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta, Tietoliikennetekniikan osasto; Centre for Wireless Communications; Infotech Oulu, PL 4500, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Acta Univ. Oul. C 400, 2011 Oulu Tiivistelmä Kahden viime vuosikymmenen aikana innovatiivisella langattomalla tekniikalla varustettujen viestintälaiteiden määrä on kasvanut räjähdysmäisesti. Lyhyen kantaman verkkoja kuten langat- tomia henkilökohtaisen alueen verkkoja (WPAN), langattomia anturiverkkoja (WSN) ja langat- tomia vartaloalueen verkkoja (WBAN) on määritelty ja tutkittu, jotta voitaisiin tuottaa korkea- nopeuksisia kotiyhteyksiä sekä välineitä ympäristön ja terveydentilan seurantaan. Tämä väitös- kirja käsittelee lyhyen kantaman viestintään suunniteltujen linkinohjauskerroksen MAC-proto- kollien suunnittelua, analysointia ja simulointia. Näissä kaikissa käytetään akkukäyttöisiä laittei- ta, mutta myös tietyt MAC-protokollien suunnittelun haasteet ovat tavallisia fyysisen kerroksen teknologiaa valittaessa. Ultra-laajakaistainen (UWB) teknologia ja 60 GHz teknologia (eli millimetriaallonpituusalu- een tietoliikenne) ovat hyviä esimerkkejä kuluneen vuosikymmenen langattomasta vallankumo- uksesta. Tässä väitöskirjassa huomioidaan UWB teknologiaan liittyvää MAC-kerroksen analyy- siä tehtäessä useat olemassa olevat standardit, kuten IEEE 802.15.3, ECMA-368, IEEE 802.15.4 ja sen lisäys IEEE 802.15.4a. Millimetriaallonpituusalueen tietoliikenteessä huomioidaan myös IEEE 802.15.3c standardin erityispiirteet. IEEE 802.15.3c:tä lukuun ottamatta kaikki MAC-pro- tokollat on mallinnettu Opnet verkkosimulaattorilla. Tämä tutkimus tarjoaa innovatiivisen ja syväluotaavan tutkimuksen näiden standardien poh- jalta ja analyyttisten ja simuloitujen mallien avulla kehitetyistä hallinnallisista lähestymistavoista (esim. ECMA-368 hajautettu majakkasignaali). Näiden avulla voidaan valita kohteena oleviin sovelluksiin ja teknologioihin parhaiten soveltuvia MAC-ominaisuuksia. Kaikkien protokollien analysointiin käytetty ensisijainen suorituskykymittari on energiatehokkuus, mutta myös datano- peuksia on tarkasteltu. Tässä tutkimuksessa esitellään myös innovatiivinen tapa tutkia MAC pro- tokollia integroituina konsepteina suhteessa verkon ja sovellusten tyyppiin sekä fyysisen kerrok- sen teknologiaan. Lisäksi tämä väitöskirja esittelee MAC suorituskykyä UWB verkossa silloin, kun siinä ote- taan huomioon väärät hälytykset, väärä havainnointi ja vastaanottimen signaalinkaappaus (vas- taanoton mallintamiseksi käytetään olemassa olevaa interferenssimallia). MAC analyysistä pois- tetaan useimmat epärealistiset, vaikkakin tavalliset, olettamukset, ja verkkojen suorituskykyä tarkastellaan valittujen kriittisten parametrien monitoroinnissa Opnet-simulaatioiden avulla. Tunnettua binäärijakoinen eksponentiaalinen perääntyminen -algoritmia analysoidaan inno- vatiivisella, yksinkertaistetulla yksiulotteisella Markov-ketju -mallilla 60 GHz:n suunta-antenni MAC:n yhteydessä. Kuten tässä tutkimuksessa tullaan osoittamaan, esitelty yksinkertaistus ei rajoita tulosten tarkkuutta, vaan mukaan voidaan lukea jopa rajallinen määrä uudelleenlähetyksiä yksinkertaisen Markovin ketjun laajennuksen avulla. Asiasanat: anturiverkot, henkilökohtaisen alueen verkot, linkinohjauskerros, millimetri aallonpituusalueen tietoliikenne, ultra-laajakaistainen teknologia, vartaloalueen verkot ...To my lovely wife Monica, my family and all my friends. 8 Preface The research work presented in this thesis was developed at the Center for Wireless Communications (CWC), University of Oulu Finland, during the years 2003-2010 and it has been possible only because of many (really many) people! It has been a long journey since I took that flight from my hometown, Florence, to Oulu. I would like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr Ian Oppermann, because without him this great adventure would never have begun. He has always been present through all this time. Professor Carlos Pomalaza Ráez has been more than a technical advisor: he has helped enormously in my studies. Along with him, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Matti Latva-ho, as he has been a good friend and the person who coached me to the end of my PhD. I am grateful to Lic. Tech. Ari Pouttu, the director of the CWC, who has given me the opportunity to work in such a stimulating environment as the CWC.
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