Molecular Phylogeny of Obligate Fish Parasites of the Family Cymothoidae
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Mar Biol (2017) 164:105 DOI 10.1007/s00227-017-3138-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Molecular phylogeny of obligate fsh parasites of the family Cymothoidae (Isopoda, Crustacea): evolution of the attachment mode to host fsh and the habitat shift from saline water to freshwater Hiroki Hata1 · Atsushi Sogabe2 · Shinya Tada1 · Ryohei Nishimoto3 · Reina Nakano3 · Nobuhiko Kohya3 · Hirohiko Takeshima4 · Ryota Kawanishi5 Received: 20 December 2016 / Accepted: 31 March 2017 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Abstract In host–parasite coevolution, parasite innova- an abdominal burrower clade, and cymothoid clades that tions including the acquisition of new habitats and novel are closer to the base of Cymothoidae than those initially traits can trigger evolutionary breakthroughs and enhance analysed. We found that the basal clade of Cymothoidae parasite diversifcation via accumulation of new hosts. All was Elthusa sacciger, which is parasitic in the opercular species of the family Cymothoidae are obligate fsh para- cavity of synaphobranchid eels. This result suggests that sites, attaching to exterior body surfaces of fsh, the buccal cymothoids may have originated in deep seas, subsequently or opercular cavities, or burrowing into abdominal muscle expanded to shallow seas, and then to brackish and/or tissue. In the present study, we constructed a molecular freshwater, by shifting host species. Invasion of freshwater phylogeny of 27 cymothoid species that parasitise 38 fsh habitats has occurred at least twice; freshwater abdominal species, combined with 2 prior cymothoid datasets, based muscle burrowers living on armoured catfsh constitute a on the sequences of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI clade allied to E. sacciger. The ancestral host attachment genes. We explored the evolution of the host attachment site, based on our dataset, was the opercular cavity, fol- mode, and the habitat shift from saline water to freshwa- lowed (sequentially) by buccal colonisation and attachment ter. Our evolutionary trees include two freshwater clades, to the external body. Responsible Editor: T. Reusch. Introduction Reviewed by C. Boyko and an undisclosed expert. During host–parasite coevolution, parasite innovation Electronic supplementary material The online version of this (acquisition of new traits and colonisation of new habitats) article (doi:10.1007/s00227-017-3138-5) contains supplementary can enhance parasite diversifcation via accumulation of material, which is available to authorized users. new host species (Zietara and Lumme 2002; Ricklefs et al. * Hiroki Hata 2014). The family Cymothoidae is a diverse group of Isop- [email protected]‑u.ac.jp oda containing 366 species of 42 genera to the best of our knowledge (Table S1), all of which are obligate parasites 1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2‑5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790‑8577, Japan on fsh, feeding on blood, mucus, and/or tissue (Adlard and Lester 1995; Horton and Okamura 2003; Bruce and 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 1‑1 Bunkyo, Hirosaki, Aomori Schotte 2008). Cymothoids have been identifed in marine 036‑8560, Japan actinopterygian fsh (notably Perciformes, Clupeiformes, 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ehime Beloniformes, and Tetraodontiformes) and certain elasmo- University, 2‑5 Bunkyo, Matsuyama, Ehime 790‑8577, Japan branchs (Brusca 1981; Smit et al. 2014). Cymothoids have 4 Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 457‑4 expanded their distribution to include freshwater fsh, being Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita‑ku, Kyoto 603‑8047, Japan currently parasitic on freshwater actinopterygians including 5 Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Characiformes, Siluriformes, and Cypriniformes. 310 spe- University, N10W5 Kita‑ku, Sapporo 060‑0810, Japan cies (85%) of 32 genera (76%) are marine, 33 species (9%) 1 3 105 Page 2 of 15 Mar Biol (2017) 164:105 of 9 genera (21%) are fresh water inhabitants. At least 27 gene sequences differ by a maximum of 5 of the 317 bases species in nine genera (including Riggia, Braga, Asotana, among four species in three genera (Ceratothoa italica and Paracymothoa) inhabit Amazonia in South America. [EF455804–6], C. collaris [EF455807], Nerocila bivit- Several species of the genus Ichthyoxenos live in freshwa- tata [EF455810], and Anilocra physodes [EF455808–9]). ter habitats of eastern and south-eastern Asia, and central Such extreme similarity differs from the fndings of another Africa (Brusca 1981; Tsai and Dai 1999). study (Jones et al. 2008), which also sequenced 16S rRNA Cymothoids parasitise the exterior bodies of fsh gene, and we found that the sequences in question were (including the fns), or the buccal or opercular cavities, or those of some members of the genus Ceratothoa. It may burrow into abdominal muscular tissue to create capsules be that Ketmaier et al. (2008) included these inappropriate (with small openings) in the abdominal cavity (Brusca sequences in their analyses. 1981; Bruce 1990; Smit et al. 2014). Each cymothoid spe- In the present study, we newly collected two freshwater cies exhibits a specifc attachment mode to its host fsh, and cymothoid species; these were a burrowing parasite (Arty- is morphologically specialised in this context (Bruce 1986, stone sp.) from an armoured catfsh (Epactionotus yasi) 1987, 1990). Seven genera (e.g. Anilocra, Nerocila, and living in the Iguazu river, South America, and a buccal Renocila), 16 genera (e.g. Ceratothoa and Cymothoa), 17 parasite (Ichthyoxenos tanganyikae) from a cichlid (Simo- genera (e.g. Elthusa and Ryukyua), four genera (e.g. Ich- chromis diagramma) of Lake Tanganyika. We also col- thyoxenos and Artystone) are known as parasites on fsh lected samples of ten genera of marine cymothoids from body surface, in the buccal cavity, opercular cavity, bur- the buccal and opercular cavities, and the body surfaces, of rowing into abdominal cavity, respectively (Table S1). Host their various host fsh (ranging from anguilliformes to per- specifcity and host range vary among cymothoid species. ciformes) living in various depths (See Table 1). We sought In general, however, cymothoids that attach to external to describe the evolution within the family Cymothoidae. surfaces of fsh exhibit wider host ranges than other spe- In particular, we explored how the organisms acquired cies, sometimes straddling fsh orders. On the other hand, novel host attachment modes, shifted such modes, and cymothoids that burrow into the abdominal muscles of fsh expanded into freshwater habitats. We also sought to are highly species-specifc, being parasitic on only one or resolve taxonomic confusion within the family. We con- several species within a single family (Tsai and Dai 1999; structed phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial 16S Thatcher 2006; Yamano et al. 2011). Cymothoids that are rRNA and COI sequences; we used the families Aegidae, parasitic in the buccal and opercular cavities exhibit inter- Bopyridae, Cirolanidae, Corallanidae, and Sphaeromatidae mediate width of host range (Bruce 1986; Hadfeld et al. as outgroups. 2015). We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to explore cymothoid evolution in terms of the acquisition of attach- Materials and methods ment modes, shifts in such modes, habitat expansion (par- ticularly to freshwater), and acquisition of new host fsh. Sample collection Brusca (1981) suggested that external surface attachment was an ancestral trait, citing morphological, zoogeographic, We collected 29 cymothoid species from 59 species of host and ecological data. Jones et al. (2008) suggested that buc- fsh, as well as 2 species of Aegidae, 1 species of Coralla- cal- or opercular cavity-dwelling were ancestral in nature, nidae, and 1 species of Sphaeromatidae (Table 1). 27 spe- and that external attachment had evolved on several occa- cies of 12 genera cymothoids were newly collected for sions; mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequence data were used molecular phylogeny. In total, 15 genera of all the 43 genera to support these conclusions. However, molecular methods of Cymothoidae are included in this study. Host fsh were have never been used to analyse cymothoids that burrow identifed by reference to Nakabo (2013). We distinguished under the host epidermis to occupy the abdominal cav- four cymothoid attachment modes (Brusca 1981; Smit et al. ity, and few data are available on freshwater cymothoids. 2014): (1) buccal-dwelling, where both males and females Thus, it remains unclear whether several cymothoids inde- live inside the buccal cavities of host fsh; (2) opercular cav- pendently acquired the ability to live in freshwater, or ity-dwelling, where females attach to a specifc site within whether a single group acquired that competence and has the opercular cavity and their body form is distinctly asym- subsequently diversifed. Although there have been several metrical, refecting the shape of the host operculum; (3) molecular phylogenetic studies on the family Cymothoi- external body-attaching, where the parasites attach to the dae, the reference frameworks are unclear; ambiguous external body surface (including the fns) of the hosts, being sequences were included in previous phylogenies based cryptically coloured in contrast to the pale colour of para- on 16S rRNA and COI sequences (Ketmaier et al. 2008), sites exhibiting other attachment modes; and (4) abdominal- and were stored in GenBank as below. The 16S rRNA burrowing, where parasites become buried under the host 1 3 Mar Biol (2017) 164:105 Page 3 of