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Glossary accessible—Pertaining to physical access to areas canopy—A layer of foliage, generally the uppermost and activities for people of different abilities, layer, in a vegetative stand; midlevel or understory especially those with physical impairments. vegetation in multilayered stands. Canopy closure (also canopy cover) is an estimate of the amount of adaptive resource management—The rigorous overhead vegetative cover. application of management, research, and monitoring to gain information and experience CCC—See Civilian Conservation Corps. necessary to assess and modify management activities; a process that uses feedback from CCP—See comprehensive conservation plan. research, monitoring, and evaluation of management CFR—See Code of Federal Regulations. actions to support or modify objectives and strategies at all planning levels; a process in which cfs—Cubic feet per second. policy decisions are implemented within a framework of scientifically driven experiments to Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)—Peacetime test predictions and assumptions inherent in civilian “army” established by President Franklin management plan. Analysis of results helps managers D. Roosevelt to perform conservation activities determine whether current management should from 1933–42. Activities included erosion control; continue as is or whether it should be modified to firefighting; tree planting; habitat protection; achieve desired conditions. stream improvement; and building of fire towers, roads, recreation facilities, and drainage systems. Administration Act—National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)—The codification of the general and permanent rules published in the AGNPS—Agricultural nonpoint source (model). Federal Register by the executive departments and alternative agencies of the federal government. Each volume of —A reasonable way to solve an identified the CFR is updated once each calendar year. problem or satisfy the stated need (40 CFR 1500.2); one of several different means of accomplishing compatibility determination—See compatible use. refuge purposes and goals and contributing to the Refuge System mission (The Fish and Wildlife compatible use—A wildlife-dependent recreational Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5). use or any other use of a refuge that, in the sound professional judgment of the director of the U.S. amphibian—A class of cold-blooded vertebrates Fish and Wildlife Service, will not materially including frogs, toads, or salamanders. interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of the annual mission of the Refuge System or the purposes of the —A plant that flowers and dies within 1 year refuge (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 603 of germination. FW 3.6). A compatibility determination supports ATV—All-terrain vehicle. the selection of compatible uses and identified stipulations or limits necessary to ensure compatibility. baseline—A set of critical observations, data, or information used for comparison or a control. comprehensive conservation plan (CCP)—A document that describes the desired future biological control—The use of organisms or viruses conditions of the refuge and provides long-range to control invasive plants or other pests. guidance and management direction for the refuge manager to accomplish the purposes of the refuge, biological diversity, also biodiversity—The variety contribute to the mission of the Refuge System, and of life and its processes, including the variety of to meet other relevant mandates (The Fish and living organisms, the genetic differences among Wildlife Service Manual, 602 FW 1.5). them, and the communities and ecosystems in which they occur (The Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, concern—See issue. 052 FW 1.12B). The National Wildlife Refuge System’s focus is on indigenous species, biotic conspecific—An individual belonging to the same communities, and ecological processes. species as another. biotic—Pertaining to life or living organisms; caused, cool-season grasses—Grasses that begin growth produced by, or comprising living organisms. earlier in the season and often become dormant in 66 Draft CCP and EA, Arrowwood NWR, ND the summer. These grasses will germinate at lower environmental assessment (EA)—A concise public temperatures. Examples of cool-season grasses at document, prepared in compliance with the National the refuge are western wheatgrass, needle and Environmental Policy Act, that briefly discusses the thread, and green needlegrass. purpose and need for an action and alternatives to such action, and provides sufficient evidence and coteau—A hilly upland including the divide analysis of impacts to determine whether to prepare between two valleys; a divide; the side of a valley. an environmental impact statement or finding of no significant impact (40 CFR 1508.9). cover, also cover type, canopy cover—Present vegetation of an area. EPA—Environmental Protection Agency. cultural resources—The remains of sites, structures, extinction—The complete disappearance of a species or objects used by people in the past. from the earth; no longer existing. dense nesting cover (DNC)—A composition of extirpation—The extinction of a population; complete grasses and forbs that allows for a dense stand of eradication of a species within a specified area. vegetation that protects nesting birds from the view of predators, usually consisting of one to two species fauna—All the vertebrate and invertebrate animals of wheatgrass, alfalfa, and sweetclover. of an area. depredation—Destruction or consumption of eggs, federal trust resource—A trust is something managed broods, or individual wildlife due to a predatory by one entity for another who holds the ownership. animal; damage inflicted on agricultural crops or The Service holds in trust many natural resources ornamental plants by wildlife. for the people of the United States as a result of federal acts and treaties. Examples are species listed DNC—See dense nesting cover. under the Endangered Species Act, migratory birds drawdown—The act of manipulating water levels in protected by international treaties, and native plant an impoundment to allow for the natural drying-out or wildlife species found on a national wildlife refuge. cycle of a wetland. federal trust species—All species where the federal EA—See environmental assessment. government has primary jurisdiction including federally endangered or threatened species, migratory ecosystem—A dynamic and interrelating complex birds, anadromous fish, and certain marine mammals. of plant and animal communities and their associated flora—All the plant species of an area. nonliving environment; a biological community, together with its environment, functioning as a unit. FMP—Fire management plan. For administrative purposes, the Service has designated 53 ecosystems covering the United forb—A broad-leaved, herbaceous plant; a seed- States and its possessions. These ecosystems producing annual, biennial, or perennial plant that generally correspond with watershed boundaries does not develop persistent woody tissue but dies and their sizes and ecological complexity vary. down at the end of the growing season. EIS—Environmental impact statement. fragmentation—The alteration of a large block of habitat that creates isolated patches of the original emergent—A plant rooted in shallow water and habitat that are interspersed with a variety of other having most of the vegetative growth above water habitat types; the process of reducing the size and such as cattail and hardstem bulrush. connectivity of habitat patches, making movement endangered species, federal—A plant or animal of individuals or genetic information between parcels difficult or impossible. species listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, that is in danger of extinction “friends group”—Any formal organization whose throughout all or a significant portion of its range. mission is to support the goals and purposes of its endangered species, state—A plant or animal associated refuge and the National Wildlife Refuge species in danger of becoming extinct or extirpated Association overall; “friends” organizations and cooperative and interpretive associations. in a particular state within the near future if factors contributing to its decline continue. Populations of FWS—See U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. these species are at critically low levels or their habitats have been degraded or depleted to a geographic information system (GIS)—A computer significant degree. system capable of storing and manipulating spatial data; a set of computer hardware and software for endemic species—Plants or animals that occur analyzing and displaying spatially referenced naturally in a certain region and whose distribution features (such as points, lines and polygons) with is relatively limited to a particular locality. nongeographic attributes such as species and age. Glossary 67 GIS—See geographic information system. issue—Any unsettled matter that requires a management decision; for example, a Service initiative, goal—Descriptive, open-ended, and often broad opportunity, resource management problem, a statement of desired future conditions that conveys threat to the resources of the unit, conflict in uses, a purpose but does not define measurable units (The public concern, or the presence of an undesirable Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 620 FW 1.5). resource condition (The Fish and Wildlife Service grassland tract—A contiguous area of grassland Manual, 602 FW 1.5). without fragmentation.

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