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Polar Law Textbook II TemaNord 2013:535 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Polar Law Textbook II Polar Law Textbook II “Developments in the Arctic and Antarctica continue to be the subject of growing public interest and academic, political, scientific, and media discourse. The global magnitude of the changes that are currently taking place in the Polar Regions, also influence legal developments. Furthermore, the growing importance of both the Arctic and the Antarctica in various areas of global, regional, national and subnational develop- ment requires further inquiry into the role of law in dealing with many of the current and emerging issues relevant to both Poles. Although law is not a panacea for all issues, it has its own role to play in dealing with many of them.” This textbook represents the outcome of a cooperative process between an international group of well-known experts in the area of Polar law and related studies. Polar Law TextBook II further draws upon Polar law as an evolving and developing field of studies which is gaining increasing recognition and intersects with many other areas in the social sciences and humanities. It explores a variety of legal issues in the Arctic and Antarctica TemaNord 2013:535 ISBN 978-92-893-2550-9 Natalia Loukacheva (ed.) TN2013535 omslag.indd 1 15-05-2013 12:53:05 Polar Law Textbook II Editor Natalia Loukacheva TemaNord 2013:535 Polar Law Textbook II Editor Natalia Loukacheva ISBN 978-92-893-2550-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2013-535 TemaNord 2013:535 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2013 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: ImageSelect Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Copies: 316 Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom- mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Contents Biographies ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Summary......................................................................................................................................... 13 1. Polar Law Developments and Major Trends Natalia Loukacheva ............................................................................................................. 17 1.1 Polar Law ................................................................................................................... 17 1.2 Major Trends and Arctic Geo-politics .............................................................. 19 1.3 The Main Pillars of Development ...................................................................... 25 1.4 Recent Developments............................................................................................ 28 2. Security in the Arctic Lassi Heininen ........................................................................................................................ 37 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 37 2.2 Definition of Security ............................................................................................. 38 2.3 Environmental Security in the Arctic .............................................................. 40 2.4 Human Security in the Arctic .............................................................................. 43 2.5 Energy Security in the Arctic .............................................................................. 45 2.6 Traditional Security in the Arctic ...................................................................... 46 2.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 49 3. The Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic – A New Chapter in Polar Law Anton Vasiliev......................................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 53 3.2 The Arctic Council and its Agenda on EPPR .................................................. 54 3.3 The Development of the SAR Instrument Proposal ........................................ 55 3.4 The SAR Instrument Task Force and its Work ............................................. 56 3.5 Key Features of the SAR Agreement ................................................................ 57 3.6 Key Provisions of the SAR Agreement............................................................. 59 3.7 Importance of the SAR Agreement ................................................................... 62 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 64 4. Polar Regimes Tackling Climate Change Timo Koivurova ..................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 General Framework of Climate Regime in the Polar Regions ................. 67 4.2 Arctic Council and Climate Change ................................................................... 70 4.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 74 5. The International Legal Regime of the Continental Shelf with Special Reference to the Polar Regions Ted L. McDorman...................................................................................................................77 5.1 History and Basic Legal Features.......................................................................77 5.2 Outer Limit of the Shelf .........................................................................................79 5.3 The Continental Shelf in the Arctic....................................................................85 5.4 The Continental Shelf in the Antarctic? ...........................................................90 5.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................91 6. Arctic Biodiversity and Marine Wildlife Malgosia Fitzmaurice ...........................................................................................................95 6.1 Introduction: Arctic Biodiversity .......................................................................95 6.2 Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity ............................................................ 101 6.3 International Instruments Relevant to the Protection of Arctic Biodiversity and Marine Wildlife .................................................................... 102 6.4 Marine Wildlife ...................................................................................................... 109 6.5 Regional Treaties .................................................................................................. 113 6.6 Relevant Conventions not Directly Aimed at the Protection of Biodiversity ............................................................................................................ 117 6.7 Non-Binding (“soft law”) Instruments .......................................................... 118 6.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 119 7. Polar Bears and International Law Nigel Bankes ......................................................................................................................... 123 7.1 Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears ........................................ 123 7.2 Discussion of Polar Bear in other International Fora ............................. 125 8. The Antarctic Treaty System and the Regulation of Antarctic Tourism Kees Bastmeijer ................................................................................................................... 131 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 131 8.2 The Antarctic Treaty System and Tourism ................................................. 132 8.3 “Phases” of Tourism Management in the Antarctic between 1990 and 2012 .................................................................................................................. 135 8.4 Regulating Tourism in Antarctica: Outstanding Questions for the ATCM ......................................................................................................................... 146 8.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................
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